In the Russian armed forces. On the armed forces of the Russian Federation

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Tactical training. Topic 1.

1. Purpose, organization and structure of the Armed ForcesRussian Federation

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Armed Forces of Russia)- the state military organization of the Russian Federation, designed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation - Russia, for the armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of its territory, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties of Russia.
The Russian Armed Forces were created by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on May 7, 1992. They form the basis of the state's defense. In addition, the Border Troops of the Russian Federation, the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Railway Troops of the Russian Federation, the troops of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information under the President of the Russian Federation, and the civil defense forces are involved in the defense.
Along with external functions in peacetime and wartime, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation can be involved in maintaining order in an emergency situation, eliminating major accidents and disasters, for solving some national economic problems.
The general leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. According to the Constitution and the Law "On Defense", it is the President of Russia.
The direct control of the Russian Armed Forces is carried out by the Minister of Defense through the Ministry of Defense. The main body of operational command and control of the troops and naval forces of the RF Armed Forces is the General Staff.
The Russian Armed Forces have a three-service structure in terms of their areas of application - land,

air, sea, which to a greater extent meets today's requirements and makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of combat use.
The armed forces are structurally divided into three types:
- Ground troops;
- Air Force;
- Navy;
three separate types of troops:
- Strategic Rocket Forces;
- Troops of the Aerospace Defense;
- Airborne troops;
as well as troops that are not included in the types of the Armed Forces: Logistics of the Armed Forces, organizations and
units of construction and quartering of troops.

2. Purpose, organization and structure of the Ground Forces

Ground Forces (Land Forces) are one of the main types of the Armed Forces, which are assigned a decisive role in the final defeat of the enemy in the continental theater of operations (TMD) and the capture of important land areas.
In terms of their combat capabilities, they are capable, in cooperation with other types of armed forces, to conduct an offensive with the aim of crushing enemy groupings and seizing its territory, deliver fire strikes to great depths, repel an enemy invasion, its large air and sea landings, and firmly hold occupied territories and areas. and frontiers.
At all stages of the existence of our state, the ground forces of Russia played a most important and often decisive role in achieving victory over the enemy and protecting national interests.

The history of the creation of the SV goes back centuries. On October 1, 1550, a historically crucial event took place in the construction and development of the regular Russian army. On this day, the Tsar of All Russia Ivan Vasilyevich IV (Grozny) issued the Sentence (Decree) "On the placement in Moscow and surrounding districts of a select thousand servicemen", which, in fact, laid the foundations of the first permanent army, which had signs of a regular army. In accordance with the decree, rifle regiments ("fire infantry") and a permanent guard service were created, and the "outfit" of artillery was allocated to an independent branch of the military. The riflemen were armed with improved artillery, mine explosives, hand firearms. In addition, the system of manning and military service in the local army was streamlined, centralized control of the army and its supply was organized, and permanent service in peacetime and wartime was established.

The ground forces are armed with tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (BMP), armored personnel carriers, artillery of various power and purpose, anti-tank missile systems, anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM), control equipment, and automatic small arms.
With the beginning of the war, the main burden falls on the ground forces to repulse enemy aggression with combat-ready force groupings in peacetime, to ensure the strategic deployment of the armed forces and to conduct operations to defeat the aggressor in cooperation with other types of the Russian Armed Forces.
The ground forces include: motorized rifle, tank troops, missile troops and artillery, air defense troops (air defense) and special forces, as well as military educational institutions, military units and institutions.

Motorized rifle troops- the most numerous type of troops, which forms the basis of the ground forces, the core of their combat formations. They are equipped with powerful weapons to defeat ground and air targets, missile systems, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (BMP-2, BMP-3), armored personnel carriers (BTR-80, BTR-90), artillery and mortars, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-aircraft missiles complexes and installations, effective means of reconnaissance and control.

Motorized rifle troops are designed to conduct combat operations independently and in conjunction with other types of troops and special forces. They are capable of operating in conditions of the use of both conventional weapons and nuclear weapons (NW). Possessing powerful fire, high mobility, maneuverability and resistance to the effects of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), motorized rifle troops can break through prepared and hastily occupied enemy defenses, develop an offensive at high rates and to great depths, together with other types of troops, destroy the enemy, consolidate and hold captured area. Motorized rifle formations and units have the ability to quickly make marches over long distances, conduct agile combat operations at any time of the year and day, in all weather conditions and on different terrain, independently force water obstacles, capture important lines and objects, and also create stable defense. They can be used as airborne and amphibious assault forces.
Together with the tank forces, they perform the following main tasks:
- in defense, they hold occupied areas, lines and positions, repel enemy strikes and defeat his advancing groupings;
- in an offensive (counteroffensive), they break through the enemy's defenses, destroy the groupings of his troops, seize important areas, lines and objects, force water barriers, and pursue the retreating enemy;
- conduct oncoming battles and battles, operate as part of sea and tactical airborne assault forces.
Organizationally, the subunits are structured so as to ensure high mobility on the battlefield and quick deployment in battle formation, ease of control, the ability to conduct a stubborn and prolonged battle in any conditions, the ability to independently conduct hostilities and deliver a powerful fire strike from long and short ranges. The divisions of the motorized rifle troops include a squad, platoon, company and battalion.

Tank forces constitute the main strike force of the ground forces, a powerful weapon designed to solve the most important tasks in various types of military operations, to conduct hostilities independently and in cooperation with other types of troops and special forces.

They are used mainly in the main directions to deliver powerful and deep blows to the enemy. Possessing great firepower, reliable protection, high mobility and maneuverability, tank forces are able to make the most of the results of nuclear and fire strikes and in a short time achieve the ultimate goals of combat and operations.

In an offensive, tank forces decisively attack the enemy, destroying his tanks, manpower, fire weapons and military equipment. They are rapidly developing an offensive in the depth of the defense, holding captured lines and objects, repelling counterattacks, crossing water obstacles, pursuing a retreating enemy, conducting reconnaissance, and also performing a number of other tasks.

In defense, tanks with accurate fire from a place and sudden counterattacks destroy the advancing tanks and infantry of the enemy, and firmly hold their positions. The great firepower of tanks, their maneuverability and the ability to withstand attacks from missiles, artillery and aircraft make it possible to create a stable and active defense.
For the convenience of conducting combat operations, tanks are brought together into platoons, companies and battalions. The primary unit is the tank.

Missile Forces and Artillery (MFA)- the main firepower and the most important operational means of the ground forces in solving combat missions to defeat enemy groupings. They are designed to inflict effective fire damage on the enemy.
In the course of hostilities, MFA can perform a very diverse fire mission: suppress or destroy manpower, fire weapons, artillery, rocket launchers, tanks, self-propelled artillery installations and other types of enemy military equipment; destroy various defensive structures; prohibit the enemy from maneuvering, conducting defensive work.
The primary fire subunits in the MFA are a cannon, a mortar, a rocket artillery combat vehicle, and a launcher capable of performing individual fire missions.

Air Defense Forces SV (air defense SV)- a branch of the ground forces, designed to cover troops and objects from the actions of enemy air attack weapons during operations (combat actions) by combined arms formations and formations, regrouping (marching) and positioning on the spot. They are responsible for the following main tasks:
- carrying out combat duty for air defense;
- in the conduct of reconnaissance of the air enemy and the notification of the covered troops;
- destruction of enemy air attack weapons in flight;
- participation in the conduct of missile defense in the theater of operations.
Organizationally, the air defense forces of the ground forces consist of military command and control bodies, air defense command posts, anti-aircraft missile (rocket-artillery) and radio-technical formations, military units and subunits. They are capable of destroying enemy air attack weapons in the entire range of altitudes (extremely small - up to 200 m, small - from 200 to 1,000 m, medium - from 1,000 to 4,000 m, large - from 4,000 to 12,000 m and in the stratosphere - more than 12,000 m) and flight speeds.

Formations, military units and subunits of the air defense of the ground are equipped with anti-aircraft missile, anti-aircraft artillery, anti-aircraft gun-missile systems (systems) and portable anti-aircraft missile systems (MANPADS) of different reach, channel and missile guidance methods. Depending on the range of destruction of air targets, they are subdivided into short-range complexes - up to 10 km, short-range - up to 30 km, medium-range - up to 100 km, and long-range - more than 100 km.
Further development of the air defense forces of the ground forces is carried out by increasing mobility, survivability, secrecy of work, the degree of automation, fire performance, expanding the parameters of the affected area, reducing the reaction time and weight and size characteristics of anti-aircraft missile (rocket-artillery) complexes.

Intelligence units units are designed to provide commanders with data on the enemy, terrain and weather conditions, which is necessary for the preparation and successful conduct of combat, as well as for the destruction and incapacitation of important enemy targets.
The most important task of reconnaissance subunits in modern combat is the timely identification of enemy nuclear weapons, battle formations, troop concentration areas, command posts, artillery positions, air defense and anti-tank weapons.

Troops of radiation, chemical and biological protection (RCBZ) are intended for chemical supply of aircraft. In modern combined arms combat, they are responsible for conducting radiation, chemical, and nonspecific bacteriological reconnaissance; decontamination, degassing and disinfection of weapons, uniforms and other materiel and terrain; ensuring control over the contamination of personnel, weapons and equipment with radioactive and toxic substances, control over changes in the degree of contamination of the terrain, camouflaging troops with smoke and aerosols, timely provision of units and subunits with protective equipment, as well as the defeat of the enemy with flamethrowers.

Engineering troops are designed to support combat operations of all types of the Armed Forces and combat arms. Engineering troops must ensure a high rate of advance, including with the destruction of strong enemy strongholds covered by mine-explosive barriers (MVZ), in a short time create insurmountable defensive lines, help protect people and equipment from all types of defeat.

Signal Corps- special troops designed to deploy a communications system and provide command and control of large formations, formations and subunits of the Ground Forces in peacetime and wartime. They are also entrusted with the tasks of operating systems and automation equipment at control points.
Signal troops include nodal and line formations and units, units and subdivisions of technical support for communications and automated systems
management, security services, communications, courier and postal communications, etc.

Modern communications troops are equipped with mobile, highly reliable radio relay, tropospheric, space stations, high-frequency telephony equipment, tone telegraphy, television and photographic equipment, switching equipment and special equipment for classifying messages.

3. Purpose, organization and structure of the Air ForceArmed Forces of the Russian Federation

Air Force (Air Force)- the most mobile and maneuverable type of the RF Armed Forces, designed to ensure the security and protection of Russia's interests on the country's air borders, to strike at the enemy's air, land and naval groupings, its administrative-political and military-economic centers. It is entrusted with the strategic task of state importance to reliably protect the administrative-political, military-industrial centers, communication centers, forces and means of higher military and state administration, objects of the Unified Energy System and other important elements of the national economic infrastructure of Russia from the attacks of the aggressor from the aerospace space.

The role of the Air Force in ensuring the country's national security in the military sphere is constantly growing. Versatility, speed, range, high maneuverability, distinctive operational and strategic properties of the Air Force. They are manifested in the ability to conduct effective combat operations day and night, in simple and difficult weather conditions, in various physical spheres: on land, at sea and in aerospace; in readiness to deliver strikes with the use of high-precision weapons from short, medium and long ranges at various ground and sea surface objects (targets); use conventional and nuclear weapons; conduct aerial reconnaissance in the interests of all types of aircraft; to carry out landing, transportation of troops and military equipment, to solve a number of other tasks to the entire depth of the operational formation of enemy troops in the deep rear. No other type of aircraft possesses such operational properties.
In an ordinary large-scale war, the Air Force is capable of solving a complex of operational and strategic tasks. In particular, it can be the defeat of enemy air, anti-aircraft and nuclear missile groups; air support for ground forces; weakening of the military-economic potential of the enemy; the defeat of its operational and strategic reserves in the areas of their concentration and along the routes of advance.
Structurally, the Air Force consists of aviation, anti-aircraft missile forces (ZRV), radio-technical troops (RTV), special forces (electronic warfare (EW) units and subunits; RChBZ; communications and radio technical support; topogeodetic; engineering-airfield; meteorological, etc. ), military units and institutions of the rear, other military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations.

Air Force Aviation (Av Air Force) according to its purpose and tasks being solved, it is subdivided into long-range, military transport, operational-tactical and army aviation, which include bomber, assault, fighter, reconnaissance, transport and special aviation.
Organizationally, the Av of the Air Force consists of air bases that are part of the Air Force formations, as well as other units and organizations directly subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force.

Long-range aviation (YES) is a tool of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the RF Armed Forces and is designed to solve strategic (operational-strategic) and operational tasks in the theater of operations (strategic directions).
The DA formations and units are armed with strategic and long-range bombers, tanker aircraft and reconnaissance aircraft. Acting mainly in strategic depths, DA formations and units perform the following main tasks: destruction of air bases of airfields), complexes of ground-based missiles, aircraft carriers and other surface ships, objects from the composition of enemy reserves, military-industrial facilities, administrative and political centers, energy facilities and hydrotechnical structures, naval bases and ports, command posts of the combined forces of the armed forces and operational control centers of air defense in the theater of operations, land communications facilities, landing detachments and convoys; mining from the air. Part of the DA forces can be involved in aerial reconnaissance and special missions. DA is a component of strategic nuclear forces.
The core of the aircraft fleet is made up of Tu-160 and Tu-95MS strategic missile carriers, Tu-22M3 long-range missile-bombers, Il-78 tanker aircraft and Tu-22MR reconnaissance aircraft.
The main armament of the aircraft: long-range aircraft cruise missiles and operational-tactical missiles in nuclear and conventional weapons, as well as aircraft bombs of various purposes and caliber.
Aerial patrol flights are a practical demonstration of the spatial indicators of the combat capabilities of long-range aviation.
Tu-95MS and Tu-160 aircraft to the area of ​​Iceland and the Norwegian Sea; to the North Pole and to the Aleutian Islands region; along the east coast of South America.
Analysis of modern views on the purpose of DA assigned to it
tasks, the predicted conditions for their implementation show that at present and in the future, the DA continues to be the main striking force of the Air Force.

Military transport aviation (VTA) is a tool of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the RF Armed Forces and is designed to solve strategic (operational-strategic), operational and operational-tactical tasks in the theater of operations (strategic directions).
Military transport aircraft Il-76MD, An-26, An-22, An-124, An-12PP, transport helicopters Mi-8MTV are in service with the military transport units and formations. The main tasks of military aviation formations and units are: airborne landing of units (subunits) of the Airborne Forces from the operational (operational-tactical) airborne assault forces; delivery of weapons, ammunition and materiel to troops operating behind enemy lines; ensuring the maneuver of aviation formations and units; transportation of troops, weapons, ammunition and materiel; evacuation of the wounded and sick, participation in peacekeeping operations. MTA includes air bases, units and subunits of special forces.
The main directions of the development of military aviation: maintaining and building up capabilities to ensure the deployment of the armed forces in various theaters of operations, the landing of airborne assault forces, the transportation of troops and materiel by air through the purchase of new Il-76MD-90A and An-70, Il-112V aircraft and modernization of aircraft Il-76 MD and An-124.

Operational-tactical aviation is intended for solving operational (operational-tactical) and tactical tasks in operations (combat actions) of groupings of troops (forces) in the theater of operations (strategic directions).

Army Aviation (AA) is designed to solve operational-tactical and tactical tasks during army operations (combat operations).

Bomber aviation (BA) armed with strategic, long-range and operational-tactical bombers, it is the main strike weapon of the Air Force and is designed to defeat groupings of troops, aviation, naval forces of the enemy, destroy its important military, military-industrial, energy facilities, communication centers, conduct air reconnaissance and mining from the air, mainly in strategic and operational depth.

Assault aviation (SHA) being armed with attack aircraft, it is a means of air support for troops (forces) and is designed to defeat troops, ground (sea) objects, as well as enemy aircraft (helicopters) at home airfields (sites), conducting aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air, mainly at the forefront, in tactical and operational-tactical depth.

Fighter aircraft (IA) armed with fighter aircraft, it is designed to destroy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles in the air and ground (sea) enemy targets.

Reconnaissance aviation (RzA) armed with reconnaissance aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles, it is designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance of objects, the enemy, terrain, weather, air and ground radiation and chemical conditions.

Transport aviation (TRA) armed with transport aircraft, it is designed for airborne assault landing, transporting troops, weapons, military and special equipment and other materiel by air, ensuring maneuver and combat actions of troops (forces), and performing special missions.
Formations, units, subunits of bomber, assault, fighter, reconnaissance and transport aviation can also be involved in solving other tasks.

Special Aviation (SpA), armed with airplanes and helicopters, it is designed to perform special tasks (Fig. 1.20). SpA units and subunits are directly or operatively subordinate to the commander of the Air Force and are involved in solving the following tasks: conducting radar reconnaissance and guiding aviation to air and ground (sea) targets; setting up radio-electronic interference and aerosol curtains; search and rescue of flight crews and passengers; refueling aircraft with fuel in the air; evacuation of the wounded and sick; providing control and communication; conducting aerial radiation, chemical, biological, engineering reconnaissance, etc.

Anti-aircraft missile troops are a branch of the Air Force; armed with air defense systems and anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM), they constitute the main fire force in the air defense system (VKO - aerospace defense) and are designed to protect command posts (PU) of the highest echelons of state and military command, groupings of troops (forces), the most important industrial and economic centers and other objects from strikes by means of aerospace attack (SVKN) of the enemy within the affected zones.
Air defense missile systems consist of anti-aircraft missile brigades (ZRBR), which are organizationally part of the Air Force formation, the VKO brigade, as well as units and organizations directly subordinate to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief (Air Force Civil Code).
Modern Russian anti-aircraft missile systems S-300, S-400, anti-aircraft missile-gun system (ZRPK) "Pantsir-S1" are capable of destroying various air targets, including hitting the warheads of ballistic missiles.
The main directions of development of the Air Force air defense missile systems: improving the air defense missile systems and building up their capabilities by adopting the new S-400 medium-range and long-range air defense systems, the S-500 long-range air defense missile systems, Pantsir-S (SM) short-range air defense systems and modernizing the existing air defense systems medium range S-300PM to the level of S-300PM2.

Radio-technical troops are a branch of the Air Force. Armed with radio equipment and automation systems, they are designed to conduct radar reconnaissance of an air enemy and issue radar information about the air situation within the radar field to control bodies of the Air Force and other types and
combat arms of the Armed Forces, on launchers with combat means of aviation, air defense missile systems and electronic warfare (EW) when they solve problems of peace and wartime.
RTVs consist of radio engineering brigades (RTBR), which are organizationally part of the Air Force formation, VKO brigade, as well as other units and organizations directly subordinate to the Air Force Civil Code.
In peacetime, all deployed units and command posts
(CP) formations and units of RTV are on alert, carry out tasks to protect the state border in the airspace.

Air Force Special Forces are designed to support the combat activities of large formations, formations and units. Organizationally, units and subunits of special forces are part of the air force formations, formations and units.
The special troops include: parts and subdivisions of intelligence, communications, radio technical support and automated control systems, electronic warfare, engineering, RChBZ, topogeodetic, search and rescue, meteorological, aeronautical, moral and psychological, logistical and medical support, support and protection bodies of military command.

4. Purpose, organization and structure of the NavyArmed Forces of the Russian Federation

Navy (Navy) - the main component and basis of the maritime potential of the Russian state. It is designed to maintain strategic stability, ensure Russia's national interests in the World Ocean and the country's reliable security in the sea and ocean areas.

The list of tasks for the Navy is quite large. For example, its forces in peacetime solve such tasks as combat patrolling and duty of strategic missile submarines; ensuring the reliability and safety of the functioning of the naval strategic nuclear forces (NSNF); carrying out combat service in the operationally important areas of the seas and oceans; maintaining a favorable operational regime in the adjacent and inland seas; protection of the state border in the underwater environment, assistance to the naval units of the border troops in solving the tasks assigned to them to protect the state border and maritime economic regions of the Russian Federation, etc.
The most important combat missions of the Navy are: strategic nuclear deterrence (by creating a threat of destruction of administrative, economic and military facilities on enemy territory); ensuring the combat stability of strategic missile submarines (RPLSN); assistance to the troops of the fronts (armies) in the conduct of operations and combat operations in coastal areas; defeat of enemy ship groupings; the creation and maintenance of a favorable operational regime, the conquest and retention of dominance in the adjacent seas and operationally important areas (zones) of the ocean; violation of sea and ocean military and economic transport of the enemy, etc.
The modern Navy includes NSNF and general-purpose naval forces. Among the branches of the Navy are submarine and surface forces, naval aviation and coastal troops, marines and special forces.
The structure of the Navy is determined by the geographic location of the Russian Federation and consists of four fleets (Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea) and the Caspian Flotilla, where they are combined into appropriate formations and formations - flotillas, squadrons, naval bases, divisions, brigades and regiments.
At present, all fleets, available combat and support forces and means, are able to solve the assigned tasks, including not only in the near sea zone of adjacent seas, but also in remote areas of the World Ocean.

Submarine forces (PL) are subdivided: according to the main armament - into missile and torpedo ones, and according to the main power plant - into nuclear and diesel ones (Fig. 1.25). Submarines are armed with cruise and ballistic missiles with an underwater launch and torpedoes. Missiles and torpedoes can be nuclear and conventional. Modern submarines are capable of striking enemy ground targets, searching for and destroying their submarines, and also delivering powerful strikes against surface ship groupings, including aircraft carrier, airborne troops and convoys, both independently and in cooperation with other forces of the fleet.

Surface Forces (NS) are designed to search and destroy submarines, combat surface ships, land amphibious assault forces on the enemy's coast, detect and neutralize sea mines and perform a number of other tasks. The combat stability of surface ship groupings depends on the effectiveness of their anti-aircraft and anti-submarine defense. Surface ships and boats, depending on their purpose, are divided into classes: missile, anti-submarine, artillery-torpedo, anti-mine, landing, etc. Missile ships (boats) are armed with cruise missiles and are capable of destroying enemy surface ships and transports at sea. Anti-submarine ships are designed to search for and destroy enemy submarines in coastal and remote areas of the sea. They are armed with anti-submarine helicopters, missiles and torpedoes, depth charges. Artillery and torpedo ships (cruisers, destroyers, etc.) are mainly used as security forces in convoys and landing detachments, as well as to cover the latter during the passage by sea, to provide fire support for assault forces during landings and other missions.
Anti-mine ships are used to detect and neutralize enemy mines in the navigation areas of their submarines, surface ships and transports. They are equipped with electronic equipment capable of detecting bottom and anchor mines, and various trawls for clearing mines. Landing ships are used to transport by sea and disembark on the coast occupied by the enemy, units and units of the marines and ground forces, acting as amphibious assault.

5. Purpose, organization and structure of individual combat armsArmed Forces of the Russian Federation

Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Rocket Forces)- troops of constant readiness. Their purpose is to deter a potential aggressor from unleashing a war against Russia and its allies, as well as to defeat in a nuclear war (if unleashed) the most important enemy targets, large groups of armed forces, destroy his strategic and other means of nuclear attack, violate state and military management, disorganization of the rear.
In modern conditions, the Strategic Missile Forces are called upon to solve three interrelated tasks: first, the destruction of strategic targets by nuclear missile strikes that form the basis of the enemy's military and military-economic potential; secondly, the warning of the Supreme High Command about a missile and space attack, the implementation of continuous control over outer space, the defeat of enemy ballistic missiles; third, information support by space means of operations and combat actions of the Armed Forces groupings.
The troops carry out their tasks by inflicting nuclear missile strikes both in cooperation with strategic nuclear weapons of other types of the Armed Forces, and independently.

Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO)- a fundamentally new branch of the military, which is designed to ensure the security of Russia in the aerospace sphere.
The Aerospace Defense Forces solve a wide range of tasks, the main of which are:
- providing the highest levels of control with reliable information about the detection of ballistic missile launches and warning about a missile attack;
- the defeat of the warheads of ballistic missiles of a potential enemy attacking important government facilities;
- protection of launchers of the highest echelons of the state and military administration, groupings of troops (forces), the most important industrial and economic centers and other objects from attacks by the enemy's air attack forces within the affected zones;
- monitoring space objects and identifying threats to Russia in space and from space, and, if necessary, countering such threats;
- carrying out launches of spacecraft into orbits, control of satellite systems of military and dual (military and civil) purposes in flight and the use of some of them in the interests of providing the troops (forces) of the Russian Federation with the necessary information;
- maintaining in the established composition and readiness for the use of military and dual-purpose satellite systems, means of their launch and control, and a number of other tasks.

The assigned tasks of the Aerospace Defense Forces are performed as part of the space
command, including the forces and means of space control systems, missile attack warning, orbital control
group, the command of air defense and missile defense (ABM) as part of
air defense brigades and missile defense formations, as well as the Plesetsk cosmodrome.
Airborne Forces (VDV) intended for combat
behind enemy lines. The main combat properties of the Airborne Forces: the ability to quickly reach remote areas of the theater of operations, deliver surprise strikes at the enemy, and successfully wage a combined-arms battle. The Airborne Forces can quickly capture and hold important areas in the deep rear of the enemy, disrupt its state and military control, capture islands, areas of the sea coast, naval and air bases, assist advancing troops in crossing large water obstacles on the move and quickly overcoming mountainous areas. destroy important enemy targets. The Airborne Forces perform their tasks in cooperation with formations and units of various types of the Armed Forces and combat arms. The main military formations of the Airborne Forces are airborne divisions, brigades and individual units.

Armed Forces rear is designed to provide logistical support for troops and naval forces with everything necessary in the interests of their effective life. Moreover, in peacetime, the Armed Forces Rear Services do not have training tasks, since not a single rocket or aircraft can be conditionally refueled, a soldier cannot be conditionally equipped and conditionally fed. Both in war and in peace conditions, real and full-fledged support is expected from the Rear Services of the Armed Forces.
The tasks of the Rear Services of the RF Armed Forces are related to ensuring the constant and mobilization readiness of the Armed Forces and their fulfillment of their functional mission. This is the procurement and delivery of food, clothing, ammunition, fuel, the organization of medical, trade and household, transport, technical support. Briefly, the main task of the Armed Forces Logistics can be described as follows: each serviceman must be fed, shod, dressed, and have everything necessary for combat operations on time.
Thus, the structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation considered above makes it possible to fulfill any tasks assigned to them to protect and defend the country, protect its citizens and defend their interests.

The armed forces in any state are a key element in ensuring the country's defense capability. Their proper management depends on their correct organization. The structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ensures the fast and correct performance of the functions assigned by law to the state military organization of the country.

The structure of the RF Armed Forces

The Armed Forces are a military organization of the Russian Federation, the main function of which is to repel military aggression in order to ensure territorial integrity, as well as fulfill tasks in accordance with Russia's international obligations. The RF Armed Forces were created on May 7, 1992. The supreme commander-in-chief is the President of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Presidential Decree of 2008, the number of the Russian Armed Forces was set at 2,019,629, of which 1.3 million are military personnel.

Organizationally, the Armed Forces consist of three branches, three separate branches of the armed forces, Rear Services, and the Quartering Service, which is not a branch of the Armed Forces. In addition, the structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was created on the territorial principle: the territory of the Russian Federation is divided into 4 military districts.

Territorial structure

Today, there are four military districts in the Russian Federation, which are assumed by the territorial structure of the Armed Forces:

1. Western Military District. The command and headquarters are located in St. Petersburg.
2. Eastern Military District. The command and headquarters are located in Khabarovsk.
3. Central Military District. The command and headquarters are located in Yekaterinburg.
4. Southern Military District. The command and headquarters are located in Rostov-on-Don.

The structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation on the diagram:

Types of aircraft

The main element of the Armed Forces is the services of the Armed Forces. In the Russian military department, the law establishes the presence of three types of armed forces: the Air Force, the Ground Forces and the Navy.

Today, the Ground Forces are the most numerous branch of the Russian armed forces. Their main function is to conduct offensive operations, the purpose of which is to defeat the enemy, seize and hold his territory, separate areas and lines, repel the invasion of the enemy's territory and his large landings, deliver artillery and missile strikes to great depths. In turn, the Ground Forces are organizationally composed of combat arms. These types of troops can perform tasks independently or jointly.

Motorized rifle troops (MSV)- the most numerous branch of the Army in the Land Forces. They are also the most numerous branch of the army. Today, armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles are in service with the motorized rifle troops, which should ensure the mobility of the infantry. MSV organizationally consists of motorized rifle subunits, units and formations.

Motorized rifle, tank, artillery and other subunits and units may be part of the MSV.

Tank troops (TV)- the main strike force, characterized by high mobility, maneuverability and resistance to the effects of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear ones. The main tasks, based on the technical equipment of the TV: the implementation of a breakthrough, the development of operational success. As part of the TV, artillery, motorized rifle, missile, tank units and subunits can operate.

Missile Forces and Artillery (MFA): nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy is the main task. It is armed with rocket and cannon artillery. The MFA includes subunits, units and formations of howitzer, rocket, cannon, anti-tank artillery, as well as structural elements of support, command and control, mortars and artillery reconnaissance.

Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces- this branch of the military must ensure the protection of the Ground Forces from an air strike, as well as countering the enemy's air reconnaissance. Towed, mobile, portable anti-aircraft gun systems and anti-aircraft missile systems are in service with the air defense of the ground.

Also, the organizational structure of the Armed Forces presupposes the presence of special troops and services in the Armed Forces that perform highly specialized tasks in order to ensure the daily and combat activities of the ground forces.

• Signal Corps,
• Electronic warfare troops,
• Engineering troops,
• Automobile troops,
• Railway troops, etc.

are special troops.

Air Force

Air Force similarly to the Ground Forces, they consist of aviation branches that ensure the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the Air Force.

Long-range aviation is designed to strike and strike at the strategic and operational depth of the enemy's military groupings, its important areas in economic and strategic terms, including with the help of nuclear weapons.

Front-line aviation acts at operational depth. It can perform tasks both independently and during joint operations on land and at sea.

Army aviation provides support to ground forces by destroying armored and mobile enemy targets. Also, the Army Aviation forces provide the mobility of the Ground Forces.

Military transport aviation carries out the transportation of goods, troops and equipment, and is also involved in the conduct of military air operations. In peacetime, the main function is to ensure the life of the Armed Forces, and in military times - the mobility of the Armed Forces.

The structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation assumes the presence of Air Force Special Aviation, Anti-aircraft missile forces and Radio-technical troops, which significantly expand the range of tasks assigned to the Air Force.

Navy

Navy- the main force of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to protect Russia's interests in the Exclusive Maritime (Economic) Zone, conduct search and rescue operations, as well as conduct military operations at sea.

The Navy includes:

• Submarine forces
• Surface forces,
• Coastal troops,
• Naval aviation,
• parts and connections for special purposes.

The Navy is also organizationally divided into:

• Baltic Fleet,
• Black Sea Fleet,
• Northern Fleet,
• Pacific Fleet,
• Caspian flotilla.

Independent branches of the armed forces

Some tasks require special technicians and trained personnel. The structure of the Armed Forces presupposes the presence of independent combat arms:

1. Airborne troops;
2. Strategic Missile Forces;
3. Aerospace Defense Troops.

Aerospace Defense Troops

The youngest branch of the army. Although our state began space exploration back in the 1960s, it was only in the 21st century that the Aerospace Defense Forces were made a separate branch of the Strategic Missile Forces.

The most important tasks are:

• detection of a missile strike;
• control of a constellation of spacecraft;
• missile defense of the capital of Russia.

Strategic Rocket Forces

Today they are the main land component of the Russian nuclear forces. The main function is considered to contain possible aggression. But if necessary, they can deliver a preemptive strike against important economic and military targets of the enemy, as well as the destruction of his military groupings.

Airborne troops

They were created back in the 1930s. To date, they are entrusted with the function of carrying out amphibious operations and conducting hostilities behind enemy lines.

The issue of admitting women to military service not new at all. So, for example, in tsarist Russia, women were not taken into military service - in those days, women were engaged in a business for which they were intended by nature itself - giving birth and raising children.
Only individual women, who perceived their gender as a mistake of nature, secretly made their way to military service under the guise of men. During the Soviet era, women entered the army during the Civil War and even more during the Great Patriotic War, in which they served mainly as nurses, radio operators, typists at headquarters. Many women were snipers and pilots.

HISTORICAL ASPECT

After the war, women continued to serve in the army in their usual positions, but their number was very small. However, in connection with the collapse of the Soviet state and the processes of democratization under the pressure of Western European states (strongly influenced by feminist organizations), our officials decided that we should also increase the presence of women not only in government bodies, but also in the army.

The women responded with pleasure. As a result, currently their number exceeds 10% of the total personnel of the Armed Forces Russian Federation. According to this indicator, Russia has reached the same level as the countries of Western Europe.

The Federation, unofficially called the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, whose number in 2017 is 1,903,000 people, is supposed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation, protect its territorial integrity and the inviolability of all its territories, and fulfill tasks in accordance with international treaties.

Start

Created in May 1992 from the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were much larger at that time. It numbered 2,880,000 people and possessed the largest stockpiles of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction in world practice, as well as a well-developed system in their delivery vehicles. Now the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation regulate the number in accordance with the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.

Currently, the staff of the Armed Forces has 1,013,000 military personnel, since the last published presidential decree came into force in March 2017. The total strength of the RF Armed Forces is indicated above. Military service in Russia is carried out both by conscription and by contract, and in recent years it has been prevalent. At the call, young people go to serve in the army for one year, their minimum age is eighteen years. For military personnel of the Russian Federation, the maximum age is sixty-five years. Cadets of special military schools may be slightly under eighteen years of age at the time of enrollment.

How is picking

The army, aviation and navy admit officers to serve in their ranks solely and exclusively under the contract. This whole corps is trained in the respective higher educational institutions, where, after graduation, cadets are awarded the rank of lieutenant. For the period of study, sophomores conclude their first contract for five years, thus, service begins within the walls of a military educational institution. Citizens who are in reserve and have an officer rank often replenish the personnel of the RF Armed Forces. They can also contract for military service. Including those graduates who studied at the military departments of civilian universities and were assigned after graduation to the reserve, also have the right to conclude a contract with the Armed Forces.

This also applies to the faculties of military training, and its cycles at military training centers. The junior command and enlisted personnel can be recruited both by contract and by conscription, to which absolutely all male citizens from eighteen to twenty-seven years old are subject. They serve on conscription for one year (calendar), and the conscription campaign is carried out twice a year - from April to July and from October to December, in spring and autumn. Six months after the start of service, any serviceman of the RF Armed Forces can submit a report on the conclusion of a contract, the first contract - for three years. However, after forty years, this right is lost, since fortieth is the age limit.

Composition

Women are extremely rare in the RF Armed Forces, the overwhelming majority of them are men. Among the nearly two million, there are less than fifty thousand, and only three thousand of them have officer positions (there are even twenty-eight colonels).

Thirty-five thousand women are in sergeant and soldier positions, and eleven thousand among them are ensigns. Only one and a half percent of women (that is, about forty-five people) occupy primary command positions, while the rest serve in headquarters. Now about the important thing - about the security of our country in the event of a war. First of all, it is necessary to distinguish between three types of mobilization reserve.

Mobilization

The current mobilization reserve, which shows the number of conscripts in the current year, as well as the organized one, where the number of those who have already served and transferred to the reserve is added, and the potential mobilization reserve, that is, the number of people that can be counted on in case of war when mobilizing into the troops. Here the statistics reveal a rather disturbing fact. In 2009, there were thirty-one million people in the potential mobilization reserve. Let's compare: there are fifty-six in the United States, and two hundred and eight million in China.

In 2010, the reserve (organized reserve) amounted to twenty million people. Demographers calculated the composition of the RF Armed Forces and the current mobilization reserve, the numbers turned out to be bad. Eighteen-year-old men will almost disappear in our country by 2050: their number will decrease by four times and will amount to only 328 thousand people from all territories. That is, the potential mobilization reserve in 2050 will be only fourteen million, which is 55% less than in 2009.

Number of staff

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consists of privates and junior command personnel (foremen and sergeants), officers who serve in the troops, in local, district, central control bodies in various positions (they are provided for by the staff of units), in military commissariats, in commandant's offices, in missions abroad. This also includes all cadets who study in educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and military training centers.

In 2011, the entire structure of the strength of the RF Armed Forces did not exceed one million people, this was the result of a long-term and powerful reduction from 2,880,000 people who were in the Armed Forces in 1992 to one million. That is, more than sixty-three percent of the army's strength has disappeared. By 2008, slightly less than half of all personnel were warrant officers, warrant officers and officers. Then came the military reform, during which the posts of warrant officers and warrant officers were almost eliminated, and with them more than one hundred and seventy thousand officer posts. Fortunately, the president reacted. The reductions stopped, and the number of officers returned to two hundred and twenty thousand people. The number of generals of the RF Armed Forces (generals of the armies) is now sixty-four people.

What the numbers say

We will compare the size and composition of the Armed Forces in 2017 and 2014. At the moment, in the apparatus of the Ministry of Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, military command and control bodies comprise 10,500 servicemen. The General Staff has 11,300. The ground forces have 450,000, the air force has 280,000. The navy has 185,000, the strategic missile forces include 120,000, and the aerospace defense forces, 165,000. make up 45,000 fighters.

In 2014, the total strength of the RF Armed Forces was 845,000, of which the ground forces were 250,000, the Navy - 130,000, the Airborne Forces - 35,000, the Strategic Nuclear Forces - 80,000, the Air Force - 150,000, but - attention! - command (plus service) was 200,000 people. More than all members of the Air Force! However, the figures for 2017 indicate that the number of the RF Armed Forces is growing slightly. (And still, now the main composition of the army is men, there are 92.9% of them, and there are only 44,921 women military personnel.)

The charter

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, like a military organization of any other country, has general military regulations, which are a set of main rules through which, in the process of studying, servicemen form a general idea of ​​how to protect their own rights and interests of the country from external, internal and any other threats. In addition, studying this set of rules helps to master military service.

The Charter of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the most important part when undergoing initial training for service, with its help a soldier or sailor gets acquainted with the basic terms and concepts. There are four types of charter in total, and each must be thoroughly studied by absolutely every serviceman. From there, the general responsibilities and rights, the specifics of the schedule, the rules of interaction become known.

Types of statutes

The disciplinary charter reveals the essence of military discipline and dictates the obligations to comply with it, tells about various types of penalties and incentives. This is how it differs from the Charter of the internal service. It defines the stipulated measures of responsibility for certain violations of the statutory rules. The charter of the guard and garrison service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation contains the designation of the goals, the procedure for organizing and carrying out the guard and garrison service. It also contains the rights and obligations of all military officials and persons who perform official duties.

The military regulations determine the order of movement with and without weapons, drill techniques, types of formation of subunits with equipment and on foot. After a thorough study of the charter, each soldier is obliged to understand the essence of military discipline, understand the ranks, be able to allocate time, bear the duties of a duty officer and day man in a company, perform the tasks of a sentry, sentry and many others.

Command

RF Armed Forces - President V.V. Putin. If aggression is undertaken against Russia or an immediate threat of it arises, it is he who will have to introduce martial law on the territory of the country or in certain regions in order to create all the conditions for preventing or repelling aggression. Simultaneously or immediately, the president informs the Federation Council and the State Duma about this in order to approve this decree.

It is possible to use the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the country only after receiving the relevant resolution of the Federation Council. When there is peace in Russia, the supreme commander-in-chief is in charge of the general leadership of the Armed Forces, and during the war he is in charge of the defense of Russia and the repulsion of aggression. Also, it is the president who forms the Security Council of the Russian Federation and heads it, he also approves, appoints and dismisses the high command of the RF Armed Forces. In his department there is and he approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, as well as the concept and plan for the construction of the Armed Forces, the plan of mobilization, civil defense and much more.

Ministry of Defence

The Defense Ministry of the RF Armed Forces is the command and control body of the RF Armed Forces, its tasks are the development and implementation of state policy in terms of the country's defense, legal regulation and defense standards. The Ministry organizes the use of the Armed Forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws and international treaties, it maintains the necessary readiness, carries out measures for the construction of the Armed Forces, and provides social protection for servicemen, as well as their family members.

The Ministry of Defense takes part in the development and implementation of state policy in the field of international cooperation. Under his department are military commissariats, command and control bodies of the RF Armed Forces in military districts, as well as many other military command and control bodies, including territorial ones. The head is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation. Under his leadership, a collegium is working, which includes deputy ministers, chiefs of services, commanders-in-chief of all types of the RF Armed Forces.

RF Armed Forces

The General Staff is the central body of military command and the main body of command of the Armed Forces. Here, the coordination of the activities of the border troops and the FSB of the Russian Federation, the troops of the National Guard, railway, civil defense and all others, including the foreign intelligence service, is carried out. The General Staff includes the main directorates, directorates and many other structures.

The main tasks of the Ministry of Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are strategic planning of the use of the Armed Forces, troops and other formations and military bodies, taking into account the military administrative division of the Russian Federation, carrying out mobilization and operational work to prepare the Armed Forces, transferring the Armed Forces to the composition and organization of wartime. The General Staff organizes the strategic and mobilization deployment of the armed forces and other troops, formations and bodies, coordinates the activities of military registration activities, organizes intelligence activities for defense and security, plans and organizes communications, as well as topographic and geodetic support of the Armed Forces.

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Base:
Subdivisions:	Types of troops: Ground troops Air force Navy Independent types of troops: Troops of the East Kazakhstan region Airborne forces Strategic Missile Forces
Command
Supreme Commander:	Vladimir Putin
Defense Minister:	Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu
Chief of General Staff:	Valery Vasilievich Gerasimov
Military forces
Military age:	From 18 to 27 years old
Service life on appeal:	12 months
Employed in the army:	1,000,000 people
	2,101 billion rubles (2013)
Percentage of GNP:	3.4% (2013)
Industry
Domestic Suppliers:	Air Defense Concern Almaz-Antey UAC-UEC Russian Helicopters Uralvagonzavod Sevmash GAZ Group Ural KamAZ Severnaya Verf OJSC NPO Izhmash UAC (Sukhoi OJSC, MiG) FSUE MMPP Salut OJSC Tactical Missile Armament Corporation
Annual export:	US $ 15.2 billion (2012) Military equipment is supplied to 66 countries.

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Armed Forces of Russia)- the state military organization of the Russian Federation, designed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation - Russia, for armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of its territory, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties of Russia.

Part Russian Armed Forces includes types of the Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy; separate branches of the military - the Aerospace Defense Forces, the Airborne Troops and the Strategic Rocket Forces; central bodies of military command; The rear of the Armed Forces, as well as troops that are not included in the types and types of troops (see also the MTR of the Russian Federation).

Russian Armed Forces created on May 7, 1992 and at that time numbered 2,880,000 personnel. It is one of the largest armed forces in the world, with more than 1,000,000 personnel. The staffing level is established by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation; as of January 1, 2008, a quota of 2,019,629 personnel has been established, including 1,134,800 military personnel. The Armed Forces of Russia are distinguished by the presence of the world's largest stocks of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear ones, and a well-developed system of their delivery vehicles.

Command

Supreme Commander-in-Chief

The Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces is the President of Russia. In the event of an aggression against Russia or an immediate threat of aggression, he introduces martial law on the territory of Russia or in some of its localities, in order to create conditions for repelling or preventing it, with immediate notification of this to the Federation Council and the State Duma for the approval of the corresponding decree.

To resolve the issue of the possibility of using Russian Armed Forces outside the territory of Russia, an appropriate resolution of the Federation Council is required. In peacetime, the head of state exercises overall political leadership The armed forces, and in wartime he leads the defense of the state and its The armed forces to repel aggression.

The President of Russia also forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation; approves the military doctrine of Russia; appoints and dismisses high command Russian Armed Forces... The President, as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, approves the Military Doctrine of Russia, the concept and construction plans The armed forces, mobilization plan The armed forces, mobilization plans of the economy, a civil defense plan and other acts in the field of military construction. The head of state also approves general military regulations, regulations on the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff. The President annually issues decrees on conscription for military service, on the transfer to the reserve of persons of certain ages who have served in Sun, signs international treaties on joint defense and military cooperation.

Ministry of Defence

The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Defense) is the governing body Armed forces of Russia... The main tasks of the Russian Ministry of Defense include the development and implementation of the state policy in the field of defense; legal regulation in the field of defense; organization of application armed forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and international treaties of Russia; keeping in the necessary readiness armed forces; implementation of construction activities armed forces; provision of social protection for military personnel, civilian personnel armed forces, citizens dismissed from military service, and their families; development and implementation of state policy in the field of international military cooperation. The ministry carries out its activities directly and through the governing bodies of military districts, other military governing bodies, territorial bodies, military commissariats.

The Ministry of Defense is headed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, who is appointed and dismissed by the President of Russia on the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of Russia. The minister is directly subordinate to the President of Russia, and on issues attributed by the Constitution of Russia, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and presidential decrees to the jurisdiction of the government of Russia, - to the chairman of the government of Russia. The Minister is personally responsible for solving problems and implementing the powers entrusted to the Ministry of Defense of Russia and military establishment, and carries out its activities on the basis of one-man management. The ministry has a collegium consisting of the minister, his first deputies and deputies, heads of ministry services, commanders-in-chief of the types armed forces.

The current Minister of Defense is Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu.

General base

The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the central body of military command and the main body of operational command The armed forces... The General Staff coordinates the activities of the border troops and bodies of the federal security service (FSB), internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), the Railway Troops, the federal body of special communications and information, civil defense troops, engineering and technical and road-building military formations, the Foreign intelligence (SVR) of Russia, federal bodies of state protection, the federal body for providing mobilization training of public authorities for the implementation of tasks in the field of defense, construction and development armed forces as well as their applications. The General Staff consists of main directorates, directorates and other structural subdivisions.

The main tasks of the General Staff include the implementation of strategic planning of the use armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies, taking into account their tasks and the military-administrative division of the country; conducting operational and mobilization training armed forces; translation armed forces on the organization and composition of wartime, the organization of strategic and mobilization deployment armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies; coordination of activities for the conduct of military registration measures in the Russian Federation; organization of intelligence activities for defense and security purposes; communication planning and organization; topogeodetic support armed forces; implementation of measures related to the protection of state secrets; military scientific research.

The current Chief of the General Staff is General of the Army Valery Gerasimov (since November 9, 2012).

History

The first republican military department appeared in the RSFSR ( cm.Red army), later - during the collapse of the USSR (July 14, 1990). However, due to the rejection of the majority of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, the idea of ​​independent Sun the department was called not the Ministry of Defense, but the State Committee of the RSFSR for Public Security and Interaction with the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and the KGB of the USSR. After the attempted coup d'état in Vilnius on January 13, 1991, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia Boris Yeltsin came up with an initiative to create a republican army, and on January 31, the State Committee on Public Security was transformed into the State Committee on Defense and Security of the RSFSR, headed by General of the Army Konstantin Kobets ... During 1991, the Committee was repeatedly modified and renamed. From August 19 (the day of the coup attempt in Moscow) to September 9, the Ministry of Defense of the RSFSR temporarily functioned.

At the same time, Yeltsin made an attempt to create the National Guard of the RSFSR, and even began accepting volunteers. Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades of 3-5 thousand people each, with a total number of no more than 100 thousand. It was planned to deploy units of the National Guard in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), in Leningrad (two brigades) and in a number of other important cities and regions. Regulations were prepared on the structure, composition, methods of manning, tasks of the National Guard. By the end of September, about 15 thousand people had managed to enroll in the ranks of the National Guard in Moscow, most of whom were servicemen of the USSR Armed Forces. In the end, a draft decree "On the Temporary Regulation on the Russian Guard" was put on Yeltsin's table, but it was never signed.

After the signing of the Belovezhskaya Agreements on December 21, the participating states of the newly created CIS signed a protocol on the temporary assignment of the last Minister of Defense of the USSR, Air Marshal Shaposhnikov, to command the armed forces on their territory, including the strategic nuclear forces. On February 14, 1992, he formally became the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS, and the USSR Ministry of Defense was transformed into the High Command of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS. On March 16, 1992, by Yeltsin's decree, in the operational subordination of the Main Command of the Joint Armed Forces, as well as the Ministry of Defense, which is headed by the president himself. On May 7, a decree was signed to establish armed forces, and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. General of the Army Grachev became the first Minister of Defense, and he was the first in the Russian Federation to be awarded this title.

Armed forces in the 1990s

Part Armed Forces of the Russian Federation included directorates, associations, formations, military units, institutions, military educational institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Armed Forces of the USSR, which at the time of May 1992 were located in Russia, as well as troops (forces) under Russian jurisdiction in the Transcaucasian Military District, Western , Northern and North-Western groups of forces, the Black Sea Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Caspian Flotilla, the 14th Guards Army, formations, military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations on the territory of Mongolia, Cuba and some other countries with a total number of 2.88 million people ...

As part of the reform armed forces at the General Staff, the concept of the Mobile Forces was developed. The mobile forces were supposed to represent 5 separate motorized rifle brigades, staffed according to wartime states (95-100%) with a single staff and weapons. Thus, it was planned to get rid of the cumbersome mobilization mechanism, and in the future to transfer Sun entirely on a contract basis. However, by the end of 1993, only three such brigades were formed: the 74th, 131st and 136th, while it was not possible either to reduce the brigades to a single state (even battalions in one brigade differed in the state), or to equip them in states of war. The understaffing of the units was so significant that at the beginning of the First Chechen War (1994-1996) Grachev asked Boris Yeltsin to authorize limited mobilization, which was refused, and the United Group of Forces in Chechnya had to be formed from units from all military districts. The first Chechen one also revealed serious shortcomings in the command and control of the troops.

After Chechnya, Igor Rodionov was appointed the new defense minister, and in 1997, Igor Sergeev. A new attempt was made to create fully staffed units with a single staff. As a result, by 1998 in Russian Armed Forces 4 categories of parts and connections have appeared:

• constant readiness (staffing - 95-100% of the wartime staff);
• reduced staff (staffing - up to 70%);
• storage bases for weapons and military equipment (staffing rate - 5-10%);
• cropped (staffing - 5-10%).

However, the translation Sun on the contractual method of recruiting was not possible due to insufficient funding, while this issue became painful in Russian society against the backdrop of losses in the First Chechen War. At the same time, it was possible to only slightly increase the share of "contractors" in Armed Forces... By this time, the number Sun was reduced by more than two times - to 1,212,000 people.

In the Second Chechen War (1999-2006), the Joint Group of Forces was formed from units of constant readiness of the ground forces, as well as the Airborne Forces. At the same time, only one tactical battalion group was allocated from the composition of these units (only one motorized rifle brigade from the Siberian Military District fought in full force) - this was done in order to quickly compensate for losses in the war at the expense of personnel remaining in the places of their permanent deployment. parts. Since the end of 1999, the share of "contract servicemen" in Chechnya began to grow, reaching 45% in 2003.

Armed forces in the 2000s

In 2001, the Ministry of Defense was headed by Sergei Ivanov. After the end of the active phase of hostilities in Chechnya, it was decided to return to the "Grachevsky" plans for transferring to contract manning of troops: permanent readiness units were to be transferred to a contract basis, and the remaining units and formations, BHVT, CBR and institutions should be left on an urgent basis. In 2003, a corresponding federal target program began. The first part, transferred to a "contract" within its framework, was the airborne regiment as part of the 76th Pskov Airborne Division, and since 2005, other units and formations of constant readiness began to be transferred to a contract basis. However, the program was also unsuccessful due to poor pay, conditions of service, and a lack of social infrastructure in the field of contract military service.

In 2005, work also began on optimizing the control system. Armed Forces... According to the idea of ​​the Chief of the General Staff Yuri Baluevsky, it was planned to create three regional commands, which would be subordinate to units of all types and branches of the military. On the basis of the Moscow Military District, the Leningrad Military District, the Baltic and Northern Fleets, as well as the former Moscow Military District of the Air Force and Air Defense, the Western Regional Command was to be created; on the basis of a part of the PUrVO, North Caucasus Military District and the Caspian Flotilla - Yuzhnoye; on the basis of part of the PUrVO, Siberian Military District, Far Eastern Military District and the Pacific Fleet - Vostochnoye. All units of central subordination in the regions were to be reassigned to regional commands. At the same time, it was planned to abolish the High Commands of the services and combat arms. However, the implementation of these plans was postponed until 2010-2015 due to failures in the program for the transfer of troops to a contract basis, to which the bulk of the funds was urgently transferred.

Nevertheless, under Serdyukov, who replaced Ivanov in 2007, the idea of ​​creating regional commands quickly returned. It was decided to start from the East. The staff for the command was developed and the place of deployment was determined - Ulan-Ude. In January 2008, the Eastern Regional Command was created, but in the joint command and control departments of the Siberian Military District and the Far Eastern Military District in March-April it showed its ineffectiveness, and in May it was disbanded.

In 2006, the Russian State Arms Development Program for 2007-2015 was launched.

Armed Forces after the Five Day War

Participation in the armed conflict in South Ossetia and its wide media coverage revealed the main shortcomings armed forces: complex control system and low mobility. Command and control of troops in the course of hostilities was carried out "along the chain" of the General Staff - the Headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District - the Headquarters of the 58th Army, and only then the orders and directives reached the units directly. The low ability to maneuver forces at long distances was explained by the cumbersome organizational and staff structure of units and formations: only airborne forces were able to be airlifted to the region. Already in September-October 2008, it was announced about the transition armed forces on a "new look" and a new radical military reform. New reform armed forces designed to increase their mobility and combat effectiveness, the coordination of actions of different genera and types Sun.

In the course of the military reform, the military-administrative structure of the Armed Forces was completely reorganized. Instead of six military districts, four were formed, while all formations, formations and units of the Air Force, Navy and Airborne Forces were reassigned to the headquarters of the districts. The control system of the Ground Forces was simplified by eliminating the divisional link. Organizational changes in the troops were accompanied by a sharp increase in the growth rate of military spending, which increased from less than 1 trillion rubles in 2008 to 2.15 trillion rubles in 2013. This, as well as a number of other measures, made it possible to speed up the rearmament of troops, significantly increase the intensity of combat training, and increase the salaries of servicemen.

The structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Military establishment consist of three branches of the Armed Forces, three branches of the armed forces, the Logistics of the Armed Forces, the Quartering and Arrangement Service of the Ministry of Defense and troops not included in the branches of the Armed Forces. Geographically, the Armed Forces are divided between 4 military districts:

• (Blue) Western Military District - headquarters in St. Petersburg;
• (Brown) Southern Military District - headquarters in Rostov-on-Don;
• (Green) Central Military District - headquarters in Yekaterinburg;
• (Yellow) Eastern Military District - headquarters in Khabarovsk.

Types of armed forces

Ground troops

Ground Forces, SV- the most numerous species in terms of combat strength armed forces... Ground forces are intended to conduct an offensive in order to defeat the enemy grouping, capture and hold its territories, regions and lines, deliver fire strikes to great depths, repel enemy invasions and its large airborne assault forces. The ground forces of the Russian Federation, in turn, include the following types of troops:

• Motorized rifle troops, MSV- the most numerous branch of the ground forces, is a mobile infantry equipped with infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers. They consist of motorized rifle formations, units and subunits, which include motorized rifle, artillery, tank and other units and subunits.
• Tank troops, TV- the main strike force of the ground forces, mobile, highly mobile and nuclear-resistant troops, designed to make deep breakthroughs and develop operational success, are able to cross water obstacles on the move in ford and on ferry means. Tank troops consist of tank, motorized rifle (mechanized, motorized infantry), missile, artillery and other subunits and units.
• Rocket Forces and Artillery, MFA designed for fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy. They are armed with barrel and rocket artillery. They consist of formations of units and subunits of howitzer, cannon, rocket, anti-tank artillery, mortars, as well as artillery reconnaissance, control and support.
• Air Defense Forces Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces- a type of ground forces designed to protect ground forces from enemy air attack, to defeat them, as well as to prevent his aerial reconnaissance. Air defense ground forces are armed with mobile, towed and portable anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft gun systems.
• Special Forces and Services- a set of troops and services of the ground forces, designed to carry out highly specialized operations to support combat and daily activities armed forces... Special troops consist of radiation, chemical and biological defense troops (RCB protection troops), engineering troops, signal troops, electronic warfare troops, railway, automobile troops, etc.

The Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces is Colonel General Vladimir Chirkin, the Chief of the General Staff is Lieutenant General Sergei Istrakov.

Air Force

Air Force, Air Force- a type of the Armed Forces designed to conduct reconnaissance of enemy groupings, ensure the conquest of supremacy (containment) in the air, protect important military-economic regions and objects of the country and the military-economic potential of the enemy, air support for ground forces and naval forces, airborne assault landing, transportation of troops and materiel by air. The Russian Air Force includes:

• Long-range aviation- the main strike weapon of the Air Force, designed to defeat (including nuclear) groupings of troops, aviation, naval forces of the enemy and the destruction of its important military, military-industrial, energy facilities, communication centers in the strategic and operational depth. It can also be used for aerial reconnaissance and air mining.
• Front-line aviation- the main striking force of the Air Force, solves tasks in combined arms, joint and independent operations, is designed to defeat troops, enemy targets in the operational depth in the air, on the ground and at sea. It can be used for aerial reconnaissance and air mining.
• Army aviation It is intended for air support of the Ground Forces by destroying enemy ground armored mobile targets at the front line and in tactical depth, as well as for providing combined arms combat and increasing the mobility of troops. Army aviation units and subunits carry out fire, airborne transport, reconnaissance and special combat missions.
• Military transport aviation- one of the types of military aviation, which is part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It provides for the transportation of troops, military equipment and cargo by air, as well as the release of airborne assault forces. Performs sudden tasks in peacetime in the event of both natural and man-made emergencies, and conflict situations in a particular region that pose a threat to the security of the state. The main purpose of the military transport aviation is to ensure the strategic mobility of the Russian Armed Forces, and in peacetime - to ensure the vital activity of troops in various regions.
• Special aviation is designed to solve a wide range of tasks: long-range radar detection and control, electronic warfare, reconnaissance and target designation, control and communication support, aircraft refueling in the air, radiation, chemical and engineering reconnaissance, evacuation of the wounded and sick, search and rescue of flight crews and etc.
• Anti-aircraft missile troops, ZRV are designed to protect important administrative and economic regions and facilities of Russia from air attack.
• Radio-technical troops, RTV are intended for conducting radar reconnaissance, issuing information for radar support of anti-aircraft missile forces and aviation, as well as for monitoring the use of airspace.

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Lieutenant General Viktor Bondarev

Navy

Navy- a type of armed forces designed to carry out search and rescue operations, protect the economic interests of Russia, conduct hostilities in the naval and oceanic theaters of military operations. The navy is capable of delivering conventional and nuclear strikes against the enemy's sea and coastal forces, disrupting its sea communications, landing amphibious assault forces, etc. The Russian Navy consists of four fleets: the Baltic, Northern, Pacific and Black Sea and Caspian flotilla. The Navy includes:

• Submarine forces- the main striking force of the fleet. Submarine forces are capable of secretly going out into the ocean, approaching the enemy and delivering a sudden and powerful strike against it with conventional and nuclear weapons. In the submarine forces, multipurpose / torpedo ships and missile cruisers are distinguished.
• Surface forces provide a covert exit into the ocean and the deployment of submarine forces, their return. The surface forces are capable of transporting and covering an assault landing, installing and removing minefields, disrupting enemy communications and defending their own.
• Naval aviation- the aviation component of the Navy. There are strategic, tactical, carrier-based and coastal aviation. Naval aviation is designed to deliver bomb and missile strikes against enemy ships and on its coastal forces, conduct radar reconnaissance, search for submarines and destroy them.
• Coastal troops are designed to protect naval bases and naval bases, ports, important coastal areas, islands and straits from attacks by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships. Coastal fortifications are being built on the coast to ensure the defense by forces of troops.
• Naval special-purpose formations and units- formations, units and subdivisions of the Navy, intended for carrying out special events on the territory of enemy naval bases and in coastal territories, conducting reconnaissance.

Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy - Admiral Viktor Chirkov, Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy - Admiral Alexander Tatarinov.

Independent branches of the armed forces

Aerospace Defense Troops

Aerospace Defense Troops- an independent branch of the military, designed to convey information about a missile attack, the anti-missile defense of Moscow, the creation, deployment, maintenance and control of an orbital grouping of military, dual, socio-economic and scientific spacecraft. Complexes and systems of the Space Forces solve tasks of a nationwide strategic scale not only in the interests of the Armed Forces and other power structures, but also of most ministries and departments, the economy, and the social sphere. In the structure of the Space Forces, the following are distinguished:

• The first state test cosmodrome "Plesetsk" (until 2007 the Second state test cosmodrome "Svobodny" also functioned, until 2008 - the fifth state test cosmodrome "Baikonur", which later became only a civilian cosmodrome)
• Military spacecraft launch
• Dual-purpose spacecraft launch
• Main Test Space Center named after G. S. Titov
• Cash Deposit Office
• Military educational institutions and support units (The main educational institution is the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy)

The commander of the Space Forces is Lieutenant General Oleg Ostapenko, the chief of the main staff is Major General Vladimir Derkach. On December 1, 2011, a new branch of the military, the Aerospace Defense Forces (VVKO), took up combat duty.

Strategic Rocket Forces

Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Rocket Forces)- type of army Armed Forces, the main component of Russia's strategic nuclear forces. The Strategic Missile Forces are designed for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and defeat as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently massive, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or several strategic aerospace sectors and forming the basis of the enemy's military and military-economic potential. The Strategic Missile Forces are armed with land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads.

• three rocket armies (headquarters in the cities of Vladimir, Orenburg, Omsk)
• 4th State Central Interspecific Test Site Kapustin Yar (which also includes the former 10th Sary-Shagan Test Site in Kazakhstan)
• 4th Central Research Institute (Yubileiny, Moscow Region)
• educational institutions (the Peter the Great Military Academy in Moscow, the military institute in the city of Serpukhov)
• arsenals and central repair plants, storage bases for weapons and military equipment

The commander of the Strategic Missile Forces is Colonel-General Sergey V. Karakaev.

Airborne troops

Airborne Forces (VDV)- an independent branch of the military, which includes airmobile formations: airborne and airborne assault divisions and brigades, as well as individual units. The Airborne Forces are designed for operational landing and combat operations behind enemy lines.

The Airborne Forces has 4 divisions: 7th (Novorossiysk), 76th (Pskov), 98th (Ivanovo and Kostroma), 106th (Tula), Training Center (Omsk), Higher Ryazan School, 38th communications regiment, 45th reconnaissance. regiment, 31st brigade (Ulyanovsk). In addition, in the military districts (subordinate to the district or the army) there are airborne (or airborne assault) brigades that are administratively related to the Airborne Forces, but are operatively subordinate to the commander of the military.

The commander of the Airborne Forces is Colonel-General Vladimir Shamanov.

Armament and military equipment

Traditionally, since the middle of the 20th century, the USSR Armed Forces have almost completely lacked foreign military equipment and weapons. A rare exception was the production of the socialist countries 152-mm self-propelled guns vz. 77). In the USSR, a completely self-sufficient military production was created, which was capable of producing for the needs armed forces any weapons and equipment. During the Cold War, its gradual accumulation took place, and by 1990 the volume of weapons in the USSR Armed Forces reached unprecedented values: only in the ground forces there were about 63 thousand tanks, 86 thousand infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 42 thousand artillery barrels. A significant part of these reserves went into Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other republics.

Currently, the ground forces are armed with T-64, T-72, T-80, T-90 tanks; infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3; airborne combat vehicles BMD-1, BMD-2, BMD-3, BMD-4M; armored personnel carriers BTR-70, BTR-80; armored vehicles GAZ-2975 "Tiger", Italian Iveco LMV; self-propelled and towed barreled artillery; multiple launch rocket systems BM-21, 9K57, 9K58, TOS-1; tactical missile systems Tochka and Iskander; air defense systems Buk, Tor, Pantsir-S1, S-300, S-400.

The Air Force is armed with MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-27, Su-30, Su-35 fighters; front-line bombers Su-24 and Su-34; attack aircraft Su-25; long-range and strategic missile-carrying bombers Tu-22M3, Tu-95, Tu-160. The military transport aviation uses the An-22, An-70, An-72, An-124, Il-76 aircraft. Special aircraft are used: the Il-78 air tanker, the Il-80 and Il-96-300PU air command posts, and the A-50 early warning aircraft. The Air Force also has combat helicopters Mi-8, Mi-24 of various modifications, Mi-35M, Mi-28N, Ka-50, Ka-52; as well as the S-300 and S-400 anti-aircraft missile systems. The Su-35S and T-50 multipurpose fighters (factory index) are being prepared for adoption.

The Navy has one aircraft-carrying cruiser of project 1143.5, missile cruisers of project 1144 and project 1164, destroyers-large anti-submarine ships of project 1155, project 956, corvettes of project 20380, project 1124, sea and base minesweepers, landing ships of project 775. the submarine forces have multipurpose torpedo ships of project 971, project 945, project 671, project 877; Project 949 submarine missile carriers, Project 667BDRM, 667BDR, 941 strategic missile cruisers, and Project 955 SSBNs.

Nuclear weapon

Russia possesses the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and the second largest group of strategic carriers of nuclear weapons after the United States. By the beginning of 2011, the strategic nuclear forces included 611 "deployed" strategic delivery vehicles capable of carrying 2,679 nuclear warheads. In 2009, there were about 16,000 warheads in long-term storage arsenals. The deployed strategic nuclear forces are distributed in the so-called nuclear triad: ICBMs, submarine ballistic missiles and strategic bombers are used to deliver it. The first element of the triad is concentrated in the Strategic Missile Forces, where the R-36M, UR-100N, RT-2PM, RT-2PM2 and RS-24 missile systems are in service. The naval strategic forces are represented by R-29R, R-29RM, R-29RMU2 missiles, which are carried by strategic missile submarine cruisers of projects 667BDR "Kalmar", 667BDRM "Dolphin". The project 955 Borey R-30 and RPKSN missile was put into service. Strategic aviation is represented by Tu-95MS and Tu-160 aircraft armed with Kh-55 cruise missiles.

Non-strategic nuclear forces are represented by tactical missile weapons, artillery shells, adjustable and free-falling aerial bombs, torpedoes, and depth charges.

Funding and provision

Financing armed forces carried out from the federal budget of Russia under the item of expenditure "National Defense".

Russia's first military budget in 1992 was 715 trillion non-denominated rubles, which was equal to 21.5% of total expenditures. It was the second largest item of expenditure in the republican budget, second only to the financing of the national economy (803.89 trillion rubles). In 1993, only 3115.508 billion non-denominated rubles were allocated for national defense (3.1 billion in nominal terms at current prices), which amounted to 17.70% of total expenditures. In 1994, 40.67 trillion rubles were allocated (28.14% of total expenditures), in 1995 - 48.58 trillion (19.57% of total expenditures), in 1996 - 80.19 trillion (18.40 % of total expenses), in 1997 - 104.31 trillion (19.69% of total expenses), in 1998 - 81.77 billion denominated rubles (16.39% of total expenses).

As part of the appropriations for section 02 "National Defense", which finances most of the expenses of the Russian Ministry of Defense in 2013, budget funds are provided for solving key issues of the Armed Forces, including further re-equipment with new models of weapons, military and special equipment, social protection and provision of housing for military personnel, the solution of other tasks. The bill stipulates expenditures under section 02 "National Defense" for 2013 in the amount of 2,141.2 billion rubles and exceeds the volume of 2012 by 276.35 billion rubles, or 14.8% in nominal terms. Expenditures on national defense in 2014 and 2015 are foreseen in the amount of RUB 2,501.4 billion and RUB 3,078.0 billion, respectively. An increase in the volume of budgetary allocations in relation to the previous year is provided in the amount of 360.2 billion rubles (17.6%) and 576.6 billion rubles (23.1%). In accordance with the bill, in the planning period, the growth in the share of national defense spending in total federal budget expenditures will amount to 16.0% in 2013 (14.5% in 2012), in 2014 - 17.6% and in 2015 - 19.7%. The share of planned expenditures on national defense in relation to GDP in 2013 will amount to 3.2%, in 2014 - 3.4% and in 2015 - 3.7%, which is higher than the parameters of 2012 (3.0%) ...

Federal budget expenditures by sections for 2012-2015 RUB bln
	Name					Changes to the previous year,%
	Military establishment
	Mobilization and non-military training
	Mobilization preparation of the economy
	Preparation and participation in ensuring collective security and peacekeeping activities
	Nuclear weapons complex
	Implementation of international agreements in the field Military-technical cooperation
	Defense Applied Research
	Other issues in the field of national defense

Military service

Military service in Russian Armed Forces envisaged both by contract and by conscription. The minimum age for a soldier is 18 years old (for cadets of military educational institutions it may be less at the time of enrollment), the maximum age is 65 years.

Picking

Army, air and navy officers serve only under contract. The officer corps is trained mainly in higher military educational institutions, after which the cadets are awarded the military rank of "lieutenant". The first contract with cadets - for the entire period of study and for 5 years of military service - is usually concluded for the second year of study. A contract on military service in an officer's rank is also entitled to conclude citizens who are in reserve, including those who received the rank of "lieutenant" and who were assigned to the reserve after training at military departments (faculties of military training, cycles, military training centers) with civilian universities.

Private and junior command personnel are recruited both by conscription and by contract. All male citizens of the Russian Federation liable for military service between the ages of 18 and 27 are subject to conscription. The term of conscription service is one calendar year. Conscription campaigns are carried out twice a year: spring - from April 1 to July 15, autumn - from October 1 to December 31. After 6 months of service, any soldier can submit a report on the conclusion of the first contract with him - for 3 years. The age limit for concluding the first contract is 40 years.

The number of conscripts called up for military service
	Spring		Total number

The overwhelming majority of military personnel are men, in addition, about 50 thousand women do military service: 3 thousand in officer positions (including 28 colonels), 11 thousand warrant officers and about 35 thousand in privates and sergeants. At the same time, 1.5% of female officers (~ 45 people) serve in primary command positions in the troops, the rest in staff positions.

A distinction is made between the current mobilization reserve (the number to be drafted in the current year), the organized mobilization reserve (the number of those who previously served in the Armed Forces and enrolled in the reserve) and the potential mobilization reserve (the number of people who can be drafted into the troops (forces) in the event of mobilization). In 2009, the potential mobilization reserve amounted to 31 million people (for comparison: in the United States - 56 million people, in China - 208 million people). In 2010, the organized mobilized reserve (reserve) amounted to 20 million people. According to some domestic demographers, the number of 18-year-olds (the current mobilization reserve) will decrease by 4 times by 2050 and will amount to 328 thousand people. Making a calculation based on the data of this article, Russia's potential mobilization reserve in 2050 will amount to 14 million people, which is 55% less than in 2009.

Numerical composition

In 2011, the number of personnel Russian Armed Forces was about 1 million people. The millionth army was the result of a gradual multi-year reduction from 2,880,000 who were in the armed forces in 1992 (-65.3%). By 2008, almost half of the personnel were officers, warrant officers and warrant officers. In the course of the military reform of 2008, the posts of warrant officers and warrant officers were reduced, about 170 thousand officer posts were also eliminated, whereby the share of officers in the states was about 15% [ source not specified 562 days], but later, by a presidential decree, the established number of officers was increased to 220 thousand people.

Into the staffing Sun includes privates and junior command personnel (sergeants and foremen) and officers serving in military units and central, district and local military administration bodies in military positions provided for by the state of certain units, in commandant's offices, military commissariats, military missions abroad, as well as cadets of higher military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and military training centers. Behind the staff are military personnel transferred to the command of commanders and chiefs due to the temporary lack of vacant posts or the impossibility of dismissing a soldier.

Monetary allowance

The monetary allowance of servicemen is regulated by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2011 N 306-FZ "On the monetary allowance of servicemen and the provision of separate payments to them." The sizes of salaries for military posts and salaries for military ranks are established by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 5, 2011 No. 992 "On the establishment of salaries for servicemen undergoing military service under contract."

The monetary allowance of military personnel consists of salaries (salaries for military positions and salaries for military rank), incentive and compensation (additional) payments. Additional payments include:

• for the length of service
• for class qualifications
• for work with information constituting a state secret
• for special conditions of military service
• for performing tasks directly related to the risk to life and health in peacetime
• for special achievements in the service

In addition to six monthly additional payments, there are annual bonuses for the conscientious and efficient performance of official duties; the established coefficient to the salary of military personnel serving in areas with unfavorable climatic or environmental conditions, outside the territory of Russia, and so on.

Military rank	Salary amount
Senior officers
General of the Army, Admiral of the Fleet
Colonel General, Admiral
Lieutenant General, Vice Admiral
Major General, Rear Admiral
Senior officers
Colonel, 1st Rank Captain
Lieutenant Colonel, 2nd Rank Captain
Major, Captain 3rd Rank
Junior officers
Captain, Lieutenant Commander
Senior lieutenant
Lieutenant
Ensign

Summary table of salaries for some military ranks and positions (since 2012)
Typical military position	Salary amount
In the central bodies of military control
Head of the main department
Department head
Group leader
Senior officer
In the troops
Commander of the Military District
Combined Arms Army Commander
Brigade commander
Regiment Commander
Battalion commander
Company commander
Platoon commander

Military training

In 2010, more than 2 thousand events were held with practical actions of formations and military units. This is 30% more than in 2009.

The largest of them was the Vostok-2010 operational-strategic exercise. It was attended by up to 20 thousand servicemen, 4 thousand units of military equipment, up to 70 aircraft and 30 ships.

In 2011, it is planned to hold about 3 thousand practical events. The most important of these is the Center-2011 operational-strategic exercise.

The most important event in the Armed Forces in 2012 and the end of the summer training period were the strategic command-staff exercises Kavkaz-2012.

Food for military personnel

Today, the diet of military personnel Russian Armed Forces is organized according to the principle of food rations and is built "on a natural rationing system, the structural basis of which is a physiologically grounded set of products for the corresponding contingents of military personnel, adequate to their energy consumption and professional activity." According to the chief of the rear of the Russian armed forces, Vladimir Isakov, “... today the diet of a Russian soldier and sailor has more meat, fish, eggs, butter, sausages and cheeses. For example, the daily meat rate of each soldier according to the combined-arms ration rate has increased by 50 g and is now 250 g. For the first time, coffee has appeared, and the rates for the delivery of juices (up to 100 g), milk and butter have also been increased ... ”.

By the decision of the Minister of Defense of Russia, 2008 was declared the year of improving the nutrition of the personnel of the armed forces of the Russian Federation.

The role of the armed forces in politics and society

According to the Federal Law "On Defense" military establishment constitute the basis of the state's defense and are the main element of ensuring its security. Military establishment in Russia they are not an independent political subject, do not take part in the struggle for power and the formation of state policy. At the same time, it is noted that a distinctive feature of the Russian system of state power is the decisive role of the President in the relationship between power and armed forces whose order actually outputs Sun out of the account and control of both the legislative and executive branches with the formal presence of parliamentary oversight. In the recent history of Russia, there have been cases when military establishment directly intervened in the political process and played a key role in it: during the attempted coup d'état in 1991 and during the 1993 constitutional crisis. Among the most famous political and state figures of Russia in the past, active military personnel were V.V. Putin, former governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Alexander Lebed, former Presidential Envoy to the Siberian Federal District Anatoly Kvashnin, Governor of the Moscow Region Boris Gromov and many others. Vladimir Shamanov, who headed the Ulyanovsk region in 2000-2004, continued his military service after resigning as governor.

Military establishment are one of the largest objects of budget financing. In 2011, about 1.5 trillion rubles were allocated for national defense purposes, which amounted to more than 14% of all budget expenditures. For comparison, this is three times more spending on education, four times more on health care, 7.5 times more on housing and utilities, or more than 100 times more on environmental protection. However, military personnel, civil servants Armed Forces, workers in defense production, employees of military scientific organizations make up a significant share of the economically active population of Russia.

Russian military facilities abroad

Currently operating

• Russian military facilities in the CIS
• On the territory of the city of Tartus in Syria, there is an MTO point of Russia.
• Military bases on the territory of partially recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

Planned to open

• According to some Russian media reports, in a few years Russia will have bases for its warships on the island of Socotra (Yemen) and Tripoli (Libya) (due to the change of power in these states, the plans will most likely not be implemented).

Closed

• In 2001, the Russian government decided to close the military bases in Cam Ranh (Vietnam) and Lourdes (Cuba), caused by a change in the geopolitical situation in the world.
• In 2007, the Georgian government decided to close the Russian military bases on the territory of its country.

Problems

In 2011, 51 conscripts, 29 contract soldiers, 25 warrant officers and 14 officers took their own lives (for comparison, in the US Army in 2010, 156 servicemen committed suicide, in 2011 - 165 servicemen and 2012 - 177 military personnel). The most suicidal year for the Russian Armed Forces was 2008, when 292 people in the army and 213 in the navy committed suicide.

There is a direct relationship between suicide and loss of social status - what is called the "King Lear complex." Thus, the high suicide rate among retired officers, young soldiers, people taken into custody, recent retirees

Corruption

Employees of the Military Investigation Directorate of the Investigative Committee of Russia are conducting pre-investigation checks on the fact of the activities of not only the central office of "Slavyanka", but also of its regional divisions. Most of these inspections escalate into investigations into embezzlement of budget funds. So, recently the Moscow region military investigators opened a criminal case on the fact of embezzlement of about 40,000,000 rubles received by the Solnechnogorsk branch of Slavyanka OJSC. This money was supposed to go to repair the buildings of the Ministry of Defense, but it turned out to be stolen and “cashed”.

Problems of realization of freedom of conscience

The establishment of the institution of military chaplains can be considered a violation of freedom of conscience and religion.