11.04.2016
Each Russian from childhood is known for the slender towers of the Moscow Kremlin, his red-hot gear walls, but the Kremlin's usual to us has very little in common with the impregnable stronghold, which was once set on Borovitsky Hill, to protect Moskuses. The Kremlin was repeatedly rebuilt and reworked, he was burned and changed to unrecognizable, demolished the obsolete parts and erected something new, modern. Now, from the Kremlin, after 550 years of its existence, only some fragments are preserved, the foundation, and the white-name blocks inside the walls and the towers are all the rest - the result of reconstructions. However, even something else could be preserved, even if not completely, but partly - the Kremlin dungeons.
For a long time, there was an opinion that the word "Kremlin" of Tatar origin, while the famous Russian historian Nikolai Karamzin did not come to the conclusion that the "Kremlin" - there is a derivative of silica, and therefore the origin of this word is Russian. Means it is a stronghold, the city is solid, as if flint. So, the city itself was to correspond to the name and, of course, corresponded. But, could only the walls and towers, let and extremely thick (the thickness of the Kremlin walls in some areas reaches 5.5 meters) to ensure protection from the enemy? - of course not! The Kremlin had a huge number of additional obvious and secret protection structures.
For the design and construction of the newest and modern fortress for the late 15th century, the famous military engineer Aristotle Phiorewanti Deli Alberti was invited from Italy, on the projects of which many first-class bridges, towers, bastions and fortresses were erected. To get such a magnitude as Aristotle was not easy, all the more so that the Great Moscow Prince Ivan the Third and Turkish Sultan simultaneously closed him. One God knows that forced the elderly Aristotle to choose exactly Moscow, but on March 26, 1475, the famous Italian arrived at the Grand Duke. The first task that Phiorewanti received is to build an Assumption Cathedral, as the previous building of the Cathedral, which is erected by Russian masters, suddenly collapsed. Aristotle arrived in Moscow not one, but, accompanied by his student Pietro Antonio Solari, who obviously instructed the observation of work during his periodic trips to remote Russian cities. After all, Phiorewanti had to visit Vladimir and at Solovki to familiarize themselves with the characteristic features of Russian temple architecture and breathe Italian engineering idea into them, to determine the places of clay mining, lime and build plants for the manufacture of bricks. As Russian, and then, the Soviet historian, Professor Ignati Stelletsky, who dedicated to the underground Kremlin, without a small 50 years of his scientific life: At the same time, with the Assumption Cathedral, the talented Italian has built and deep underground chambers, in which the grand permanent treasury was immediately placed, which included a huge amount Byzantine documents, books and foliants, which later, subsequently the main part of the famous library of Ivan Grozny.
In addition, Aristotle designed and an underground move that connected the very first Kremlin Tainitsky Tower (1485) with a dog (angular arsenal 1492). This underground stroke, laid at great depth, had a large diameter of 3-3 meters, was discovered in the form of preserved fragments in 1934 by Professor Stelletsky, during archaeological surveys. This move was mentioned in the few royal "dontimes", miraculously preserved in the Russian archives and who have been promoting Stelletsky in search. There is a version that the move continued and then: from the Tainytskaya Tower took place under the bottom of the Moscow river and ended in Zamoskvorechye, but this version has not yet received confirmations. Also in the Kremlin there were underground powder cellar, water tanks, and even a system of self-used water supply!
At the beginning of the 20th century, when laying the sewer collector along the eastern wall overlooking the Red Square, an underground course under Nikolskaya Street was found, built no later than the 16th century, that is, laid at the same time with the construction of the Kremlin.
The most complex structure had once and walls: the so-called "top battle galleries" were located immediately behind the teeth from the inside - pedestrian walkways, from which Muscovites led if necessary, defensive fire. Inside the walls also there were stairs and moves with braces. And intrauterine moves or more correctly say galleries, the gallery was divided into "Invalid battle" going on the bottom, over the foundation of the wall and the "middle battle" - passing in the middle. Not rare due to changes in the relief of the Earth and, accordingly, the height of the wall, such a gallery could start a "middle battle" to end with "soles". Loaded by the brick brainitis of a similar gallery can be seen on the site from Nabataya to the Konstantino-Elenin Tower, on Vasilyevsky descent.
The detected tower dungeons are affected by their complexity and confusion, as a rule, they have several underground floors and the depth of the foundation of up to 18 meters! But this is just explained quite simply: the towers were designed in such a way that each was like a fortress in the fortress. Accordingly, the tower foundations were laid deep to confront the subpople or an explosion, which the enemy could carry out from under the ground. By the way, the word "tower" comes from the Tatar word "Bash" which means "head" of the fortress. But in his original performance, the Kremlin towers had no windows nor spiers. These were combat louds, gloomy, invincible, one of their views capable of inspireing the horror of the bolt, which encroached against them.
Along with the terrestrial and underground construction of Aristotle, the largest hydrotechnical works were planned, which provided a change in the river bed of the Neglinnaya, deepening and expanding its channel, a device of water filled with water, which has 13 meters deep and 30 wide, laid from the Red Square and existed to begin 19 century. As well as the divergent bridges and the subjects of the towers, of which only the Kutafya tower lived to this day.
These works have been held later, from 1508 to 1516, the Italian Aloia de Carizano or, as the Moscow chronicles were called, Aleviz Fryazin.
How did you thank the great Moscow prince of the creators of this engineering miracle that has no equal to itself in the whole world? The Great Master Aristotle ordered to quit in the dungeon behind the Church of St. Lazar. His disciple Pietro Antonio Solari was killed after he built five main towers and a system of self-reading water supply, chroniclers then ordered: "Put said, standing by underground water." Nothing is known, except for the years of arrival and work performed, and about other Italian architects Aristotle and Solari - Mark Fryazin, Anton Fryazin, Aleviz Stoy and Alevisa New. They all finished their days away from their homeland. The Moscow Principality skillfully keep her military secrets, and his father - John Vasilyevich Third, although it was called the contemporaries of the Justice, had also a lifetime nickname terrible and, of course, not by chance.
Digger, Moscow Daniel Davydov.
Excavations of the shelter
The Moscow Kremlin of the time of centuries was not only a symbol of the sovereign power, but also the place of legends. Not all of them arose from scratch. Many are based on real documents, reports and notes of serving people. And hundreds of years of archeology did not leave hope to penetrate the secrets of the dungeons.
They were trying to explore three times, and each time excavations were stopped from above.
In the fall of 1718, the Ponoloire of the Church of John the Forerunner was taken by the Ponomary Church of John the Forerunner at Presck. Referring to the words of Decia a big treasury Vasily Makaryev, who in 1682, on the orders of the princes, Sophia descended the secret course, leading from the Tianitskaya tower to a dog (corner arsenal) and allegedly saw the chambers scored by the chests, the Ponoloire asked Prince Romotan periculation to look for them. Unfortunately, the delica himself was no longer alive.
In the Tenitskaya Tower, the Ponoloire found the entrance to the gallery, which it was necessary to dig, and he even gave a soldier, but there was a danger of collapse, the work turned. After six years, Osipov returned to the search by the decree of Peter I. Ponomar was allocated for the works of the arrestants, but the searches were not crowned with success. In arsenal corner of Osipov, there was an entrance to the dungeon, which was flooded with water from the spring. Five meters, he came across the Arsenal pillar, and hacking it in the middle, rested in the breed.
Ten years later he spent excavations inside the Kremlin to "intercept" Makaryev's move, but again suffered defeat.
Attempt to Shcherbatov
The story was continued in 1894. The case picked up an official of special instructions Prince Nikolai Shcherbatov. In the Nabataya Tower, he found entrance to the stamped gallery, going to the Konstantino-Elegenian Tower. In the Konstantino-Elenin Tower found a counter-vaulted corridor 62 meters long. At the end of the gallery behind the brickwork found a cache - cannon kernels. Later, Shcherbatov disassembled the floor in Nabatoy and found a move leading this cache on the other hand.
Exploring the angular arsenal tower, Shcherbatov, like Osipov, could not penetrate further.
Then the prince decided to break through the underground gallery from the Alexander Garden. The move went under the Trinity Tower and led to a small ward with stone arches, on the floor of which was Luke, leading to the same room below. The upper chamber was connected to the corridor with another room. From the second chamber began the low tunnel, which went into the wall.
Under the Borovitsky tower of Scherbatov, there was a chapel, a dungeon under the taped shooter, the move, which led to the Imperial Square, "the solebed battle", which was allowed to keep the space near the tower and the chambers under the congress.
After the revolution, the Bolsheviks came to power and immediately concerned the security of the citadel. They seized photographs of the moves from Shcherbatov, poured a well in the Tainytskaya Tower, closed the lower chambers in Troitskaya. After the autumn of 1933 in the courtyard of the government building under Earth failed, the archaeologist Ignatius Stelletsky was invited to explore the dungeons. At one time, he put forward a version that the well of the Tainytsky tower was once dry, and there were moves from it.
His excavation "Osipovsky" stroke under the angular arsenal led to the discoveries. Under the wall found a discharge arch, opened the exit to the Alexander Garden, which was immediately closed. But then Stelletsky jumped into a stone block. He believed that the passage is free from the ground, but the scientist banned the excavation and ordered to clear the dungeon of the angular arsenal to the bottom. It turned out to be a spring, which something and the case blend the dungeon was enclosed in a stone well with a diameter of five meters and a depth of seven.
Unexpected finds
To the bottom it was cleared in 1975. Archaeologists found two military helmets in it, fragments of the chain of the late XV century, stone kernels. At the bottom of the wells, a water-boss was arranged, which was supposed to protect the capacity from overflow. After it clearing, the problem with flooding ceased.
In addition to archaeologists, the opening was made by builders. In 1930, on Red Square, they found an underground move in which several skeletons were found in armor. At a depth of five meters, he walked from the Spasskaya Tower towards the frontal place and had brick walls and wrought iron arch. The move was immediately covered with the earth.
In 1960, noting a microscopic crack in Lenin's Mausoleum, the architects began to figure out the cause and found under the Mausoleum underway a height of human growth at a depth of 15 meters.
In June 1974, the middle arsenal tower archaeologists discovered an intravous passage. The ladder of the 15th century, which could lead to the cherished tunnels, opened behind the surveillance. A year earlier, the Nabataya Tower found a gallery that went from Nabataya to the Spasskaya Tower, but the beginning and end of the gallery could not find.
Underground expensive
However, the moves are not all! After all, the territory of the Kremlin is big. On April 15, 1882, the dowry opened the dungeon in the middle of the road between the king-gun and the wall of the miracle of the monastery. They could go into a row three policemen. One end of the tunnel rested in the wall of the miracle of the monastery, and the second was littered with stones.
When digging the foundation of the Blagoveshchensky Monastery in 1840, the cellar was found and underground moves with piles of human remains. Talk about the whole road passing under the Annunciation Cathedral. Here, in the Cathedral, Prince Shcherbatov opened a cache that could lead further down. The prince cleared the space from the garbage under the floor and reached the mosaic floor, which could easily be a vault of an underground tunnel or structure. The mystery remains the mysterious rail door, allegedly located in the dungeons between the Blagoveshchensky and the Arkhangelsk Cathedral.
Kremlin - Underground
Some particularly robin researchers of the underworld Moscow assure us that the Kremlin initially thought as a huge underground structure, for which the Kotlovan, in which the whole system of tunnels, rooms and galleries were laid on the site of the Borovetsky Hill. And only after that the builders have begun to create the ground part of the Kremlin. Then, they say, the underground plans were lost or specially burned. If we take into account the depth of the cultural layer, which within the Kremlin places seven-eight meters, it is safe to say that many finds used to be located on the surface of the Borhivitsky hill.
True, the mysteries do not become less than it.
Kremlin dungeons, affecting the imagination not only with their sizes, but also by a multitude of secrets, became the legacy of the last princes of Ivan III, his son Vasily III and, finally, the first Russian king of Ivan Grozny. They also arranged royal treasures, and powder warehouses, and gloomy dungeons who were not inferior to the fact that they were created in the castles of medieval Europe.
Secrets hidden in dungeons
Over the past three centuries, attempts have repeatedly been made to penetrate the secrets of the dungeons lying in the very center of the capital. The reason sometimes was not only curiosity, but also purely mercantile interest. The legend says that the dungeons of the Moscow Kremlin hide in their hidden coupons the chests full gold belonged to the treasury or were the personal reserves of her rulers.
But not only the "despicable metal" always manifes the researchers of underground labyrinths, there is reason to believe that they are hidden in them and for many years waiting for its owners the greatest historical and spiritual value of antiquity - the library of Ivan Grozny. It contains several thousand most valuable scrolls and foliants, she belonged to the once emperors of Byzantium, and in the XI century the Grand Kiev Prince Yaroslav wisely. It is believed that Ivan the Terrible shortly before his death ordered to hide this treasure in the depths of the dungeons.
Ponolone speleologist
The first attempt for today attempt to open the curtain of the unknown was undertaken in 1718 by the Ponomart of the Presnensky Church of John the Forerunner by Konon Osipov. The progress of the priest of the ordinary order of St. Vasily Makaryev, who, fulfilling the commandment of the princes of Sofia, served for this, who fulfilling the command of the Karevna Sophia, went down to the Kremlin's dungeon near the Taneyt Tower and saw extensive premises, filled with darkened chests. Dyack himself was already dead by that time.
In the secret Taney Tower, Osipov managed to find the entrance to the gallery, littered land. It was possible to move along it, only pre-excavating the passage. But he barely allocated to him to help the soldiers delighted a few meters, as a set of gallery donkey, threatened to collapse at any moment. Not wanting to risk your life, no lives of soldiers, the Ponoloire refused his intended.
Subsequent attempts
He had to resume the expedition after six years, but not at his request, and by order of Peter I. The sovereign, as you know, did not like to joke, and, refusing, the ill-fated Ponomar could part with life, not going down to the Kremlin dungeons. At this time, not soldiers were allocated to help him, and convicted criminals: die under the rubble, and okay. However, he still did not dare to repeat the attempt in the Tanyatsky tower.
This time, Osipov began with arsenal angular tower and soon managed to detect the entrance to the dungeon. But it was impossible to move on it because of the spring water, which he was completely flooded. I had to return to anything. The last attempt the Ponomer took another ten years. He tried to repeat the route passed at one time with the cassenny Dyak Makaryev, however, and here the dungeons of the Moscow Kremlin were impregnable.
Exquisitions of Prince Shcherbakov
Over the next hundred sixty years, expeditions were not taken to the dungeon. In any case, there is no information about them. The story told above was continued at the end of the XIX century, when Prince Nikolai Shcherbakov was interested in secrets, the prince of Nikolai Shcherbakov - a scientist who was then the official of the official according to special instructions.
At the base, he discovered a mediated entrance to the gallery, leading to the neighboring station from the Konstantino-Elenin Tower. After breaking the mason, the prince found himself in the vaulted underground corridor and, moving along it, found a room in which the prince later was kept to this secret Arsenal, the prince found another passage leading from the same sweaty tower, but on the other hand.
Discoveries made by Prince
The prince tried to explore and in which the Ponomar Osipov failed before him, but as he retreated, without risking to edit his life with a dilapidated army, ready to collapse at any moment. In the future, he was already able to spread the chapel leading to the Imperial Square of the Kremlin, as well as a number of premises that had a fortification.
With the help of an imperfect at the time of photographic technology, the prince captured the dungeon studied by him under the Kremlin. The photo was then kept in his personal assembly until the revolution.
Life dictated
After coming to power, the Bolsheviks, new owners, first of all, took care that potential enemies could not use the Kremlin's dungeons for terrorist acts. To this end, they were seized upon their order and, apparently, destroyed all the photos and plans made by prince, and most of the underground strokes and premises are closed.
However, in 1933, near the Armory Chamber, an unexpectedly fell under the Earth, the Red Armyman of the Security Unit. This was evidenced by the fact that the dungeon under the Kremlin requires a detailed study, otherwise it can hire the risk of collapse.
By the way, this case was no longer the first. Back in 1882, the soil suddenly failed on the plot between the king-gun and the wall of the miracle of the monastery, opening an underground room unknown to that time. In September 1933, it was decided to conduct research and necessary preventive measures. They were guided by the famous archaeologist Ignatia Stelletsky.
Research results
Several lines of underground communications were discovered and studied, one of which had a shipment directly to the Alexandrovsky Garden. However, the main interest for scientists was the entrance to the dungeon of the arsenal angular tower. As it turned out in the course of the work, the spring of his spring was enclosed in a wide and deep well equipped with water supply. It was his clogging and the cause of the well overflow and the subsequent flooding of the entire premises.
At that time, the work was not brought to the end, they were completed only in 1975. Having folded water and clearing the path to the base of the well, scientists discovered two military helmets, fragmented chain rails and several stone cannon nuclei. All these finds were dated to the XIV century.
Casual finds
But not only the share of scientists who studied the Kremlin's dungeons, various discoveries fell out. There were completely unexpected finds. For example, in 1930, during the excavation work on the Red Square, the workers were found at the depth of five meters a subterranean move, in the depths of which several skeletons were opened, closed in armor. Forever will remain a secret reason, which caused these warriors to finish her life in the darkness of the dungeons.
There is also a case when a slight crack, which appeared in 1960 on the wall of the Mausoleum, prompted the study of the soil on which he was erected. As a result, at the depth of fifteen meters, an underground move was found so spacious that he could have moved an adult to his full growth.
Death hidden in dungeons
Almost a hundred years before that (in 1840), during the digging of the Cathedral of the Cathedral of the Blagoveshchensky Monastery, the builders expected a very ominous find: an earthen wall unexpectedly collapsed, and the underground stroke was opened before them, filled with pile of human remains. About what a tragedy was played here, which costing the lives of these people, we will never know.
But there is a dungeon, the terrible purpose of which was the property of history. It was documented that under the corner overlooking Vasilyevsky descent, in the depths of the Earth were shy, in which for centuries found the martyrdom of those who hit the anger of the sovereign. Here, by order of Ivan III, Boyarin I.N. was lost behind the bold speeches. Bersenu-Beklemishev and here, after a long torture, accused of Ivan Grozny in the treason of Prince A.F. Khovansky.
Legends and legends of the underworld
The Kremlin dungeons, the photos of which are presented in this article, keep a lot of places related to blood and torment. It is worthwhile to be surprised that the most incredible legends are connected with them from the world wandering in underground corridors and sometimes they are horrified by random witnesses.
Most often in them is mentioned by the spirit of Ivan the Terrible, deprived of his atrocities of eternal peace and doomed to endless wandering. The meeting was preserved about the meeting, made in May 1896 by Nikolai II personally, who were in the Moscow Kremlin on the occasion of coronation. His wife and his wife Alexander Fedorovna in those days came the genuine the ghost of Tsar-Tirana in blood, which he subsequently had a reason for many to see the expectation of the future collapse of the three hundred years of dynasty.
Spirit of the Samozvian
But not only the spirit of the Grozny Tsar violates the night of the Kremlin. After in May 1606, an angry crowd was confused by an impostor, which became a story under the name of Falsitriya I, his ghost began to appear between the teeth of the ancient walls. It is curious that the last time his appearance was noticed by August 1991, just on the eve of the beginning of famous events.
Clocky
The mystic and dungeons of the Kremlin have long merged together. Evidence was the story, which gained wide fame of the years forty. One night, a young guard was raised at night, who was in the old building from the Patriarch Chambers, where the apartment was famous for the infamous drug addict N.I. Jesova.
A team who arrived in a couple of minutes found his colleague sitting on the asphalt near the entrance in a state of deep shock. His hair was absolutely gray, and the face has changed so much that familiar features were laid out.
Out of peace
Only a few days later, in the warship of the military hospital, the guard was able to give first testimony. As it became known from his words, around midnight, he clearly heard the sound of steps, descended by the stairs. Following that below, the key in the lock locked and the sealed outdoor door. Not doubting that an unauthorized penetration of the object guarded by him occurred, the guard pressed the alarm button, and himself, squinting the holster, rushed after the violator.
Jumping into the street, he saw a few steps from himself a removing low figure in a long sheel. An unknown stopped on his shock and turned around. In the lunar light in front of him there was a well-known for the old photographs of the bloody NKVD drug addict.
Such a striking similarity with the Yellow young and strong nerves of the watchmaker, perhaps, could withstand. But when he became slowly dissolving in the air, falling under the ground, a nervous shock happened to the guy. After three months, his commissioned.
Excursions to the world of unknown
The secrets of the Moscow Kremlin, the dungeons and all the adjacent streets attract not only scientists to them, but also those who are the road our story. And there are quite a few such people in the country. In addition, there are simply lovers of acute sensations and excess adrenaline in the blood. Their imagination is fed by stories about what is hidden in the Kremlin's dungeon, about those otherworldly forces that these treasures will eave. They are not afraid of fatigue nor financial expenses.
For them, today, it is possible to personally visit the Kremlin dungeons. Excursion can be ordered in any of the travel agencies specializing in this direction. In advance, staffed groups are headed by professional diggers and rhelestols - specialists in the field of studying underground communications and artificial caves.
Delight and horror, experienced in the dungeons
On the agencies belonging to Internet sites can be found with the entries of those who have already visited the dungeon of the Moscow Kremlin. Reviews are usually the most enthusiastic. Despite the fact that each agency organizes excursions in its own way and the material is submitted in different ways, as a whole, the excursors are created an unforgettable impression, which remains for a long time in memory.
The only thing that many pay attention is the caller's physical activity associated with walking through underground labyrinths. But the pleasure obtained from contact with the mysterious world is worth it.
Excavations of the shelter
The Moscow Kremlin of the time of centuries was not only a symbol of the sovereign power, but also the place of legends. Not all of them arose from scratch. Many are based on real documents, reports and notes of serving people. And hundreds of years of archeology did not leave hope to penetrate the secrets of the dungeons.
They were trying to explore three times, and each time excavations were stopped from above.
In the fall of 1718, the Ponoloire of the Church of John the Forerunner was taken by the Ponomary Church of John the Forerunner at Presck. Referring to the words of Decia a big treasury Vasily Makaryev, who in 1682, on the orders of the princes, Sophia descended the secret course, leading from the Tianitskaya tower to a dog (corner arsenal) and allegedly saw the chambers scored by the chests, the Ponoloire asked Prince Romotan periculation to look for them. Unfortunately, the delica himself was no longer alive.
In the Tenitskaya Tower, the Ponoloire found the entrance to the gallery, which it was necessary to dig, and he even gave a soldier, but there was a danger of collapse, the work turned. After six years, Osipov returned to the search by the decree of Peter I. Ponomar was allocated for the works of the arrestants, but the searches were not crowned with success. In arsenal corner of Osipov, there was an entrance to the dungeon, which was flooded with water from the spring. Five meters, he came across the Arsenal pillar, and hacking it in the middle, rested in the breed.
Ten years later he spent excavations inside the Kremlin to "intercept" Makaryev's move, but again suffered defeat.
Attempt to Shcherbatov
The story was continued in 1894. The case picked up an official of special instructions Prince Nikolai Shcherbatov. In the Nabataya Tower, he found entrance to the stamped gallery, going to the Konstantino-Elegenian Tower. In the Konstantino-Elenin Tower found a counter-vaulted corridor 62 meters long. At the end of the gallery behind the brickwork found a cache - cannon kernels. Later, Shcherbatov disassembled the floor in Nabatoy and found a move leading this cache on the other hand.
Exploring the angular arsenal tower, Shcherbatov, like Osipov, could not penetrate further.
Then the prince decided to break through the underground gallery from the Alexander Garden. The move went under the Trinity Tower and led to a small ward with stone arches, on the floor of which was Luke, leading to the same room below. The upper chamber was connected to the corridor with another room. From the second chamber began the low tunnel, which went into the wall.
Under the Borovitsky tower of Scherbatov, there was a chapel, a dungeon under the taped shooter, the move, which led to the Imperial Square, "the solebed battle", which was allowed to keep the space near the tower and the chambers under the congress.
After the revolution, the Bolsheviks came to power and immediately concerned the security of the citadel. They seized photographs of the moves from Shcherbatov, poured a well in the Tainytskaya Tower, closed the lower chambers in Troitskaya. After the autumn of 1933 in the courtyard of the government building under Earth failed, the archaeologist Ignatius Stelletsky was invited to explore the dungeons. At one time, he put forward a version that the well of the Tainytsky tower was once dry, and there were moves from it.
His excavation "Osipovsky" stroke under the angular arsenal led to the discoveries. Under the wall found a discharge arch, opened the exit to the Alexander Garden, which was immediately closed. But then Stelletsky jumped into a stone block. He believed that the passage is free from the ground, but the scientist banned the excavation and ordered to clear the dungeon of the angular arsenal to the bottom. It turned out to be a spring, which something and the case blend the dungeon was enclosed in a stone well with a diameter of five meters and a depth of seven.
Unexpected finds
To the bottom it was cleared in 1975. Archaeologists found two military helmets in it, fragments of the chain of the late XV century, stone kernels. At the bottom of the wells, a water-boss was arranged, which was supposed to protect the capacity from overflow. After it clearing, the problem with flooding ceased.
In addition to archaeologists, the opening was made by builders. In 1930, on Red Square, they found an underground move in which several skeletons were found in armor. At a depth of five meters, he walked from the Spasskaya Tower towards the frontal place and had brick walls and wrought iron arch. The move was immediately covered with the earth.
In 1960, noting a microscopic crack in Lenin's Mausoleum, the architects began to figure out the cause and found under the Mausoleum underway a height of human growth at a depth of 15 meters.
In June 1974, the middle arsenal tower archaeologists discovered an intravous passage. The ladder of the 15th century, which could lead to the cherished tunnels, opened behind the surveillance. A year earlier, the Nabataya Tower found a gallery that went from Nabataya to the Spasskaya Tower, but the beginning and end of the gallery could not find.
Underground expensive
However, the moves are not all! After all, the territory of the Kremlin is big. On April 15, 1882, the dowry opened the dungeon in the middle of the road between the king-gun and the wall of the miracle of the monastery. They could go into a row three policemen. One end of the tunnel rested in the wall of the miracle of the monastery, and the second was littered with stones.
When digging the foundation of the Blagoveshchensky Monastery in 1840, the cellar was found and underground moves with piles of human remains. Talk about the whole road passing under the Annunciation Cathedral. Here, in the Cathedral, Prince Shcherbatov opened a cache that could lead further down. The prince cleared the space from the garbage under the floor and reached the mosaic floor, which could easily be a vault of an underground tunnel or structure. The mystery remains the mysterious rail door, allegedly located in the dungeons between the Blagoveshchensky and the Arkhangelsk Cathedral.
Kremlin - Underground
Some particularly robin researchers of the underworld Moscow assure us that the Kremlin initially thought as a huge underground structure, for which the Kotlovan, in which the whole system of tunnels, rooms and galleries were laid on the site of the Borovetsky Hill. And only after that the builders have begun to create the ground part of the Kremlin. Then, they say, the underground plans were lost or specially burned. If we take into account the depth of the cultural layer, which within the Kremlin places seven-eight meters, it is safe to say that many finds used to be located on the surface of the Borhivitsky hill.
True, the mysteries do not become less than it.
Is the archaeologists, historians and geologists correctly interpret what they find at such a depth under the walls? Or similar reports - is it a specially created opinion for the viewers? After all, the more believable version of the shifts of the poles, which involves the periodic drifts of Moscow and the Kremlin of the village, that is, soil or clay with sand explains all these facts easily, moreover, other clear explanations to find almost impossible.
So, the official version says the following:
1.
Loafers in the Kremlin at a depth of 9 meters - it is impressive. Why make loopholes in the foundation? The only logical version is a wall with braces used to be over the ground surface.
2.
Nine meters of garbage (the so-called cultural layer) inside the Kremlin for 500 years - it is necessary to make a dump there, it's necessary to take such a quantity of garbage to take it easy. That is, within the framework of the official version of the kings, the garbage from all over Moscow was completely under the threshold - inside the Kremlin. And how do you like the suggestion of official science? All agree?)
3.
Well, dumped inside the tower with the arch, which is located on a 10-meter depth (!). That is, first pulled a pit of 10 meters deep, built a tower in this pit with a vault, then the well died there, and then buried the tower ... Do you keep the builders of the Kremlin for idiots?
It is more likely that at the depth of the well found, we observe the level of the earth's surface in the Kremlin of the 15th century - to the last change of poles.
Drawings and engravings of Giovanni Battist Pirase (1720-1778), clearly indicate a strong and destructive focus in the Middle Ages in Italy.
Of the well-known Moscow dungeons, except for the semi-more Metro-2 and the library of Ivan the Terrible, it is possible to call the Neglinka river chained into the rock and the basement system at the Solyanka.
What are the dungeons at home in Solyanka?
Here is such a look to be opened there
But at the beginning of a small excursion in the official story.
In the XVI century, at the corner of the "Streets from the barbaric gate to the Ivanovo monastery" and "Big Street to the Jaiz Gate" a rich merchant Nicknikov was arranged for a salt fishing yard. Here they were kept and traded in salt and special varieties - Potash (potassium carbonate), as well as salty fish. The ensemble had an extensive courtyard, refined warehouses (barns) and shops. The main door celebrated the high tower with the guard, and there were still some small gates nearby. Street windows on the first floor was not - to protect against thieves. Trade shops had separate entrances. Bars for storing salt were arranged with vaults that appeared on powerful pillars. Probably, they had a basement floor, not inferior in an overhead area.
After years, the nearby streets found the names - Solyanka and the Big Ivanovo Lane (in 1961 she was renamed Rabelin's Street). In 1912, a pretty dilapidated barn and benches of the former salt yard began to disassemble for the construction of an income home. When they started digging, they found a treasure. In the jugs, 13 poods were hidden (about 200 kg, almost half a million pieces) of the time of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, Fedor Johnovich and Boris Godunov. The coins apparently were the revenue of the salt yard for a period hidden and forgotten into troubled times. In the process of the larger injury of this wealth, a construction contractor was injured. The city appeared on the noise of the city withdrawn only 13 pounds (7 kg, 9 thousand coins), but they subsequently returned to the reasons, after inspecting their archaeological commission.
For the construction of houses, the Moscow merchant company bought out a plot of incorrect form from different owners and announced a competition for the best project. The group of architects won: V.V. Sherwood, I.A. Herman and A.E. Sergeev. They made what was required to developers: the intricate shape of the site was most tightly used, the building was increasing both up and deep into. The house in the neoclassical style was decorated with stucco, unlikely overlooking the courtyards, inside the luxurious apartments of the windows there.
This house is:
But the most interesting feature of the house is hidden from an extraneous eye. This is an incredible size of a basement with high vaults, wide corridors, where two cars can be dispersed with ease, and a multitude of indoor rooms. The model "Modelmix" was performed a magnificent layout of one of the buildings of the house along with all the basement on 1: 100 scale. For whom this layout was made and where he is now is unknown, but the photos give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe grandeage of the underground part of the house.
I looked at the photo of this layout for a long time and tried to understand how it was built and why did such titanic efforts invested in the dungeon? Because The underground part is not as deep, then according to the technology first it was necessary to pinpose the pit, build the whole quarter from the brick (on a powerful foundation), build overlaps, and then bury it back. Remaining the dignity to output. You imagine a task for the XVI century? Such a process and now is a grand construction. And at that time - and suppressed. And this thoughts in connection with this I had. Previously, it was an overnight part of the ancient Moscow. Perhaps above these buildings there were still floors, which demolished the medieval flood, the consequences of which are depicted in the drawings Giovanni Battista Pirase On parts of these remaining structures remaining under the soil (because it is an excellent foundation) - erected new buildings. And the part - and remained dungeons. Later they were cleared and began to use both barns for storage.
Another underground quarter is very similar to European medieval quarters. Everything is also closely neighboring residential premises, narrow streets:
Perhaps the cataclysm also lost the library of Ivan the Terrible. Located, somewhere in a ruined structure and wait for its own hour. And is it the only dungeons in Moscow of this scale and square?
This is, of course, the version, but the fact of such a grand underground construction can anyone explain?
We continue the excursion by the dungeon:
So the basement looks in comparison with its surrounding landscape. It takes up all the space under the hulls of the house, internal courtyards and a wide internal passage:
After the revolution, the house moved to the People's Commissariat of the Communications. In the 1970s and 1980s, the basement of the houses used as a garage for police cars, but because of the high humidity, they quickly come into disrepair. In the restructuring, the garages gave out to residents of the house, and in the 1990s, the baryrs were settled here, interrupted the numbers and broke the stolen cars. In 2002, two Diggers accounted for an approximate basement plan. If you compare it with the above scheme, it can be seen how a little premises they managed to describe, but the efforts of the guys undoubtedly deserve praise.
I suggest see what is the dungeon currently represents:
Arched overlap from the same brick. Spelled to build!
In places, in our time, the ceiling is reinforced with reinforced concrete at the beginning of XXV.
Most likely, this column is built in our time with the same purpose to prevent collapse.
The walls of the basement have a thickness of about a meter, but in many places, thin brick partitions have been erected, crushing halls on small camorks and yists, diluted with many years of garbage.
The basements have a height of 5 m, two-level, and in some places a three-tier structure. In the underground part of the building there are roads where countercourses can be frolic.
As street or driving part
A source And other photos
More photos
I will give another very interesting fact:
In 1972-1974, the Western Wall of Alevizova RVA was found on both sides of the Mausoleum on both sides of Mausoleum 15 meters from the Kremlin Wall. This is how it described its archaeologists of the Kremlin: "The top of the wall lies in a half-meter from the modern surface of the Earth. The bottom of the RAVA when leaving the design mark of the pit (-10 meters) was not achieved. The inner wall of the RVA turned out to be similar to the Kremlin. One facade of the wall, addressed inside the RVA, was smooth and inclined in the direction of the Kremlin 1.1 meters by 10 meters of height. Another facade of the wall, facing the Kremlin, consisted of arches and was vertical. Similarly, the Kremlin walls are arranged. The depth of the arches is 1.6 meters. Arch width at a depth of 10 meters was 11.5 meters. The distance between the arches is 5 meters away. The wall reaches 4 meters of thickness. The Western Wall of the Rive was made of brick on a white-stone basis. "
You can remember even these excavations in the Moscow Kremlin:
It can be seen that the log house has been preserved under a multi-meter "cultural layer", as archaeologists called it. But the fool is already clear that the clay-icon cultural layer without cataclysms does not happen. The cultural layer is humus and trash.
On the height of the logo it can be seen that the wood is preserved in excellent condition, did not rot, as it was supposed to be submitted for a long time when the cultural layer accumulates such a thickness.
As it can be easily seen, the log house or the house was buried one thick layer of the soil completely, not broken and not rotting on time and there (under the soil) was canned, why and preserved almost without damage. Here, a dendrological study of logs from a church would be helped here, it is possible to determine the date of the spike of the tree with an accuracy of the year.