Environmental risk management at Astrakhangazprom enterprise. Environmental Risk Management: Existing approaches and standards

Environmental risk management at the enterprise level.

Real ecological risk It is customary to call the ability (threats) of exceeding the specified (including mandatory environmental standards or defined objectives of the enterprise) of the level of emission. It turns into B. economic riskWhen there is an excess of emission by the enterprise publicly accepted and enshrined in level standards. On the part of the controlling structures for the enterprise, economically sensitive sanctions appear, including the closure of the enterprise, the increase in costs due to an increase in taxation or imposition of fines, revenue decrease in income, etc., which is a prerequisite for economic risk as the likelihood of sanctions due to the excess of the accepted level of environmental safety. Real environmental risk and flowing out of it economic riskwhich in the aggregate reflect a high degree of umblance, in the literature they are called the environmental risk of the company (see Fig. 6.1.).

Exist two main situationsin which the enterprise has environmental risks.

First - When and the emergence of environmental damage and its consequences are not determined.

Second - When environmental damage has already come, but its economic consequences for the enterprise are not determined.

If the first situation is characterized by the presence of both environmental and economic risks, the second presence of only economic risk. The first situation corresponds to the potential environmental damage, the second is actual.

Fig. 6.1. The relationship between environmental and economic

risk of enterprises

This distinction is essential, as various strategies and instruments of environmental risk management are needed for these two situations.

At the root of the Environmental Risk Management at the enterprise level is the relationship of basic risks and relevant damages (see Fig. 6.2.).

Fig. 6.2. The relationship between the main varieties of risks and the relevant damages as the basis of the risk management of the enterprise (Pakhomova N.V., Richter K.K., 2006)

A prerequisite for effective risk management at the enterprise is also the presence of a well-functioning information system in the form of environmental balances, analysis of scenarios, methods for studying the effects of technologies, data of environmental audit and EIA, etc. At the same time, the corresponding training of the organization and staff of the enterprise is important.

Features of risk management in relation to presented (see Fig. 6.2.) Classification of environmental risks are presented in Fig. 6.3.

Fig. 6.3. Main varieties and features

risk management

(via Pakhomoyn N.V., Richtera K.K., 2006)

Risk management in different situations can be carried out as follows (in fig. 6.2.) (Via Pakhomoyov N.V., Richtera K.K. Economics of environmental management and environmental management, 2006 ᴦ.)

Risk management for the case of A2. In this case, we are dealing with scientifically measured potential environmental damage. The company has the following risk management options. It is important to notice that for the case of the existing production avoiding or reducing possible risk (When transporting radioactive waste, this is achievable by avoiding the transportation itself, ᴛ.ᴇ. Either processing waste at the place of their education, or increasing the level of safety and reliability of means of transportation, or by applying clean technologies that exclude the formation of the waste itself, etc.).

Also possible redistribution of environmental risks Between the enterprise and stakeholders themselves (for example, by education around the potentially dangerous object of protective zones) or the conclusion of contracts with firms specializing in the implementation of production and technological operations related to the essential risks. Wherein stakeholders Individuals or legal entities may be considered, which, on the one hand, have the opportunities in the process of implementing their whole impact on the economic entity, and on the other hand, they themselves have the impact of decisions taken by the subject.

Risk management for the case of A1. Subjectively represented potential environmental risks in principle arise as a result of an asymmetric distribution of information between the economic entity and stakeholders. For this reason, the main task is to overcome (decrease) of this asymmetry. According to O.I. Williamson (see :), the means of solving this problem are signaling and associated with it improving the reputation of the company.

Under signaling It is customary to understand the behavior of the economic entity of the opposite of the opportunist (ᴛ.ᴇ. the persisting mercenary interests), ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ allows you to convince stakeholders in the real readiness of the company to solve its environmental problems. Examples signalingthere are:

Checked self-limits or ODO liabilities;

Long-term, binding an economic entity environmental investment (for example, in the construction of water protection structures);

Ecological Sponsoring (financial support for environmental organizations and initiatives);

Conditional contracts (for example, the obligation of the automotive company to re-equip cars in the event of a more stringent standards for exhaust gases in the country).

All these signals must confirm the severity of environmental intentions and actions of the Company and thereby affect the perception by the society of environmental risks associated with its activities.

The strategy for improving reputation includes as one of the opportunities. signalingas well as various forms 'PUBlicrelation''''''P. Forward a means of improving the ecological reputation of the economic entity is the purchase of the so-called environmentally acceptable portfolioFor example, the purchase of the Energy Company shares of the firm engaged in recycling or recycling.

Risk management for cases B1 and B2. Here, the damage, which either came, or with a high degree of probability will come, is considered. This type of risk management is mainly based on use and formation of adequate institutions To regulate the relationship between the enterprise and stakeholders and, in particular, to regulate the exchange process occurring within these relations. Thus, through the conclusion of employment contracts between the administration and staff of the company, it is possible to compensate in the form of allowances for wages to influence the health of adverse working conditions, and thereby cutting, or eliminate the neutrality for the economic entity associated with the possibility of working claims Compensation for damage to their health. Similarly, institutions governing the attitudes of the company with its political and administrative external environment are functioning. An example is the license (permissions) to pollution (under defenses) of the environment. A similar role is played by EIA and environmental expertise projects. The latter, including both state and public assessment of the project and confirming the purpose of its implementation (from the economic, social and environmental sides) of its implementation, also acts as a means of regulating relations between the investor and the relevant stakeholders and the management of relevant risks. The risk management tool in the sense under consideration is the certification of EM systems on their compliance with ISO 14,000 (or EMAs).

Along with sufficiently well-established institutions, allowing to manage this type of environmental risks, there is a numerous group of stakeholders, relations with which do not have such a degree of degree (for example, various kinds of informal environmental organizations, local communities, etc.). To regulate the relationship with them, it is necessary to develop innovative institutions. This in this case is about the formation of bilateral and multilateral transactional relations. Bilateral transactions cover the contractual relations between the economic entity and its diverseSholeders. At the same time, the design of the contracts is determined by the economic entity and stakeholders independently, out of direct communication with the formalized institutes existing in society (environmental licenses, certificates, standards, etc.).

An example of multilateral transactions is the Institute of Informal Discussions, where representatives of various public works and firms exchange their positions (views) to develop agreed prospects for the decision of a certain environmental problem.

Environmental risk management at the enterprise level. - Concept and species. Classification and features of the category "Environmental Risk Management at the enterprise level." 2017, 2018.

For a long time, I am asked to write about the management of environmental risks. I misunderstand everything, for "the position of the author may not coincide with the opinion of the editorial office." But in his LJ, I think it is possible to write about it.

Immediately make a reservation, it will not be about things like "Assessment of the risk of public health", which requires from nature users, in particular, Sanpin 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03 "Sanitary and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other Objects. This is a somewhat different topic. Here there is a research research and such research is a kind of "high matter" contemplated by scientists from the State Ech and state. A.N. Sysin Ramne (State Institution Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene named after A.N. Sysin Russian Academy of Medical Sciences) and Persons stuck to them. I will talk about things more mundane, such as corporate risk management in the application of environmental protection and environmental management.

In general, with the concept of "risk management" (including in the Vepened description on the link above) the situation is approximately the same as with many other economic and managerial practitioners. A rather elementary thing that was bought by various smart terms, to such an extent that the uninitiated it seems to be something from the field of science fiction about how space ships furrows the expanses of the Bolshoi Theater. But, in fact, everything is quite elementary.

Do you know that almost your life is a solid risk management?

Let's, for a start, a little theory and definitions, and then, I will try to tell you on my fingers what it is and with what it is eaten. So:

Risk - the uncertainty of the occurrence of the event, with community Positive (Opportunities) or Negative (Threats) to influence the achievement of established purposes.

It sounds awake. Let's decompose this definition for more understandable expressions and proceed to the examples.

"The uncertainty of the occurrence of the event" - "What is the probability of meeting a dinosaur on the street? 50 to 50 - or meeting either not meeting "(anecdote about blonde)

"The capable positive (possibilities) or negative (threats) influence the achievement of established goals" - "who does not risk, he does not drink champagne" (folk wisdom, voiced, I do not remember anyone).

There is still a lyrical retreat. This, usually do not write in the risk management books, but it is necessary to understand it. Any event has its own reasons and consequences. Risk events - no exception. Moreover, one risk event may have a lot of reasons, and the mass of consequences.

You manage risks daily in various situations. Just do not always understand what they are doing this. As an example, take the risk of being a knocked car when moving the road. In this case, the risky event is the self-contact pedestrian body itself, with an aggressive design of the radiator with a radiator product of a domestic or foreign car industry.

The consequences of this event can be a lot:

Death of a pedestrian and driver (you think this does not happen?);

The death of only a pedestrian;

Pedestrian disability;

Severe injuries of a pedestrian, not leading to disability;

Lightweight and moderate bodily injuries;

The absence of any bodily harm (flew by light fright);

Etc. (In fact, mass options, including the death of a driver from a heart prep with a mild pedestrian fright).

The reasons for this event can also be a lot:

You are overgoing MKAD;

The driver ignored the prohibitory signal of the traffic light;

The driver confused the gas pedal and brakes;

Etc. (up to the fact that you fell asleep on the go, moving the road).

Actually, not to be a shot down car, you perform the simplest set of rules that you have taught your parents in deep childhood and who have deposited under your brain crust, including:

Do not run the road in the wrong place;

Expect a green traffic light signal for pedestrians before moving the road;

Make sure that drivers are missing you, even with a burning green traffic light;

Passing the road to look around and not lose vigilance;

Etc.

In general, this simplest set of rules is risk management.

Consider a given example at this angle.

At the first stage, you define your goal: to live to a hundred years and donate with the great-grandfathers, while staying in a sober mind and common memory, without being chained to a wheelchair.

Then you determine what might prevent you from achieving your goal: death, disability, etc.

Then you define an event that can lead to the consequences that do not allow to achieve the goal: in this case, when moving the road - to be a knocked car.

Actually, the whole chain "cause-event-consequences" is risk.

Well, at the end, you define events that minimize the possibility offensive Events: waiting for green, look around.

This is a risk management by preventing the emergence. Those. Your goal in this case is to minimize the possibility of an event.

There are also other risk management methods:

Refusal of risk - just do not cross the road at all never;

Prevention of loss of consequences - Well, let's say, go to hockey ammunition so that if the car does, injuries were least heavy;

Method of acceptance - do nothing, will somehow fuck with her, one more, one less, what is the difference, compared with the world revolution?

Hedging or insurance method - to insure your life and health on a round sum, so that if you get to get (or the family gets, depending on the result) a solid amount of money.

Risk transfer method - in this case it is difficult to come up with an example of risk management by means of its transfer. But, in general, the meaning is: you are standing on one side of the street, and you need to buy cigarettes on the other side. You give 10 rubles a homeless, which goes back there and back and brings you cigarettes. Those. You are not risking to be a knocked car, but he, and you are for it, respectively, pay.

Actually, here are the basic risk management methods.

Accordingly, the goal of the risk management system is quite simple:

Determine risky events, their consequences and causes (are also called risk factors).
Risk - i.e. To decide for yourself how significant the consequences of the event occurred and how likely to occur the onset of the risk event in connection with the reasons listed (well, for example, from the mentioned, how likely to fall asleep on the go, moving the road).
Select the optimal method of managing each risk.
Develop risk management activities within the selected method.
Control the performance of activities and monitor the occurrence of the risk event.

The most frequently used methods are insurance and prevention. With insurance, everything is more or less understandable, therefore, we will discuss in more detail on the prevention, because it is often this method that is called "risk management."

There is such a diagram, a conditionally called model "Butterfly" model:

Enough visual drawing. There is a risk factor (graphically depicts a rectangle with the inscription "Causes"), there is a risky event (red circle in the center), there are consequences (rectangle with an appropriate inscription).

You should explain a little. The reasons for the occurrence of the risk event are arrows connecting the rectangle "Causes" and a red circle. A rectangle "Causes" is a risk factor. Those. This is the activity at which risky events may arise. In our example - a hike to the store, let's say.

So, we conducted the first stage - risk assessment. We know the likelihood of our risk event. And we know the degree of influence of the consequences of the risk event to achieve our goals. In the third stage, we determined that the most acceptable management method for us is the prevention of risk. In general, the risk management system is very detailed by this stage. There are risk matrices with different parameters. There are various indicators, such as the integral value of risk. And much more. But today I am not writing a book about risk management, but a small (ha ha ha!) Post to LJ. Thus, the details of this stage I will miss and focus on what we decided to engage in prevention of risk. Those. Our goal in the context of the risk management system is the infancy of the risk event and minimizing the consequences of its occurrence. I emphasize. Minimization. No exception, but minimization, because it will be about the prevention of risk and not other methods of management. Those. When we proceed the road, even if we performed the severity, and go to hockey equipment, the car can still knock us down. What's next?

Those., Roughly speaking, our events should be a kind of "blocks" on the way of developing the situation in two directions. "Blocks" between the causes and risky events and "blocks" between the risky event and the consequences.

On the fingers (on the example of a pedestrian and car):

Risk event: The car knocks down a pedestrian.

Cause: The driver ignores the prohibitive signal of the traffic light.

"Block": Make sure that the driver skips a pedestrian, and not just navigate the green traffic light.

Consequence: death of a pedestrian.

"Block": put on a hockey protective ammunition and titanium helmet (as a result, instead of the death of a pedestrian, we will, say, serious injuries - i.e. gravity reduction of consequences)

Thus, we do in all possible reasons and consequences. It is important that such "blocks" must be developed in both directions. I came across several times with the approach that it is necessary to work only for reasons. Well, and if the risky event is happening, then mournfully crawled towards the cemetery. Vicious approach. Hockey equipment and helmet on the head will not affect the machine whether you will choose you or not, but if they are on you, it can help minimize the consequences. But if it is not for you, and the "block" between the cause and risky event "breakst" is ... (This is not a call to walk in the helmet, it is just an example for illustration of a general thought).

And it is also important that "blocks" on the consequences need to develop before An occurrence of a risky event, otherwise, this is no longer risk management, but a crisis management.

Accordingly, after the development of such "blocks" - events, it is necessary to monitor their implementation, etc. This is already operating activities in risk management, which should also consider the risk management system. But on this, I will not stop in detail, and I will finally go to the main way to control risk management in the field of environmental protection and environmental management.

In fact, the entire system of environmental management, as built in accordance withISO. -14001, and built in accordance with the personal understanding of this system by a specific performer, has elements of the risk management system.

It is necessary to understand that the purpose of the ecologist who worked in quite a real sector of the economy is not an abstract "protect nature, our mother." His goal is to increase the competitiveness of its employer in the field of environmental protection (including by improving the reputation of the employer in the eyes of a variety of "green" darkests of social activists), a decrease in losses and costs of its employer in the field of environmental protection and environmental management (I will continue to write Ecology, although it is methodically incorrectly, but simply shorter), and it is possible to extract the additional "environmental" profits (well, for example, trade by air of greenhouse gas quotas in accordance with the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol). Let's not hypocrite, for our goal is exactly this, although we understand that when it is achieving, we, in fact, and reduce the anthropogenic load and, ultimately, "we take care of nature, our mother." But the salary is paid to us not for the green birch under the window, but for quite specific production and financial indicators.

Hence, actually it is necessary to dance.

Knowing goals, we can completely determine the negative consequences of some events that can lead to, for example:

Deterioration of the company's reputation / enterprise in the eyes of the public, states, partners, customers, etc., due to the image of the "dirty" production (subsequently - financial losses due to, permiss, reduce market sales market);

Financial losses at the expense of fines, lawsuits, etc., due to the non-receipt of the expected "environmental" profits.

Accordingly, our task is to highlight risky events that may lead to these consequences. There is one subtlety related to the "nonideality" of our world. If we pose an analogy with our use of an example, about a car and a pedestrian - we often have no pedestrian crossings and traffic lights - one solid MKAD, which, however, it is still necessary to move.

What do I want to say? In the "ideal world," where all the standards of impact and other environmental requirements are respected, the risk event will be non-compliance with the standards. Everything is clear here. But in Russia, non-compliance with the established standards, currently, is rather a rule than an exception. This is due to many reasons, the main of which are outdated equipment and technologies and the imperfection of domestic environmental legislation establishing such standards that cannot be achieved even theoretically.

In this case, the risky events will not exceed the established standards (this will be one of the reasons for the risk event, the objective reality in which we exist), and the events of another kind resulting in negative consequences. Everything is quite individually for each enterprise, so I will not paint the examples.

Accordingly, one of the "blocks" for reasons The occurrence of the risk event in this case (concretizing the case: the enterprise has exceeding emission standards to the atmosphere), there will be events aimed at reducing emissions.

In general, so here we work out all possible risky events. For each enterprise, there may be a huge number as "ideal" (the requirement of legislation is currently being carried out, the risk event is non-fulfillment of the requirement of legislation) and "nonideal" (the requirement is not performed - such is objective reality, the risk event is the use of additional measures, except those that are so applied to the enterprise) risks.

And for each we develop measures the impact - both for the causes and the consequences. Naturally, if we chose the prevention of risk as a management method.

In general, if you knowISO. -14001, then notice a lot of similar. The only thing that movement is carried out on the other hand. If inISO. when developing and implementing the system, the vector of action comes from activities to its results, then in risk management, on the contrary - from the results (from the inconsistency of the result planned) to activities.

Therefore, if you already have an SEM (environmental management system) you will be easy to implement the risk management system. Although, of course, the most correctly introducing both systems at the same time, integrating them alone to another. And, of course, it is very good if the enterprise already exists a corporate risk management system with clearly approved techniques and indicators (I did not start in terms of indicators, because it is a purely subjective thing for each enterprise).

Well, finally, there are already several practical "hints."

For each risk, a document is drawn up. I used to call it a "risk profile" (eng.Risk Profile ). This document should contain all information on the revealed risk, including methods and results of its assessment, proposed by the management method, and specific measures for the effects (indicating the timing and responsible).

for exampleThe profile "non-ideal" risk may contain the following information:

Risk: Failure to fulfill the measures to reduce the emissions of the IT into the atmosphere.

Possible consequences :

Feedback / non-problem of the NVT. An increase in emissions for ___ rubles (excess emission fees with K-TA 25);

Feedback / non-payment permission for emissions. An increase in emissions for ___ rubles (fee for the entire amount of emissions using K-TA 25) followed by escalation;

An order to reduce emissions to the PDV level. Reduced production at ___ tons / units. Products.

A court decision on the suspension of the enterprise for up to 90 days. Loss __ tons / units. Products.

Criminal prosecution of enterprise officials.

An increase in cases of speeches of Greenpeace activists, a decrease in the reputation of the enterprise, reducing the market for products.

Possible reasons:

Adoption of a management decision on not implementing activities in connection with the global world name of the Lenin proletariat;

Disrupting equipment supplies by suppliers;

Districted drunkenness of locksmith Pupkin ...

The proposed management method:

Risk Prevention

The proposed risk management activities:

….

Etc. There are all the necessary indicators. As a result, receiving such a document by the head of the enterprise, at a minimum, hurts the top, before sequesting the budget for the construction of new treatment.

In general, I probably told. If there are some questions - I will try to answer.

And most importantly. It should be understood that the environmental risk management system should be part of a corporate risk management system, which, in turn, should be part of the overall management system. In extreme cases, the environmental risk management system should be part of a corporate management system (if there is no corporate risk management system). All control structures should be involved in it. Otherwise, the very fact of allocation and risk assessment will not be enough for efficient management. It will be just a useless toy.

Well, the last. The environmental risk management system is unlikely to exist independently of the Environmental Management System. And about the foundations of creating (including in terms of risk management) of the environmental service, I at one time.

Environmental risk management

The task of managing environmental risks is probably the most difficult task in the theory of risks. This is due to a complex mechanism for the formation of environmental risks of all kinds, including the interaction of human activity, biotopes and biocenoses on some territory. To date, formal methods of analysis, assessment and prediction of risk were often not applicable due to the small volume of source information on potential damages and their bonds with environmental and environmental factors. In such conditions, universal heuristic risk management methods should be used.

First of all, the method of risk evasion should be used. This means that it is impossible to conduct risky experiments on the introduction of alien organisms to economic exploitation. This can lead and often leads to unpredictable environmental risks of the first kind. Bright examples are Rabbit Tore to Australia and the resettlement of African bees in South America. Both experiments were dictated by economic considerations, and they should be described in more detail.

Rabbits were delivered to Australia and were released into a wildlife shortly after her colonization. The main driving motive was the desire to dissolve them in the new territories in the wildlife development of the fur industry in the new English colony, which was then considered as a possible locomotive of the colony economy. At first, the case has developed great. Rabbits very quickly multiplied in Australia, because they did not have dominant predators. The population of rabbits grew explosively. Rabbit fur mining brought tremendous income. However, this continued not long. The demand for fur rabbits in England sharply fell sharply, and rabbits lost their economic importance. The locomotive of the colony economy was agriculture to whom the population of rabbits began to apply tremendous damage. Attempts to destroy now the harmful animal was not crowned with success. So far, Australia's agriculture bears colossal damages from the rabbits population, which became a factor in the environmental risk of the first kind. The initial economic benefit was much less than the subsequent damage.

The history of the factory of African bees in Brazil also began with good economic wishes: the desire to save the brazil's honey industry from the economic catastrophe. In this industry, the costs were too large, and the return of honey from bees seemed too small. It was necessary to increase the percentage of recycling of honey from bees in any way, for example by using more honey bees. There are two main subspecies of honey bees: European honey bee and an African honey bee. The African bee brings many honey, but extremely aggressive and in beekeeping has not been used. The European bee gives much less than honey, but less aggressive, does not attack the person and animals. In beekeeping used precisely European bee. Attempts to obtain a hybrid of an African and European bee with useful qualities in the form of an increased return of honey and acceptable aggressiveness to success did not lead.

Under these conditions, in 1956, a single Brazilian biologist and a beekeeper will import the family of African bees in Brazil, confident that in natural conditions such a hybrid is formed by itself. What failed in biologists in the laboratory, according to his thoughts, will turn out automatically in the conditions of wildlife in Brazil. He produces this family to the will and begins to observe her. His hopes did not justify. The hybrid did not get. Moreover, African bees began to actively displacing European bees throughout Brazil. The reasons were rooted in biological differences in the reproduction of African and European bees, which were not known at the time of resettlement of African bees in Brazil. These differences were clarified by subtle studies much later, when the threat of an African bee was realized in the United States.

After a dozen years in Brazil, there were no longer European bees, and Brazilian beekeepers had to learn how to manage wild African bees. Over the next forty years, they have learned this at the cost of hundreds of human lives and a huge number of deceased livestock. Brazil's honey industry came out with 27 places in the world table of ranks for the sixth. It seems to be an experiment, though expensive price. However, everything turned out not so simple. African bees began their expansion to the north, extending in the territory of neighboring states, where there was no need to replace European bees on African. Moreover, in some of them, the honey industry was absent in general, and African bees represented the factor of pure environmental risks of the first kind for the life and health of people.

Behind the fierce struggle with African bees in order to limit their progress to the north. Checked methods and traps were used, tens of millions of dollars were spent and thousands of people were involved. These works were financed by many states, but mostly the United States, who understood the danger of the exit of African bees on their territory. Nothing helped. By the beginning of the 90s, African bees reached the United States and became a significant factor in the pure environmental risk of the first kind in the southern states. The first human sacrifices appeared. To date, their number is calculated by hundreds. African bees inspire panic horror by the US population and seriously interfere with the business. In particular, some airports were populated by African bees and they needed serious costs for their ousse. Whole cities and towns were subject to this ecological threat of the first kind. An African bees in the southern states of the United States emerged. In his interview in 50 years, a biologist who implemented African bees in Brazil, recognized the results of his experiment with extremely unsuccessful and asked for forgiveness from the families of the dead people. He repeated repeatedly, he wanted only good for his country and would never repeat his mistake if she guessed her consequences.

Of course, there are examples and successful experiments on the factory of alien organisms for their subsequent economic exploitation. Almost all agriculture actively uses breeding and breeding formerly alien plants and animals in new territories. However, in the overwhelming number of cases, such work is under the supervision of the competent authorities, and the environmental risks of the first kind are under the control of specialists. Serious risk appears in the case of voluntaristic decisions in pursuit of momentary economic benefits. Unfortunately, the transitional economic period in Russia contributes to precisely such experiments. A significant number of independent entrepreneurs also appear, ready to risk the introduction of new, alien organisms, not presenting the consequences of such actions.

Environmental risks are divided by their origin on the risks of the first, second, third and fourth kind. The management of them is carried out in various ways. At the same time, there is one general circumstance for them. Environmental risk management should fit into the general system for managing economic activity of some territory, i.e. This question is the prerogative of the government sector, which establishes the rules of the game for the commercial sector and the population. Under such conditions, the main method of managing environmental risks is a repressive direction. However, in Russia, it is currently ecological legislation practically absent and is replaced by environmental legislation. Moreover, the concept of environmental risks is not included in the concept of general territory management, which has negative consequences for all sectors of risk subjects. In the procedure for adopting management decisions for territories within the Russian Federation there is no assessment of environmental risks at all, i.e. There is no control in this regard.

The commercial sector is actually responsible for the very presence of the environmental risks of the second, third kind and should have taken them to fully. However, in practice there is no such readiness. Moreover, it is often in the commercial sector there is no understanding of the environmental damage itself, and only environmental risks are recognized. Enterprises are readiness to pay for pollution and only. For the consequences of the impact of these contaminants on the ecosystems, the life and human health, they are not ready to pay. Obviously, in this case, they would have to reimburse much greater damages, the validity of which could be much higher. The adoption of the concept of compensation is environmental, and not environmental damages for many enterprises would mean collapse.

An important method of managing the ecological risks of the second and third kind for the commercial sector is environmental insurance. It may be mandatory and voluntary. In Russia, for hazardous industries, there is a list of activities and objects to which mandatory environmental insurance is distributed. However, the practice of such insurance is based on the difficulties of adequate assessment of environmental risks, as well as the reliability of the insurance companies themselves.

The population for which the ecological risks of the second and third birth can be high enough, possess various ways to manage these risks. In countries with a developed civil society, where the government is forced to reckon with public opinion, targeted campaigns and promotions play a huge role. The strength of these control influences can be achieved and the international arena. In the conditions of authoritarian or corrupt governments of the palette of legitimate actions of the population, defending their rights, much already, if not absent at all. For the public, the main method of environmental risk management is to reduce the negative effects of economic activity of enterprises by choosing the place of residence, impact on the commercial sector and the sector of power by shares, including through non-commercial environmental organizations. It can be said that in Russia over the past 10 years, the ecological self-consciousness of the population has increased significantly and continues to grow.

The fourth environmental risk management is carried out on the basis of compensation methods, among which the main place is occupied by judicial claims to the perpetrators of negative events that led to economically damage through the deterioration of environmental characteristics in the vicinity of economic objects. Such claims are the main weapons in the tourist industry, hunting grounds, fissure industrial industry. It is also possible to insurance for the ecological risks of the fourth kind in the presence of a developed system of insurance within the country.

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in the subject: Environmental Economics

Environmental Risk Management

Introduction

1. Environmental safety

1.1 Environmental Safety Criteria

1.2 Legal support for environmental safety

2. Environmental risks

2.1 Basic concepts and terms management and risk assessment

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

A person in nature seeks to the state of security and wants to make its existence as comfortable as possible. On the other hand, we are constantly in the world of risks. The threat comes from the criminogenic elements, and from the hot-beloved government capable of conducting unpredictable policies, there is a risk of infectious disease, the risk of military conflict, the risk of an accident. Today, all this is perceived naturally and does not seem to be fetched something, because all these events that threaten our security are quite likely and, moreover, have already happened in our memory. Therefore, preventive measures are carried out to reduce these risks, and everyone is able to name them.

Recently, the threat to the safety and comfortable existence of a person begins to come from an adverse environment. First of all, this is a risk to health. Now there is no doubt that environmental pollution can cause a number of environmentally conditioned diseases and, in general, leads to a reduction in the average life expectancy of people susceptible to environmentally adverse factors. It is the expected average life expectancy of people is the main criterion of environmental safety.

A widely adopted modern methodology for analyzing risk analysis was used as the main security analysis methodology, officially recognized by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. This methodology allows you to objectively and quantify the risks of human health associated with the presence in atmospheric air, surface waters and food products of harmful substances of various nature - chemical carcinogens and toxins, radioactive substances. Detailed pilot projects implemented under the auspices of the Ministry of Health in the most disadvantaged cities led to the sad conclusions (section "Environmental Risks"): risk levels related to chemically harmful substances, dozens, hundreds and thousands of times exceed the levels that are considered socially acceptable in developed countries.

1. Environmental safety

We also note that the concept of "environmental safety" is applicable to many realities. For example, the ecological safety of the city's population or even a whole state is the environmental safety of technologies and industries. Environmental safety concerns industry, agriculture and utilities, services of services, fields of international relations. In other words, environmental safety firmly enters our lives, and its importance and relevance increases the year from year to year.

Speaking about the factors of danger, sometimes distinguish between technogenic and environmental danger. Under environmental danger implies environmental impacts, as a result of which changes in the environment can occur and as a result of this, the conditions for the existence of a person and society can change. But on a global scale, natural natural sources of danger are now relatively small in comparison with anthropogenic. Especially since a person quickly learn to predict them and warn.

Environmental safety is a complex, measures aimed at reducing the harmful effects of modern industrial production and emissions into the atmosphere. Environmental safety is the state of the protection of the biosphere and human society, and at the state level - the state from threats arising from anthropogenic and natural environmental impacts. In the concept of environmental safety includes a system of regulation and management, which allows predicting does not allow, and in the event of an occurrence - eliminate the development of emergency situations. Environmental safety is implemented at the global, regional and local levels. The global level of environmental safety management involves forecasting and tracking processes in the state of the biosphere in general and its components. In the second half of the 20th century, these processes are expressed in global climate change, the emergence of the "greenhouse effect", the destruction of the ozone screen, desertifying the planet and pollution of the World Ocean.

The essence of global control and management in the preservation and restoration of the natural mechanism of the reproduction of the biosphere of the biosphere, which is directed by the aggregate of living organisms included in the biosphere.

Global Environmental Safety Management is the prerogative of interstate relations at the UN, UNESCO, UNEP and other International Organization. Management methods at this level include the adoption of international acts on environmental protection across the biosphere, the implementation of interstate environmental programs, the creation of intergovernmental forces to eliminate environmental disasters having Natural or anthropogenic character.

At the global level, a number of environmental problems of international scale was resolved. The great success of the international community was the prohibition of tests of nuclear weapons in all environments, while in addition to underground tests. Regional level includes large geographical or economic zones, and sometimes the territory of several states. Control and management are carried out at the level of the government of the state and at the level of interstate relations (United Europe, the Union of African States). At this level, the Environmental Safety Management System includes:

ecology economies and new environmentally friendly technologies

strengthening economic development rates that prevent the restoration of environmental quality and contributing to the rational use of natural resources.

The local level includes cities, areas, enterprises of metallurgy, chemical, refineries, mining and defense complex, as well as emissions control, drains, et al.

Environmental security management is carried out at the level of the administration of individual cities, districts, enterprises with the involvement of relevant services responsible for sanitation and environmental activities. Solving specific local problems determines the possibility of achieving the goal of managing environmental safety of regional and global levels.

The purpose of the management is achieved if the principle of transferring information on the state of the environment from local to regional and global levels is achieved. Regardless of the level of management of environmental safety, the control objects are necessarily the environment, i.e., complexes of natural ecosystems, and socioery ecosystems. That is why there is an analysis of the economy, finance, resources, legal issues, administrative measures, education and culture in the scheme of the environmental safety of any level.

1.1 Environmental Safety Criteria

Scientific literature and various recommendation and regulatory documents contain many private security criteria, including environmental safety. It is often impossible to judge, according to which of these criteria it is possible to make a final judgment about the safety of one or another object. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and use a small number of integral safety criteria and obtaining on their basis a generalized estimate of the state of the object. For the ecosphere and its parts - biomes, regions, landscapes, i.e. More or less large territorial natural complexes, including administrative education, can serve as the level of environmental and economic, or natural-industrial parity, i.e. The degree of compliance of the overall technogenic burden on the territory of its ecological engineering - limiting endurance in relation to damaging technological impacts. For individual environmental systems, the main criteria for security is the integrity, preservation of their species composition, biodiversity and the structure of internal relationships. Similar criteria also apply to technical and economic systems. Finally, for individuals, the main criterion of security is to preserve health and normal life.

1.2 Legal support for environmental safety

A wide range of environmental safety issues Since the beginning of the nineties, he has reflected in the Russian legislation in the field of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and environmental protection. Intensively developing legislation from 1993 to 1996, led to the emergence of new laws governing safety attitudes at enterprises. This applies to issues of labor protection, fire safety, emergency situations and a number of others. The laws include the "Basics of Labor Protection Legislation", federal laws "on the protection of the population and territories from natural and technogenic emergencies", "On Fire Safety", "On Environmental Expertise" and others. As a result of security relationships for enterprises, the accidents on which can occur with a negligible probability and the consequences of these accidents practically do not constitute dangers for the population and the environment, are sufficiently regulated by the current legislation. Among the laws relating to this group, the regulation of environmental insurance relations is submitted by the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" and the Law of the Russian Federation "On the organization of the insurance case in the Russian Federation".

The first of them considers environmental insurance as one of the methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection (Chapter IV, Article 18):

Environmental insurance is carried out in order to protect the property interests of legal entities and individuals in case of environmental risks.

Mandatory state environmental insurance can be carried out in the Russian Federation. Moreover, it should be noted that state insurance is carried out by insurance organizations of any form of ownership, but at the expense of funds granted from the relevant budget (Article 927 of the Russian Federation). The Law of the Russian Federation "On the Organization of Insurance In Russia" in the most part turned out to be absorbed by the Civil Code and really regulates only organizational aspects of insurance. Legal support of the prevention and elimination of emergency situations is carried out on the basis of the Federal Law and. Watchless acts mainly by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation.

technogenic hazard Environmental safety

2. Environmental risks

The risk analysis methodology allows to build a "scale", with the help of which, it is possible to assess and comparing environmental impacts and human health of adverse factors. The methodology for assessing and comparing risks is currently not just a tool of scientific research, but also officially recognized by the Ministry of Health Method of Analysis. Ecological risk - the likelihood of an occurrence of an adverse effects for the natural environment and caused by the negative impact of economic and other activities, emergency situations of natural and technogenic nature

Environmental risk is characterized by the following regulatory levels: an acceptable environmental risk is a risk, the level of which is justified from the point of view of both environmental and economic, social and other problems in a particular society and at a specific time.

Maximum allowable environmental risk is the maximum level of acceptable environmental risk. It is determined along the entire totality of adverse environmental effects and should not be exceeded independently of the interests of economic or social systems.

Neglectable ecological risk is the minimum level of acceptable environmental risk. Ecological risk is at the level of fluctuations of the background risk level or is defined as 1% of the maximum permissible environmental risk. In turn, the background risk is the risk due to the presence of the effects of nature and the social habitat. Widespread use is a concept as an individual environmental risk. This risk, which is usually identified with the likelihood that a person in its life will experience an adverse environmental impact. Individual environmental risk is characterized by an environmental danger at a certain point where an individual is located, i.e. characterizes risk distribution in space. This concept can be widely used for the quantitative characteristics of the territories on which negative factors have an impact.

Thus, the concept of environmental risk allows for a wide class of phenomena and processes to give a quantitative description of environmental hazards. It is this quality risk assessment and is of interest to environmental insurance.

2.1 Basic concepts and terms management and risk assessment

In the past 2-3 decades, environmental risk concept is widely used in the description of the interaction between hazardous environmental impacts and environmental objects. The possibility of a quantitative analysis of environmental safety programs and measures is a serious argument that contribute to becoming increasingly applying the concept of environmental risk in the activities of various organizations, including insurance companies.

Consider a number of basic concepts and definitions related to evaluation and environmental risk management:

Evaluation of environmental risk is a scientific study in which facts and scientific prognosis are used to assess the potentially harmful effects on the environment of various pollutants and other agents:

the environment is a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects and anthropogenic objects, as well as their interactions; The external environment in which the nature user functions;

natural medium, nature - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural and anthropogenic objects;

components of the natural environment - Earth, bowel, soil, surface and groundwater, atmospheric air, vegetable, animal world and other organisms, as well as ozone atmospheric layer and near-earth outer space, ensuring favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth;

the natural environmental system is an objectively existing part of the natural environment, which has spatially territorial boundaries and in which living (plants, animals and other organisms) and non-residential elements interact as a single functional integer and are interconnected by the metabolism and energy;

the favorable environment is the environment, the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

an unfavorable environmental impact is the impact of economic and other activities, the consequences of which lead to negative changes in the environmental quality;

natural resources - the components of the natural environment, natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects that are used or can be used in the implementation of economic and other activities as sources of energy, products of production and consumption items and have consumer value;

environmental pollution - entering the environment and (or) energy, properties, location, or number of which have a negative impact on the environment;

standards in the field of environmental protection (hereinafter also are environmental protection) - established environmental quality standards and standards for permissible effect on it, subject to the sustainable functioning of natural environmental systems and the biological diversity is maintained;

environmental quality standards - standards that are established in accordance with physical, chemical, biological and other indicators to assess the state of the environment and subject to which a favorable environment is provided;

standards of permissible environmental impact - standards that are established in accordance with the impact indicators of economic and other activities on the environment and in which the regulations of the environmental quality are complied;

the standards of permissible anthropogenic load on the environment - standards that are established in accordance with the value of the permissible aggregate effect of all sources on the environment and (or) individual components of the natural environment within specific territories and (or) water management and subject to the sustainable functioning of natural ecological Systems and the biological diversity is maintained;

the standards of permissible emissions and discharges of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also - the standards of permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms) - standards that are established for business entities and other activities in accordance with the indicators of chemicals in chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms allowed to enter the environment from stationary, mobile and other sources in the prescribed mode and taking into account technological standards, and subject to which the environmental quality standards are provided. The standards of maximum permissible concentrations of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also, the standards of extremely permissible concentrations) are standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the maximum permissible content of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms in Environmental and non-compliance with which can lead to pollution of the environment, degradation of natural environmental systems. Environmental environmental impact - any negative or positive change in the environment, fully or in part that is the result of the organization - nature user, its products or services.

Environmental aspects - elements of the activities of the organization, its products or services, as a result of which environmental impact may occur;

Environmental factors - quantitative or qualitative assessments of environmental impacts, characterized by spatial and temporary scale, harmfulness, toxicity of substances, stiffness of physical influences,

Environmental danger - the potential threat of any effect of adverse environmental impact;

Excessive environmental danger - environmental danger with such a level of environmental factors, in which the conformity of the habitat of wildlife objects is disturbed by their innate and acquired properties;

Environmental damage - damage to the environment from adverse effects, expressed in natural indicators;

The price of environmental risk is the cumulative effect of environmental and economic damage, the environment to which an environmental risk can lead;

Environmental Risk Management - Risk Analysis Procedure, as a result of which, on the basis of accounting for environmental risk assessment, the decision on the admissibility of the magnitude and minimization of the price of ecological risk is made.

Environmental Risk Management is a decision-making procedure, which takes into account environmental risk, as well as the technological and economic possibilities of its warning. The exchange of risk information is also included in this process. Risk management scheme. For risk analysis, the establishment of its permissible limits due to the security requirements for the adoption of management decisions is necessary:

the presence of an information system that allows you to quickly control existing sources of danger and the state of objects of possible damage, in particular, statistical material on environmental epidemiology

information on the estimated areas of economic activity, projects and technical solutions that may affect the level of environmental safety, as well as programs for the likely assessment of the risk associated with them

safety expertise and comparison of alternative projects and technologies that are sources of risk

development of a feasibility strategy for increasing the safety and determination of the optimal cost structure to control the size of the risk and its decline to an acceptable level with social, economic and environmental points of view, drawing up risk predictions and analytical determination of the risk level in which the increase in the number of environmental lesions. Formation of organizational structures is terminated, Expert Systems and Regulatory Documents Designed to perform these functions and decision-making procedures.

Impact on public opinion and propaganda of scientific data on the levels of environmental risk for the purpose of orientation to objective, not emotional or populist risk assessments. In accordance with the principle of decreasing risks, an important means of management is the risk replacement procedure. According to it, the risk introduced by the new technique is socially acceptable if its use gives a smaller contribution to the total risk to which people are subject to, compared to the use of another, alternative equipment, decisive the same economic task.

This concept is closely related to the problem of the environmental adequacy of the quality of production. The concept of risk combines at least two probabilities: the probability of the implementation of the adverse effects and the likelihood of defeat, losses caused by these impact of environmental objects and the population. The risk means the likelihood of a particular effect for a certain time or under certain circumstances. At the same time, the risk is different both on the probability of impact and on the likelihood of damage caused. The risk can be close to zero, despite the fact that the probability of implementing an unfavorable event (permanent negative factors) or the likelihood of defeat is close to unity. In general, the risk value varies from zero to one. Risk is a quantitative or high-quality danger assessment; Accordingly, environmental risk is a quantitative or qualitative assessment of the environmental hazard of adverse environmental impacts.

Conclusion

The safety of the Russian Federation is understood as the qualitative state of society and the state, in which the protection of each person living in the territory of the Russian Federation, its rights and civil liberties, as well as the reliability of the existence and sustainability of the development of Russia, the protection of its basic values, material and spiritual sources of life, constitutional Building and state sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity from internal and external enemies. This is typical of our country to determine security, more precisely - state security. It can be reduced to a brief formula: "The state of protection against danger."

The safety of the complex system is determined not only by the protection entities or the factors of external security, as internal properties - stability, reliability, ability to authorize. To the greatest extent, this applies precisely to environmental safety. A person, society, the state cannot be guarantors of their own environmental safety until the sustainability and biotic regulation of the environment continues to violate.

The pollution of the natural environment by gaseous, liquid and solid substances and production waste, causing the degradation of the habitat and damage to the health of the population remains the most acute environmental problem that has a priority social and economic importance. For objective quantitative assessment, comparisons, analysis, impact management of pollutants of various and diverse nature in recent decades abroad and in Russia, the risk methodology is actively developing. The risk of exposure to a pollutant of a species is defined as the likelihood of a person or its offspring of any harmful effect as a result of this impact. The risk analysis methodology allows to build a "scale", with the help of which, it is possible to assess and comparing environmental impacts and human health of adverse factors. The methodology for assessing and comparing risks is currently not just a tool of scientific research, but also officially recognized by the Ministry of Health Method of Analysis. In the field of practical analysis of risks associated with the impact of chemical harmful substances, work only begin.

Bibliography

1. Akimova TS, V.V. Haskin., Ecology Tutorial, Moscow, "Uniti" 1999

2. Life safety, textbook Ed. E.A. Arustamova, ed. House "Damkov and K"., Moscow 2000

3. Life safety, textbook ed. S.V. Belova, A.V. Ilnitskaya, A.F. Kozzyakov. Moscow, "Higher School" 1999,

4. Grishin A.S., V.N. Novikov, Environmental Safety Tutorial, Grand, Moscow 2000

5. Ecology and safety of vital activity, a textbook ed. L.A. Murava, "Uniti", Moscow 2000

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Environmental risk management at Astrakhangazprom enterprise. Environmental Risk Management: Existing approaches and standards

Environmental risk management

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