The Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) is the war between the USSR, Germany and its allies within the Second World War in the territory of the USSR and Germany. Germany attacked the USSR on June 22, 1941 with the calculation of a short military campaign, but the war was dragged for several years and ended with a complete defeat of Germany.
Causes of the Great Patriotic War
After the defeat in the First World War, Germany remained in a difficult situation - the political situation was unstable, the economy was in a deep crisis. At about this time, Hitler came to power, which, thanks to his reforms in the economy, was able to quickly withdraw Germany from the crisis and thereby conquer the confidence of the authorities and the people.
Looking at the head of the country, Hitler began to hold his policy, which was based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe superiority of the Germans over other races and peoples. Hitler not only wanted to take revenge for losing in the first world, but also to subordinate the whole world. The result of his claims was the attack of Germany to the Czech Republic and Poland, and then (already within the framework of the Second World War) and other European countries.
Until 1941, a non-aggression agreement existed between Germany and the USSR, but Hitler violated it, attacking the USSR. To win the Soviet Union, the Command of Germany developed - a rapid attack, which should have brought victory for two months. Selling the territories and riches of the USSR, Hitler could enter into an open confrontation with the United States for the right of world political domination.
The attack was rapid, but did not bring the desired results - the Russian army had a stronger resistance than the Germans assumed, and the war was dragged for many years.
The main periods of the Great Patriotic War
First period (June 22, 1941 - November 18, 1942). During the year after the German attack on the USSR, the German army won significant territories, among whom Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Belarus and Ukraine. After that, the troops moved deep into the country to capture Moscow and Leningrad, however, despite the failures of Russian soldiers at the beginning of the war, the Germans could not take the capital.
Leningrad was taken into blockade, but they were not allowed to the city of Germans. Battle for Moscow, Leningrad and Novgorod continued until 1942
The period of the indigenous fracture (1942-1943). The average period of the war received its name due to the fact that at this time the Soviet troops were able to take an advantage in the war in their hands and start counteroffensive. The Germans and allies army gradually began to retreat back to the Western border, many foreign legions were broken and destroyed.
Due to the fact that the entire USSR industry at that time worked for military needs, the Soviet army managed to significantly increase their weapons and to provide decent resistance. The USSR Army from the defending turned into an attacker.
Final period of war (1943-1945). During this period, the USSR began to disintegrate the land occupied by the Germans and move towards Germany. Leningrad was liberated, Soviet troops entered Czechoslovakia, Poland, and then to the territory of Germany.
On May 8, Berlin was taken, and German troops announced unconditional surrender. Hitler, having learned about the lost war, committed suicide. War is over.
The main battles of the Great Patriotic War
- Defense of Polaria (June 29, 1941 - November 1, 1944).
- Leningrad blocade (September 8, 1941 - January 27, 1944).
- Battle for Moscow (September 30, 1941 - April 20, 1942).
- Rzhevsky Battle (January 8, 1942 - March 31, 1943).
- Kursk battle (July 5 - August 23, 1943).
- Stalingrad Battle (July 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943).
- Battle for the Caucasus (July 25, 1942 - October 9, 1943).
- Belarusian operation (June 23 - August 29, 1944).
- Battle for the Right-Bank Ukraine (December 24, 1943 - April 17, 1944).
- Budapest Operation (October 29, 1944 - February 13, 1945).
- Baltic Operation (September 14 - November 24, 1944).
- Vorolo-Oder Operation (January 12 - February 3, 1945).
- East Prussian Operation (January 13 - April 25, 1945).
- Berlin Operation (April 16 - May 8, 1945).
Results and significance of the Great Patriotic War
Although the main objective of the Great Patriotic War was defensive, as a result, the Soviet troops were transferred to the offensive and not only freed their territories, but also destroyed the German army, took Berlin and stopped the victorious procession of Hitler in Europe.
Unfortunately, despite the victory, for the USSR, this war was ruining - the country's economy after the war was in a deep crisis, since the industry worked exclusively on the military industry, many people were killed, the remaining starvations.
Nevertheless, for the USSR, victory in this war meant that now the Union became the global superpower, which is entitled to dictate its conditions on the political arena.
Chronicle of the Great Patriotic War
Fascist Germany without the announcement of war attacked the Soviet Union
Despite the heroism and self-sacrifice of soldiers and officers, failed to reflect the treacherous attack. In the first weeks of the war, the Soviet army and the fleet carry catastrophic losses: from June 22 to July 9, 1941, more than 500 thousand servicemen died.
The divisions of the 6th and 42nd Rifle divisions, the 17th border detachment and the 132nd separate battalion of the NKVD troops, the total number of 3,500 people, met the enemy among the first. Despite the colossal numerical superiority of the Germans, the defenders of the fortress were resisted for a whole month.
The German group of army "North" under the command of General-Field Marshal von Leeba captured the city of Schelisselburg (Petroxapacity), taking control of the source of the Neva and blocked Leningrad from Sushi. So the 900-day blockade of Leningrad began, which took the lives of about a million people.
According to the Typhoon operation plan, approved by Hitler in September, Moscow was subject to complete destruction along with the whole population. But the plans of the fascists were not destined to come true. The words of Politruck Vasily Klochakov flew off the whole country: "Great Russia, and nowhere to retreat: behind - Moscow!"
The troops of the 11th German army, broken in October 1941 in Crimea, tried to master the city with the go. Despite the two-time superiority of the enemy in a lively strength and tenfold - in tanks and aircraft, the defense of Sevastopol lasted 250 days. This episode of war entered the story as an example of mass heroism and self-sacrifice of the city defenders.
This military parade was of particular importance - it was necessary to declare the world that Moscow costs and will be firmly standing. Right from the parade on the main square of the country, the fighters of the Red Army went to the front, which was only a few kilometers from the center of Moscow.
The victory of the Soviet Army in the Battle of Stalingrad became a turning point in the war. The USSR pulled out the opponent's strategic initiative and did not miss her anymore. In honor of the feat of the Heroes of Stalingrad at Mamaev Kurgan in the 1960s, the Memorial Complex "Motherland-Mother calls!" Was built.
Kursk battle, which lasted 49 days, secured a radical fracture during the Great Patriotic War. Having won the Red Army dropped the enemy by 140-150 kilometers to the west and freed the eagle, Belgorod and Kharkov.
July 12, 1943
Battle under Prokhorovka - the largest tank battle of World War II
1.5 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns come together in the battle on both sides. Nazis lost over 350 tanks and more than 10 thousand people. On the same day, our troops began an offensive and less than a week defeated the enemy's Orlovsk group.
January 27, 1944
The final liberation of Leningrad from the fascist blockade
In a strategic blockade of the blockade, wearing the name "January Thunder", three fronts participated: Leningrad, Volkhovsky and the 2nd Baltic. Particularly successful were the actions of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts, who discarded the enemy by 70-100 kilometers from the city.
April 9, 1945
Soviet troops occupied the city-fortress Kenigsberg (Kaliningrad)
The troops of the 3rd of the Belarusian front after stubborn street fighting completed the defeat of the Königsberg Group of German troops and assigned the fortress and the main city of East Prussia, Königsberg - a strategically important defense node on the Baltic Sea.
The Berlin offensive operation of the 2nd Belarusian, 1st Belarusian and 1st Ukrainian fronts is one of the latest strategic operations of Soviet troops, during which the Red Army took the capital of Germany and victoriously completed the Great Patriotic War and the second world war in Europe.
May 8, 1945
Signing an act of unconditional surrender of fascist Germany
At 22 hours 43 minutes local time (May 9 at 0:43 am Moscow time) In the building of the Military Engineering School of the Berlin suburb, Karlshorst signed a final act on the unconditional surrender of fascist Germany and its armed forces. The Great Patriotic War is over.
Celebrate the 70th anniversary of the great victory. Unfortunately, preparation for celebrations dedicated to this anniversary occurs in the situation when in some states they try to bring the role of the Soviet people in the destruction of fascism. Therefore, today is the time to study those events in order to be argued to fight attempts to rewrite history and even submit our country to the aggressor that implemented the "invasion of Germany". In particular, it is worth know why, the beginning of the Second World War has become for the USSR time of catastrophic losses. And as our country, it was still possible not only to expel the occupiers from their territory, but also to complete the war, waters down the banner of victory over Reichstag.
Name
First of all, we'll figure it out with what is understood by the Second World War. The fact is that such a name is present only in Soviet sources, and for the whole world, the events that occurred from the end of June 1941 to May 1945 are only part of the military actions of World War II localized in the Eastern European region of the planet. The term of the Great Patriotic War itself appeared on the pages of the Pravda newspaper the day after the start of the invasion of the third Reich's troops into the USSR territory. As for German historiography, instead of it uses the "Eastern Hiking" and "Russian Hike" expressions.
Prehistory
About his desire to conquer Russia and "the outskirts of the states who are subordinated to," Adolf Hitler said back in 1925. After eight years, becoming Reichskanzler, he began to pursue a policy aimed at preparing for war in order to expand the "living space for the German people." At the same time, the "Führer of the German Nation" constantly and very successfully played diplomatic multi-way combinations in order to put the vigilance of alleged opponents and even more embroil the USSR and the countries of the West.
Military actions in Europe preceding
In 1936, Germany introduced his troops to the Rhine Zone, which was a kind of protective barrier for France, for which no serious reaction from the international community followed. After a year and a half, the German government as a result of Plebiscite joined the territory of Germany Austria, and then occupied the sudan region, inhabited by the Germans, but belonging to Czechoslovakia. Feeling intoxication from these practically bloodless victories, Hitler ordered to invade Poland, and then walked "Blitzkrieg" throughout Western Europe, almost anywhere not meeting serious resistance. The only country that in the year of the beginning of the Second World War continued to resist the troops of the Third Reich, remained the United Kingdom. However, in this war, land military units were not involved in any of the conflicting parties, so Wehrmacht could concentrate all its main forces at the borders from the USSR.
Accession to the USSR Bessarabia, Baltic countries and North Bukovina
Talking about the beginning of the Second World War briefly, it is impossible not to mention the rejection of the Baltic States preceding this event, in which in 1940, with the support of Moscow, government coups occurred. In addition, the USSR demanded that Romania Returns Bessarabia and the transfer of North Bukovina, and as a result of the war, a part of the Karelian Isthmus controlled by the Soviet Union was added from Finland. Thus, the boundaries of the country were moved to the West, but it turned out to be territory, part of which did not accept the loss of independence of their states and was hostile to the new authorities.
Despite the existent opinion that the Soviet Union was not prepared for war, preparation, and very serious, still conducted. In particular, since the beginning of 1940, significant funds were aimed at the development of the sector of the economy focused on the production of military equipment and the maintenance of the needs of the Red Army. As a result, at the time of the German attack on the USSR, there were more than 59, 7 thousand guns and mortars, 12782 tanks and 10743 aircraft.
At the same time, as historians consider, the beginning of the Second World War could be completely different if the repression of the second half of the 1930s did not deprive the armed forces of the country of thousands of experienced personnel military, who simply to replace it. But be that as it may, in 1939, it was decided to increase the deadlines for citizens of the actual service in the army and reduce the courteous age, which allowed more than 3.2 million soldiers and officers at the ranks of the RKKE at the time of the beginning of the war.
GOB: reasons
As already mentioned, the priority tasks of the Nazis initially attended the desire to capture "Lands in the East". Moreover, Hitler even directly indicated that the main error of the German foreign policy for the previous 6 centuries was to see south and west, instead of striving to east. In addition, in one of his speeches at a meeting with the Supreme Command of Wehrmacht, Hitler said that if Russia was divided, England would be forced to capitulate, and Germany will become the "Lord of Europe and the Balkans".
World War II, and more specifically, the Second World War, also had an ideological attack, as Hitler and his closest comrades fanatically hated communists and considered representatives of the peoples inhabiting the USSR, for non-state-in-law, which should become a "fertilizer" on the Niva prosperity of the German nation.
When the best began
Until now, the disputes of historians do not subscribe, due to why it was on June 22, 1941, Germany chose to attack the Soviet Union.
Although there are a lot of those who are trying to find this mystical rationale, most likely, the German command proceeded from the fact that on the day of the summer solstice the shortest night a year. This meant that somewhere to 4 o'clock in the morning, when most residents of the European part of the USSR will sleep, twilight will be on the courtyard, and in an hour and at all will be completely light. In addition, this date fell on Sunday, and it means that many officers could be absent in parts by going to visit their relatives on Saturday morning. The Germans also knew about the habit of "Russians" to allow themselves to the weekend a fair amount of strong alcohol.
As you can see, the start date of the Securities was not chosen by chance, and the pedantic Germans have provided almost everything. Moreover, they managed to keep their intentions in secret, and the Soviet command learned about their plans only a few hours before the attack on the USSR from the Delets. The appropriate directive was sent to the troops, but it was too late.
Directive number 1.
For half an hour before the occurrence of June 22nd, the 5th border districts of the USSR received an order to bring them into combat readiness. However, the same directive attributed not to succumb to provocations and contained not completely clear wording. The result was that the command on the ground began sending requests to Moscow to specify the order instead of proceeding with decisive actions. So the precious moments were lost, and the warning about the preparing attack did not play any role.
Events of the first days of war
At 4.00 in Berlin, German Foreign Minister presented the Note to the Soviet ambassador, through which the imperial government announced the War of the USSR. At the same time, after the aviation and artillery training, the troops of the Third Reich moved the border of the Soviet Union. On the same day, at noon, Molotov spoke on the radio, and many citizens of the USSR were heard from him about the beginning of the war. In the first day after the invasion of the German troops perceived by Soviet people as an adventure from the Germans, since they were confident in their country's defense capability and believed in a quick victory over the enemy. However, the leadership of the USSR understood the seriousness of the situation created and did not share the optimism of the people. In this regard, on June 23, the State Defense Committee and the BTC rate were formed.
Since Finnish airfields were actively used by German Luftwaffe, on June 25, the Soviet aircraft made an airline, which aims for their destruction. Helsinki and Turku also underwent bombardments. As a result, the beginning of the Second World War was also marked by the defrosting of the conflict with Finland, who also announced the War of the USSR and returned all the territories in a few days, lost during the winter of 1939-1940.
Reaction of England and USA
The beginning of the Second World War was perceived by government circles of the United States and England as a gift of providence. The fact is that they hoped to prepare for the defense of the British islands, while Hitler will release the legs from the Russian swamp. " However, already on June 24, President Roosevelt announced that his country would assist the USSR, as it believes that the main threat to the world comes from the Nazis. Unfortunately, at that time it was just words that did not mean that the United States was ready to open the second front, since this country was beneficial to the beginning of the war (WHAT). As for Great Britain, on the eve of the invasion of Prime Minister Churchill stated that his goal is to destroy Hitler, and he is ready to assist the USSR, since "Having finished with Russia", the Germans will invade the British Islands.
Now you know what the history of the beginning of the Second World War, which ended with the victory of the Soviet people.
In the post-war years, historians have suffered to restore the chronology of the beginning of the hostilities of the Great Patriotic War. It is believed that the war began on June 22 exactly at 4 am. But in fact, George Zhukov, who at that time was the head of the General Staff, already at 03:06 he received the first signal about combat clashes with the Germans. And at 4:00, the Soviet ambassador of Deanozov V.G., who was in Berlin, received from Ribbentrop - Minister of Foreign Affairs, a package of official documents on the beginning of the war, which included a note and several applications for it.
Start of military action
On June 22, early in the morning, thoroughly prepared aviation and artillery forces, the German troops crossed the borders of the Soviet Union. 2 hours later, V.M. Molotov already accepted the German ambassador V. Schulenberg. This visit took place exactly at 05:30, as evidenced by entries in the book of visitors. The German ambassador provided an official statement in which information on the sabotage actions of the USSR in relation to Germany. Also in the documents, the political manipulations of the Soviet Union, directed against Germany, was also said. The essence of this statement was that Germany's hostilities takes to resist the threat and protect their territory.
Officially announced the beginning of the war of Molotov. And this fact causes many questions. First, the announcement was done much later. Speech on the radio The population of the country heard only at 12:15. From the moment of the start of hostilities, more than 9 hours have passed, during which the Germans were bombed by our territory. With the German side, the appeal was recorded at 6:30 (by the time of Berlin). Also the mystery was the fact that Molotov informed about the beginning of hostilities, and not Stalin. Modern historians nominate not one version. Some argue that the head of the USSR at that time was on vacation. According to the version of foreign historians, Pozman and Payne during this period Stalin rested in Sochi. It is also a suggestion that he was in place and simply refused, shifting all responsibility to Molotov. Such a statement is based on records in the journal about visitors - on this day Stalin led the reception and even took the English ambassador.
There are differences regarding the authorship of the text, which was compiled for official performance. According to G. N. Peskov, who worked on the restoration of the event chronology, the text of the message was written from the hand of Molotov. But according to the statement of presentation and corrections made later in this text, came to the conclusion that the text content was edited by Stalin. Subsequently, Molotov spoke on the radio with reference, which is valid on behalf of Joseph Vissarionovich. Later, comparing the content of the written text and spoken speech, historians found some differences that mainly concerned the scale of the territories exposed to attack. There were other inconsistencies, but they did not have an important strategic value. In any case, the fact that the war began earlier than specified in the official sources of time, researchers were confirmed documented.
More and more time gave us from the events of May 1945. But in the CIS countries, events devoted to the various historical dates of the Patriotic War of 1941-1945 are becoming increasingly rapid. For example, in Ukraine, almost every other day the date of liberation of the next settlement is celebrated, the reconstruction of hostilities is carried out, etc. All this does not regretc. i am neither forces, no means. Of course, the crown of these celebrations is the day of Victory - May 9th. Moreover, this holiday is actually the ideological symbol for the CIS countries. It is not surprising that with the rare full quorum of the presidents of the 12th CIS countries on their Ashgabat Summit on December 5, 2012. The organization was considered about the organization in 2015 anniversary celebrations in connection with the 70th anniversary of the end of the Patriotic War 1941-1945. There is no doubt that the development of the general concept of the summit was determined primarily by the Russian side of an earlier relevant point of view. In the author's Internet publication "Patricular Wars of 1812 and 1941-1945. (website:http: / nedyuha. LiveJournal. Com. and in the "Blog of Igor Nuhhh") a response was given to a well-known statement in 2011 of the then Pemonier of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin regarding the allegedly irrelevant role of Ukraine in the Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Against the background of the Putin's leitmotifs "Russia-victory." According to the author, such a position of the Russian leadership actually turns the peoples of the remaining CIS countries only in fans of the "Great Fate of the Russian People." In the absence of a proper reaction to this, the then leadership of Ukraine, the author was invited to president of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin to bring an apology for the addition of the historical national dignity of the Ukrainian people. After all, the losses of the "insignificant" Ukraine only in the killed Ukrainian military (3.5 million people) more than three times exceeded "losses in the Second World War of such" essential "allies as the United States, England and France combined. It is characteristic that the former allies on the anti-Hitler coalition now transformed the day of victory on the day of reconciliation and the memory of victims of the 2nd World War. Against the background of Ukrainian declarations about the desire "to associate with" Europe "contrasts the above-mentioned hype with respect to the upcoming anniversary celebrations in connection with the 70th anniversary of the Victory Day.
Even Joseph Stalin did not consider it appropriate in a similar perspective and with such a "pump" to celebrate the end of the Patriotic War of 1941-1945, which brought innumerable victims and destruction for the Soviet people. For the first time Victory Day - May 9, as a public holiday was introduced in 1965 by Leonid Brezhnev, who replaced Nikita Khrushchev in 1964 as the Secretary General of the CPSU Central Committee. Apparently, Leonid Ilyich did not tolerate in history as a participant in hostilities on a small earth.
As for the above-mentioned "victorious" enthusiasm, it creates the impression that it seems that many "enthusiasts" are collected in the future "to be prompted", the North Irish Oranges, who celebrate the victory in the year 1690 of the Protestant village of Holland Wilhelm Orange Over Irish Catholics. In this regard, it should be recalled that the solemn marches of the "winners" created the center of constant tension in Olster and complicated relations with neighboring Ireland. Currently, it is already in fact that it is actually celebrated on May 9 on all the huge Euro-Asian space of the CIS countries.
Officially, the Victory Day - May 9 leads its "pedigree" from the signing of the Berlin act on the unconditional surrender of Germany and its armed forces. Unlike CIS countries, the West celebrates the Victory Day on May 8, tying him with the signing of the first "surrender" Reimary Act. On May 6, 1945, Reichskancler Germany Gross Admiral Dennitz sent his representative of Colonel-General Yoodli to the headquarters of the Allies in Reims (France) for negotiations on the capitulation of Germany. The main task of Colonel-General Yoodlo was the consent of the commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe, General Army of Duight Eisenhuer, to ensure that the German's act proposed by the German side came into force no earlier than 10 May 1945. But the general of the army Duight Eisenhower refused to fulfill this German condition and on May 6, 1945, said Colonel-General Imodly, about his readiness to sign an act on the unconditional surrender of Germany. The Allies solved the plan of Reichskanzler Germany Dennica to provide temporary conditions for the complete completion of the withdrawal of German troops from Czechoslovakia, followed by their passing in American, and not to Soviet captivity. Colonel-General Yoodlu had to subordinate to the demand of the Army Army Army Commander of the Allies Duight Eisenhawer. On the same day, on May 6, 1945, Dwight Eisenhuer summoned to his headquarters in Reims of the Permanent Representative of Joseph Stalin at the Allies of General Ivan Susloparov. The latter was informed about the stay in Reims Colonel-General Wehrmacht Yodloh and offered to sign the act of unconditional surrender of Germany and its armed forces. Joseph Stalin undoubtedly solved an alternative to his own plans the purpose of the proposal of the General Army of Duight Eisenhawer. According to the official Soviet version, General Ivan Susloparov could not then contact Moscow and independently jumped together with the American General Walter Smith, the famous Reimsky "surrender" act, signed from the German side by Colonel-General Iodlem on May 7, 1945 at 2:41 am at the entry into its By virtue of May 8, 1945 at 23:01 in central European time. But judging by the fact that General Ivan Susloparov did not suffer punishment for his more than bold independence, its actions were not expressionable. After all, it is thanks to such a "independence" Ivan Susloparova Joseph Stalin was able to declare that he did not authorize the signature of his permanent representative under the Reimary act, questioning the eligibility of this act. For this reason, Joseph Stalin demanded that the allies of repeating the procedure for signing the "surrender" act precisely in the Soviet troops capital of Germany - Berlin. To somehow draw the "angry" Joseph Stalin and at the same time to preserve the priority importance of the Reimary Act, the Allies on the Anti-Hitler coalition sent to Berlin to participate in the signing of the second "surrender" act of their far from the first rank of representatives.
May 8, 1945 at 22:43 on Central European Time (May 9, 1945 at 00:43 Moscow time) General Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, as well as a representative of Luftwaffe Colonel-General Stampf and Admiral von Friedeburg, who had the appropriate authority from Reichskanzler Germany Gross Admiral Detonnica signed another act on the unconditional surrender of Germany and its armed forces, which took effect at the same time by the Watching Act. Marshal Georgy Zhukov and representatives of the Allies put their signatures only as official witnesses of the very fact of signing the German side on May 8, 1945 in Berlin Act on Germany's capitulation. At the act of acting, the date of May 8, 1945, with a mark in the text of the document of the central European time of entry into legal force - 23:01 May 8, 1945. With the objective interpretation of the events of May 1945, the undoubted fact should be taken into account that the Berlin act as such was signed only by the German side with the fixation of Berlin (Central European), and not Moscow time. Even from one of the fundamental principle of the unity of time and space (when fixing the time at the place of the "surrender" event in Berlin, and not in Moscow), the signing of the Berlin act on surrender cannot be associated with Moscow time, but only from Centrally - European. Moreover, with its above-mentioned simultaneous entry into force with the Reimary act dated to the central European time.
In general, there are all objective grounds to state that the entire two-stage procedure for the adoption of the passage of Germany and its armed forces took place in a single system of temporary coordinates from the beginning of the reference on May 7, 1945 at 02:41 night in central European time - the moment of signing the first Reimary Citulation Act Germany. Naturally, the last to Moscow time has nothing to do. In turn, the subsequent signing of the Berlin Act (May 8, 1945 at 22:43) was already initially tied to the central European time, as it could take place only before the passage of capitulation
Reimsky Act - May 8, 1945 at 23:01 in Central European Time. Indeed, from this (Central-European) moment, according to Reimsky act, the authorities of the Reichskanzler of Germany Doynnitsa ceased, and according to the powers directed by him to the signing of the Berlin act.
In this context, more than symbolic that speaking in the Moscow Radio, already at the beginning of the third night on May 9, 1945, the announcer Yuri Levitan passed on Ether (not yet corrected) official post: "On May 8, 1945, the act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed in Berlin and its armed forces. " Only later did the indication of the "over" to make a "domestic" amendment - a change in the date of the Victory Day from 8 to May 9th. All countries of the Western world celebrate Victory Day on May 8, associating it with simultaneous entry into force on May 8, 1945 at 23:01 in central European time as Reimsky and Berlin acts on the unconditional surrender of Germany and its armed forces. The goal of the de-Yura decorated synchronization of entry into force of the Reimsky and Berlin acts was the creation of legal prerequisites for the celebration of the common among the countries of the Anti-Hitler coalition of the Victory Day over the Hitler Germany, on May 8, 1945 on the Central European Time, and not on the "separath" Moscow or alternative to him , for example, Washington time.
However, the sake of satisfying the ambitions of Joseph Stalin's efforts by the Soviet propaganda car Berlin act, the signing of which was actually artificially transformed from 8 (Central European) to 9 (Moscow time) of May 1945 became the Soviet "separath" symbol of not only the end of the Patriotic War 1941-1945 GG, but in general, World War II in Europe.
Only the Supreme Commander Joseph Stalin could transfer the Victory Day from May 8 to May 9, 1945, actually disavowed the signature of the representative of the Soviet Union of Marshal George Zhukov at the design of the Berlin Act on May 8, 1945 with officially fixed binding it precisely to central European time. Moreover, this position of Joseph Stalin in principle is equivalent to denunciation by the Soviet Union of the Berlin Act itself.
Wolve transfer by Joseph Stalin's Victory Day over the fascist Germany from May 8 to May 9, 1945 is due to his desire not to share the winner's laurels. But it could be implemented only if the presence of victory in the "personal" war, which actually became the Patriotic War of 1941-1945. With the "personal" Victory Day on May 9, 1945. Joseph Stalin acted according to the principle: the one who laughs laughs victoriously. To present, in the CIS countries, the Version I. Stalin did not lose their supporters in the CIS countries, which in May 1945 Germany capitulated twice: first in Reims in front of the Western allies, and then in Berlin, the "capitulation" of the Soviet Union is " It was for this that was the above-mentioned incident with the actual deliberate discreditation of the authority of the signature of his permanent representative with the allies of General Ivanov Souslov under the Reimary "capitulation" act.
Allies probably solved the true meaning of Stalin's maneuver. This conclusion logically follows from the text of the Berlin "surrender" act, which allies agreed to curl. After all, the German side, directly signing the Berlin Act, according to his paragraph 2 of the de jure only confirmed its previously recorded readiness in the Reimary act with an accuracy of the minute to capitulate it was in the Rimskoye time - on May 8, 1945 at 23:01 in Central European Time, What the representatives of the anti-Hitler coalition, including the Marshal of Georgy Zhukov, were checked. That is why the "Stalinist" historiography had to allocate the Patriotic War from the general framework of World War II in Europe. Until now, the official point of view of the pure Russian (previously Stalinist) victory is preserved, naturally not in World War II (in the presence of "essential" allies), and in the "separath" domestic war. As if these two wars passed isolated from each other and not against the same "monster" - Hitler's Germany. But according to Western historiography, the events of the Patriotic War are interpreted as what happened on the eastern front of World War II in Europe. In general, Western historiography had all the objective grounds for the "offensive" (according to Soviet standards) of the interpretation of the signing of the Berlin act on May 8, 1945 only as ratification of the primary source - the Reimary Act of May 7, 1945.
There are methodological features in the classification of domestic wars compared to the usual. According to the Academic Sensual Dictionary "Patriotic War is a fair war for freedom and independence of the Fatherland against foreign invaders."
The classic reference of the Patriotic War as such is the Patriotic War of 1812. December 25, 1812 Russian Emperor AlexanderI. issued a manifesto on the end of the Patriotic War of 1812. In January 1813, the official overseas campaign of the Russian army began, which ended with Paris's assault and the surrender of his garrison on March 31, 1814, followed by renunciation on April 6, 1814 of the emperor of France Napoleon Bonapartee from power.
Classical historiography has always considered the above events 1813-1814. As de-Yura and de facto - those who happened outside the "space-time-temporary" framework of the Patriotic War of 1812. Therefore, the Stalinist interpretation of the storm of the "passage" Berlin and at least "foreign" Berlin act (as fundamental symbols of the end of the Patriotic War 1941-1945) there is reason to be considered as a conjuncturally caused by the ambitions of Joseph Stalin violation of the traditional principles of the classification of the Patriotic War as such. In the above-mentioned Internet publication in the development of the classical "domestic" principle, a transformed definition of the concept of the Patriotic War: "The Patriotic War begins and ends at the borders of the Fatherland."
In this regard, emergency historical importance acquires the fact that the Army Group "Kurland" of the Wehrmacht occupied back in early May 1945 and fully controlled the western part of Latvia in the District Peninsula area, including the corresponding area of \u200b\u200bthe Marine Border of the Socialist Fatherland, the then Soviet Union, Which as an allied republic included Latvia.
It was the de jure "Domestic Status" of the Kurland Peninsula At the time of June 22, 1941, it allows in the canons of classical historiography to interpret the date of signing of the group of Army Group "Kurland" of the Wehrmacht as the actual date of the end of the Patriotic War of 1941-1945, that is, when it was already released Territory of the Soviet Union. As part of this interpretation, more than symbolic that the real finals of domestic wars 1941-1945. And 1812 took place in the same Baltic region when the last column of retreating French troops in December 1812 crossed the Neman border river near the city of Kovno (the current Kaunas).
But unfortunately, even in Russian historiography, there is no generally accepted point of view regarding the conditions and date of surrender of the Army Group "Kurland" of the Wehrmacht in May 1945, not to mention the differences with Western authors. First of all, it should be noted that there is no serious information that interpreting the capitulation of the Kurlya group of the Wehrmacht as an allegedly unregulated spontaneous process after signing, the capitulation "Berlin act. For example, in the official Internet publication "Kurlyandsky boiler" recorded: "By learning about the surrender, most German soldiers (135 thousand) surrendered, but numerous groups tried to hide." In the official online publication of the Army Army Group, only the fact of its surrender is actually stated: "On January 25, 1945, the group of army" North ", renamed Kurlyndia's Army Group, was renamed to the Kurland Armist Group held defense in the Courneda Cotelet. Capitulated May 9, 1945. " More "organized" information is represented in the official Internet publication "Lenignan Front": "In connection with the unconditional surrender of Heroran, the Leningrad Front accepted the surrender of this group." The above complies with the message of the then Sovinorbüro, that on May 9, 1945, the Kurneda group of the Wehrmacht capitulated. Alternative information about the capitulation date of the Kurlyanda grouping is presented in the official Internet publication dedicated to a personally commander of the Leningrad Front, "Govorov Leonid Aleksandrovich": "On May 8, 1945, the command of the Army Group" Kurlyadia "adopted the terms of Soviet ultimatum and capitulated."
The version of the surrender of the Army Group "Curlya is on May 8, 1945 in more detail in the Internet publogue Volkova VY .." Liberation of the Baltic ".
The main point of this information is the statement that the Kurlyadia armies group capitulated at 14:00 on May 8, 1945 at the request (ultimatum) of the commander of Marshal L.A. Marshal. Ultimatum was transferred on the radio at 7 am on May 7, 1945. As the ultimatum itself, and further radio beergovors were carried out on the wave of the radio station of the 2nd Baltic Front. According to V.Y. Volkova in connection with the Soviet Ultimatum, the Commander of the Army Group "Kurland" General Infantry Gilpert sent a special mission to negotiations, who submitted his response addressed to specifically the commander of the 2nd Baltic Front.
Capitulation conditions for the Army Group Kurlyandia signed her head of her rear Major General Rauzer directly at the headquarters of the Lenignant Front, being confident that it deals with the 2nd Baltic front. But without coordinating properly with his command, the expressional appearance of the "Leningrad factor". Commander of the Army Group "Kurland" General of Infantry Karl Gilpert surrendered at 10 o'clock 40 minutes on May 9, 1945 directly in his personal dumping in Pelchi, where the headquarters of the German group was located. Among the Lieutenant-General declared from voluntary captivity, the SS troops, the commander of the 19th Infantry Division of the SS, Kraspunführer Schrarekanbach.
But the information Volkova V.Y. is in complete contradiction with the Internet publishing "Lechim!" and tank crew "(http: www. lechaim. RU /ARHIV / 157 / Mail. Htm. ) A direct member of the Kurland events of May 1945 Tankist M.Kugelev: "On May 9, the Germans signed the act of surrender, and on the section of the freon against the Kourney group, the enemy met with dense fire. Only on May 11, the sound of Horn was heard in the morning, a soldier with a white flag seemed. There was a passenger car behind him. The German general met our lieutenant-general. The car with the translator was stuck somewhere and I accidentally became a participant in peace negotiations. "
From German sources, it is known that the Commander of the Army Group Kurland Carl Gilpert, nameable by VY.VOLKOVA as General of Infantry May 1, 1945 by Reichskanzler Germany Dennitsa was produced in the Colonel-General of the Wehrmacht. On May 9, 1945, his name was mentioned in the Wehrmacht report: "Our armies in Kurlendia under the experienced command of the Colonel-General were mentioned as an advanced bastionHelpert. For months, the superior forces of Soviet rifle and tank parts were held back, and acquired immortal glory in six major battles. "
Even in the Soviet captivity, he still tried to defend his soldiers, which led to his translation into a Moscow prison in April 1946.
According to the statements of comrades, he allegedly died there for Christmas in 1948.
Touching the Corean events of May 1945. One of the most authoritative German historians is the former lieutenant-general Lieutenant Wehrmacht Kurt von Kipipelskirm in his classic book "History of World War II. The wreck states that the Commander of the Army Group "Kurland" General-Colonel Karl Augustus Hilpert passed to him a grouping on May 10, 1945 on the basis of the then general surrender of Germany.
Since 1995, when the 50-year anniversary of the Victory Day was celebrated in the Patriotic War, a whole series of articles related to the events of May 1945 in Kurlenia was published. The fact is that it is my father - in May 1945, the commandant of the 2nd Baltic Front Lieutenant Colonel Mikhail Neduha as the authorized representative of the 2nd Baltic Front on May 5, 1945 on Biplane U-2 was transferred through the front line and delivered to the headquarters of the group Kurland's armies for negotiations on the conditions of its surrender before the troops of the 2nd Baltic Front. The generalized conclusions of the author, based on combat memories of Lieutenant Colonel Mikhail Nonhow and other veterans of the 1st and 2nd Baltic fronts are presented in the Internet publication "True on the 2nd Baltic Front. Baltic finals of the received war "(dated November 28, 2012) (http: // blog. i. UA / User / 5541869 / or Blog Igor Nuhhh).