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Taiga correspondent. InFo visited InspaceForum 2018, where representatives of both parties discussed the possibility of interaction between private cosmonautics with state.
What is missing private cosmonautics
Four years ago, Pavel Pushkin founded a company of tourist flights to space "Cosmokurs". "We went to a new market - cosmic tourism, where there are no many technologies, and we need to do everything yourself," Pushkin explains. - And our company has problems on interaction with the state. We need work regulations, normal certification, access to regulatory documentation. Now everything is simple: if there is a state order, it means there are a regulation. And we have no state order, there are no regulations. Nor Roscosmos, nor Rostekhnadzor, with which we solve industrial safety issues, nor FSB, from which we need a license to export rocket technologies. So we find yourself in a dead end. "
The founder of the private space company Galaktika. Space Aliya Prokofyeva is also not enough much. For example, financial support, although it probably would like to get all the space "private traders." "We live in a country where money is very considered," says Prokofiev. - Here people want to start earning or returning investments right away, and not after a couple of years. " But if we talk about long-term projects, for example, the extraction of minerals in orbit, then it is necessary to consider the possibilities of applying on and calculating the options for earning.
Why do we fly into space
What should a public-private partnership
The interaction of private space and the state is a natural approach in most economies of the world, the director of the Roskosmos Research and Analytical Center, Dmitry Payon, approves.
"Many countries have the same scheme: the state orders in commercial companies technical solutions for their tasks, but in Russia Roscosmos unites the functions and the manufacturer, and the state body, which regulates space activities, explains Payson. - With the advent of commercial companies, it is gradually began to change. Previously, the state played a major role in the goal-making - formulated the framework, was the case market, and then invited performers. And now private traders are the initiating party, coming up with projects that can be sales of both the state and the commercial sector. Private enterprises take more activity and responsibilities; There is a slightly different project nomenclature. "
The head of the Moscow office of SingularityUniversity Evgeny Kuznetsov is confident that for a normal public-private partnership, three items must be performed. First, learn to negotiate the goals. Secondly, both state and private companies need to develop negotiators with their employees who know how to understand the other Parties and can adapt their internal processes in the company for proper interaction. Thirdly, to form the structure of external investors so that they can come with both the state, and from the commercial side, understanding how it all works.
"So far, there are few investors, and we do not understand what amount of money they are willing to provide," says Kuznetsov. "But a big plus for investors - over the past three years it has become at least clear with whom to talk with and to whom to go if you want to invest in the space industry."
S7 in space
The company S7 in 2016 bought a floating cosmodrome. It can be said that now it is the largest and most successful deal in Russia between the commercial company and the state-owned enterprise. Now the private company "S7 Space Transport Systems" has a ship and a maritime platform with equipment installed on them. S7 concluded a contract for the production of twelve with the Ukrainian enterprise Yuzhmash. The company plans to start launches since 2019. There are enough ordered missiles until 2023 - 3-4 starts per year is enough to exit the project for self-sufficiency.
At the forum, S7 Space General Director Sergey Sopov said that the company is ready to take the Russian segment with a concession agreement. "This idea appeared from the fact that, on the one hand, we had conversations about the flooding of the ISS after the completion of the term of its operation, and on the other hand, thought how to commercially use it, says the plots. - The specialists of our company decided that it was possible to make an orbital cosmodrome. We have transport space systems, we have, therefore it is enough for a prose problem. From the orbital cosmodrome it will be possible to send cargo ships to and to with the help of a special tug. "
At each event where representatives of private and state cosmonautics are present, they speak about public-private partnership. This is really important in the development of space, because the state cannot solve all the tasks - you need to enable business to come into the industry.
More recently, the space was available and interesting only to the governments of the leading countries, since the space launches were very expensive, and the successes were used mainly on the political arena. In modern society, there was a suggestion of cosmic achievements: flights to the ISS became commonplace, telephone communications and even television are transmitted over the Internet, the earth's surface shots are in free access. I departed my shuttle Space Shuttle. Perhaps the only space service that is interested in the population of the planet is global positioning. The question is brewing: what to do to man in space?
As it turned out, no more rocket enthusiasts were translated. Wines everything as usual money. There were wishing to spend their considerable savings on the dream of childhood about flying into space.
For an incredibly short time, private projects offered their own options for almost all types of space services. The most volatile piece of entertainment is presented: from riding tourists to the stratosphere, to settlement on Mars (the main cost of expenses is assumed by selling direct broadcasting of the event). Also, under the sight of services for remote sensing land and various types of communication. Continuing miniaturization of electronics already allows you to create a spacecraft literally on the table. And since the cost of withdrawal into space is proportional to weight - the desire to have its own satellite ceased to seem unsinkable.
Well, of course, the Live Legend of Modern Cosmonautics CEO Spacex (Spacex) Ilon Mask (Elon Musk), who has founded the company with the main goal to help become humanity multiplaneter. True, there is another topic:
What we (humanity) expect to see in the near future.
Domestic private space
Satellite companies are represented by companies (OOO Satellite Innovative Space Systems) and Dauria Aerosphere. Both companies produce microsteps for Roscosmos and other interested parties. The satellite proposes to bring small satellites into orbit using universal transport and starting mechanisms, integrating them on domestic rockets media, and provides ground infrastructure for managing and receiving data from them. In the portfolio of Dauria orders, two geostationary telecommunications satellites for India and two DZP (remote sensing of the Earth) for Roskosmos, which will be put into operation in 2015. On July 8, 2014, with the help of a carrier rocket-2.1B, the company has already launched a third apparatus: Experimental platform DX-1. Earlier in June, the Dnipro rocket successfully brought two Perseus-M microsatellitus into orbit. These devices are created on the basis of the microsatellite platform for the company's own development and carry on board the devices for monitoring maritime courts.At the stratospheric test stage, the satellite-star community "Your Space Sector":
Cosmonautics are like-minded companies and interesting work, not a team of idlers and the lack of interesting projects; This is a science and creativity, and not blind copying of the heritage of fathers and grandfathers, this is our shining tomorrow, and not fading yesterday.
Most recently, Lin Industrial was lit up by attracting virtual tank builders. So far it is difficult to say whether they have something flying in the gland, plans are too ambitious.
Non-Space
Lynx Xcor Aerospace is a double suburbital cosmic aircraft capable of taking off and sit on the usual runway. In addition to entertainment of commercial passengers, scientific experiments are envisaged. Xcor has already signed a contract with the Southwest Research Institute on the flights of his scientists and conducting experiments in the subborobital space. The company plans to sell tickets for $ 95,000.Exos Aerospace, created in May 2014 from Armadillo Aerospace, develops a spacecraft for subborital flights of a vertical start. The device will accommodate two passengers. Space Adventures Space Tour Operator books for $ 110,000. A man from Arizona recently won a free flight in the competition, arranged by Space Adventures and Seattle "S Space Needle, although its flight date is not yet installed.
Bigelow Aerospace designs and builds large, expandable modules that should be the main link of private space stations created in the orbit. The company has already held in 2006 and in 2007 two tests of prototypes in orbit. The Ba 330 six-grade module provides about 330 cubic meters of useful volume. Bigelou provides a compound of at least two 330s together. The company has concluded contracts with Boeing and Spacex to deliver passengers to huge space hotels. Potential customers include space agencies, government departments and research groups.
Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen recently united with an aerospace pioneer by engineer Berthane to create an enterprise called StratoLaunch Systems. The company plans to launch rockets into space from the carrier aircraft, which will become the largest aircraft in history, with a wings of 117 meters. At first, StratoLaunch will send cargo and satellites into space, but in the future hopes to run astronauts. The first test flight is scheduled for 2015, commercial launches are possible since 2016.
Liberty Launch Vehicle, which produced solid fuel rocket accelerators for Space Shuttle, uniting with Lockheed Martin and European Astrium, develops its own system of launching astronauts to a low near-earth orbit. The modernized 91-meter missile Liberty will be delivered to the orbit capsule with seven passengers. System test flights will begin in 2014, the launch of the first astronaut is expected at the end of 2015. In case of success, commercial flights are possible since 2016.
Blue Origin, created by the founder of Amazon.com Jeff Bezos, hopes to win the NASA contract for the delivery of astronauts to the International Space Station. The created spacecraft is designed to transport seven passengers or a combination of cargo and crew. The company develops a reusable first stage of the carrier missile to maximize the launch. Representatives of the Company argue that the commercial flights of the spacecraft will begin by 2018. Blue Origin also develops a subborital spacecraft called New Shepard, which will be equipped with a reusable motor module.
Dream Chaser Sierra Nevada (Sierra Nevada) is a small space aircraft designed to transport seven astronauts to a low near-earth orbit. The participant of the last round (Commercial Crew Transportation Capability) of the NASA competence on the right to deliver American astronauts to the ISS. The device will be discharged into space using the satin-5 carrier missile, and to land yourself by airplane. Representatives of the company say that the cosmic aircraft should be ready by 2016. The first piloted flight will be held in 2017.
The second participant of the competition is the aerospace giant Boeing (Boeing) - develops a reusable (up to 10 flights) spacecraft for cargo delivery and up to seven astronauts on the ISS called CST-100. The apparatus used proven technologies from Apollo and Space Shuttle NASA. It is expected that CST-100 will perform the role of a rescue boat on the ISS in emergency situations. The commissioning of CST-100 is planned in 2016.
Cygnus - automatic shipping spacecraft supply. ORBITAL SCIENCES CORPORATION was developed as part of the commercial orbital transportation program. Designed to deliver goods to the International Space Station after the completion of the Space Shuttle program. Run is carried out using orbital - Antares's own media launch vehicle (antares) previously called Taurus II. NASA concluded a contract with the Orbit Science total value of 1.9 billion dollars by 8 flights "Signs" to the ISS until 2016.
California Spacex develops a reusable Dragon V2 spacecraft for the transport of goods and a crew to a low near-earth orbit and beyond its limits. The third participant of NASA competitions. The pilotable version will be transported to seven astronauts on the ISS or to far space, for example, on Mars. The company has already launched several unmanned dragons to the ISS. Flights were a demonstration of Spacex readiness using the Falcon 9's own carrier missile to execute a contract with NASA for 12 shipping delivery to the station. Falcon 9 Also in the future will become a multiple with a vertical landing for put forward supports.
Mars One is a private organization whose task is the founding of a colony on Mars. The project itself is not an aerospace company and does not produce equipment. All equipment will be developed mainly by Spacex. The uniqueness of the project in the principled impossibility of returning colonists to land and financing through TV broadcasts in real time. The colony replenishment is expected every two years to six people since 2025. Confidence in the success of the event add rumors that the founder of Mars One is the Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp - himself is going to move to Mars. Add Tags
Businessman Ruben Vardanyan published an open letter in response to an investigation into the network of offshore companies created by the Troika Dialogue Investment Bank and operating from 2006 to 2013 an open letter of Vardanyan posted on the website of the IDEA Foundation, the co-founder of which it is. Previously, a project to investigate organized crime and corruption - Organized CRIME AND CORRUPTION Reporting Project (OCCRP) - reported that the network created under the leadership of Vardanyanmoney from Russia was displayed, including using "criminal schemes".
"In the published materials, everything was mixed: the information, interpretation and fiction from context - round and green," he said. Vardanyan added that despite the lack of accusations of his address, he, as a former senior partner "Troika", feels responsibility for what is happening. According to Vardanyan, lawyers are now studying possible legal actions to protect reputation.
The businessman stressed that Troika was created in the early 1990s, when "the investment banking industry did not exist, and the whole country was in the startup situation." "Then we refused to live in the" Jungle laws "and did everything possible to create a civilized environment with clear rules in Russia," he noted and urged not to evaluate the activities of the Troika outside the historical, economic and business context of the time.Vardanyan also spoke about supporting and gratitude from partners, colleagues, friends, associates and strangers from around the world for the projects that he and his family.
OCCRP, created by Troika, the network of about 70 offshore companies acted from 2006 at the beginning of 2013, and during this time $ 4.6 billion was transferred to it - $ 4.8 billion was derived. The findings of journalists are based on data on bank transfer of companies that have accounts in the Lithuanian bank of UKIO (licensed licenses in 2013). In this bank, about 30 companies associated with the Troika Dialogue were served in the investigation.After analyzing the banking documents, OCCRP concluded that money with unclear sources of origin during a set of operations was mixed with legal cash flows and received end recipients in the foeful form. Recipients could not know about the origin of money, emphasized the authors of the investigation.TO luchevy element of the scheme Was Lithuanian bank UKIO, closed in 2013
Businessman commenting on this investigation earlier, emphasized that among the clients of the company did not have people to whom law enforcement agencies had questions. IN He did not deny the conversation with OCCRP that the Troika used foreign companies to conduct business who had accounts, in particular in UKIO. At the same time, he said, Investbank acted"According to the rules, at the time that existed in the global financial market."
Satellis - First Private Satellite and Small Spacecraft
Spacecraft are two species - large and small. And the latter are increasingly finding their use. Microsave Tablesat-Aurora, designed and built by the Russian company SPOOTENS, just such. His weight is only 26 kg. The term of active existence is 2 years. It is believed that this is the first satellite developed and built by a private Russian company.
Tabletsat-Aurora launched in orbit on June 19, 2014. In view of the small size and mass into space, he went not alone, but as part of a cluster of 33 mini-satellites on the RS-20 conversion rocket "Dnipro". The device brought to a solar-synchronous orbit with a height of 600 km. Such orbit allows the spacecraft to pass over any point of the surface approximately at the same local solar time. It is convenient to create satellite shots of the earth's surface. The main purpose of Tabletsat-Aurora is a remote sensing of the Earth. The satellite equipment takes pictures with a resolution of 15 meters, having a width of the capture strip in nadir 47 kilometers.
Satellite Innovative Space Systems Ltd. ("SPUTOOS") - Since 2012, the resident of Skolkovo Space Cluster. The Foundation financed the development of subsystems for satellites of the new Tabletsat form factor of a grant in the amount of 29.5 million rubles. In early 2014, before the launch of the "Aurora", the company commissioned a terrestrial satellite control complex.
Today, the company develops small spacecraft (microsatellites, nanostotes, Cubesat satellites) and service systems for them, control stations and reception of satellite information, terrestrial infrastructure for functional tests. In addition, the company produces equipment for projects in the field of additional aerospace education of schoolchildren and students, as well as training specialists of the space industry.
Lin Industrial - Ultralight Space Rockets and Base on the Moon
If there are small satellites, then why not be small missiles? Another resident of Skolkovo Space Cluster is Lin Industrial - works on several projects of launch vehicles of light and ultralight class.
The main project of the company is the ultralight launch vehicle "Taimyr". This is not even one, but a whole family of modular missiles capable of carrying out a mass of 10 to 180 kg to a low near-earth orbit. The first commercial launch of the rocket with the satellite on board was planned at the first quarter of 2020.
But, as well as the developers of heavier missiles, Lin Industrial has been an accident. The fighter tests of the first for the company of the liquid rocket engine RDL-100C "Atar" are difficult to call for the company's first for the company of the liquid rocket engine RDL-100C "Atar" successful. After 4 seconds after the start of operation, the engine exploded. In addition to the engine, a stand for testing was damaged.
The company was not limited to creating missiles. The thoughts of her engineers about the satellite of our planet - the moon, which is not surprising. In Lin Industrial, the participants of the "Selenifier" team are working - the only Russian team who participated in the Google Lunar X Prize competition, the main prize in which the group that created and sending a private lunarow to the moon.
Engineers Lin Industrial also developed a draft of the Russian lunar base, which can be implemented using existing technologies. The project was called "Moon Sem", which implies that it will be the seventh landing of a person on the moon (after 6 flights under the Apollo program). Some proposals from this project were included in the Federal Space Program for 2016-2025. Project presentation by reference.
Unfortunately, quite recently, the project has ceased to receive financing and today is the question of closing the project.
Dauria Aerospace - the first money and geostationary satellite
Another manufacturer of small satellites is Dauria Aerospace. But, unlike other Russian private companies, in this industry, Dauria has already received its first substantial income from space activities. Two satellites of the company - Perseus-M1 and Perseus-M2, intended for remote sensing of the Earth, sold American Aquila Space in December 2015. Spacecraft changed the owner at the moment when they were in orbit.
The company develops a wide range of small satellites intended for various orbits and goals. The third satellite DAURIA AEROSPACE, bred in space, became the DX1 - the first spacecraft based on a small satellite platform (up to 50 kg) DX created by the company's specialists. The purpose of the spacecraft is to work out experimental technologies. The satellites based on this platform themselves can be used for a wide range of tasks: from remote sensing of the Earth to relay signals.
But if DX satellites are designed for low near-earth orbits, the PYXIS project provides for the creation of a network of telecommunication satellites for high-elliptical orbits. Such orbits, with an apogee over the northern hemisphere of the planet height in tens of thousands of kilometers, allow us to communicate in the landy regions of the Earth. Four spacecraft satellite groups were supposed to go into space to space until 2020. They were supposed to provide satellite access to the Internet ten thousand users: residents of indoor Russian regions, polar explorers, oil workers, crews of the northern sea routes.
But perhaps the most advanced DAURIA AEROSPACE project - the development of the atom platform to create geostationary spacecraft. As a rule, satellites for geostationary orbits are distinguished by large sizes and mass. But the mass of spacecraft created on the atom platform will not exceed 1 ton. This will make them in orbit with less costs. In addition, such devices are perfect for servicing small and medium-sized markets in Asia, Africa and the Middle East, where the use of heavier and expensive satellites is unprofitable. In addition, such satellites can be displayed in orbit at once a few pieces or along the way with another cargo.
Another feature of the platform is the use of only electrical proactive engines for granting a satellite to a geostationary orbit with a low reference, which will deliver it to the rocket and to hold it at the point of standing on geostationary.
The first pair of such satellites according to the plans should have been sent to space by the end of 2017 on the Indian GSLV MK II carrier.
Unfortunately, now the company has a lot of problems, the details of which says the founder in the intersion project (in the video below). He himself considers the creation of a company of his biggest mistake:
There are several large cosmic countries in the world - with a large space budget and ambitions. This is the USA, Europe, China, Japan, Russia. At the same time, the entire state industry, not only from the point of view of money, but also from the point of view of the fact that all work is fulfilled by state companies. We really helped. Dauria helped "Skolkovo", and "Rosnano". But now I understand how I was naive. It was my biggest mistake in life. This kind of company may exist only in two situations. Or if there is strong support from the state, which gives orders, embeds in the structure, as is done for Boeing, Airbus, Lockheed Martin, and so on, or when it is possible to work on a large open world market, using the advantages of the country. And I, of course, did not subscribe to the fact that after 2014 we will be cut off from the global market.
Send tourists to space are planning not only by the ocean. Goal of the Russian company Kosmokurs LLC is to create a reusable subborital complex to send tourists to space. The first such tourist flight should take place already in 2025. The spacecraft, designed for six tourists and one instructor, will be launched to the height of the ship "Vostok-1", at which Yuri Gagarin once flew away, from 180 to 220 km. But, unlike the first cosmonaut of the Earth, the ship will not work in orbit around the planet, the flight will be Suvorbital - which Alan Shepard once performed, the first American astronaut.
Flight Plan / © cosmocourt.com
The space complex of the company will consist of a carrier rocket and subborital spacecraft, divided by 141 seconds of the flight when a height is 66.4 km. And the ship, and the rocket, naturally, will be reusable. The flight itself takes only 15 minutes, of which 5 minutes, in the apogee of the flight path, passengers will be in weightlessness. It is planned to make about 120 launches per year, that is, to send 700 people into space annually. This is 2 launch per week.
Now the project is only on paper. But the tactical and technical task developed by the "cosmokurs" (preliminary plan) has already passed the necessary procedure for coordination in Roscosmos. The total cost of the project will be $ 150-200 million. A ticket for such a space excursion is expected to cost from 200 to 250 thousand dollars.