The flows are very important for navigation, affecting the speed and direction of the movement of the vessel. Therefore, in the navigation, it is very important to be able to take into account them correctly (Fig. 18.6).
To select the highest and safe ways when swimming near the shores and in the open sea, it is important to know nature, directions and speed of marine currents.
When swimming on the surgery, marine currents can have a significant effect on its accuracy.
Sea currents - moving the aquatic masses in the sea or in the ocean from one place to another. The main reasons that cause sea currents are wind, atmospheric pressure, adorption-taming phenomena.
Sea currents are divided into the following types
1. Wind and drift flows occur under the influence of wind due to the friction of moving air masses about the sea surface. Long, or dominant, winds cause movement not only the upper, but also deeper water layers, and form drift flows.
Moreover, the drift flows caused by trade winds (permanent winds) are constant, and drift flows caused by monscons (variable winds), and the direction and speed change during the year. Temporary, short, winds cause wind outlets that are variable.
2. Advance-tidy flows are caused by a change in sea level with tides and lowers. In the open sea, adorid-tidy flows constantly change their direction: in the northern hemisphere - clockwise, in South - counterclockwise. In the sheds, narrow bays and the coast of the flow during the tide are directed in one direction, and when they are in the opposite.
3. Sewage flows are caused by an increase in sea level in separate areas as a result of the inflow of fresh water from rivers, loss of large amounts of atmospheric precipitation, etc.
4. Delicious flows arise due to uneven distribution of water density in the horizontal direction.
5. Compensation flows arise in a particular area to replenish wastewater caused by its drain or a squint.
Fig. 18.6. The flow of the World Ocean
Golfstream - the most powerful warmth of the world's ocean goes along the shores of North America in the Atlantic Ocean, and then deviate from the coast and disintegrates on a number of branches. The northern branch, or the north-Atlantic flow, goes to the northeast. The presence of north-atlantic warmth explains the relatively soft winter on the coast of Northern Europe, as well as the existence of a number of non-freezing ports.
In the Pacific Ocean, the North Traffic (Equatorial) current begins off the coast of Central America, crosses the Pacific Ocean at an average speed of about 1 node, and the Philippine Islands are divided into several branches.
The main branch of the Northern Passat Current goes along the Philippine Islands and follows the northeast called Kurosio, which is the second after Golf Stream with a powerful warmth of the World Ocean; Its speed from 1 to 2 ends and even at times up to 3 tons.
Near the southern tip of the island of Kyushu, this flow is divided into two branches, one of which - the Tsushima flow is sent to the Korean Strait.
Another, moving to the northeast, goes to the north-Pacific flow crossing the ocean to the east. The Cold Curil Curl (Oyasio) should meet Kurosio along the Kuril ridge and meets with it about the latitude of the Sangar Strait.
The flow of Western winds off the coast of South America is divided into two branches, one of which gives rise to cold peruvian flow.
In the Indian Ocean, the southern trade house (Equatorial) the flow of Madagascar is divided into two branches. One branch turns to the south and forms a Mozambique course, the speed of which is from 2 to 4 tons.
In the southern tip of Africa, the Mozambique current gives rise to warm, powerful and stable needle flow, the average speed of which is more than 2 bonds, and the maximum is about 4.5 tons.
In the Arctic Ocean, the bulk of the surface layer of water makes movement clockwise from the east to the west.
Oceanic, or sea, flows are the progressive movement of the aquatic masses in the oceans and the seas caused by various forces. Although the most significant reason for the formation of the flow is the wind, they can be formed and due to the unequal saline of individual parts of the ocean or the sea, the difference in water levels, uneven heating of different sections of water areas. In the thickness of the ocean there are vortices created by the bottom of the bottom, their size often reaches 100-300 km in diameter, they capture water layers in hundreds of meters thick.
If the factors causing flows are constant, then a constant course is formed, and if they are episodic, it is formed short-term, random flow. According to the prevailing direction of the flow, they are divided into meridional, carrying their wounds to the north or south, and zonal, spreading latitudinal - approximations, water temperature in which above the average temperature for the same latitudes are called warm, lower - cold, and currents, having the same temperature as the surrounding water - neutral.
Monsoon flows change their direction from the season for the season, depending on how coastal winds are blowing. Contracting the next, more powerful and extended flows in the ocean, move countercase.
On the direction of flows in the World Ocean, the defective force caused by the rotation of the Earth is influenced by the power of Coriolis. In the northern hemisphere, it rejects the flows to the right, and in South - left. The flow rate on average does not exceed 10 m / s, and in the depths they extend no more than 300 m.
In the World Ocean, there are constantly thousands of large and small currents that enhance continents and merge into five giant rings. The flow system of the World Ocean is called circulation and is associated primarily with the general circulation of the atmosphere. Oceanic flows redistribute solar heat absorbed by the masses of water. Warm water heated by sunlight on the equator, they are transferred to high latitudes, and cold water from the indoor regions thanks to the currents falls south. Warm flows contribute to an increase in air temperature, and cold, on the contrary, decrease. The territories are washed with warm currents, differ in warm and humid climates, and those near which cold flows undergo cold and dry.
The most powerful flow of the World Ocean is the cold flow of Western winds, also called Antarctic Circumpolar (from Lat. Cirkum - Around - approx. The reason for its formation is the strong and stable Western winds that are in the east on the huge spaces of the southern hemisphere from moderate latitudes The coast of Antarctica. This course covers a zone of 2500 km wide, it extends to a depth of more than 1 km and tolerates every second to 200 million tons of water. On the path of the flow of Western winds, large sushi arrays are not found, and it connects three oceans in its circular water stream - quiet , Atlantic and Indian.
Gulfstream is one of the largest warm flows of the northern hemisphere. It passes through the Mexican Bay (eng. Gulf Stream - the flow of the bay) and carries the warm tropical water of the Atlantic Ocean to high latitudes. This gigantic flow of warm waters largely determines the climate of Europe, making it soft and warm. Each second, Golf Stream transfers 75 million tons of water (for comparison: Amazon, the very largest river in the world - 220 thousand tons of water). At a depth of about 1 km, the golphustrium is observed by countercase.
APVELING
In many areas of the World Ocean, there is a "pop-up" of deep water to the sea surface. This is a phenomenon called by an upwelling (from the English. Up - up and well - to hurt - approx.), For example, if the wind drives off warm surface water, and they climb colder to their place. The water temperature in the Arelaling areas is lower than the average on this latitude, which creates favorable conditions for the development of plankton, and therefore other marine organisms - fish and marine animals that feed them. Areas of Apwelling - the most important fishing sites of the World Ocean. They are at the western banks of the mainland: Peruvian-Chilean - in South America, California - North America, Bengelsky - South-West Africa, Canary - in West Africa.
Lesson Geography at 7th grade e.
Topic: "Ocean flows"
Goal: Disclosure the reasons for the circular motion of surface waters, give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe overall scheme of surface flows in the World Ocean.
Tasks:
To form an idea of \u200b\u200bocean flows, the reason for their occurrence, types of flows and their use.
identify the general patterns of world ocean flows
Continue learning to work with contour cards, detect patterns, read atlas maps.
Educate aesthetic perception of geographic objects
Equipment: textbook, Atlas, Ocean Map, Physical Card Hemispheres, Presentation, Geographical Simulator, Test, Traveler Portraits (H. Columbus, T. Heyerdal).
Main content: ocean flows. Causes of the formation of ocean flows. Types of oceanic flows. The main surface streams of the World Ocean. The value of oceanic flows.
Type of lesson:
combined.
DURING THE CLASSES
Organizing time
Good morning, guys! Sit back to your places, check the readiness for the lesson, whether everything is in place. Today we have not just a lesson - today we have a holiday, because guests came to us - Geography Teachers from all over our district. We waited for the guests, and today threw all the preparatory unrest, let's go into the world of wonderful science geography.
Check your homework.
At the last lesson, we studied the topic ... Climatic belts and land regions. Let's remember what we talked about the past and previous lessons.
1. From the board to fulfill the individual task will go
Draw an atmospheric circulation scheme using colored chalk (assignment card, blue, red and green chalk)
2. Individual test of our geographical simulator on issues will perform the laptop
3. And we will let us remember what a climatic belt is?
Climate belt -
What are the climatic belts? (main and transitional)
What prefix we use to indicate the transitional climatic belt (sub)
How many main belts? (7)
Name the main climatic belts (Equatorial, tropical, moderate, arctic, antarctic)
Show the main climatic belts on the map ...
How many transition belts? (6)
Call transitional climatic belts (2 subequatorial, 2 subtropical, subarctic, subnutrctic)
Show the transition belt on the map ...
What is the difference between the main and transitional belts.
In all those belts there are climatic areas (no)
In which climatic belt there is no climatic regions
Name and show them on a map of the regions of the moderate belt Eurasia (moderately continental, continental, sharp-continental, monsoon)
4. Let's listen to what you wrote in my home mini-essay "I would like to live in ....... Wheel, because ... ..
Let's see how I coped with the task ... the test is performed
Actualization of knowledge
We remembered that we studied and it's time for us to turn to a new material, but the new it will not be at all for us. We have already acquainted with the nature of the nature of the Earth in the 6th grade.
And today from atmospheric processes we will be transferred to water.
What is the name of the water shell of the Earth? (hydrosphere)
And the symbol of our lesson will be this picture. . It shows the famous Norwegian traveler Tour Heyerdal. (Photo)
In 1947, he with 5 like-minded people built a raft out of 9 birnet from the bilt-sided tree and called him Kon-Tika. For 101 day brave navigator crossed outPacific Ocean.
And in 1969 he undertook a new dangerous expedition to prove the possibility of intersection of the Atlantic Ocean by African peoples.
He and six of his followers built a boat from papyrus, called her "RA". Their first journey failed. The following year, they went to the ocean again on the papyrus boat and this time reached the goal for 57 days.
Turn to the map: Tour Heyerdal made a boat sailing from the Safi port (32 0 with. sh. and 9. 0 s. d.) to O. Barbados (13 0 with. sh. and 59. 0 s. d.). Follow his route on the map of the oceans. What helped the traveler on the way?
A good way of movement is movement with oceanic flows. And in order for them to take advantage of, you need to get acquainted with the current
The theme of our lesson as you guessed- Ocean flows
Open the notebook, write down the number and theme of our lesson.
What do you think guys, what questions do we get in front of us in this topic?
What is ocean flows?
What are the flows?
How are they formed?
How do people use ocean flows?
To get answers to questions you are interested in, we need to refer to our main source of knowledge. What is it? Textbook. Let's open the tutorial page. We will find and read what the ocean current is.
Oceanic current -
About ocean flows people knew for a long time. We prepared historical certificate ....
(Message about the history of the opening of oceanic flows)
What is the reason for the formation of oceanic flows in the world ocean?
VIDEO
What cause leads to the formation of currents (due to the influence of constant winds). What do we know constant wind? (Task for the board)But there are several more reasons that affect the direction of flows:
1. Permanent winds.2. The outlines of the mainland.
3. Relief DNA
4
. Rotation of the Earth around its axis.
Let us turn to another faithful source of geographic information - the map. How is oceanic flows depicted on the map? (arrows)
The north-Atlantic flow off the coast of Scandinavia has a temperature of +10 0
C. What is the current?(
Warm)
And the Peruvian flow off the coast of South America has a temperature of +19 0 With what it is? (Cold).
What is the contradiction? (+10 0 C - warm, + 19 0 C - Cold)What is the question arises?
What trends are called cold, and what are warm?
Let's work and fill in the table that you have on the desk
We write
Title Title
Color on the map
Water temperature flow
Ocean surface water temperature
Temperature comparison
Type of flow
North Atlantic
red
warm
Peruvian
blue
cold
Conclusion: The flow is cold if its temperature is several degrees below the ambient temperature in the ocean….
Read in the textbook page and compare if we did the conclusion?
- Warm flow - This is the flow, the temperature of the water of which is several degrees above the ambient temperature.
- Cold current - This is the flow, the temperature of which is several degrees below the surrounding water.
Find on the map and apply on to / to flow: Golf Stream, Canary, Peruvian, Labrador, the flow of Western winds, Kurosio.
Which of them are warm? Cool? What pattern in the location of these trends did you notice? ( From the equator, warm currents are moving, from poles - cold, closes, flow counterclockwise.)
Look carefully on the map. What conclusions can be done by analyzing the scheme of the currents of the Northern and South Hemispheres?
Just on the direction of flows clockwise and counterclockwise affects the rotation of the earth around its axis. The north of the equator of the flow bend to the right, the south of the equator to the left. This phenomenon is called the effect of Coriolis, by the name of Haspara de Coriolis described by his French mathematics. This is the law of physics and you will be studied in high school. In the northern hemisphere of the flow travel clockwise, and in the southern hemisphere countercloth.
Fizminutka
Let's go swami from our research and disperse. What phenomena can be found in the ocean? Waves, storms, hurricane, tsunami ... Let's try to portray these phenomena ... Wave .... Over ... Storm begins .... Hurricane ... During the fruitry, the tsunami is formed ... quieter, quieter .... Mooring to the shore ... That is for the desk. Sophue .. We will continue.
– Is there all currents come by wind?
If the flow of water meets the obstacle (sushi or raising the bottom relief), it is divided, rich obstacle from different sides. During the same way if it meets the obstacle, most often divided into two Waste flow
– In the collision of the flow of Western winds, which is a wind flow, one seating flow is formed, and the flow of western winds continues to move on. But there are cases when the wind flow as a result of a collision with the mainland ceases to exist, and two seed flows are formed instead. Find examples on the map.(California and Alaskan, East Australian and Interpassate, Kurosio and Interpassate.)
Apply two sewage flux to the contour cards with thicker arrows.
What flow is formed ... within
- Find on the map of the oceans the flow of Western winds. In which oceans it crosses?
(VIDEO About the flow of western winds)
Verse about the flow of western winds
Antarctica past Australia, America and Africa
Past all possible islands ...
All float, my boats float
By the flow of Western winds.
I draw on the dot card I
This amazing route,
In the blue space of an immense
All float, boats float.
Speaking about the ocean flows it seems to me, it will be quite useful to learn the features of the course of our native sea.
What kind of sea I say? (Black)
To the ocean pool it belongs (atlantic)
Find out about the currents of the Black Sea will help us ...
The flow of the Black Sea
The main flow of the Black Sea is the main Black Sea current. Oh but sent counterclockwise and forms two noticeable rings ("Knipovich's glasses", such a name is associated with the Russian hydrologist Nikolai Knipovich, who described this course). The flow is very changeable. In the coastal waters of the Black Sea, the vortices of the opposite direction are formed - anticyclonic flows.
And who loves to swim in the summer? Why?
Water procedures are very useful, but know that the sea is danger .... You are welcome….
Secrets of the Black Sea
Swimming in the Black Sea should be aware of the existence of the local Black Sea current - " crash». In the world, such a phenomenon is called RIP.
Most often this flow is formed during the storm in the sandy shores. Water coming to the shore returns back not evenly, but by jets formed in the sandy day.
Getting into the string of crawl is dangerous: can carry out in the open sea. To get out of the crash, you need to swim not right to the shore, but at an angleTo reduce the resistance of the retreating water.
V. Stage consolidation of knowledge
We practically coped with the material. Let's remember that we wanted to know ...
Whether we got the answers ... but we know not everything and you. You can add your knowledge with your homework, which let's write to the diary. Vi. Homework
1. Examine & 20., Describe one of the flows according to plan p.572. Creative the taskprepare a message about the flow El - Niño.
Check test
1.What does the greatest affect the formation of flows in the ocean
A) constant winds
B) earthquake
C) attraction of the moon
2. What are the flows
A) warm
B) cold
C) warm and cold
3. What currents begin at the equator
A) warm
B) cold
C) warm and cold
4. What are the oceanic flows affect
A) on climate formation
B) on the formation of the terrace of the bottom of the ocean
C) on the rotation of the earth
5. Name the biggest cold current
A) Golfstream
B) the flow of western winds
C) Peruvian current
VII. Summing up total lesson but
Did you like the lesson?
What made the impression?
What did you like most?
And I liked your work in the lesson, and I want to appreciate it
History of opening surface currents
The first references to the existence of marine currents are still among the ancient Greek scientists; Aristotle in his writings talks about the flows in the straits of Kerch, Bosphorus and Dardanelles. And Carthaginians, had some idea of \u200b\u200bthe Sargasso Sea.
It is known that in the Middle Ages, the Norwegians opened the seaway from Northern Europe at first in Iceland, and then to Greenland and North America. In these waters, Normans became acquainted with the sea currents. This is understandable from the names they gave me to the path to noticeable places, such as: about. Flows, bay of flows, Cape of currents.
Arabs cried a lot on the Indian Ocean and installed maritime communication with China, Mesopotamia and Egypt. They were familiar with monsoon currents.
Portuguese at their movement south, along the shores of Africa, became acquainted with Guinean and Bengal trends, and Vasco da Gama at the end of the 15th century during the first of its swimming in India, the Mozambique current noted.
First observations of ocean flows
The first detailed observation over the currents in the open ocean was produced by Christofore Columbus during his first navigation to America, September 13, 1492 in the region of 27 ° C. sh. and 40 ° z. D. He to deviate the lot, lowered deep into the water, noticed that the vessel carries the flow on SW. The subsequent navigation of Columbus introduced him even more with the Northern Equatorial current and gave him the opportunity to express the assumption that the ocean water along the equator moves "together with the heavenly arch" to the West. In the fourth swimming (1502-1504), Columbus opened the course walking along the coast of Honduras.
4. Ocean flows.
© Vladimir Kalanov,
"Knowledge is power".
The constant and continuous movement of the aqueous mass is the eternal dynamic state of the ocean. If the rivers on the Earth flow to the sea in their inclined ruses under the action of the force of earthly gravity, then flows in the ocean are caused by various reasons. The main causes of sea currents are: wind (drift flow), unevenness or changes in atmospheric pressure (barrogradient), attraction of the aquatic mass of the sun and moon (tidal-tidy), the difference of water densities (due to the difference in saline and temperature), the difference in the levels created by The influx of river water from the mainland (Stock).
Not any movement of ocean water can be called a flow. Marine currents in oceanography refer to the translational movement of the aquatic masses in the oceans and seas.
Two physical forces cause flow - friction and gravity. Excited by these forces flow called friction and gravitational.
The flow in the ocean is usually called several reasons at once. For example, the mighty flow of Gulf Stream is formed by the merger of density, wind and stock and stock currents.
The initial direction of any flow will soon be changed under the influence of earth rotation, friction forces, coastline configuration and bottom.
According to the degree of sustainability, flows sustainable (for example, Northern and South Passatocks), temporary (surface currents of the northern part of the Indian Ocean, caused by monscons) and periodic (tidal and tidy).
On the position in the thickness of the ocean water flows can be superficial, subsurface, intermediate, deep and dindon. In this case, the definition of "surface flow" sometimes relates to a sufficiently powerful layer of water. For example, the thickness of interpassate antimets in the equatorial latitudes of oceans can be 300 m, and the thickness of the Somali current in the north-western part of the Indian Ocean reaches 1000 meters. It is noted that the deep flows are most often directed in the opposite direction compared with the surface waters moving above them.
The flows are also divided into warm and cold. Warm currents move the aqueous masses from low geographic latitudes to higher, and cold - in the opposite direction. Such division of flows relative: It characterizes only the surface temperature of moving waters in comparison with the surrounding water masses. For example, in a warm Nordsk region (Barents Sea), the temperature of the surface layers is 2-5 ° in winter and 5-8 ° C in the summer, and in the cold peruvian flow (Pacific Ocean) - all year round from 15 to 20 ° C, in cold canary (Atlantic) - from 12 to 26 ° C.
The main data source - Bui Argo. Fields are obtained using optimal analysis.
Some flows in the oceans are connected to other currents, forming a community commail.
In general, the constant movement of the aquatic masses in the oceans is a complex system of cold and warm flows and antimets of both superficial and deep.
The most famous for the inhabitants of America and Europe is, of course, the sea flow of Gulf Stream. Translated from English this name means the bay flow. It used to be that this course begins in the Gulf of Mexico, from where through the Florida Strait rushes to the Atlantic. Then it turned out that from this Gulf Gulf Stream makes only a small proportion of its stream. Having achieved the latitude of Cape Hatteras on the Atlantic coast of the United States, the flow of water from Sargassov Sea. Here and begins the actual Gulf Stream. The feature of the golfstrum is that when entering the ocean, this flow is deviated to the left, while under the influence of the rotation of the Earth it should have deviated to the right.
The parameters of this mighty flow are very impressive. The surface velocity of water in golfustime reaches 2.0-2.6 meters per second. Even at a depth of 2 km, the speed of water layers is 10-20 cm / s. When leaving the Floridian Strait, the flow takes out 25 million cybometers of water per second, which is 20 times more than the common flow of all the rivers of our planet. But after connecting the flow of water from the Sargassov of the sea (the antillest flow), the power of the Gulf Stream reaches 106 million cubic meters of water per second. This mighty stream moves to the northeast to a large Newfaine Bank, and hence turns south and together with the slope separated from it, turns on to the north-Atlantic cycle of water. The depth of the flow of Golf Stream is 700-800 meters, and the width reaches 110-120 km. The average temperature of the surface layers of the flow is 25-26 ° C, and at depths of about 400 m - only 10-12 ° C. Therefore, the view of the golfustime as a warm course is created precisely the surface layers of this stream.
We note another course in the Atlantic - north-Atlantic. It passes through the ocean east, to Europe. The north-Atlantic flow compared to the golfustrim is less powerful. Water consumption here is from 20 to 40 million binders per second, and the speed from 0.5 to 1.8 km / h, depending on the place. However, the influence of the north-Atlantic flow to the climate of Europe is very noticeable. Together with the Golfustrim and other currents (Norwegian, Northskap, Murmansk), the north-Atlantic flow softens the climate of Europe and the temperature regime of its seas. Such an impact on the climate of Europe is only one warm flow of Golf Stream cannot be provided: after all, the existence of this flow ends thousands of kilometers from the banks of Europe.
Now let's return to the equatorial zone. Here the air heats up much stronger than in other areas of the globe. The heated air rises up, reaches the upper layers of the troposphere and begins to spread towards the poles. Around the area 28-30 ° North and South lard, cooling the air begins to drop. All new air masses running out of the equator area create excessive pressure in subtropical latitudes, while over the equator itself, due to the outflow of heated air masses, the pressure is constantly lowered. From areas of high pressure, air rushes to low pressure areas, that is, to the equator. The rotation of the Earth around its axis deflects the air from the direct meridional direction to the west. So there are two powerful flux of warm air, called trade winds. In the tropics of the northern hemisphere, the Passats blow from the northeast, and in the tropics of the southern hemisphere - from the south-east.
For simplicity, we do not mention the effect of cyclones and anticyclones in moderate latitudes of both hemispheres. It is important to emphasize that the trade winds are the most stable winds on Earth, they blow constantly and cause warm equatorial flows that are moved from the east to the West huge masses of ocean water.
Equatorial flows benefit in seafood, helping ships to cross the ocean from the east to the west. At one time, H. Columbus, nothing in advance not knowing the winds of the Passats and Equatorial currents, felt their mighty effect during their marine travel.
Based on the constancy of equatorial flows, the Norwegian ethnographer and the archaeologist Tour Heyerdal put forward the theory about the initial settlement of Polynesia Islands ancient residents of South America. To prove the possibility of swimming on primitive courts, he built a raft, which, in his opinion, was similar to those plaques that the ancient residents of South America could use, crossing the Pacific Ocean. On this raft, called "Con-Tika", Heyerdal, together with five other crisp in 1947, made full dangers of swimming from the coast of Peru to the Tuamot Archipelago in Polynesia. For 101 day, he sailed about 8 thousand kilometers away from one of the branches of the southern equatorial flow. The winds underestimated the strength of the wind and the waves and almost paid for it with their lives. Near the warm equatorial flow, customized by the trade winds, is not affordable as it was possible to think.
Briefly focus on the characteristics of other currents in the Pacific. Part of the water of the northern equatorial flow in the Philippine Islands area turns to the north, forming a warm current of Kurosio (Japanese "Dark Water"), which is a powerful stream by Taiwan and South Japanese islands in the northeast. The width of Kurosio is about 170 km, and the depth of penetration reaches 700 m, but in general, this course is inferior to golfranch. About 36 ° S.Sh. Kurosio turns into the ocean, moving to the warm North-Pacific current. His water flows to the east, cross the ocean about the 40th parallels and warm the coast of North America to Alaska.
The exposure to the Cold Curil Curil, suitable from the north, is noticeably influenced by Krosio from the coast. This course in Japanese is called Oyasio ("Blue Water").
In the Pacific Ocean there is another remarkable current - El Niño (in Spanish "Baby"). This name is given because the flow of El Niño comes to the shores of Ecuador and Peru before Christmas, when the parish of the baby is celebrated - Christ. The current arises not every year, but when it is nevertheless approaching the shores of the countries mentioned, then otherwise it is not perceived as a natural disaster. The fact is that Al-Niño's too warm waters actually act on plankton and fry fish. As a result, the catch of local fishermen decreases ten times.
Scientists believe that this insidious course may also cause hurricanes, livne and other natural disasters.
In the Indian Ocean of water, they move along a no less complex system of warm currents, which constantly influence monsoons - winds that are blowing from the ocean to the continent in the summer, and in the opposite direction.
In the strip of the fortieth breadth of the Southern Hemisphere in the World Ocean, winds are constantly in the direction of the West, winds are blowing, which generates cold surface trends. The largest of these flows, where the waves are almost constantly, is the flow of Western winds, which circulates in the direction from the west to the East. The strip of these latitudes from 40 ° to 50 ° on both sides of the equator the sailors are not accidentally called "roaring forty".
The Northern Arctic Ocean is mostly chained by ice, but it did not become immobile from this water. The trends here directly observe scientists and specialists of drifting polar stations. For several months of the ice drift, on which the polar station is located, sometimes many hundreds of kilometers take place.
The largest cold flow in the Arctic is the East Greenland flow, which makes the water of the Arctic Ocean in the Atlantic.
In areas of contact of warm and cold flows is observed phenomena of the rise of deep waters (upwelling)At which the vertical streams of water take out deep water to the surface of the ocean. Together with them the biogenic substances are listed, which are contained in the lower water horizons.
Operated Ocean, Apuveling occurs in areas of divergence of currents. In such places, the ocean level decreases and the focus of deep water occurs. This process develops slowly - several millimeters per minute. The most intense rise of deep waters is noticed in coastal areas (10 - 30 km from the coastline). In the World Ocean, there are several permanent regions of the Apwelling, reflected on the overall dynamics of the oceans and affecting the conditions of fishing, for example: Canary and Guinean appellelling in the Atlantic, Peruvian and California in the Pacific and Apuest of Beaufort Sea in the Arctic Ocean.
The deep flow and rise of deep water are reflected on the nature of surface flows. Even such mighty streams, like Golf Stream and Kurosio, sometimes strengthened, then weaken. They change the water temperature and deviations from a constant direction and huge twists are formed. Such changes in marine currents affect the climate of the respective land regions, as well as on the direction and range of migration of certain types of fish and other animal organisms.
Despite the seeming chaoticism and scatterness of marine currents, in fact they represent a certain system. The flows provide them with the same salt composition and combine all the waters in the Unified World Ocean.
© Vladimir Kalanov,
"Knowledge is power"
They play a large role in the formation of climate on the planet Earth, and are largely responsible for the variety of plant and animal world. Today we will get acquainted with the types of flows, the cause of their occurrence, consider examples.
It's no secret that our planet is washed by four oceans: quiet, the Atlantic, Indian and North Arctic. Naturally, water in them can not be standing, as it would have long led to an ecological catastrophe. Due to the fact that it is constantly circulating, we can fully live on Earth. Below is a map of ocean flows, it clearly shows all the movement of water flows.
What is the flow in the ocean?
The course of the World Ocean is nothing more than a continuous or periodic movement of large waters. Looking in advance, immediately say that their many. They differ in temperature, direction, deep passing and other criteria. Ocean flows are often compared with rivers. But the movement of river flows is only down under the action of gravity forces. But the circulation of waters in the ocean arises due to many different reasons. For example, the wind, the non-uniformity of the density of water masses, the temperature difference, the effect of the moon and the sun, changes in the pressure in the atmosphere.
Causes of occurrence
My story wants to start with the reasons that generate natural circulation of water. There are almost no accurate information even now. This is explained simple enough: the system of oceans does not have clear boundaries and is in constant motion. Now the currents that are closer to the surface are now explicitly studied. To date, one thing is known that the factors affecting the circulation of water can be both chemical and physical.
So, consider the main reasons for the occurrence of ocean flows. The first thing I want to allocate is the effects of air masses, that is, the wind. It is due to him that the surface and minorubin flows function. Of course, there is no relation to the circulation of water at great depth. The second factor is also important, this is the impact of outer space. In this case, flows arise due to the rotation of the planet. Finally, the third main factor, which explains the causes of oceanic flows, is a different density of water. All streams of the oceans are characterized by a temperature regime, salinity and other indicators.
Formation factor
Depending on the direction of the flow of water circulation, the ocean is divided into zonal and meridional. The first moves to the West or east. Meridional flows go south and north.
There are also other species caused by such ocean flows are called tidal. They have the greatest strength on shallow water in the coastal zone, in the mouths of the rivers.
The flows that do not change the forces and directions are called stable, or established. These include such as the Northern Passatown and South Commerce. If the movement of the aquatic flux changes from time to time, it is called unstable, or fail. Superficial flows represent this group.
Surface trends
The most noticeable of all are surface flows that are formed due to the effect of wind. Under the influence of trade winds that are constantly in the tropics, huge water flows are formed in the equator area. It is they who form the Northern and South Equatorial (Passown) currents. A small part of these unfolds reversed and forms countercase. The main streams are deflected north or south when a collision with the mainland.
Warm and cold currents
Types of oceanic flows play an essential role in the distribution of climatic zones on Earth. Warm it is customary to call the flow of water areas that carry water with a temperature above zero. Their movement is characterized by the direction from the equator to high geographic latitudes. This is the flow of Alaskan, Golfstream, Kurosio, El Niño, etc.
Cold flows carry water in the opposite direction in comparison with warm. Where, on their paths, the current with the positive temperature occurs, an upward movement of water occurs. The largest considered California, Peruvian and others.
The separation of flows on warm and cold is conditional. These definitions reflect the ratio of water temperature in surface layers to the ambient temperature. For example, if the flow is colder than the rest of the aqueous mass, then such a flow can be called cold. If, on the contrary, it is considered
Oceanic flows are largely determined on our planet. Constantly stirring water in the world ocean, they create conditions favorable for the vital activity of its inhabitants. And from this directly depend our life with you.