Modules for solar battery do it yourself. Solar panel do it yourself

The sun is an inexhaustible source of energy. People have long learned how to effectively use it. We will not go into physics of the process, and let's see how this free energy resource can use. It will help us in this homemade solar panel.

Operating principle

What is a sunny element? This is a special module that consists of a huge number of the most elementary photodiodes. These semiconductor elements were grown using special technologies in a plant with silicon plates.

Unfortunately, such devices are not cheap. Most people cannot purchase them, but in this case there are many ways to make solar panels with their own hands. And this battery will completely be able to create competition commercial samples. And the price of it will not be comparable at all with the fact that they offer stores.

Building a battery from silicon plates

The kit for includes 36 silicon plates. They are offered with dimensions of 8 * 15 centimeters. General power indicators will be about 76 W. We will also need wires in order to connect the elements between themselves, and the diode that will perform the blocking function.

One silicon plate produces 2.1 W and 0.53 V at a current to 4 A. to connect the plates only sequentially. Only in this way, our energy source will be able to issue 76 W. Two tracks are applied on the front side. This is "minus", and Plus is located on the back side. Each of the panels must be placed with a gap. There should be nine plates in four rows. At the same time, the second and fourth rows need to be deployed on the contrary relative to the first. It is required in order for everything conveniently connected in one chain. Be sure to take into account the diode. It allows you to prevent the discharge of a cumulative battery at night or on a cloudy day. "Minus" diode must be connected to the "plus" battery. For the battery charge, you will need a special controller. With the help of an inverter, you can get the usual household voltage in 220 V.

Assembling solar panels do it yourself

The smallest refractive rate of light is the Plexiglass. It will be used as a hull. This is quite an inexpensive material. And if you need even cheaper, then you can purchase plexiglas. In the worst case, the polycarbonate can be used. But it is not enough for the hull in its characteristics. In stores you can find a special coated polycarbonate, which is protected from condensate. It also allows the battery a high level of heat protection. But these are not all items from which the solar panel will consist. With their own hands, glass with good transparency is easy to choose, it is one of the main components of the design. By the way, even the usual glass is suitable.

Frame manufacturing

When installing silicon crystals, it is necessary to mount at a short distance. After all, it is necessary to take into account various atmospheric impacts that may affect the changes in the base. So, it is desirable that the distance makes about 5 mm. As a result, the size of the finished design will be somewhere 835 * 690 mm.

It is made of a solar panel with their own hands using an aluminum profile. It has the maximum similarity with branded products. At the same time, the self-made battery is more sealed and durable.

For assembly, you will need a corner of aluminum. It makes a blank for the future frame. Dimensions - 835 * 690 mm. In order to bind profiles among themselves, it is necessary to make technological holes in advance.

The inner part of the profile should be marked with silicone-based sealant. It is necessary to apply it very carefully so that all the places are missed. From how qualitatively it will be applied, the efficiency and reliability, which will have a solar panel will be fully dependent.

Now you need to put a sheet from a pre-selected transparent material into the frame from the profile. It can be either anything else. Important moment: Silicone layer must dry. It must be considered necessarily, otherwise the film will appear on silicon elements.

At the next stage, the transparent material must be good and fixed. To mount the most reliable as possible, you should use hardware. Fasten the glass around the perimeter and from four corners. Now the solar panel, with your own hands manufactured, practically ready. It remains only to connect the silicon elements among themselves.

Soldering crystals

Now you need to make the conductor on a silicon plate. Next, we apply flux and solder. To make it easier to work, you can fix the conductor on one side with something.

In this position, carefully sweep the conductor to the contact site. Do not press the crystal soldering iron. He is very fragile, you can break it.

Latest assembly operations

If for you the manufacture of solar panels with your own hands first, it is better to use a special marking substrate. It will help arrange the necessary items as soon as possible at the required distance. In order to correctly cut the wires of the desired length connecting individual elements, it should be noted that the conductor must be soldered to the contact site. She is a little deposited by the edge of the crystal. If you make preliminary calculations, it turns out that the wires must be 155 mm.

When you collect all this in a single design, it is better to take a sheet of plywood or plexiglass. For convenience, the crystals are better to pre-arrange horizontally and fix. It is easy to do with the help of styling tiles.

After you connect all the elements between yourself, on each crystal on the reverse side, cover the double-sided construction tape. It is only necessary to press the rear panel a bit, and all the crystals easily transferred to the base.

This type of fastening is neither sealed additionally. Crystals can expand at high temperatures, but it is not scary. Sealing only separate parts.

Now, with the help, it is necessary to fix all tires and glass itself. Before you stick and collectively collect the battery, it is advisable to test it.

Sealing

If you have an ordinary silicone sealant, then you do not need to completely pour them crystals. So you can exclude the risk of damage. To fill this design, it is not necessary silicone, but epoxy resin.

It is so simple and easy to get electrical energy almost for almost a gift. Now consider how else you can make the solar panels with your own hands.

Experimental battery

Effective systems for converting solar energy require factors of huge sizes, special care for them and a serious amount of money.

Let's try to make something alone. All you need for the experiment can easily be bought in a shopping store or find in your kitchen.

Solar panel with their own foil hands

The assembly will need copper foil. It can easily be found in the garage or in extreme case it is easy to purchase in any economic store. For the assembly of the battery you need 45 square centimeters of foil. You should also buy two "crocodile" and a small multimeter.

To get a working sunny element, it is desirable to have an electric stove. Need no less than 1100 watts of power. It should be grunted to bright red. Even prepare a conventional plastic bottle without a neck and a couple of tablespoons of salt. Get drill from the garage with an abrasive nozzle and metal sheet.

Getting to work

The first deeds will cut the part of the copper foil of this size so that it completely lay onto the electric stove. You will need to wash your hands, so that there are no fat spots from the fingers. Copper is also desirable to wash. To remove the coating with a copper sheet, use the eats.

from copper foil

Next, the purified sheet is put on the tile and turn it on the most maximum features. When the tile begins to warm up, you can observe the appearance on a copper sheet of beautiful orange spots. Then the color will change to black. It is necessary to hold copper of the order of half an hour on a hot tile hot. This is a very important point. So, the thick layer of oxide is easily peeling, and thin will stick. After half an hour passes, remove copper from the stove and give it to cool. You can watch how slices fall off from foil.

When everything cools, the oxide film will disappear. You can easily clean with water most of the black oxide. If something is not cleaved, you should not try. The main thing is not to deform the foil. As a result of the deformation, it is possible to damage the thin layer of oxide, it is very necessary for the experiment. If it is not, the solar panel, with your own hands, will not work.

Assembly

The second piece of foil cut down the same dimensions as the first. Next, it is very good to be able to bend two parts so that they entered into a plastic bottle, but at the same time they did not touch each other.

Then cling the "crocodiles" to the plates. The wire from the "non-fit" foil is to the "plus", the wire from "fried" to "minus". Now take salt and hot water. Salt stir up to complete dissolution. We catch a solution into our bottle. And now you can observe the fruits of the works. This homemade solar panel, with your own hands made, may be further improved in the future.

Other ways to use solar energy

Solar energy is already as just used. In space, she swees on Mars from the Sun feeding the famous rover. And in the United States of America, the Google data centers work from the Sun. In those places of our country, where there is no electricity, people can see the news on TV. All this thanks to the sun.

And this energy allows you to heat the house. The air and solar panel with their own hands is very simply made of beer cans. They accumulate warmly and give it to the residential premises. This is effective, free and available.

Life in the style of "Organizer", such a popular idea in recent years, implies a harmonious "relationship" of a person with the environment. The stumbling block of any environmental approach is the use of minerals for energy.

Emissions of toxic substances and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere allocated during the combustion of fossil fuels are gradually killed by the planet. Therefore, the concept of "green energy", which does not harm the environment, is the basic basis of many new energy technologies. One of these directions of obtaining environmentally friendly energy is the technology of converting sunlight into an electric current. Yes, that is, it will be about solar panels and the possibility of installing autonomous energy supply systems in a country house.

At the moment, the energy installation of industrial production based on solar batteries used for the total energy and heat supply of the cottage is not less than 15-20 thousand dollars with a guaranteed period of operation of about 25 years. The cost of any helium system in recalculation of the ratio of the guaranteed period of operation to the average annual costs for the communal content of the country house is quite high: first, today the average cost of solar energy is commensurate with the purchase of energy resources from the central energy networks, secondly, one-time capital investment is required to install the system. .

It is usually taken to divide the helium systems intended for heat and energy supply. In the first case, the technology of a solar collector is used, in the second - photovoltaic effect for generating electric current in solar panels. We want to tell about the possibility of independent manufacture of solar panels.

Manual assembly technology of the solar energy system is quite simple and accessible. Almost every Russian can collect individual energy systems with high efficiency at relatively low costs. It is profitable, accessible and even fashionable.

Selection of solar cells for the solar panel

Getting Started with the manufacture of the solar system, you need to pay attention to that during individual assembly there is no need for a one-step installation of a full-featured system, it can be completely increased gradually. If the first experience was successful, it makes sense to expand the functionality of the helium system.

In essence, the solar battery is a generator based on a photoelectric effect and converting solar energy into electric. Light quanta, falling on a silicon plate, knock the electron from the last atomic orbit of silicon. This effect creates a sufficient amount of free electrons forming the electric current stream.

Before assembling the battery, it is necessary to determine the type of photoelectric converter, namely: single crystal, polycrystalline and amorphous. For self-assembly, the solar battery is chosen affordable monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar modules.

At the top: monocrystalline modules without solder contacts. Below: polycrystalline modules with soldered contacts

Polycrystalline silicon-based panels have a sufficiently low efficiency (7-9%), but this deficiency is leveled by the fact that polycrystals practically do not lower the capacity during clouds and cloudy weather, the warranty durability of such elements is about 10 years. Monocrystalline silicon-based panels have an efficiency of about 13% at a service life of about 25 years, but these elements strongly reduce the power in the absence of direct sunlight. Silicon crystals from different manufacturers can vary significantly from different manufacturers. According to the work of the work of solar power plants in the field, we can talk about the service life of single-crystal modules for more than 30 years, and for polycrystalline - more than 20 years. Moreover, for the entire period of operation, the loss of power in silicon mono- and polycrystalline elements is no more than 10%, when in thin-film amorphous batteries for the first two years, the capacity is reduced by 10-40%.

Solar elements Evergreen Solar Cells with contacts in a set of 300 pcs.

At the EBAY auction, you can buy a set of Solar Cells to assemble solar batteries from 36 and 72 solar cells. Such sets are available on sale in Russia. As a rule, for self-assembly of solar cells used in-type solar modules are used, that is, modules discarded at industrial production. These modules do not lose their performance and significantly cheaper. Some suppliers offer solar modules on a fiberglass fee, which involves a high level of element tightness, and, accordingly, reliability.

Development of the project of helium power system

The design of the future heliosystem largely depends on the method of its installation and installation. Solar panels must be installed under the tilt to ensure direct sunlight at right angles. The performance of the solar panel depends largely on the intensity of light energy, as well as on the angle of falling the sun's rays. The placement of the solar battery relative to the Sun and the angle of inclination depends on the geographical location of the helium system and the time of year.

From top to bottom: Monocrystalline solar panels (80 watts) in the country are installed almost vertically (winter). Monocrystalline solar panels in the country have a smaller angle (spring), a mechanical tilt control system of the solar battery.

Industrial heliosystems are often equipped with sensors that provide the rotational movement of the solar panel in the direction of movement of the sunlight, as well as mirrors of sunlight concentrators. In individual systems, such elements complicate significantly and increase the system, therefore do not apply. The simplest mechanical control system controlling the angle of inclination can be applied. In winter, the solar panels must be installed almost vertically, it also protects the panel from snowing snow and design icing.

Scheme calculating the angle of inclination of the solar panel depending on the time of year

Solar panels are installed on the solar side of the building to ensure the maximum available amount of solar energy in the daytime. Depending on the geographical location and the level of solstice, the angle of inclination of the battery is calculated, which is most suitable for your location.

In case of complication, you can create a solar tilt angle control system depending on the time of the year and the corner of the panel direction depending on the time of day. Energy efficiency of such a system will be higher.

When designing a solar system, which will be installed on the roof of the house, it is necessary to find out whether the roofing design can withstand the required mass. Independent development of the project involves the calculation of roofing loads, taking into account the weight of the snow cover in the winter.

Select the optimal static angle of inclination for the roofing solar system of a single crystal type

For the manufacture of solar panels, you can choose different types of specific gravity and other characteristics. When choosing a design materials, it is necessary to take into account the maximum allowable heating temperature of the solar element, since the temperature of the solar module operating at full power should not exceed 250c. When the peak temperature is exceeded, the solar module dramatically loses its ability to convert sunlight into an electric current. Finished heliosystems for individual use, as a rule, do not imply cool the solar cells. An independent manufacture can imply cooling the helioles or control of the inclination angle of the solar panel to provide the functional temperature of the module, as well as the choice of the appropriate transparent material absorbing IR radiation.

The competent design of the solar system allows you to provide the desired power of the solar battery, which will approach the nominal. When calculating the design, it should be borne in mind that the elements of the same type give the same voltage that does not depend on the size of the elements. Moreover, the current for large-sized elements will be greater, but the battery will be much harder. For the manufacture of the solar system, solar modules of the same size are always taken, since the maximum current will be limited to the maximum current of the small element.

Calculations show that on average, a clear sunny day can be obtained from 1 m of the solar panel not more than 120 W power. Such power will not even provide a computer. The system of 10 m gives more than 1 kW of energy and can provide electricity to the operation of the main household appliances: lamps, televisions, computers. For a family of 3-4 people, about 200-300 kW is needed per month, therefore the solar system installed on the south side, the size of 20 m can quite provide family energy consumption.

If we consider the average data on the power supply of an individual residential building, then: daily power consumption is 3 kWh, solar radiation from spring by autumn - 4 kWh / m per day, peak power consumption - 3kW (when turned on washing machine, refrigerator, iron and electric kettle ). In order to optimize power consumption for lighting at home, it is important to use low-power AC lamps - LED and luminescent.

Production of the Solar Battery Frame

Aluminum corner is used as a solar battery frame. At the ebay auction, you can purchase ready-made frames for solar panels. The transparent coating is chosen as desired, based on the characteristics that are necessary for this design.

Rama set with glass for solar battery, cost from 33 dollars

When choosing a transparent protective material, you can also navigate the following characteristics of the material:

If we consider the refractive index of light as a material selection criterion. The most minimal refractive factor has plexiglas, a cheaper option of a transparent material is a domestic plexiglass, less suitable - polycarbonate. There is a polycarbonate with anti-condensate coating, this material also provides a high level of thermal protection. When choosing transparent sheet materials and the ability to absorb the IR spectrum, the best polycarbonate will be the best. The best transparent solar materials includes high-speed materials.

In the manufacture of the solar battery, it is important to choose transparent materials that do not miss the IR spectrum and, thus, reduce the heating of silicon elements that lose their power at a temperature of above 250c. The industry uses special glasses having an oxide-metal coating. An ideal glass for solar panels is the material that skips the entire spectrum except the IR range.

The absorption scheme of UV and IR radiation with various glasses.
a) ordinary glass, b) glass with IR absorption, c) duplex with thermal absorbing and ordinary glass.

The maximum absorption of the IR spectrum will provide protective silicate glass with iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3), but it has a greenish tint. The IR spectrum is well absorbed by any mineral glass with the exception of quartz, plexiglas and plexiglas refer to the class of organic glasses. Mineral glass is more resistant to surface damage, but is very expensive and inaccessible. For solar panels, special anti-reflective supercast glass is also used, passing up to 98% spectrum. Also, this glass involves the absorption of most IR spectrum.

The optimal choice of optical and spectral characteristics of the glass significantly increases the efficiency of the photo conversion of the solar panel.

Solar Panel in Plexigla Case

In many, master classes on the manufacture of solar panels, it is recommended to use plexiglas for the front and rear panel. This allows the inspection of contacts. However, the design of the plexiglas is difficult to name completely sealed, capable of ensuring uninterrupted operation of the panel for 20 years of operation.

Installation of the Solar Battery Case

The master class shows the manufacture of a solar panel of 36 polycrystalline solar cells in size 81x150 mm. Based on these sizes, you can calculate the size of the future solar battery. When calculating the size, it is important between the elements of making a small distance that will take into account the change in the size of the base under atmospheric influence, that is, between the elements should be 3-5 mm. The resulting size of the workpiece must be 835x690 mm with a width of angle of 35 mm.

	A homemade solar battery made using an aluminum profile, the most similar to the factory manufacturing solar panel. It provides a high degree of tightness and strength of the structure.
	For the manufacture, an aluminum corner is taken, and the billets of the frame 835x690 mm are performed. So that you can hold the fastening of hardware, the holes should be made in the frame.
	Silicone sealant is applied to the inside of the corner twice.
	Be sure to follow that there are no empty seats. The tightness and durability of the battery depends on the quality of applying sealant.
	Next, a transparent sheet of selected material is placed in the frame: polycarbonate, plexiglas, plexiglas, anti-reflective glass. It is important to give silicone to dry outdoors, otherwise evaporation creates a film on the elements.
	Glass need to carefully press and fix.
	For reliable attachment of protective glass, hardware will be needed. It is necessary to fix 4 corners of the frame and to accommodate two methols on the perimeter with a long side of the frame and one hard side with a short side.
	Hardware is fixed with screws.
	Screws are tightly tightened with a screwdriver.
	Solar Battery frame is ready. Before fastening the solar cells, it is necessary to clean the glass from dust.

Selection and soldering of solar cells

At the moment, at the Ebay auction, a huge range of products for self-making solar panels is presented.

The Solar Cells kit includes a set of 36 polycrystalline silicon elements, conductors for elements and tires, Skotke diodes and an acid pencil for soldering

Since the solar battery made by your own hands is almost 4 times cheaper than finished, independent production is a significant savings. On Ebay, you can purchase solar cells with defects, but they do not lose their functionality, therefore, the cost of the solar battery can be significantly reduced if you can additionally sacrifice the appearance of the battery.

Damaged photocells do not lose their functionality

With the first experience, it is better to acquire sets for the manufacture of solar panels, there are solar cells on sale with soldered conductors. The soldering of contacts is a rather complicated process, the complexity is exacerbated by the fragility of solar cells.

If you purchased silicon elements without conductors, you first need to make a pack of contacts.

	This looks like a polycrystalline silicon element without conductors.
	Conductors are cut with a cardboard blank.
	It is necessary to gently put the conductor on the photocell.
	Apply an acid for soldering and solder to the scene. The conductor is fixed on one side with a heavy item.
	In this position, it is necessary to gently solder the conductor to the photocell. During the soldering, you can not press the crystal, because it is very fragile.

Soldering elements is quite painstaking work. If you fail to get a normal connection, then you need to repeat the operation. According to the standards, silver spraying on the conductor must withstand 3 soldering cycles with permissible thermal modes, in practice, come across that the spraying is destroyed. The destruction of the silver spraying occurs due to the use of soldering stalls with an unregulated power (65W), this can be avoided if the power can be reduced as follows - it is necessary to include a cartridge with a 100 W bulb. The rated power of the unregulated soldering iron is too high for the soldering of silicon contacts.

Even if the sellers of conductors assure that solder on the connector is available, it is better to apply in addition. During the soldering, try to carefully handle the elements, with a minimum effort they are bursting; You should not fold the elements in a bundle, the lower elements may crack from the weight.

Build and soldering solar battery

With the first self-assembly of the solar battery, it is better to use a milling substrate that will help arrange the elements exactly at some distance from each other (5 mm).

Marking substrate for solar battery elements

The base is performed from the sheet of plywood with the marking of the corners. After soldering, a piece of mounting tape is attached to each element from the reverse side, just press the rear panel to the scotch, and all the elements are transferred.

Mounting tape used for fastening, on the back of the solar element

With this type of fastening, the elements themselves are not additionally sealed, they can be freely expanded under the action of temperature, it will not damage the solar battery and the breaking of contacts and elements. Sealing is only the connecting parts of the design. This type of attachment is more suitable for prototypes, but it is unlikely to guarantee long-term operation in the field.

The sequential assembly plan of the battery looks like this:

	We lay out the elements on the glass surface. There should be a distance between the elements, which implies a free change in dimensions without prejudice to the design. Elements need to press in cargoes.
	We produce a soldering on the electrical process below. "Plus" current tracks are placed on the front side of the elements, "minus" - on the back. Before soldering, you need to apply flux and solder, after gently solder silver contacts.
	According to this principle all solar cells are connected.
	The contacts of the extreme elements are displayed on the tire, respectively, on the "plus" and "minus". For the tire, a wider silver conductor is used, which is available in the SOLAR CELLS set. We also recommend to withdraw the "middle" point, with its help there are two additional shunt diodes.
	The terminal is also installed on the outside of the frame.
	This looks like a diagram of connecting elements without a displayed midpoint.
	This is the terminal plank with the output dot. The "average" point allows for each half of the battery to supply a shunt diode, which will not give the battery to be discharged when the lighting or darkening of one half is reduced.
	The photo shows the shunt diode on the "positive" output, it resists the discharge of batteries through the battery at night and the discharge of other batteries during partial dimming. More often as shunting diodes use Schotke diodes. They give a smaller loss at the total power of the electrical circuit. A acoustic cable in silicone insulation can be used as current-wheeling wires. For isolation, you can apply tubes from under the dropper. All wires must be firmly fixed with silicone.
	Elements can be connected sequentially (see photo), and not by means of a common tire, then the 2nd and 4th row must be rotated 1800 relative to the 1st row.

The main problems of the solar panel assembly are associated with the quality of the soldering of contacts, so specialists offer to test it before sealing the panel.

Testing the panel before sealing, network voltage 14 volts, peak power 65 W

Testing can be done after soldering each group of items. If you pay attention to the photos in the master class, then part of the table under the sunny elements is cut. This is done intentionally to determine the efficiency of the electrical network after soldering the contacts.

Sealing solar panel

Sealing solar panels in self-making is the most controversial issue among specialists. On the one hand, the sealing of the panels is necessary to increase durability, it is always used in industrial manufacture. For sealing, foreign specialists recommend using the SylGard 184 epoxy compound, which gives a transparent polymerized high-elastic surface. The cost of "SylGard 184" on Ebay is about $ 40.

Sealant with a high degree of elasticity "SylGard 184"

On the other hand, if you do not want to carry additional costs, it is quite possible to use silicone sealant. However, in this case, it is not necessary to completely fill items to avoid their possible damage during operation. In this case, the elements to the rear panel can be attached using silicone and seal only the edges of the structure. How effective is such sealing, it is difficult to say, but we do not recommend using un- recommended waterproofing masts, it is very high that the probability of breaking contacts and elements is very high.

	Before starting sealing, it is necessary to prepare a mixture of "SylGard 184".
	First, the locations of the jacks of elements are flooded. The mixture should be captured to fix items on the glass.
	After fixing the elements, a solid polymerizing layer of elastic sealant is made, it is possible to distribute it with a brush.
	This looks like the surface after applying the sealant. The sealing layer must dry. After complete drying, you can close the solar panel with a solar panel.
	This is the facial side of the homemade solar panel after sealing.

Power supply scheme at home

The power supply systems of houses using solar cells are customary called photoelectric systems, that is, systems that provide energy generation using the photovoltaic effect. For individual residential buildings, three photoelectric systems are considered: an autonomous energy supply system, a hybrid battery-network photovoltaic system, a non-accumulative photoelectric system connected to the central power supply system.

Each of the systems has its purpose and advantages, but most often in residential buildings use photoelectric systems with backup batteries and connecting to centralized energy seal. The power supply is carried out using solar panels, in the dark from the batteries, and when they are discharged from the central energy session. In hard-to-reach areas where there is no central network, generators on liquid fuel are used as a backup source of power supply.

A more economical alternative to a hybrid battery-network power supply system will be ancommulatory solar system connected to the central power supply network. Power supply is carried out from solar panels, and in the dark, the network is powered by the central network. Such a network is more applicable for institutions, because in residential buildings most of the energy is consumed in the evening.

Schemes of three types of photoelectric systems

Consider a typical installation of a battery-network photovoltaic system. The electricity generator is the solar panels that are connected through the junction box. Next, the network is installed in the network of the solar charge controller to avoid a short circuit when peak load. Electricity accumulates in backup batteries, and is also supplied through an inverter to consumers: lighting, household appliances, electric stove and, possibly used to heat the water. To install the heating system, gelicollectors are more efficient to use alternative heliothechnology.

Hybrid battery-network photoelectric system with alternating current

There are two types of power grids that are used in photoelectric systems: based on direct and alternating current. Using the AC network allows you to place electrotransterlers at a distance exceeding 10-15 m, as well as ensure the conditionally unlimited network load.

For a private residential building, the following components of the photoelectric system typically use:

• the total power of solar panels should be 1000 W, they will ensure the development of about 5 kWh;
• batteries with a total capacity of 800 A / h at a voltage of 12 V;
• the inverter must have a nominal power of 3kW with a peak load of up to 6 kW, the input voltage is 24-48 V;
• solar discharge controller 40-50 A at a voltage of 24 V;
• uninterruptible power supply to provide short-term charge with current to 150 A.

Thus, for the photovoltaic power supply system, you will need 15 panels for 36 items, an example of which is brought in the master class. Each panel gives a total power of 65 W. More powerful will be solar panels on single crystals. For example, a solar panel of 40 single crystals has a peak power of 160 W, but such panels are sensitive to cloudy weather and clouds. In this case, the solar panels based on polycrystalline modules are optimal for use in the northern part of Russia.

The hydrocarbons were and remain the main source of energy, but more and more often, humanity appeals to the replenish and environmentally friendly resources. This was the reason for increased interest in solar batteries and generators.

However, many are not solved on the installation of heliosystems due to the high cost of the setting of the complex. You can reduce it, if you take up its creation yourself. Doubt your own?

We will tell you how to make a sunny battery with your own hands using available components. In the article you will find all the necessary information in order to perform the calculation of the helium system, choose the components of the complex, to build and install the photo shots.

According to statistics, an adult mans daily uses about a dozen different networks operating from the network. Although electricity is considered a relatively environmentally friendly source of energy, this is an illusion, because when it obtained it uses resources that pollute the environment.

What components are needed and where to buy them

Main detail - solar photopanel. Usually silicon plates are bought over the Internet with delivery from China or the USA. This is associated with a high price for components of domestic production.

The cost of domestic plates is obtained so high that it is more profitable to order on Ebay. As for the marriage, only 2-4 plates are unsuitable for use. If you order Chinese plates, then risks are higher, because Quality leaves much to be desired. Advantage - only in price.

The finished panel is much more convenient to use, but also three times more, so it's better to pose search for components and collect the device with your own hands

The rest of the components can be bought at any electrical store. We also need tin solder, frame, glass, film, ribbon and markup pencil.

Gallery of images

In the modern world it is difficult to imagine existence without electrical energy. Lighting, heating, communications and other joys of comfortable life are directly dependent on it. It makes it look for alternative and independent sources, one of which is the sun. This area of \u200b\u200benergy is not yet too developed, and industrial installations are notable. The exit will be the manufacture of solar panels with their own hands.

What is solar battery

The solar battery is a panel consisting of the interconnected photocells. It directly converts solar energy into an electric current. Depending on the system of the system, electrical energy accumulates or immediately goes to the energy supply of buildings, mechanisms and instruments.

Solar Battery Catering from United States

Almost everyone used the simplest photocells. They are built into calculators, lanterns, batteries for recharging electronic gadgets, garden lanterns. But this use is not limited. There are electric cars with a recharging from the Sun, in space it is one of the main sources of energy.

In countries with lots of sunny days, the batteries are installed on the roofs of houses and are used for heating and water heating. This species is called collectors, they convert the sun energy into thermal.

Often the power supply of entire cities and the villages occurs only due to this type of energy. Power plants operating on solar radiation are built. They received special distribution in the USA, Japan and Germany.

Device

The solar battery device is based on the phenomenon of the photo effect, open in the twentieth century A. Rostein. It turned out that in some substances under the action of sunlight or other substances, a separation of charged particles occurs. This discovery has led to the creation of the first helium modulus in 1953.

The material for the manufacture of elements serve semiconductors - combined plates of two materials with different conductivity. Most often, polycrystalline or single crystal silicon with various additives is used for their manufacture.

Under the action of sunlight in one layer, an excess of electrons appears, and in the other - their disadvantage. "Excess" electrons go to the area with their disadvantage, this process is called P-N transition.

The solar element consists of two semiconductor layers with different conductivity

Between materials that form an excess and disadvantage of electrons are placed a barrier layer that prevents the transition. This is necessary in order for the current to occur only in the presence of an energy consumption source.

Fifted photons of light knocked out electrons and supply them necessary energy to overcome the barrier layer. Negative electrons move from the P conductor to the N-conductor, and positive make the way back.

Due to the different conductivity of the semiconductor materials, the electron directional movement is possible. Thus, an electric current occurs.

The elements are consistently interconnected by forming a panel of a larger or less area, which is called the battery. Such batteries can be directly connected to the source of consumption. But since solar activity changes during the day, and at night it stops at all, batteries are used, accumulating energy during the absence of sunlight.

The required component in this case is the controller. It serves to control the charging of the battery and turns off the battery with full charge.

The current generated by the Solar Battery is constant, it must be converted to an alternating. For this serves an inverter.

Since all electrical devices that consume energy are designed for a specific voltage, the system requires a stabilizer that provides the desired values.

Extra devices are installed between the heliumodul and the consumer

Only in the presence of all these components it is possible to obtain a functional system that supplies the consumers and is not threatened to bring them out.

Types of elements for modules

There are three main types of heliopanels: polycrystalline, single crystal and thin-film. Most often, all three types are made of silicon with various additives. Cadmium television and medi-cadmium selenide are also used, especially for the production of film panels. These additives contribute to an increase in the efficiency of cells by 5-10%.

Crystal

The most popular are single crystal. They are made of single crystals, have a uniform structure. Such plates have a form of a polygon or a rectangle with cut corners.

The single crystal cell has a rectangle shape with beveled corners

The battery collected from the monocrystalline elements has a greater performance compared to other types, its efficiency of 13%. It is easy and compact, it is not afraid of a small bend, it can be installed on an uneven surface, service life of 30 years.

The disadvantages include a significant reduction in power during clouds, up to complete cessation of energy generation. It is happening during the blackout, the battery will not work at night.

The polycrystalline cell has a rectangle shape, which allows you to collect the panel without skipping

Polycrystalline produced by casting method, have a rectangular or square shape and an inhomogeneous structure. The effectiveness of them is below monocrystalline, efficiency is only 7-9%, but the drop in the production during cloudiness, dusting or at dusk is insignificant.

Therefore, they are used in the device of street lighting, they are more often used by self-relocities. The cost of such plates is lower than single crystals, 20 years of operation.

Film

Castle or flexible elements are made from amorphous silicon form. The flexibility of the panels makes them mobile, turning them with the roll, you can take them on the journey and have an independent source of energy anywhere. This property allows you to mount them on curvilinear surfaces.

The film battery is made of amorphous silicon

By efficiency, the film panels are inferior to crystalline twice, for the production of the same amount you need a double battery area. And the durability of the film is no different - in the first 2 years, their effectiveness falls by 20-40%.

But when clouded or darkening, energy generation is reduced by only 10-15%. Undoubted advantage can be considered their relative cheapness.

What can Heliopanel at home

Despite all the benefits of industrial production batteries, their main disadvantage is a high price. This trouble can be avoided by making the simplest panel with their own hands from the girlfriend.

From diodes

A diode is a crystal in a plastic case, protruding in the role of lenses. It concentrates the sun's rays on the conductor, as a result, an electric current occurs. By connecting a large number of diodes among themselves, we get a solar panel. Cardboard can be used as a board.

The problem is that the power of the energy obtained is small, for the development of sufficient quantity it will take a huge number of diodes. According to financial and labor costs, such a battery is much superior to the factory, and in terms of power it is very inferior to it.

In addition, the production drops sharply when the illumination decreases. And the diodes themselves behave incorrectly - often spontaneous glow occurs. That is, the diodes themselves consume energy produced. The conclusion suggests itself: inefficient.

From transistors

As in diodes, the main element of the transistor is a crystalline. But it is enclosed in a metal case that does not transmit sunlight. For the manufacture of the battery, the housing cover is spilled with a metal with a metal.

Battery of low power can be collected from transistors

Then the elements are fixed to a plate of a textolite or other material suitable for the role of the board and combine each other. In this way, you can collect the battery, the energies of which is enough for the work of the flashlight or radio receiver, but it is not worth the high power from such a device.

But as a hiking source of low power, it is quite suitable. Especially if you are fascinated by the process of creating and not very important practical benefits from the result.

Crafts are proposed to use CDs as photocells and even copper plates. Portable charging for the phone is easy to make from photocells from garden lanterns.

The best solution will be the purchase of finished plates. Some Internet sites sell modules with a small production marriage at an affordable price, they are quite suitable for use.

Rational accommodation of batteries

From placing modules to a large extent, how much energy will produce a system. The more rays fall on the photocells, the more they will produce energies. For optimal location, you must comply with the following conditions:

Important! The power of the battery is set by the capacity of the weakest element. Even a small shadow on one module can reduce system performance from 10 to 50%.

How to calculate the required power

Before assembling the battery, it is necessary to determine the required power. This depends on the number of purchased cells and the total area of \u200b\u200bfinished batteries.

The system can be both autonomous (independently by electricity home) and the combined, combining the energy of the Sun and the traditional source.

The calculation consists of three steps:

1. Find out the total power consumption.
2. Determine the adequate capacity of the battery and the power of the inverter.
3. Calculate the required number of cells based on insolation data in your region.

Power consumption

You can determine it for your autonomous system according to your power meter. The total amount of energy consumed for the month is divided by the number of days and get the average value of daily consumption.

If only part of the devices will be powered by the battery, find out their power in the passport or marking on the instrument. The obtained values \u200b\u200bmultiply by the number of hours per day. Folding the values \u200b\u200bfor all devices, get the average consumption per day.

Capacity of the AB (battery) and inverter power

AB for solar systems must withstand a large number of discharge and discharge cycles, have a small self-discharge, withstand high charge current, operate at high and low temperatures, and require minimal maintenance. These parameters are optimal in lead-acid ab.

Another important indicator is the capacity, the maximum charge that can accept and save the battery. Insufficient capacity increases, connecting AB in parallel, sequentially or combining both connections.

Find out the required amount of AB will help calculate. Consider it for the concentration of energy reserve on 1 day in a capacity of 200 A.Ch and voltage of 12 V.

Suppose the daily need is 4800 V.A., the output voltage of the system of 24 V. We take into account that the loss on the inverter will be 20%, we introduce a correction factor 1.2.

4800: 24x1.2 \u003d 240 A.Ch

The discharge depth of the AB should not exceed 30-40%, consider it.

240x0.4 \u003d 600 A.Ch

The obtained value is three times higher than the battery capacity, therefore, for the reserve of the required amount, 3 AB, connected in parallel, will be required. But at the same time, the battery voltage is 12 V in order to increase it twice, you will need 3 ab connected in series.

To get the voltage in 48 in the connect parallel to the two parallel chains of 4 AB

The inverter serves to convert a DC to variable. Select it on peak, maximum load. On some device consuming devices, the magnitude of the start current is significantly higher than the nominal. This is the indicator and takes on the calculation. In other cases, nominal values \u200b\u200bare taken into account.

Masses and voltage form. The best option is a pure sinusoid. For devices that are insensitive to voltage drops, the square shape will fit. It should also be taken into account the possibility of switching the device from AB directly to solar batteries.

Required number of cells

Insolation indicators in different fields are very different. For the right calculation, you need to know these figures for your locality, the data is easy to find on the Internet or on the weather station.

Insolation Table for months for different regions

Insolation depends not only on the time of year, but also from the corner of the battery

When calculating, focus on the indicators of the smallest insolation during the year, otherwise during this period the battery will not produce a sufficient amount of energy.

Suppose minimum indicators - in January, 0.69, maximum - in July, 5.09.

Correction factor for winter time - 0.7, for summer - 0.5.

The required amount of energy is 4800 W..

One panel has a power of 260 W and a voltage of 24 V.

Losses on AB and inverter are 20%.

Calculate consumption taking into account the loss: 4800 × 1.2 \u003d 5760 W · h \u003d 5.76 kWh.

Determine the performance of one panel.

Summer: 0.5 × 260 × 5.09 \u003d 661.7 VTCH.

In winter: 0.7 × 260 × 0.69 \u003d 125.5 VTCH.

Accelerate the required amount of batteries, dividing the energy consumed to the performance of the panels.

Summer: 5760 / 661.7 \u003d 8.7 pcs.

In winter: 5760 / 125.5 \u003d 45.8 pcs.

It turns out that for complete support, in winter it will be necessary five times more modules than in summer. Therefore, it is necessary to immediately install more batteries or for the winter period to provide a hybrid power supply system.

How to assemble a solar battery do it yourself

The assembly consists of several stages: the manufacture of the housing, the soldering of the elements, the assembly of the system and its installation. Before proceeding with work, stock all necessary.

The battery consists of several layers

Materials and tools

• photocells;
• flat conductors;
• alcohol-riveted flux;
• soldering iron;
• aluminum profile;
• aluminum corners;
• hardware;
• silicone sealant;
• hoven for metal;
• screwdriver;
• glass, plexiglass or plexiglas;
• diodes;
• measuring instruments.

Photo cells are better to order complete with conductors, they are specifically designed for this purpose. Other conductors have greater fragility, which can be a problem when soldering and assembling. There are cells with already soldered conductors. They are more expensive, but significantly save time and labor costs.

Get the plates with conductors, it will reduce the time of operation.

The case frame is usually made from an aluminum corner, but it is possible to use wooden rails or squares of a square section 2x2. This variant is less preferable, since it does not provide sufficient protection against atmospheric effects.

For a transparent panel, choose a material with a minimum refractive index of light. Any obstacle on the path of rays increases energy loss. It is desirable that the material passes as little infrared radiation as possible.

Important! The larger the panel, the less it produces energies.

Calculation of carcass

Frame dimensions are calculated based on cell size. It is important between adjacent elements to provide a small distance of 3-5 mm and take into account the width of the frame so that it does not overlap the edges of the elements.

The cells are produced different sizes, consider a variant of 36 plates, measuring 81x150 mm. Elements are located in 4 rows, 9 pieces in one. Based on these data, the sizes of the frame are obtained 835x690 mm.

Manufacturing a box

Soldering elements and assembly modules

If the items are purchased without contacts, first need to be soldered to each plate. To do this, cut the conductor to the same segments.

1. Cut the rectangle from the cardboard the desired size and wrap the conductor on it, then cut down on both sides.
2. For each conductor, apply flux, attach a strip to the item.
3. Gently solder the conductor over the entire length of the cell.

   Solder conductors to each plate

4. Cells lay out in a row for each other with a gap of 3-5 mm and sequentially spy each other.

   When installing, periodically check the performance of the modules

5. Finished rows of 9 cells transfer to the housing and align relative to each other and contour frame.
6. Safety parallel using wider tires and observing polarity.

   Lay out the ranks of the elements on a transparent substrate and smear each other

7. Print the contacts "+" and "-".
8. For each element, apply 4 drops of sealant and laid the second glass on top.
9. Give adhesion to dry.
10. Fill around the perimeter with a sealant so that moisture does not fall inside.
11. Secure the panel in the housing using the corners, screwing them into the side sides of the aluminum profile.
12. Set the sealant with the sealant locking diode Schottke to exclude the discharge of the AB through the module.
13. Suppose the output wire with a two-contact connector, in the future connect the controller to it.
14. Screw to the frame for fastening the battery to the support.

Video: soldering and assembling solar module

Battery is ready, it remains to install it. For more efficient work, you can make a tracker.

Production of the rotary mechanism

The simplest swivel mechanism is easy to make yourself. The principle of its work is based on a system of counterweight.

1. From wooden bars or aluminum profile, collect a support for a battery in the form of a ladder.
2. With the help of two bearings and metal rods or pipes, install on top of the battery so that it is fixed in the center of the main side.
3. Corify the design from the east to the West and wait for the sun in the zenith.
4. Turn the panel to the rays fell vertically.
5. Strengthen the water capacity at one end, balance it at the other end of the cargo.
6. In the container, do the hole so that the water is gradually flowing.

As water leaks, the weight of the vessel will decrease and the edge of the panel will rise up, turning the battery over the sun. The magnitude of the opening will have to be determined by the experienced way.

The simplest sunny tracker is manufactured on the principle of water watches.

All you need is in the morning pouring water into the container. You do not install such a construction on the roof, and for the garden plot or lawn in front of the house it is quite suitable. There are other, more complex tracker designs, but they will require high costs.

Video: How to make an independent electronic solar tracker

Installing batteries

Now you can test, and enjoy free electricity.

Module service

Special maintenance Solar panels do not require, because they have no moving parts. For their normal functioning, it is enough to clean the surface from dirt, dust and avian litter from time to time.

Wash the battery from the garden hose, with a good water pressure for this you will not need to even climb on the roof. Follow the serviceability of additional equipment.

How soon costs will pay

It is not necessary to wait for the momentary benefit from the electricity supply helium. Its average payback of approximately 10 years for the autonomous system of the house.

The more you consume energy, the faster your costs will pay off. After all, both for the small, and for large consumption it is required to purchase additional equipment: AKB, inverter, controller, and they leave the nimalu part of the costs.

Consider the service life of the equipment, and the panels themselves, so that they do not have to change them before they pay off.

Despite all the costs and disadvantages, for solar energy the future. The sun refers to renewable energy sources and it will serve at least another 5 thousand years. Yes, and science does not stand still, new materials for photocells appear, with a much larger efficiency. So, soon they will be more affordable. But you can use the energy of the Sun now.

It all started with a walk through the site ebay -Uvede solar panels and fell ill.

Disputes with friends about payback were funny .... By buying a car, no one thinks about payback. Auto as a mistress, preparing the amount of pleasure in advance. And then, quite the opposite, I spent the money so they are also trying to pay off ... In addition, I connected the incubator to the solar panels so they still justify their destination, preventing your future farm from death. In general, having an incubator, you depend on many factors, here either pan or corn. When there is time, I will write about the homemade incubator. Well, okay what to argue, each in the right to choose ... ..!

After long expectations, the cherished box with subtle fragile plates, finally heats hands and heart.

First of all, of course the Internet ... Well, not the gods of the pots burn. The experience of someone else is always useful. And then there was a disappointment ... .. as it turned out, with their own hands the panels made a man five, the rest simply recreated to their sites, and some, in order to be original copied from various developments. Well, yes, God with them let it go on the owners of the owners of the pages.

I decided to read the forums, the long reasoning of theoretics "how to milk a cow" led to complete ulusion. Reasoning about how the plates break from heating, the difficulty of sealing, etc. I read and spat on the whole thing. We will go to our own way, by the method of trial and mistakes, based on the experience of "colleagues", what to reinvent the bike?

We put the task:

1) The panel must be made of girlfriend, in order not to pull the wallet, for the result is unknown.

2) The manufacturing process must be unemployed.

We begin the manufacture of the solar panel:

First of all, 2 glasses of 86x66 cm were purchased. For future two panels.

The glass is simple, acquired from manufacturers of plastic windows. And maybe not a simple ...

Long search for aluminum corners, according to the experience of already tested "colleagues" ended with nothing.

Because the manufacturing process began sluggishly, with a sense of long-term.

The process of soldering panels can not be described, since the network has a lot of information about it and even there is a video. Just leave your notes and comments.

Not so terrible, like his little.

Despite the difficulties that describe on the forums, the plates of the elements are soldered easily, both facial side and the rear. Also, our Soviet solder Posz 40 is quite suitable, in any case, I have not experienced any difficulties. And of course, our native rosin, where without her ... During the soldering, I did not break any element, I think it is necessary to be a complete idiot to break them on the smooth glass.

The conductors who come complete to the panels are very comfortable, first, they are flat, secondly, they are tinted, which significantly reduces the time of the soldering. Although it is quite possible to use the usual wire, conducted an experiment on spare plates, did not experience difficulties in the soldering. (in the photo of the remains of the flat wire)

On soldering 36 plates I went about 2 hours. Although the forum read that people soldered for 2 days.

Soldering iron is desirable to use 40 W. Since the plates easily remove heat, and it makes it difficult for the soldering. The first attempts to solder 25 cotton soldering iron were tedious and sad.

Also, when soldering, it is desirable to optimally select the amount of flux (rosin). For a large excess does not allow it to stick to the plates. Therefore, it was necessary to almost list the record, in general, nothing terrible, everything is fixable. (Close in the photo can be seen.)

Tin consumption is quite large.

Well, in the photo staged elements, in the second row, the jamb, the one conclusion is not propaned, but nothing the most importantly noticed and corrected.

The edging of the glass is made by a two-way scotch. Next to this tape will be glued with a polyethylene film.

Scotchi that used.

After the soldering, the beginning of sealing (scotch to help you).

Well, the cocked plates of scotch and a corrected jamb.

Next, from edging panel, remove the protective layer of the two-way tape and glue the polyethylene film with a margin on the edges. (I forgot to forget) oh yes, we do slotes in the scotch for exhausting wires. Well, not stupid, you will understand that and when ... on the edge of the glass, as well as the conclusions of the wires, the corners, wershable with silicone sealants.

And bend the film on the outer side.

Previously made frame made of plastic. When plastic windows installed in the house, a plastic profile for the windowsill is fixed on the window with screws. I considered that this part is too thin. And therefore removed and made the windowsill in his own way. Therefore, plastic profiles remained from 12 windows. So to speak material in excess.

The frame was glued by the usual, old, Soviet iron. It is a pity, the process did not shoot, but I think, nothing here is nevent of non-understanding. He cut off under 45 degrees 2 sides, heated on the sole of the iron and glued pre-installing to a level angle. On the photo frame under the second panel.

Install the glass with elements and protective film into the frame

I cut off the extra film, and the edges are sicking with silicone sealants.

We get this panel.

Yes, I forgot to write that, in addition to the film, the guides were glued to the frame that would not allow the elements if the scotch should be turned off. The space between the elements and guides is flooded by mounting foam. What made it possible to press the tight elements to the glass.

Well, let's start testing.

Since the panel one I made in advance, the result of one is known to me 21 volt. Short circuit current 3.4 amp. Battery charge strength of the battery 40a. h 2.1 amp.

Unfortunately, not a picture. It must be said that the strength of the current is cool depends on the illumination.

Now connected parallel 2 batteries.

The weather at the time of manufacture was cloudy, it was about 4 pm.

Initially, it upset me, and then even delighted. After all, these are the most averaged conditions for the battery, which means the result is believable than with a bright sun. The sun shines through the clouds is not so bright. I must say that the sun shone is a bit side.

With such illumination, the short circuit current amounted to 7.12 amps. What I consider an excellent result.

Voltage without load 20.6 volts. Well, it is a stable about 21 volts.

Current charge acb 2,78Amper. That with such light guarantees the battery charge.

Measures showed, with good sunny day, the result will be better.

By that time the weather was worsened, clouds closed, the sun completely and I was wondering, and what would show with such a scenario. This is almost evening twilight ...

The sky looked like that, specifically removed the line of the horizon. But however, on the glass itself, the sky is seen as in the mirror.

Voltage with such a layout of 20.2 volts. As mentioned 21B. It is almost a constant.

Short circuit current 2,48a. In general, it is great for this lighting! Almost equal to one battery with a good sun.

Account charge current 1.85 amp. Well, what to say ... Even at twilight, the battery will be charged.

The conclusion was built a solar battery, not inferior to the characteristics of industrial samples. Well, durability ... .., we will look, time will tell.

Oh yes, the battery charge is conducted through Schottki diodes at 40 A. Well, what was found.

I also want to say about controllers. All this looks beautiful, but not worth the money spent on the controller.

If you are friends with a soldering iron, the schemes are very simple. Do and enjoy making.

Well, the wind flew out and the remaining spare 5 elements broke into an unmanaged flight ... .. The result of the fragments. Well, to do, preoccupy must be punished. And on the other hand ... Where are they?

We decided to make another single panel from the fragments, Volt on 5. For the manufacture I took 2 hours. Remains of materials just fell at the time. That's what happened.

Measures are made in the evening.

It must be said that with good lighting the short circuit current of more than 1 amp.

Slices are parallel and sequentially. The goal is to provide approximately the same area. After all, the current is equal to the small element itself. Therefore, in the manufacture, pick it elements on the lighting area.

It is time to tell about the practical use of solarmable solar cells.

In the spring, there was two made panels on the roof, the height of 8 meters at an angle of 35 degrees, orinted southeastern. Such an warning was not chosen by chance, because it was noticed that in this latitude, in the summer, the sun is closed at 4 am and to 6-7 hours, the batteries in 5-6 amps are completely charged, also concerns the evening. Each panel must necessarily have its own diode. In order to exclude the burnout of the elements with the different panel power. And as a result, an unjustified reduction in panel power.
The descent from the height was made by a multicore wire cross section of 6mm2 each lived. Thus, it was possible to achieve minimum losses in the wires.

As energy storage devices, old barely live batteries 150a.ch, 75a.ch, 55a.ch, 60a.c. All batteries are connected parallel and taking into account the loss of the container, the closure of 100a.c.
Battery charge controller is missing. Although I think the installation of the controller is needed. Value scheme of the controller is now working. Since during the day the batteries begin to boil. Therefore, it is necessary to dump the excess energy daily by turning on the unnecessary load. In my case, turn on the lighting of the bath. 100 W. Also, during the day, the LCD TV is working approximately 105W, fan 40W., And in the evening an energy-saving light 20W is added.

Fans spend the calculations to say: theory and practice is not the same thing. Since such a "sandwich" works quite well over 12 hours. At the same time, sometimes I charge the phones from it. The complex discharge of the batteries has not yet achieved. What respectively crosses the calculations.

As a converter, a slightly redone for a free starting from batteries is used. Computer uninterrupted (inverter) 600V.A.a, which roughly corresponds to the load in 300W.
I also want to note that the batteries charge and with a bright moon. At the same time, the current is 0.5-1 amps, I think it is quite good for the night.

Of course I would like to increase the load, but this requires a powerful inverter. I plan to make the inverter itself below the diagram below. Since buying an inverter for the bewasy money is unreasonable!