Do-it-yourself peeling machine. DIY veneering

There are three main ways of making veneer, and each of them, theoretically, can be done at home.

Peeling method

For the production of veneer in this way, soft and hard rocks are used. Specially prepared wood is used, with the help of a special machine, the top layer is removed from the wood, it is cut spirally, resulting in large veneer sheets. The downside is that the pattern of such a veneer is not clear and not bright, therefore it is often glued to plywood.

Planing method

For the production of veneer in this way, only hard rocks are used. The top layer is cut from the wood in the transverse or longitudinal direction, as a result of which a fairly dense sheet is obtained, and the drawing is beautiful and bright. This veneer is used for furniture and doors.

Sawing method

For the production of veneer using this method, logs are used from which sheets of minimum thickness are sawn off. When producing veneer using this method, a lot of waste is obtained, therefore it is considered the most expensive and costly.

Theoretically, you can make any of these types of veneer at home, but what quality it turns out depends on your experience and the quality of the tool and wood.

Veneer refers to wood materials in the form of thin sheets of wood, the thickness of which ranges from 0.5 to 3.0 mm. Veneer, as a rule, is glued to wood panels or fiberboard, thus giving the material a more aesthetic and attractive appearance.

Layout and layout of veneer.

Varieties of veneer

Veneer is classified into various types. Depending on the production method, the material is divided into:

• shelled;
• sawn;
• planed.

Types of veneer.

Depending on the appearance, veneer is subdivided into the following types:

1. Natural. Such material looks like thin sheets of natural color and structure. The main task in the production of such a material is to preserve the naturalness of the wood. The advantages of natural veneer are its environmental friendliness, preservation of the unique structure of the tree, and an attractive appearance. Products finished with material are similar to solid wood products, but they are an order of magnitude lower, and the weight of the structure is less.
2. Color. When making colored veneer, its surface is painted over, treated with stain. As a result, the material is distinguished by a wide range of colors.
3. Fine-line. This type of material is obtained as a result of the reconstruction of rotary cut veneer obtained from softwoods. Initially, blocks are formed, from which veneers of various structures, patterns and colors of natural wood are subsequently produced. This method allows you to imitate valuable wood species in the manufacture of material from cheaper wood. As a result, veneer has a more aesthetic appearance and is cheaper.

Veneer has found application in the manufacture of various designs and products. The most popular material for finishing doors, furniture, for the manufacture of plywood. They are also quite often used in the manufacture of guitar bodies, during decorative work. In addition, veneer is widely used in car tuning and interior decoration.

It is worth noting that some manufacturers save on high-quality glue and varnish, using poor-quality compounds. All this significantly affects the environmental friendliness of the product.

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Veneer making methods

Veneer manufacturing scheme.

As mentioned above, according to the manufacturing method, veneer is divided into three types. Let's take a closer look at these methods of material production.

1. Peeling method. In this case, specially prepared wood is used, with the rotation of which the top layer is removed with the help of a special machine. In the production of veneer by peeling method, soft and hard rocks are used. With this treatment, the top layer is cut spirally. The result is large veneer sheets, but their pattern is not very clear and bright. Therefore, peeled veneer is most often glued to plywood.
2. Planing method. With this method, the top layer of wood is cut in the transverse or longitudinal direction. This type of veneer is made only from hardwood. The result is a sheet of material of rather high density with a bright and beautiful pattern. Therefore, sliced ​​veneer is used in the manufacture of furniture and doors.
3. Sawing method. In this case, veneer is obtained by sawing sheets with a minimum thickness from a prepared log. The material obtained by this method is the most expensive, since a large amount of waste is generated during production.

When producing veneer, it is important to pay attention to the quality of the wood itself. The tree should have an even trunk with a minimum number of twigs and branches. The prepared log is examined by a specialist and determined by him for one or another method of processing.

Expensive types of timber are excellent raw materials for creating furniture, but not all people can afford such expensive products. In order to save valuable wood species and reduce the cost of the final product, veneer was invented. This material is extremely popular today for cladding furniture. The veneer repeats 100% the pattern, texture and shade of natural wood.

Special machines are used to create veneer in factories. Veneer can be:

• shelled
• planed
• sawn.

Accordingly, the machine for the production of veneer is of three types.

To implement the veneer peeling, the raw material must be pretreated with steam in order to increase its plasticity. After that, the logs are fed to the debarking machine, where the bark is removed from the workpiece, and with it dirt and sand, which often cause a quick dullness of the peeling knives. With the help of a saw, the ridges are cut into blocks of a certain length. Churak must first be rounded, after which you can start peeling. The veneer strip that comes out of the peeling machine is placed on a conveyor that feeds it to the shears. Scissors cut the veneer into sheets of the required format. The veneer is placed on a conveyor in a bundle, which is taken out from under the scissors and, using an electric loader, is delivered to the dryer. The products are dried in a roller dryer, then they are sorted on the conveyor and put into bundles by grade. Defective sheets can be glued together. If there are knots on the sheets, they are sent to a veneer filling machine, where flaws are removed and decorated with veneer inserts.

Such a veneer machine allows you to obtain sheet material with a thickness of 1.5 to 5 mm from a variety of types of timber. Most machines have a system that allows you to automatically set the log for subsequent processing.

To increase the productivity and convenience of the operator's work, the machines are equipped with hydraulic lift-center detectors, which themselves determine the suitable axis of rotation of the workpiece and align it with the axis of rotation of the centering shafts.

Peeling of steamed wood is used for pine, alder, birch timber. Plywood is made from peeled veneer.

First of all, the logs are cross cut. During this procedure, the logs are cut into pieces of the required length. All segments are sawn lengthwise, as a result of which a two-edged bar is formed. Sometimes it is sawn in half. After that, the vanches are heat treated in a steaming chamber or autoclave.

Further, the wainscots need to be cut on a veneer planer. Sliced ​​veneer is dried in roller dryers, trimmed and packed in bundles. Each set contains a specific drawing. The shade and pattern of the wood must match in each set. It is for this reason that the veneer sheets that are obtained from each wainscot during planing are folded, dried and packaged in bundles exactly in the order in which they left the planer. When three wainscots are planed at the same time, the veneer from each of them is folded into three different bundles. A pack of veneers that is completed, dried, wrapped and tied with twine is called a knol.

The veneer machine allows you to create thin sheets from expensive types of timber, which are distinguished by an unusual texture. This material is great for veneering. Veneer creation methods:

• radial
• tangential
• radial-tangential
• tangential-end.

The most attractive raw material for veneers is oak wood. This veneer is used for cladding rustic pieces of furniture in the elite segment.

In addition to oak veneer in specialized stores, you can find maple, beech, linden material, as well as mahogany.

The veneer is cut on specialized machines. It has a rather thin and fragile structure. In order to finish the surface with veneer, it must be connected to each other to obtain a sheet that can be rolled into rolls. The veneer is connected in two ways:

• gluing
• stitching.

These methods are equally popular in furniture manufacturing. Veneer stitching is carried out on a machine or manually. For small workshops, manual devices for gluing or stitching veneers have been developed. With the help of a special device, the glue or thermal thread is heated, and in the form of a zigzag it is applied to the main side.

Today veneer stitching machines are small, stand-alone machines. Such a machine is controlled by one specialist. All work on them is done accurately, efficiently and quickly enough.

Hand-stitching is less and less common, mainly in antique, restoration and author's workshops.

Copying machines are very helpful in creating a specific part from a template for small batch sizes. The copy-milling machine is used both in enterprises engaged in the production of products for large wholesale customers, and in small workshops, as well as for domestic use. Industrial machine tools are capable of creating products in almost unlimited quantities. However, in this article we will talk about how to make a copy-milling machine with your own hands for small-scale furniture production.

Veneering of a wooden base is also called veneering. Veneering, as a matter of fact, veneering, means gluing thin plates of wood, veneer, on a wooden base. The base is tables, doors, cabinets, walls and other wooden surfaces. In more detail, about what types of veneering exist, why to do it and how to do it yourself, we will tell you in the article.

Why furniture is veneered

Veneer is a thin piece of wood, usually valuable species. Veneer is used in order for an ordinary, inexpensive tree to become, in all external signs, a valuable, expensive species.

As a result, the price for veneered furniture is several times lower than for solid wood of valuable species. And the appearance is practically in no way inferior to the second.

In addition to the cost benefit, the use of veneer provides ample design opportunities. They can also glue over old furniture, thereby breathing a second life into it.

What are the types of veneering

The main types of veneering or veneering are three types. Namely, hot, cold and membrane veneering.

The most affordable method for home use is the hot veneer method. Here the veneer is glued to the base with an adhesive.

The other two types of veneering - cold and membrane, require special machines and other production facilities. So, cold veneering is pressing the veneer to the base. For this, press machines or screw clamps are used.

Membrane veneering is performed on complex relief surfaces. And is based on the vacuum bonding of smooth and embossed slabs and veneers

DIY veneering process

As we said earlier, the most affordable way for home use is hot plywood. To work, you will need the following basic materials and tools from the list:

• Base for veneering
• Wood veneer
• Plywood knife
• PVA glue
• Blank sheet of paper
• Roller or wood block, for grouting veneer
• Sandpaper
• Iron, the heavier the better
• Cutter

Preparatory work

Before proceeding with veneering, you first need to prepare the veneer. Natural veneer, often rolled. The veneer can also be warped and so on.

To get the veneer in the correct position, moisten it with moistened water, a sponge, and place it between two sheets of plywood. And to remove excess moisture, put wrapping paper between the plywood and veneer, on both sides of the veneer.

Most often, planed veneer is used to decorate furniture. These are narrow but long sheets. The width of the sliced ​​veneer is usually no wider than 30 centimeters.

Therefore, after leveling and removing excess moisture from the veneer surface, we cut the sheets to the required length. If, for example, you want to glue a table, then the veneer should slightly protrude at the edge of the base. The excess, at the end of the veneering process, can be cut or sanded.

By the way, do not cut the veneer with a knife or scissors. The veneer can crack and be cut unevenly by these tools. Use a plywood knife or planer to cut the veneer.

Bonding veneer and backing

We apply PVA glue to the veneer and to the base. On the basis we coat the base area. Best of all, glue it twice. Dry the first layer of glue until it is almost completely dry, so that the glue practically stops sticking. Dry the second layer until it is tacky.

The next step is to warm up the iron to 50 degrees. This is approximately the average temperature on the iron. And iron the veneer through a sheet of white paper. After passing with an iron, we immediately begin to grind with a roller or a bar, the veneer and the base.

When building models, it is often necessary to use veneer of various thicknesses. Usually, the desired thickness is obtained by grinding using a fungus with a sandpaper glued to the end, inserted into a drill chuck. This method is the most affordable, but it has a number of disadvantages: low productivity, the inability to process veneer with a thickness of less than 0.5 mm, since due to the rotation of the fungus, the veneer is torn out of the hands and breaks, and, finally, the main drawback is the high air pollution with wood dust ... It is not possible to process more than three or four plates even in a respirator.

The grinding machine I designed, which works on the principle of counter milling, is devoid of all these shortcomings. It was manufactured (with the exception of welding) in an aircraft model laboratory. There are no scarce parts and materials in its design.
All units of the machine are fixed on a base, which is a parallelepiped with dimensions of 200x265x340 mm, welded from steel corners 40x40x4 mm. In addition, two brackets made of channel No. 8 are welded to the base for fastening the drum bearing housings.
The drum (the main working body) and its pulley are cast. The material used is AL-25 aluminum alloy, from which the pistons of automobile engines are made. The pistons are melted in a muffle furnace and then sand-cast. Holes in the drum for the pivot bolt-skin clamp and the counterweight bolt must be drilled symmetrically about its axis. By the way, the mass of the first (together with the "dog" lock) and the mass of the second should be equal. Otherwise, as a result of imbalance, vibration will occur, which will lead to premature wear of the bearings and affect the performance of the machine.

The bearing housings are welded. The final dimension for the bearings in the housings is bored out after welding. The drum is driven into rotation using a V-belt transmission from an electric motor with a power of at least 300 W, with a rpm of three to five thousand, with a sufficiently large starting torque, since the drum has a fairly decent mass, despite the fact that it is made from an aluminum alloy. Collector motors meet this requirement. I used a motor from a household electric sweeper on the machine.

Fundamentally important in my proposed design of the grinding machine is the presence of a suction system for air contaminated with sawdust and wood dust. This system makes the machine environmentally friendly and more "comfortable" when working, as it eliminates the need for a respirator. A centrifugal blower of the car interior heating system is used to suck off the sawdust, which is installed at the threaded end of the drum axis. Such a "vacuum cleaner" in performance is not inferior to a household unit.
The fan shroud is secured to the bearing bracket with thumbscrews allowing for quick removal when it becomes necessary to replace a worn-out skin. A bag made of dense fabric is put on the discharge pipe for collecting sawdust. The suction opening of the fan casing is connected to the cavity of the drum casing by means of a branch pipe. The branch pipe is glued from fiberglass on a foam blank, which is then melted with acetone. The cavity of the drum casing is formed by two concentric shells welded to the end plates-flanges. The inner one can be welded with an intermittent seam, and the outer one must be continuous, in order to avoid pressure losses. The distance between the shells is selected from the condition that the area of ​​the suction opening of the fan casing is equal to the area of ​​the two slots formed by the shells. Sawdust thrown by the drum during grinding is sucked into the front slot, and sawdust is sucked into the back slot, which are captured by the sandpaper and thrown out by the centrifugal force of the drum.

The casings of the drum and belt drive and the lining of the machine base are made of steel sheet 1.5 mm thick. The drum axis is machined from 30 steel, and the rest of the parts from 10 steel.

The operation of dressing the skin is simple and is clearly shown in the figure. The skin is tightened by means of a "pawl" lever, which is put on the square part of the pivot bolt-clip of the skin and is fixed in one of five positions.
The table is made of steel sheet 10 mm thick and has dimensions 180x350 mm. Its working surface should be even, if possible, sanded on a surface grinder. The table, hinged on the base, is raised and lowered by means of an adjusting bolt, which makes it possible to obtain veneer with a thickness of 0.3 to 30 mm. The required size is set using a ruler screwed to the base. The ruler is graduated using measuring sticks clamped between the drum and the table.
The good performance of the machine is eloquently evidenced by the fact that in one pass it is possible to remove "chips" up to 1.5 mm thick.