If a person thought about how to start to lead the correct way of life, it means that it does not suit him in the current state of affairs. To understand whether you need change, enough to ask yourself a question - my lifestyle makes me happy, helps me develop? If the answer is "no", but it is time to change, and simple recommendations will help.
What is a lifestyle?
Lifestyle is a set of habits, actions implemented in a certain order or on schedule. It is expressed in the peculiarities of behavior, thinking, decision-making. It determines, cultural and social preferences. This is cyclically repeated for some time.
What is the right way of life?
Having understood with what a lifestyle is, it can be understood correct or not. Why you can hear about certain people that they live wrong? Most often, this means that they violate generally accepted norms - social, moral, legislative.
If you think wider, then the correct lifestyle aims to personal, spiritual, social growth. But the wrong leads to degradation. Much depends on national and cultural features. For example, in Asian countries, the cult of the family is developed, while a career is displayed in European to the first place. Traditions and upbringing are very affected by behavior and arrangement.
But the "right" does not mean normalized and not necessarily generally accepted. Often, for this definition, it gets something happy, helps him to seek goals, gives him.
What is the way of life of a person?
1. Healthy.
Features:
- No harmful habits, such as smoking or drinking alcohol.
- Regular sports.
There are solid advantages. Adhering to such behavior, you can improve health, always look young, to achieve longevity. Motivation is important, the skill is not to succumb to temptations. It is also necessary to respect the balance between labor and recreation.
2. secular.
Features:
- Active visits to social events, their subject depends exclusively on interests.
- Navigate your life at the bottom of the social networks.
- Commitment of brand clothing, scrupulousness in style of style, choosing friends, tracking trends.
Maintain a secular lifestyle does not always mean belonging to the elite layers of society. In a more simplified version, this means being fashionable, "hang out", change together with trends in society. For people with such vitality, the characters have numerous new acquaintances, it is easier for them to make connections, including business.
Of the disadvantages, you can call the desire to find a price or hang labels. But also such a style helps to make friends, be open, live fun.
3. Bachetyatsky.
Features:
- Unwillingness to marry or make long-term relationships.
- Mobility.
- High value of the borders of the personal space.
Some people take freedom to the cult, others simply run from relationships from or fears. But if you attribute the word "bachelor" precisely to the lifestyle, it is not limited to exceptionally freedom from relationships. It is about freedom of making a decision in general, when a person operates only by his opinion, life experience.
4. Family.
Features:
- Caring for family members, no matter who they are - brothers, sisters, parents, children, spouses.
- The desire to be in the group of people, to look for their support, feel unity.
- The ability to make compromises, take into account the opinions of different people.
Family lifestyle assumes that it is the marriage, the creation of a cell of society is the main goal. This determines the leisure, which is more often held in places where all family members will like. Even in earning motivation is the construction of a foundation for the future of the well-being of the family.
In various spheres. Lifestyle is a well-established form of human being in the world, who finds its expression in his activities, interests, beliefs. Lifestyle - Method, Forms and Conditions of Individual and Collective Human Resources, Typical For Specific Historical Socio-Economic Relations
The main parameters of the lifestyle are labor (learning for the younger generation), life, socio-political and cultural activities of people, as well as various behavioral habits and manifestations.
The lifestyle of a person is the main factor determining his health.
Way of life - The lifestyle of people who is determined by:
- property nature of production
- political, economic, social relations
- leading ideology, etc.
Life style - A combination of samples of the behavior of an individual or group focused mainly on everyday life.
The lifestyle is produced by people in accordance with their biological, public and emotional needs.
The style of life is judged by the external forms of being, in which:
- organization of work and free time
- classes outside the sphere of labor
- the device of life
- manners of behavior
- value preferences, tastes, etc.
see also
- Alternative lifestyle
Literature
- Efimov, N. I. Soviet lifestyle. - M.: Publishing House of the Press Agency "News", 1982.
- Sociology lifestyle / Sarati. State University. N. G. Chernyshevsky, Kaf. Sociol.; [Sost. V. I. Beginin et al.] - Saratov: Publishing House Sarat. University, 1993 (1994).
- Usman, A. A. Lifestyle: Concept, Entity, Dynamics: Author. dis. ... Dr. Sociol. Sciences: 22.00.04 / INT-T Sociology grew. Acad. science - M.: 2000.
- The worldview and lifestyle: [monograph] / Ros. Acad. Education. In-t adult formation; [Ed. Yu. N. Kulyuttina, S. V. Tarasova]. - St. Petersburg. : Education-culture, 1999.
- General and special in the lifestyle of social groups of the Soviet Society / [I. T. Levykin, B. A. Babin, Ya. V. Ryzemina, etc.]; Ot. ed. I. T. Levikin; Academy of Sciences of the USSR, In-T Sociol. Research - M.: Science, 1987.
- Klyamkin, I. M. Shadow lifestyle: Sociol. Self Carr. Post-Soviet. O-Va / Igor Klyamkin, Lev Timofeev; Ros. State Humanitar. un-t. ECON study center. Deat. - M.: RGGU, 2000.
- Krylov A.N. Evolution of identities: The crisis of industrial society and the new self-knowledge of the individual. GL 4.4. Identity of life style. -M: Publishing Nib, 2010, p.163-181.
- The lifestyle of citizens in objective and subjective indicators / grew. Acad. science In-t sociology; [T. Ed .: T. M. Karakhanova]. - M.: Publishing House Institute of Sociology RAS, 2002.)
Links
Notes
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Synonyms:Watch what is a "lifestyle" in other dictionaries:
Philosophical sociological. Category, covering a set of typical types of vital activity of an individual, social group, society as a whole, which is taken in unity with the living conditions. Makes it possible to comprehensively, in relationship ... ... Philosophical encyclopedia
Systemic and normalized set of forms of ordinary life activity of people, orders and methods of their daily existence, as a rule, to the concept of O.Zh. Specializer does not turn on. (industries, labor) human activity. O.Zh. ... ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies
The concept of domestic sociology, which characterizes specific socio-cultural interiors (typical forms, methods and mechanisms) of vital activity of social constituents. The term appeared at the very end of 60 x 20 century, was actively used for 70 ... ... The newest Philosophical Dictionary
English Way of living; it. Lebensweise. Method, shapes and conditions of individual and collective human life (labor, household, social. Polit. And the cult.), Typical for specifically source. Soc. ECON. relationship. See the standard of living, lifestyle ... Encyclopedia of sociology
The philosophical sociological concept, which covers a set of typical types of vital activity of the individual, social group, society as a whole in unity with the living conditions. Allows you to consider in relationships the main spheres of people of people, work, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
A summary concept characterizing the social and economic side of people's lives, primarily from the point of view of the volume and structure of the consumption of products and services, but taking into account the spiritual component, the attachment to cultural values. Rezberg BA, ... ... Economic Dictionary
LIFESTYLE - A summary concept characterizing the social and economic side of people's life from the point of view of volumes and the structure of the consumption of goods and services, but also, taking into account the spiritual component, compliance with cultural values \u200b\u200b... Legal encyclopedia
SUT., Number of synonyms: 8 Downshifting (2) Lifestyle (2) Modus Vivendi ... Synonym dictionary
LIFESTYLE - The form of human (individual and group) vital activity, characteristic of a historically specific system of social relations and a civilization device. Fixing the features of communication, behavior and warehouse of people's thinking in the spheres of labor, life, leisure, social and political and cultural activities, the concept of "lifestyle" gives a typological, "portrait" characteristic of how the real conditions of life (natural, economic, economic, and realistic conditions are reflected and implemented Socio-political, cultural, etc.) in the daily life and practice of individual individuals and social communities. Depending on what conditions or parameters of human existence act as the main factors and signs, differ "nomadic" and "settled", "urban" and "rural", "traditional" and "industrial", "aristocratic" and "bourgeois" " etc. Lifestyle. Sometimes this concept was used for the formational and civilization characteristics of the type of life and behavior ("Soviet" or "American", "West" or "Eastern", "socialist" or "capitalist" lifestyle), which can be challenged. The lifestyle of the personality depends on the psychological characteristics of the person (character, temperament, the individual warehouse of thinking, etc.) and therefore may be "slow" or "movable", "rational" or "irrational", etc. The integrative and operational capabilities of this category are implemented and manifested in comparison with such concepts as "standard of living", "the quality of life" And the "lifestyle", which can be viewed as concretization and various "sections" of this very complex in its composition and the structure of the social phenomenon. It is the socio-philosophical approach to understanding the lifestyle that gives a methodological basis for a sociological, economic, sociocultural and any other "aspect" (demographic, psychological, medical, etc.) of the study of actually functioning forms of vital activity of individuals and groups.
In its holistic system and the structure of lifestyle, the dialectic of the general, special and singular appears in its own way and appears. Although the lifestyle depends on the conditions of life, absorbs and reflects the general typological features of this society, "order of life", it cannot be reduced to the aggregate of the circumstances and the synthesis of certain "related" signs (the scientific and heuristic value of such "collective" characteristics Relative). The specifics and meaningful value of the concept of "lifestyle" is detected when the subject of human life becomes the subject of consideration and evaluation, i.e. Forms of existence and development (production and reproduction) of individual and social groups formed by society, historical era. However, the lifestyle is not any impersonal extract of the general conditions, the norms of activity and the behavior of certain social, cultural, professional, ethnic, etc. Groups and individual individuals. Universal determines, but does not exhaust the framework and the possibility of choosing individuals of specific forms of being and activities. It is also necessary to take into account the moment of the relationship of the individual and community to the conditions and lifestyles that they find the already established. It is important to take into account the significant differences in the lifestyle of people both at the level of the special, within the framework of this society and at the level of individuality, inside the group community, which affects, for example, on the choice of the main occupation, or in the preference of the forms of leisure, in the distribution of hours etc. M. Deber. , preferring instead of the concept of "lifestyle" the concept of "lifestyle", considered the latter as the most important determinant of stratification differences and division of society. As a single social action, it allocates stand-community-based people based on a specific lifestyle, which includes a set of habits, values, beliefs, tastes, ideas about honor and other psychological motives. Each lifestyle, according to M. Deber, corresponds to a more or less high assessment (honor), and people, seeking such an assessment, assimilate certain ideas and norms of behavior.
As a system of specific cultural forms of communication, lifting lifestyle is the necessary link in the relationship between production and consumption, on the one hand, and actually spiritual, moral, aesthetic, etc. Spheres of human vital activity - on the other. In the process of cultural development of society, a certain, inherent in this generality, the unity of socially typed and psychologically individual (unique) behavior of people is formed, a specific internal warehouse of everyday personality is formed. So, I.Kant He considered the "culture of education" by the most important element of the lifestyle, bearing in mind the impulse of a moral thought of thought, without which only "visibility" of culture is created (see: Kant I. Op. at 6 tons, t. 6. M., 1966, p. eighteen). The dependence of the lifestyle on the nature and state of the culture of society is historically concrete. By K.Marksu , "The vital funds that are necessary for the worker in order for it to live as a worker ... Different in various countries and with different states of culture ..." (see: Marx K., Engels F. Cit., T. 47. M., 1973, p. 42). The characteristic of the cultural "Foundation" of society, a group or a separate personality allows not only to reveal the value importance of a particular way and lifestyle, but also to explain many of the features and contradictions of the latter, which cannot be directly withdraw from the socio-economic and political and ideological conditions of a particular Societies (eg, the differences in the "Western" and "Eastern" lifestyles within the same type of public device, both in the USA and Japan).
The interest in the problem of lifestyle was noticeably increased, when in the context of the globalization of the world with all the sharpness, the question arises about the change of paradigm and the formation of the "global style of life", the topic of the existing lifestyles of life is actively discussed. vital world post-economic man 21 century.
Literature:
1. Tolstoy V.I. Lifestyle: concept, reality, problems. M., 1975;
2. Ionin L.G. Sociology of culture. M., 1996;
3. Kozlovski P. Culture of postmodernism. M., 1997.
Bobras lead a family lifestyle with pronounced territoriality in the development of space. Each family has its own habitat. The structure of the sector occupied by the family is quite complex. It usually consists of a dwelling (hatching, nesting Nora, half-water), several shelters located throughout the family territory, summer time shelters or recreation sites, network trail and systems of "hydraulic" structures (dams and channels). The dimensions of the plots depend on the number of animals in the family, the duration of its habitat in one place, but mainly from the reserves of feed and distributing it within the family territory (Danilov, Kanshiev, Fedorov, 2007; Zavyalov, etc., 2010).
The feed section of the beable is assigned unevenly. The largest number of trees animals are usually blown on a small segment of the shore in the so-called "zone of the greatest activity", which is usually located near the dwelling. As the feed is depleted in this zone, the beavers go beyond it farther from housing, mastering up to 1.5 - 2 and even 3 km of shores, usually upstream (Danilov, Kanshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
At the beginning of the formation of the Bobra settlement, they get acquainted with the territory, they take "intelligence raids", and leave traces of employment in the form of pursuits, hazards, but the main thing is the so-called "Pahuchi Holmikov". The marking behavior of beavers and its functions in the relationship between animals always attracted the attention of researchers. In particular, it was established that the number of smelting tags increases near the borders of the family territory, as well as the fact that the intensity of the labeling of the territory is significantly higher from the huts upstream than down the dwelling (Rosell et. Al., 1998, cm: Danilov, Kanshiev, Fedorov, 2007; Emelyanov, 2010¹; Emelyanov,).
The intensity of the labeling of the territory changes during the year. The most active animals will mark the plot at the beginning of summer, which is obviously associated with the protection of the territory with a family that has offspring at this time and its cultivation. Marking activity is also noticeably increasing in the fall, which coincides with the growth of animal activity related to the beginning of winter billets of feed while reducing the size of the territory of the territory of the family (Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007; Yemelyanov, 2010 (Yemelyanov, 2010) . Bobras at this time are mainly carried out the part of the territory where the main feed-to-singing activity of the family is concentrated (Kudryashov, 1975, see Danilov, Kanshiyev, Fedorov, 2007). The next increase in labeling activity begins as the reproduction season approaches, reaching a maximum in February (Rosell, Bergan, 2000, CM: Danilov, Kanishiyev, Fedorov, 2007; Emelyanov, 2010¹; Emelyanov ,; Chernova, Emelyanov, 2010). Numerous labels sign about the employment of the territory, thereby preventing the agonistic behavior and collision of animals leading to the stressful state of conflict participants.
The family site is not only marked, but also is actively protected from the invasion of neighbors or aliens, which can be young, eliminating animals, and single, lost a couple and wandering beasts. Numerous traces of bobs on the body of Bobrov, especially single beaners, as well as scars on the skars and tails, mined during the fishery (Danilov, Kanishiyev, Fedorov, 2007) are evidenced by the severity of the site. Young animals living in the family have scars on skins three times less than independent young (Kudryashov, 1975, quota. By: Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007). It happens that the defense of the site ends with the death of the aliel. The death of animals from the buses is twice as much as such from the attack of predators (Zharkov, 1969, cm: Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
The life of a beaver family on the plot continues almost until the exhaustion of tree feed. The repeated settlement of areas of the beauty occurs only after the resumption of wood-shrub vegetation on them, which depends on the conditions of growing and species of renewable plants (Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
River beavers - animals with a well-pronounced cycle of seasonal activity. One of her maximum falls on the fall, he begins usually in mid-September and continues until mid-November, that is, to the hemplook. At the same time, animals are engaged in both spring and summer. This is especially noticeable in settlements with young and serves as one of the identification signs of the presence of the selection in the beaper family. In the summer, there are newly built dams that often belong to the unfinished young animals, which is confirmed by the size of the traces of the beaver cutters on trees and bushes and their paws on the mud sectors of the shore (spikes, Lavrov, Naumov, 1961; Nosov, Belyachenko, 2006; Kathan, 2006; Danilov, Kanshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
Most of the Bobrov winter life passes under the ice, during this period, the beasts are minor and the exits of them on the surface phenomenon are quite rare, with the exception of animals living on small watercourses, as well as single animals, wintering rates sometimes in completely inappropriate conditions - in firewalls, roadside conditions Notches of soil, dry streams. As a rule, the outside exits are made in thaw and small up to - 10 frosts. In cold weather at air temperature - 20 and below, they do not appear on the surface.
A noticeable increase in mobility (the second peak of animal activity) is registered at the end of winter - early spring and corresponds to the cross of animals. At this time, beaver exits to the surface, the time of their stay on ice and shores of water bodies is increased, sometimes there are transitions on ice with a length to a kilometer. Where the most common floods are common, the beaglies have a significant part of the time to spend in temporary logs. After the decline of water, the animals prohibit the repair of housing and dam, the activation of such activities is especially noticeable in settlements with the ranks.
In summer, beavers are engaged in the cultivation of young people. In the first month after birth, the female does not go away from the housing, the Godoviki also holds near the housing, they participate in care for offspring and special activity do not show. Many of the two-year beasts at the end of the summer are empty, and if they manage to form pairs. Sometimes some two-year-olds remain wintering with the family, it is even young males who have become half-raised (Nosov, Belyachenko, 2006; Danilov, Kanshiyev, Fedorov, 2007).
In a raven period within a day, beavers are active for the most part in the evening, from 19 to 22 hours and early in the morning - from 5 to 6 to 8 - 9 hours (Kuchin, 1991; Nosova, Belyachenko, 2006; Katchay, 2006; Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov , 2007). However, in places rarely visited by people, you can find a floating beauty and day. Similar behavior can be observed in settlements, located within the city territory with an almost constant presence of people within the habitat of the beaver family. The probability of seeing the day of beavers, floating, cutting trees that fuel food to a warehouse, repairing dams or housing increases with the onset of autumn, that is, during the preparation for Winter (Nosov, Belyachenko, 2006; Danilov, Kanshiyev, Fedorov, 2007).
In places where Bobrov often bother people, the beasts behave carefully and secretly, and when the person approaches, they hurry to hide in Nore or Hatt. This, however, does not apply to animals living in close proximity to man. Bobras, living within the middle and even large settlements, behave as if they are not bothering them, even a rumble of metal, accompanying loading or unloading of metal structures, passing cars, working pneumatic installations and so on. Only a targeted approximation of a person to animals at a distance of 5 - 7 m forces them to look for salvation in water (Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
Habitat
River beavers are unpretentious. They get along the polar circle and in areas with a subtropical climate - it is only important for the presence of suitable water bodies (spikes, laurels, Naumov, 1961).
Bobras mainly settle on the shores of slowly current forest rivers, old men and lakes (animal life, 1971; Kuchin, 1991; http://zoomet.ru).
It is important for the presence of abundant floodplain vegetation in a pond, like wood of soft hardwood (aspen, poplar, birch) and shrub (Iva, currant, etc.), as well as water (water lily, cube, RDEST) and coastal herbal vegetation (reed , Rogoz, Extra, Reed), which is part of the diet of Beaver (spikes, Lavrov, Naumov, 1961; animal life, 1971; Kathan, 2006).
Fast mountain rivers with high rapid floods are unsuitable for these animals, although they sometimes settle on such rivers (Kathan, 2006). Also avoid very broad rivers (animal life, 1971), however, if there are abundant food, they will still settle on large, even shipping rivers (spikes, laurels, Naumov, 1961). Understandable for beavers and shallow water reservoirs that freeze in winter to the bottom (Koryan, 2006). Still beavers can settle on the ponds, in the ditch, in peat careers and among the swamps. Ponds these animals are able to form for themselves, braveling the dams of the robust and the streams, and sometimes quite solid rivers (spikes, laurels, Naumov, 1961; Koryan, 2006; Zavyalov, and others).
If the beasts do not bother, they live in close proximity, or even on the outskirts of settlements (spikes, Lavrov, Naumov, 1961).
Construction activities
Bobras build various types of facilities: huts, half-tones, holes, channels, dams, etc. The main building material for the buildings of Bobrov is served by rods, branches and parts of the laurels, 1961).
By the nature of the use of beaver structures can be divided into basic and auxiliary. The mains include dwellings, and to the auxiliary - dams, canals and temporary asylums (Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
The most primitive beaver facilities are temporary asylum or Logov. They are usually arranged in the summer in the thick coastal thickets of shrubs in the thick coastal thickets, and are either a small deepening in the ground, lined with grass, or open in the slope of the bank of Nura without a tunnel. Typically, such asylums are used by the Girls, living the first summer months separately from their parents, as well as two-year beasts, who left the family. Temporary logs are sometimes arranged and adult solitary animals when they appear in a new place. Temporary refuge of beavers in the northern regions can be located under the roots of old firs that are growing in the water rivation itself; In the southern regions, such asylums are arranged under the kobla. Cobles are the tops of the root systems of trees, usually alder, large IV (winds), poplar trees growing in water. Inside the Kobra Beast makes the camera, squandering the root system (spikes, laurels, naumov, 1961; Danilov, Kanshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
Permanent dwellings of beavers are two types - holes and huts. Sometimes there are also transitional forms - half-tags, as a rule, their structure is caused by the destruction of the upper core or flooding of the nesting chamber (Danilov, Kanshiev, Fedorov, 2007; Aleiniki, 2010; http://zoomet.ru).
The specific type of dwelling that beavers cooams - a hut, a semi-hott, or a non-label - depends on the structure of the coast, the size of the seasonal fluctuations in the water level in the reservoir, and human activity (spikes, Lavrov, Naumov, 1961; Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007; Aleiniki , 2010).
The main housing of the beaver is Nora, in cases where the shore is high enough, durable and cool. In this case, the inlet is always located significantly below the water level. The output under water is at a depth of about 50 cm. The holes are branched, forming blind lane or bulk chambers. The width of the last 80 is 100 cm, the height 30 - 50 cm. The total stretch of moves along with the largs is from 8 to 25 m. Closer to the surface of the Earth, the Nora expands and is a nesting chamber of this size so that the whole family is free. The bottom of the chamber is wrapped with slips, thin branches, dry grass, etc. The diameter of the outputs from Nor varies from 30 to 70 cm and more. It is usually several - from 2 to 7 outlets from the dwelling (spikes, laurels, Naumov, 1961; Danilov, Kanshiyev, Fedorov, 2007).
Where Bobrov often bother, they prefer holes.
Huts are built only if the beavers do not have the opportunity to dig a hole (reservoir with very low shores) or settle under coblla, for example, in low-spirited and wetlands. The height of the house built by river beabons is, on average 1.5 m, but can reach 2.5 m. The diameter of the base from 3 to 12 m. Hutcan is a cone-shaped structure, folded from natural cap, branches, bodies of bombs and stems of thin trees , bobbing, moss, herbs, forest winds; All these building materials are risen and selected by Il and mud (spikes, laurels, Naumov, 1961; Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
Exit, regardless of the type of dwelling, is always under water. If for some reason the exit of the hole is covered near the water rivation, the animals cover its branches, rags, sludge, building a kind of visor, protecting the hole on land and smoothly flowing into the water. So it turns out a half-tone (Danilov, Kanshiev, Fedorov, 2007; Aleinikov, 2010).
If the hatch is located on the shore, and not on an island or a splavine in the middle of a beaver pond, then it is often surrounded by the bypass canal, and one or two exits from the dwelling are opened in this channel. The width of such floating channels from 0.7 to 1 meter, and the depth reaches one and a half meters (Danilov, Kanshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
Beaver dams constructs in drying or challenging water bodies, below the flow of facilities and the location of the dwellings. As a result of the construction of the dam, the water level increases, which provides animals from the home of the dwelling. Thanks to the dams, reservoirs, to that almost unsuitable for the lives of beavers are noticeably converted by becoming full-flowing ponds. Dimensions of the dam depend on the width of the bed and the depth of the reservoir at the site of its construction (spikes, laurels, Naumov, 1961; Scalon, 1961; Danilov, Kanishiyev, Fedorov, 2007; Zavyalov, and others). Dams are built mainly during the period of the greatest downturn, that is, by the end of the summer - the beginning of autumn, when the flow rate and water pressure is minimal. Wood slabs and branches are stacked by a commander upstream (spikes, laurels, Naumov, 1961).
Frequent beaver transitions from one reservoir to another for raw slides leads to the fact that such places are increasingly deepened, and the outlets are all deeper into the coast. In the future, the beasts actively undermine the shores, increasing the length of these channels. If the reservoirs are located nearby, these ditches are soon connected, forming a channel. The laid beaver canal deepen and expand, dumping the walls and pushing the soil on his edges. Channels are necessary to be concerned to be secretly crossing from one reservoir to another, go to the seats, for transportation of feed and building materials. The width of most channels is usually 40-80 cm. The length does not exceed 20 m more often, but can reach several hundred meters. The depth is up to 1 m. Sometimes the channel is brazed by dams, which makes the step water level (spikes, laurels, Naumov, 1961). In some places, the animals launch a whole network trail and canals (Danilov, Kanshiyev, Fedorov, 2007).
Under the term "beaver settlement" is understood as a portion of land engaged in the Bobrov family, a couple or a single beast (Khlebovich, 1947, see Pankov, Pankov, 2010).
Depending on the characteristics of the watercourse and its valleys, two types of settlements are distinguished: the channels and ponds. The channel settlements are formed on canals and small rivers with high (comfortable nor) shores and deeply embedded relative to the bottom of the valley by the river (up to 1.5 m). Their distinctive feature is the lack of ponds. Length Dams does not exceed the width of the bed. Water level rises to the bottom of the valley, having tolerance. In such settlements in many there are beaver channels, breaking from the bed to the shores. Housing - holes and semi-puzzles. Pond settlements dominate all small rivers with a shallow embarrassing channel (up to 0.5 m). Such a channel determines the need to build long dams, brave and drill, and the bottom of the valley. A pond is formed. Gradually beaners are completing the dams below and above, as a result, cascades of ponds are formed (pond complexes). The prevailing types of dwellings are huts and semi-kilks, there are also holes (Aleinikov, 2010).
All adult beavers and adolescents (spikes, Lavrov, Naumov, 1961) participate in construction.
Food
Bobras - roast beasts. They eat almost any vegetable feed, but the list of basic feed is small; The species composition of the feed varies depending on the local conditions and season of the year (spikes, Lavrov, Naumov, 1961; Danilov, Kanishiyev, Fedorov, 2007; Anchugov, Starikov, 2008). The beauty of the beaver directly indicate: a hyptetic type of its indigenous teeth, a large intestinal length, and a large blind intestine, testifying for the nutrition of animals by coarse, rich cellulose food (Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
However, the rare facts of eating animal food eating disorders are known: in particular, beavers ate toothless ( Anodontha.) on r. Low aghang in the Arkhangelsk region (Farovers, 1961, cm: Danilov, Kanshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
Beaver prefers soft wood species - aspen, poplar, IVI (spikes, laurels, Naumov, 1961; Brozdnakov, 2005; Barchikov, 2007; Anchugov, Starikov, 2008; Emelyanov et al., 2008). The preference given to the topoleum and Ives is obviously due to the taste qualities of rocks, the ability to absorb the organism of animals, and their high calorie (Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007). It suffices to say that during the oxidation of 1 kg of aspen bark, 604.4 calves are formed, which is 2 times more appropriate indicators for willow and three times for birch (Solovyov, 1973, cm: Danilov, Kanshiev, Fedorov, 2007). Most other breeds are rarely eaten or one. Such, for example, such deciduous rocks as cherry, coarser, rowan, and others, as well as all conifers. As the preferred feed in the habitat is exhausted, the share of other wood-shrub breeds or replacement feeds (Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007) increases in the diet of Bobrov.
Brightly expressed seasonal change of feed. In the second half of spring and summer, the beaver feeds mainly by leaves and young shoots of trees and shrubs, stems, flowers and other parts of aqueous and coastal plants (spikes, laurels, Naumov, 1961; Anchgov, Starikov, 2008). From aquatic plants, reed, rogoz, reed, pita, etc. from the herbs - Tavoli, dyagil, horse sorrel, gravilat, bodian garden, Kaluzhnitsa, Bodynaya, and others (Kathan, 2006). The transfer to the nutrition of herbal vegetation is due to the need of animals in juicy green feeds rich in vitamins, minerals and microelements (Danilov, Kanshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
In the fall, in winter and at the beginning of the spring, Beaver eats predominantly green bark, young branches and roots of aquatic herbs (spikes, laurels, Naumov, 1961). Full power change and moving to winter feed are timed to the end of the growing season. At this time, in the crust and cambial layer of wood, in the kidney of plants there is a laying of spare nutrients (Danilov, Kanshiyev, Fedorov, 2007).
In the fall, Beaver usually makes winter feeds in the form of chips of trees, branches and rhizomes of aqueous plants. Basically, it harms such food like aspen, poplar, birch, Iva, cherry, rowan. For this, the beasts are filled with trees, the trunks are separated on the chocks, cut off the bits and all this is fused into comfortable for storage space under water, with good access from hole or huts (Sanchana, 2006).
In winter, the beavers repository are under ice, and the animals have the opportunity to wade there without leaving the surface and not at risk of attacking predators. If you sail to the reserves of the feed far, the beasts are maintained in the ice on the way Thought Thought (Koryan, 2006). Through the natural or specially made by the beables of the outstands, the animals go outside, spending on land for several hours. Sometimes beavers do under the snow the moves from the outstand to the zaroshai willow. At air temperature below -25 ° C to the surface, they usually do not leave (spikes, laurels, naumov, 1961).
The animals living alone are in store very little feed, and sometimes they do not at all, so they are forced to get to the surface.
Bobra feed reserves are unevenly mastered. The greatest amount of selected trees is usually found on a small segment of the shore in the so-called "zone of the greatest activity", which, as a rule, is located near the dwelling and dams. However, as the feed is exhausted, the animals go beyond the feed farther from housing, mastering up to 1.5 km of the coastal strip (Brozda, 2005; Danilov, Kanyshiev, Fedorov, 2007).
Plots on which beaners will be filled with trees, can be divided into cutting areas and windows.
Lesseki – coastal sections with fully or partially unplaced trophory trees and shrubs. Usually, the cutting areas are used for several years, and about 80% of the humps focused in the 15-meter strip. Length of the area can be different. Around small ponds, length usually corresponds to the length of the pond (100-250 m), there can be several short (up to 100 m), interrupted forest areas (aleiniks, 2010).
Window – small glads, on whom the premiums are set or tied up a few favorite feed trees. The number of trees dodged in the window usually does not exceed 10, more often - 3-7. Most windows are located in a 30-meter strip from water rival (Aleiniki, 2010).
Lifestyle is stable forms of individual or group activities of people.
The concept of lifestyle
The lifestyle is characterized by the peculiarities of the behavior, communication and thinking of a person in various situations. This concept finds its display in human activity, as well as in its social activity, in the expression of interests and beliefs.
Lifestyle has its own individual traits for each generation, as the socio-economic aspects of different time periods affect it. The main components of the lifestyle are labor (study for young people), life, as well as a system of behavioral habits.
Many scientists consider this concept as a synthesis of four categories: the economic (standard of living), socio-economic (lifestyle), sociological (quality of life) and socio-psychological (lifestyle).
The lifestyle of a person is the main factor that affects the state of its physical and psychological health.
Lifestyle man, family, people
The lifestyle is often considered as the behavioral type of a certain individual: its activities, the features of his worldview, household habits, etc.
However, in a broader sense, lifestyle is also inherent in such social groups as a family and the people. The lifestyle of the family is usually justified on the common interests of the spouses, on a generalization of life, on preferences in recreation types.
The way of life of the family is based on the psychological proximity of family members. The lifestyle of certain peoples is the concept that has developed during the historical process.
The basis of it is tradition and norms that were transmitted to each new generation. It is the traditions and norms that affect the behavioral features of the representatives of the people, as well as their social and economic perception.
Factors affecting
The person's lifestyle is influenced by such factors as the level of socio-economic development in the state, the level of medical care, the level of environmental safety, as well as psychological factors.
An individual's lifestyle also affects the lifestyle of the people to which it belongs, in particular way of life and traditional culture.
The lifestyle of the people and man often depends on the political ideology of the state. So during the USSR, it was the communist ideology that determined all the components of the human lifestyle, in particular on the lifestyle.