Public administration reforms of Peter 1. Financial reforms of Peter I - in brief

Peter's reforms I :

Reform

Description (characteristic) of Peter's reforms

Control system

January 30, 1699 Peter issued a decree on self-government of cities and elections of bourmisters. The main Burmister chamber (Town Hall), subordinate to the tsar, was in Moscow and was in charge of all the elected people in the cities of Russia.

Along with new orders, some chancelleries arose. The Transfiguration Order is a detective and punitive body.

(an administrative institution that existed in 1695-1729 and was in charge of cases of state crimes is the Preobrazhensky order)

Provincial reform 1708-1710 The country was divided into 8 provinces. At the head of the provinces were governors-general and governors, they had assistants - vice-governors, chief commandants (in charge of military affairs), chief commissars and chief food masters (in their hands were cash and grain fees), as well as landrichters, in in whose hands was justice.

In 1713-1714. 3 more provinces appeared. Since 1712 provinces began to be divided into provinces, and from 1715. the provinces were no longer divided into counties, but into "shares" headed by the Landrat.

1711 - creation of the Senate, practically at the same time Peter I founded a new control and revision institute of the so-called fiscal. The Fiscals sent all their observations to the Dispensary Chamber, from where the cases went to the Senate. In 1718-1722. The Senate was reformed: all the presidents of the collegiums became its members, the post of attorney general was introduced. Established by Peter I in 1711, the Governing Senate replaced ...
Boyar Duma, whose activity is gradually dying out.

Gradually, such a form of government as the collegium was making its way. A total of 11 collegia were established. The order system was cumbersome and clumsy. Chamber collegium - collection of taxes and other receipts to the treasury.

During the reign of Peter I, the government body
collecting taxes and other receipts to the treasury, called
"Cameras ... - a board."

"State office - board" - government expenditures

"Revision board" - control over finances

In 1721. in St. Petersburg, the Chief Magistrate and city magistrates were recreated as a central institution.

Finally, in addition to the Preobrazhensky order, a Secret Chancellery was established in St. Petersburg to resolve matters of political investigation.

Decree on succession to the throne In 1722, Peter I adopted a decree on succession to the throne: the emperor himself could appoint an heir to himself, proceeding from the interests of the state. He could reverse the decision if the heir did not meet expectations.

Legislative act of Peter I on the reform of church government and
subordination of the church to the state was called. "Spiritual regulations" .. (1721)

The reforms of the state system carried out by Peter I led to ...

strengthening the unlimited power of the king and absolutism.

Taxation, financial system.

In 1700. the right to collect duties was taken away from the owners of the Torzhkov territories, and archaic tarkhans were abolished. In 1704. all inns were taken into the treasury (as well as the income from them).

By the decree of the king from March 1700. instead of surrogates, they introduced copper money, polushki and polushki. Since 1700 large gold and silver coins began to enter circulation. For 1700-1702. the money supply in the country increased sharply, the inevitable depreciation of the coin began.

The policy of protectionism, the policy aimed at the accumulation of wealth within the country, mainly the prevalence of export over import - increased customs duty from foreign merchants.

1718-1727 - the first revision census of the population.

1724 - introduction of the poll tax.

. Agriculture

The introduction of grain harvesting instead of the traditional sickle - the Lithuanian scythe.

Persistent and persistent introduction of new breeds of livestock (cattle from Holland). Since 1722 state-owned sheepfolds began to be transferred to private hands.

The treasury energetically organized horse farms.

The first attempts were made to protect forests from the state. In 1722. the position of Wal-Dmeister was introduced in the areas of large forests.

Industrial transformation

The most important direction of the reforms was the accelerated construction of ironworks by the treasury. Construction was especially active in the Urals.

Creation of large shipyards in St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Moscow, Arkhangelsk.

In 1719. a Manufacturing Collegium was created to manage the industry, and a special Berg Collegium was created for the mining industry.

Creation of the Admiralty sailing factory in Moscow. In the 20s. XVIII century the number of textile manufactories has reached 40.

. Social structure transformations

Table of Ranks 1722 - made it possible for ordinary people to participate in public service, to raise their social status, introduced 14 ranks in total. The last 14th grade is a collegiate registrar.

General regulations, a new system of ranks in civil, court and military services.

Elimination of slaves as a separate class, boyars as a separate class.

Decree on single inheritance of 1714. allowed nobles to transfer immovable property only to the eldest in the family, the difference between local and patrimonial land tenure was eliminated.

Regular army

In total, during the period from 1699 to 1725, 53 sets were made (284,187 people). Military service at that time was lifelong. By 1725. after the end of the Northern War, the field army consisted of only 73 regiments. In addition to the field army, a system of military garrisons stationed in the villages was created in the country, intended for the internal purposes of protecting peace and order. The Russian army has become one of the strongest in Europe.

An impressive Azov fleet was created. Russia had the most powerful fleet in the Baltic. The creation of the Caspian fleet took place already in the 1920s. XVIII century

In 1701. the first large artillery school was opened in Moscow, in 1712. - In Petersburg. In 1715. the St. Petersburg Naval Academy of Officers' Personnel began to operate.

Church transformations

1721 - the formation of the Synod headed by the President.

Destroyed the patriarchate

Establishment of a special "college of church affairs"

Establishment of the post of Chief Prosecutor of the Synod.

Europeanization of culture

German settlement

Administrative reforms- a complex of transformations of government bodies undertaken by Peter I the Great during his reign of the Russian kingdom and the Russian Empire. Most of the administrative apparatus was either abolished or reorganized in accordance with European traditions, the experience of which the king learned during the Great Embassy in 1697-1698.

A complete list of reforms related to the administrative sphere can be examined in the table below.

Administrative transformations of Peter I

Briefly about the essence and content of administrative reforms

The main essence of almost all the administrative transformations of Peter I was to build the absolutist form of the monarch, which presupposes the concentration of judicial, administrative and financial levers of government in the hands of the sovereign and the people entrusted to him.

Reasons for the reforms of the state apparatus

• Peter I strove to build a rigid vertical of power. The creation of an absolutist monarchy was supposed to prevent possible conspiracies, riots and suppress massive escapes of soldiers and peasants.
• The outdated administrative system impeded economic development and was clumsy in solving emerging problems.
• The Great Northern War with Sweden and plans to modernize industry required financial and human resources - new administrative institutions were needed to organize supplies.

Targets and goals
administrative reforms

• Building a power vertical at the central and local levels, each of whose members solves specific tasks and bears personal responsibility.
• A clearer delineation of the functions of the bodies of the state apparatus.
• Administrative and territorial transformations, contributing to the improvement of the supply of the army and navy with the necessary equipment, provisions, quartering.
• Introduction of the principle of collegial decision-making, development of uniform rules for the administration of office work.

Reforms of the central government bodies of Peter the Great

Creation of the Near Chancellery and the abolition of the Boyar Duma

With the coming of Peter I to power, the Boyar Duma began to lose its powers of power, turning into another bureaucratic department. The tsar tried to change the established order (members of the boyar duma were elected from local noble nobles) and put people under his personal control in leading positions. WITH 1701 year its functions as the highest government body began to be performed by the so-called "Ministerial Consulate"- the council of the heads of the most important government departments, among which there were many non-boyars. After 1704, there is no mention of the meetings of the Borya Duma, although its official abolition did not take place.

Near office, was created in 1699 to control the financial expenses of all orders, as well as administrative decisions, all the most important papers were to be signed by the main tsarist advisers and ministers, for which a special book of personal decrees was established.

Establishment of the Governing Senate

March 2, 1711 Peter I created Governing Senate- the body of the highest legislative, judicial and administrative power, which was supposed to rule the country during the absence of the king (the Great Northern War occupied most of his attention). The Senate was completely controlled by the tsar, it was a collegial body, the members of which were appointed by Peter I personally. February 22, 1711 for additional supervision of officials during the absence of the king, a post was created fiscal.

Creation of Colleges

1718 to 1726 the creation and further development of the Collegiums took place, the purpose of which Peter I saw was to replace the outdated system of orders, which were excessively clumsy in solving the problems of the state and, often, duplicated their own functions. As they were created, the collegia consumed orders. In the period from 1718 to 1720, the presidents of the collegia were senators and sat in the Senate, but later, of all the collegia, representation in the Senate was left only to the most important ones: the Military, the Admiralty and Foreign Affairs.

The creation of the collegium system completed the process of centralization and bureaucratization of the state apparatus. A clear distribution of departmental functions, uniform standards of activity (according to the General Regulations) - all this significantly distinguished the new apparatus from the order system.

Comparison of order systems and collegia is presented in the diagrams below.

Order system

Publication of the General Regulations

By decree from May 9, 1718 Peter I instructed the presidents of the Chambers, Revision, and Military Collegiums, on the basis of the Swedish charter, to begin the development of General Regulations- office work system, called "collegiate".

The regulations approved the collegial way of making decisions by the collegia, determined the order of discussion of cases, the organization of office work, the relationship of the collegiums with the Senate and local authorities.

March 10, 1720 General regulations were issued and signed by the king. This charter of the state civil service in Russia consisted of an introduction, 56 chapters containing the most general principles of the apparatus of all state institutions, and an appendix with the interpretation of foreign words included in it.

The procedure for considering cases in collegia and the duties of officials under the General Regulations of 1720

Creation of the Holy Synod

Towards the end of the Great Northern War with Sweden, Peter I began preparations for the introduction of a new type of administrative institution - collegia. According to a similar principle, it was supposed to establish the highest governing body of the Church, for which Bishop Feofan Prokopovich was instructed to develop Spiritual regulations. February 5, 1721 was published Manifesto on the Establishment of the Theological College later named "The Most Holy Governing Synod".

All members of the Synod signed the regulations and personally swore allegiance to the tsar, and also pledged to look after the interests of the fatherland and Peter I. May 11, 1722- to control the activities of the Synod, the post of chief prosecutor was created, who reported to Peter I on the state of affairs.

Thus, the sovereign built the church into the mechanism of the state, making it one of the administrative institutions with certain responsibilities and functions. The abolition of the post of patriarch, who has an influence on ordinary people comparable to that of Peter I himself, concentrated all power in the hands of the tsar and became another step towards strengthening the absolutist form of government.

Creation of the Secret Chancellery (Preobrazhensky order)

Preobrazhensky order was founded by Peter I still in 1686, as a stationery for the management of the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky amusing regiments. Gradually, as the power of Peter I increased, the order received more and more new functions - in 1702, the tsar issued a decree, according to which all who reported on state crimes (treason, an attempt on the monarch's life) were sent to the Preobrazhensky order. Thus, main function, which this institution carried out - the persecution of participants in anti-serfdom actions (about 70% of all cases) and opponents of the political transformations of Peter I.

The secret office is one of the central government bodies

The Secret Office was established in February 1718 In Petersburg. It was created for the investigation of the case of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, then other political cases of extreme importance were transferred to it; subsequently both institutions merged into one

Local government reforms

Provincial reform

Local government reform began long before the collegiums were created - the first stage of the provincial reform already in 1708 year introduced the division of the state into provinces - this was done so that tax collections from these areas contained the fleet, and recruits entering the service could be quickly transferred to the war.

Heads of administrative levels as a result of the provincial reform

Second phase became possible after the difficult years of the war had passed, therefore Peter I December 7, 1718 approved the decision of the Senate to create provinces and divide them into districts ruled by zemstvo commissars. Thus, the regional reform divided local self-government into three links: province, province, district.

Governors were appointed by Peter I personally and received full power over the governed provinces. The governors and provincial administrations were appointed by the Senate and were directly subordinate to the collegia. Four collegia (Kamer, Shtats-kontor, Yustits and Votchinnaya) had their own chamberlains (tax control), commandants and treasurers on the ground. The head of the province was usually the voivode, the zemstvo commissars were in charge of the financial and police administration in the district.
The large cities of the provinces had a separate city administration - magistrates.

Provincial administrative bodies were built into the general system

Urban reform

In 1720 Peter I creates Chief Magistrate and next 1721 year issues corresponding regulations to it. Introduced the division of cities into categories, and residents (townspeople) - into categories.

For all connoisseurs of Russian history, the name of Peter I will forever remain associated with the period of reform in almost all spheres of life in Russian society. And one of the most important in this series was the military reform.

During the entire period of his reign, Peter the Great fought. All of his military campaigns were directed against serious opponents - Sweden and Turkey. And in order to wage endless grueling, and besides, offensive wars, you need a well-equipped combat-ready army. Actually, the need to create such an army was the main reason for the military reforms of Peter the Great. The transformation process was not one-step; each stage took place in its own time and was caused by certain events in the course of hostilities.

It cannot be said that the tsar began reforming the army from scratch. Rather, he continued and expanded the military innovations conceived by his father Alexei Mikhailovich.

So, let's take a look at the military reforms of Peter 1 briefly point by point:

Reform of the Streltsy army

In 1697, the streltsy regiments, which were the basis of the army, were disbanded and subsequently completely abolished. They were simply not ready to conduct constant hostilities. In addition, the rifle riots undermined the Tsar's confidence in them. In 1699, instead of the archers, three new regiments were formed, which were also staffed by the disbanded regiments of the foreign system and recruits.

The introduction of recruiting

In 1699, a new system of manning the army was introduced in the country - conscription. Initially, recruiting was carried out only as needed and was regulated by special decrees, which stipulated the number of recruits required at the moment. Their service was lifelong. The basis for recruiting was the tax-paying estates of peasants and townspeople. The new system made it possible to create a large standing army in the country, which had a significant advantage over the European mercenary forces.

Changing the military training system

Since 1699, the training of soldiers and officers began to be carried out according to a single combat manual. The emphasis was on continuous military training. In 1700 the first military school for officers was opened, and in 1715 - the Naval Academy in St. Petersburg.

Changes in the organizational structure of the army

The army was officially divided into three types of troops: infantry, artillery and cavalry. The entire structure of the new army and navy was reduced to uniformity: brigades, regiments, divisions. The management of army affairs was transferred to the jurisdiction of four orders. In 1718, the Military Collegium became the highest military body.

In 1722, the Table of Ranks was created, which clearly structured the system of military ranks.

Rearmament of the army

Peter I began to arm the infantry with flintlock rifles with a single-caliber bayonet and swords. Under him, new models of artillery pieces and ammunition were developed. The newest types of ships were created.

As a result of the military reforms of Peter I, Russia began a rapid economic growth. Indeed, in order to provide such an army colossus, new steel and weapons factories, factories for the production of ammunition were needed. As a result, by 1707, the state's dependence on arms imports from Europe was completely eliminated.

The main results of the reform were the creation of a large and well-trained army, which allowed Russia to begin an active military rivalry with Europe and emerge victorious from it.

Preconditions and features of the reforms of Peter 1

Preconditions for the reforms of Peter 1	1. The lag of Russia in socio-economic, military and cultural terms from European countries 2. Active-volitional activity of Peter 1, orientation towards transformations in the country 3. Awareness of the need for reforms using European experience 4. The previous development of the country in the 17th century. Attempts to reform the tsars Alexei Mikhailovich and Fyodor Alekseevich 5. The trip of Peter 1 to Europe - "The Great Embassy" 1697-1698.
The essence of reforms	The transformations of Peter 1 were based on the following ideas: 1. Serving the fatherland as the highest value for the monarch 2. The common good, the "people's good" as the goal of this ministry 3. Practicalism and rationalism as the basis of activity
Features of reforms	1. The scale of reforms and the diffusion of innovations in various spheres of life 2. Lack of system, lack of any reform plan 3. Imitation of Western European political traditions and institutions (the political model of the "regular state" J. Locke) 4. Many beginnings have not been brought to an end 5. Striving for complete state control over the life of society

Diagram of the characteristic features of Peter's reforms

Economic reforms of Peter 1

	Peculiarities
Creation of the manufacturing industry	XVII century - about 30 manufactories First Thursday XVIII century - more than 200 manufactories Forced provision of manufactories with labor on the basis of serfdom labor in accordance with the decrees of Peter I: 1703 - about registered peasants who were assigned to factories to work at the expense of state tax 1721 - about the possessory peasants. Manufacturers were allowed to buy for the work of serfs
Implementation of state policy in the economic sphere	The policy of mercantilism is the economic policy of the state aimed at accumulating funds within the country The policy of protectionism is an integral part of the policy of mercantilism, aimed at protecting the country's economy from foreign competition
Active state intervention in the trading activities of the Russian merchants	1. the introduction of a state monopoly on the sale of a number of goods (salt, tobacco, bread, flax, resin, wax, iron, etc.); 2.Forced resettlement of merchants to the new capital - St. Petersburg, large taxes and duties in favor of the state

State administrative reforms of Peter 1

The abolition of the Boyar Duma
Establishment of the Senate with legislative and financial control functions
Replacement of old management bodies - orders - with new ones - collegia	1718-1721
Local government reform - formation of provinces
The abolition of the patriarchate and the introduction of state administration of the Orthodox Church through a new body - the Holy Synod, headed by the chief prosecutor	1700 1720
Creation of punitive state bodies of total control over the functioning of society - fiscal and prosecutors	1714 1722
Changing the system of succession. Now the monarch appointed his own successor
The proclamation of Russia as an empire

Scheme of authorities and administration

Military reforms of Peter 1

	The introduction of conscription in respect of the tax-paying estates as the basic principle of recruiting a mass regular army. It existed in Russia from 1705 to 1874.
	The beginning of the training of domestic officers. They open for them: School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701) School of Engineering (1712) Artillery school (1701) School of Medicine (1707)
	New military regulations are being created. A new uniform form, orders and medals, promotions for military distinctions are introduced
	The rearmament of the army is being carried out, new types of weapons are being created - grenades, rifles with bayonets, mortars
	Navy established

Social reforms of Peter 1

During the period of Peter's reforms, changes took place in the position of social groups and in the social class structure of Russian society:

Social group	Reforms, transformations
	Completion of the process of forming the nobility The introduction of compulsory service for nobles, in which the principle of origin ("breed") is replaced by the principle of length of service New hierarchical division within the nobility (14 classes) based on the "Table of Ranks" (1722) Establishment of entitlement, that is, a ban on the division of estates during inheritance. Final legal merger of estates and estates
Citizens (residents of posadov)	City reform of Peter I (1699-1720): 1. Bringing to the uniformity of the social structure of the city 2. The introduction of Western European social and urban institutions in Russian cities (posads) 3. Separation of city residents by professional basis into workshops and guilds 4. Management of the city through the town hall and magistrates
Peasants	According to the reform, the peasants were divided into 3 main categories (estates): 1. State peasants (a new class has been formed) - in this category, on the basis of the draft (tax) principle, the one-yard farmers of the South, the black-haired peasants of the North, the yasak peasants of the Volga region and Siberia were united 2. Landlord (private) serfs 3. Serfs who have existed since the period of Ancient Rus were transferred to the category of serfs

Reforms of Peter 1 in the spiritual sphere

Transformation of the state and society as a result of Peter's reforms

	What has become	Positive effect	Negative effect
The political system that has been taking shape for centuries with its archaic institutions of power (Boyar Duma, orders, district-voivodship administration). They are dominated by political traditions (to rule and live "in the old days").	Reforms of the state apparatus: 1711-creation of the Senate (the highest legislative body); 1718-1720 - introduction of collegia (central bodies); 1708 - 1715 - introduction of the provincial system of administrative-territorial division and local administration. 1720 - "General Regulations". 1722 - creation of the highest supervisory authority (prosecutor's office).	1. The Moscow aristocracy and bureaucracy lost their power and influence. 2. The primacy of tradition is being replaced by the primacy of expediency. 3. The bloated and internally conflicting system of orders was eliminated. 4. The ridiculous division of the country into 215 counties has been eliminated.	1. The new St. Petersburg bureaucracy is growing by leaps and bounds. 2. Peter's ideas about the expedient at times had nothing to do with reality. 3. The principle of collegiality (joint decision-making) in practice often turned into collective irresponsibility. 4. 8 provinces - another extreme: for the vast territory of Russia, such a number of provinces was clearly not enough.
The local principle of filling positions on the basis of nobility of origin.	Since 1722, the principle of seniority of ranks and titles has been in effect according to the "Table of Ranks".	In the time of Peter the Great, many energetic and talented people of low birth prosper and make a dizzying career.	Soon after Peter's death, numerous loopholes would be invented to circumvent the need for seniority.
The Church was the largest feudal lord, often entered into a dispute with the secular authorities and adjusted the political line to please their interests. Many princes of the church were inveterate obscurantists, opponents of science and any form of secular culture.	In 1701, the control of the Monastic Order over the economic activities of the church was restored. In 1721, Peter and F. Prokopovich published "Spiritual Regulations" containing the main provisions of the future church reform. The patriarchate has been abolished, and since 1722 the church has been governed by a Synod headed by a secular official (chief prosecutor).	The reactionary churchmen have lost all power and influence. The church is leaving the political game.	The church acquires the features of a state institution, which fundamentally contradicts the canonical concept of the church. Church self-government has been paralyzed. The priests were turned into officials with the duties of agitators (propaganda of the interests of the state through sermons) and informers (communication of information received during confession). Peter's struggle with the monasteries led to the breakdown of the old Russian tradition of the monastery hostel.
The noble militia was extremely disorganized. The nobles did not come to the teachings and reviews, they deserted from the wars.	In 1705, recruiting was introduced: recruits selected from the peasants served for life.	A regular army and navy appeared in Russia, which ensured a brilliant victory in the Northern War.	The bloated staff of the army and navy demanded huge funds for their maintenance in peacetime. In addition, the fate of the recruits, forever cut off from their home and traditional way of life, is hard.
Permanent shortage of money in the treasury.	Peter invents various taxes and other ways of making a profit, effectively replenishing the treasury.	Forced industrialization of the country, successes in the military field.	The unbearable tax burden led to the impoverishment of a large part of the country's population.
The overwhelming majority of the few manufactories that existed in the country belonged to the sphere of light industry.	Creation in a short time of heavy industry (enterprises of the Urals).	Russia occupies a leading position in the world in pig iron smelting.	The created industry was supported by serf labor, which doomed it to low productivity growth, technological stagnation, and a rapid loss of its leading position.
The dominance of church culture.	Introduction of Russia to secular Western culture, science, everyday life.	The new values ​​were easily accepted, and soon they were enriched with independent achievements.	There was a cultural conflict between the nobility and the peasantry, which continued to live in the pre-Petrine cultural paradigm.

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Sourse of information: History in tables and diagrams. / Edition 2е, -SPb: 2013.

Social (estate) reforms of Peter I - in brief

As a result of the social reforms of Peter I, the position of the three main Russian estates - nobles, peasants and city dwellers - changed dramatically.

Service class, nobles , after the reforms of Peter I, they began to perform military service not with the local militias they themselves recruited, but in regular regiments. The nobles now (in theory) began their service with the same lower ranks as the common people. Natives of non-nobility estates, on an equal basis with nobles, could rise to the highest ranks. The order of passing service degrees has been determined since the time of the reforms of Peter I no longer by gentility and not by customs like parochialism, but published in 1722 " Table of Ranks". She established 14 ranks in the army and civil service.

To prepare for the service, Peter I also ordered the nobles to undergo initial training in literacy, numbers and geometry. A nobleman who could not pass the established exam was deprived of the right to marry and receive an officer's rank.

It should be noted that the landlord class, even after the reforms of Peter I, still had a rather important service advantage over ordinary people. The nobles who entered military service, as a rule, were ranked not among the ordinary army regiments, but among the privileged guard regiments - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky, who were quartered in St. Petersburg.

Major social change peasants was associated with the tax reform of Peter I. It was carried out in 1718 and replaced the previous courtyard(from each peasant household) taxation method capitation(from the heart). According to the results of the 1718 census, capitation tax.

This, at first glance, purely financial reform had, however, an important social content. The new poll tax was ordered to be levied equally not only from peasants, but also from private-owned slaves who had not previously paid state taxes. This prescription of Peter I brought the social position of the peasantry closer to the disenfranchised servant. It predetermined the evolution of the view of serfs towards the end of the 18th century not as sovereign tax people(which they were considered earlier), but how on complete master slaves.

Cities : the reforms of Peter I were aimed at arranging urban management in accordance with European standards. In 1699, Peter I granted Russian cities the right to self-government in the person of elected burmistrov which should have been town hall... The townspeople were now divided into "regular" and "irregular", as well as guilds and workshops by occupation. By the end of the reign of Peter I, the town halls were transformed into magistrates, who had more rights than the town halls, but were elected in a less democratic way - only from the "first-class" citizens. All magistrates were headed (from 1720) by the capital's Chief Magistrate, who was considered a special collegium.

Peter I. Portrait by P. Delaroche, 1838

Military reform of Peter I - in brief

Administrative and state reforms of Peter I - in brief

Financial reforms of Peter I - in brief

Economic reforms of Peter I - in brief

Like most European leaders in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries, Peter I followed the principles of mercantilism in economic policy. Applying them to life, he tried in every possible way to develop industry, built factories with state funds, through extensive benefits encouraged such construction by private entrepreneurs, attributed serfs to factories and manufactories. By the end of the reign of Peter I, there were already 233 factories in Russia.

In foreign trade, the mercantilist policy of Peter the Great led to strict protectionism (high duties were imposed on imported products to prevent them from competing with Russian products). State regulation of the economy was widely used. Peter I contributed to the laying of canals, roads and other communications, prospecting for minerals. The development of the mineral resources of the Urals gave a powerful impetus to the Russian economy.

Church reform of Peter I - in brief

As a result of the church reform of Peter I, the Russian Church, previously quite independent, became completely dependent on the state. After the death of Patriarch Adrian (1700), the king ordered not elect a new patriarch, and the Russian clergy then did not have him until the 1917 council. was appointed king“Locum tenens of the patriarchal throne” - Ukrainian Stefan Yavorsky.

This "uncertain" state of affairs persisted until in 1721 the final reform of church administration was carried out, developed with the active participation of Feofan Prokopovich. According to this church reform of Peter I, the patriarchate was finally abolished and replaced by a "spiritual college" - The Holy Synod... Its members were not elected by the clergy, but appointed by the tsar - the church has now become legislatively and completely dependent on the secular authorities.

In 1701 the land holdings of the church were transferred to the management of the secular Monastic order. After the synodal reform of 1721, they were formally returned to the clergy, but since the latter now completely submitted to the state, this return did not matter much. Peter I also placed monasteries under strict state control.