Second half of November. A climatic winter has come to central Russia. The temperature during the daytime does not exceed +5 degrees Celsius, there are constant zero crossings. In agriculture, there is such a generally accepted term - a zone of risky farming, but is there a time of risky construction in our industry?
In this article, we will consider the features of the installation of such a "summer" roofing material as flexible shingles in the cold season, share our experience, and, of course,
We will dissuade you from winter installation of flexible tiles!
Are you interested?
Why buy flexible shingles in winter?
From year to year, we see purchases of shingles and bitumen components during the cold season. Yes, the volume of purchases drops significantly with the onset of cold weather. Nevertheless, sales continue even after the establishment of permanent snow cover.
After interviewing our clients and visiting some objects, we found out:
Only 10% of those who bought the material made it in reserve, i.e. bought and stored before the onset of heat. The rest of the customers buy material for quick installation and no change in temperature stops them.
So, most of the customers buy flexible shingles for installation. Are there technologies that provide high-quality installation of bituminous tiles at low temperatures? Let's figure it out.
What do manufacturers of shingles think about winter installation?
In most installation instructions, you will find a paragraph stating that working with bituminous materials without any restrictions is possible at temperatures not lower than +5 degrees Celsius. If the temperature is lower, before installation, it is necessary to withstand all bituminous materials (tiles, carpets, mastic) in a warm room, take them to the roof as needed, and use a building hair dryer to activate the adhesive strips on tiles and carpets.
Just one or two paragraphs for the range "+5 degrees Celsius and below." And how much lower: minus 10 degrees, minus 15, minus 20?
Experiment on winter installation by UNIKMA
It became interesting to us, and since we are used to checking the information we are interested in, as an experiment in December 2016, the roofing was replaced on one of the layouts of the West customer service center.
The purpose of the experiment is to check the feasibility of the recommendations of the manufacturers of shingles and monitor the roof throughout the year at different temperature conditions.
Demonstrated are the stages of assembly of the layout (December 2016) and its state at the time of the article's publication (November 2017).
Photos of the stages of work were taken before the development of recommendations for the winter installation of flexible tiles.
The installation conditions were rather complicated and corresponded to the real conditions at the facility: wind, freezing rain, short daylight hours, the presence of complex nodes on the model. We tried to make the installation as high quality as possible.
This experience allowed us to identify the most problematic areas with such an installation, to understand our mistakes and to develop, in collaboration with our builders, recommendations for the winter installation of flexible tiles, but more on that later.
Despite the fact that the work was carried out on a specific model of shingles, this experience allowed us to understand the main thing:
Firstly, installation of shingles in winter conditions is possible.
Secondly, and this is the main thing, the information provided in the instructions of the manufacturers is clearly insufficient.
The lack of information about the features of winter installation forms that very time of risky construction. In these conditions, you have to rely only on the experience of the builder and hope that the weather and experience will allow you to build your roof well.
The main conclusion from our almost one-year research on this topic (installation of a model, observation of it in the warm season, visits to inspect roofs, communication with construction crews) is very simple and at the same time very important:
If you want to get a high-quality installation of shingles in winter, this will require much more effort, time and money than installation in summer, and the result will be less predictable.
More precisely, we can say that labor intensity will almost double, while the summer quality result will not be achieved by 100%.
If the roofing device is included in the winter season, preserve the object until spring!
For shingles, it is most correct to do conservation by covering the mounted continuous crate with inexpensive roll material, for example, roofing material, followed by spring dismantling of such a temporary shelter. There is also the possibility of stopping on a properly laid underlay without dismantling it. It should be noted that a solid lathing (OSB) at any time of the year should be laid according to our recommendations, more on this in, and that not all lining carpets can serve as a temporary roof.
For some reason, have you decided to continue installing shingles in winter?
If we have not convinced you, and you have decided on the winter installation of bituminous tiles:
- Make sure of the qualifications of your construction team, in their experience in carrying out such installation work. We are ready to help you with this;
- Believe me, in such an installation experience and knowledge of the features of work in winter will be the main components of success. Standard instructions are not helpful here;
- Be sure to familiarize builders with
- Monitor compliance with our recommendations.
The main elements to ensure the normal temperature and humidity conditions of the roof are vapor barrier, insulation of the required thickness (depending on the region), windproof material, ventilated under-roof space.
Flexible shingles with the same color codes and production dates should be used on the same roof. The shades of shingles from different batches may vary slightly. To avoid color imbalance, Euromet's specialists recommend mixing tiles from several packages before starting installation. For easier separation of the shingles from each other, the package can be slightly bent and shaken before opening.
If the roof is installed at temperatures below + 5 ° C, the packages with the tiles must be kept in a warm room before installation. The self-adhesive layer of the material must be warmed up with a heat (building) hair dryer.
When cutting a soft roof, a special board should be placed under it so as not to damage the lower covering.
During storage, Shinglas shingles must be protected from direct sunlight, since under their influence the adhesive layer can sinter with the protective film. Material pallets cannot be stacked on top of each other.
Do not walk on the roofing in sunny and hot weather, as it may be left with marks and stains from shoes. It is recommended to move along the roof using special manholes.
Materials used
Shinglas
SHINGLAS flexible shingles differ from similar products from other Russian manufacturers in a wide range of colors and cutting shapes. Currently, there are about 50 different models of Shinglas shingles on the domestic market.
TechnoNICOL underlay carpet
Self-adhesive lining materials:
- ANDEREP ULTRA is a highly durable self-adhesive underlay. High reliability of the material is achieved due to a strong polyester base and high-quality bitumen-polymer binder. The upper protective layer of the underlay carpet is made of fine-grained sand dust.
- ANDEREP BARRIER is a baseless self-adhesive material. A thick reinforcing film is used as the top protective layer. The absence of a base allows maintaining the integrity of the waterproofing material in the event of deformation of the base.
Mechanical fixing liners:
- ANDEREP PROF - has a durable polyester backing and a non-slip polypropylene top coat. Thanks to a special bitumen-polymer mixture, the material can "self-heal", that is, it retains its tightness at the points of entry of the nails.
- ANDEREP GL is a backing material with double-sided protection of the polymer mixture with layers of fine-grained sand dust.
End carpet TechnoNICOL
The TechnoNICOL valley carpet is a rolled bitumen-polymer material. It is produced on the basis of polyester, has a protective coating of coarse-grained basalt granulate. It is used as a waterproofing layer in valleys and places that are exposed to the greatest stress.
Abutment planks, cornice and pediment overhangs
Metal elements with a special protective (anti-corrosion) coating.
Roofing nails
Special galvanized nails are used. The diameter of the nail stem is from 3 mm, the head is from 9 mm, the length is 25-30 mm.
TechnoNICOL mastic No. 23 (FIXER)
Bituminous-polymer mastic for gluing shingles and other bitumen-based materials to various surfaces.
Ventilation elementsTechnoNICOL
Elements for the equipment of the required number of supply and exhaust openings that provide roof ventilation.
Terminology
1) Visible part
2) Overlapping part
3) Neckline
4) Self-adhesive strip
5) Tile, tab, petal
1) Gable overhang
2) Eaves overhang
3) Endova
4) Rib, ridge
5) Skate
6) Fractured stingray
7) Adjacency
Roofing material consumption
Roof tiles. Each package of Shinglas soft roofs of the "Country" and "Jazz" series contains a quantity of tiles sufficient to cover 2 m 2 of the roof (including overlaps). In packages of Shinglas shingles - for 3 m 2 of the roof. The calculation of the amount of material should be made taking into account the coefficient, the value of which depends on the complexity of the roof. The waste of bitumen shingles with cutting shapes "Accord", "Sonata", "Dragon's Tooth" together with ridge-cornice shingles is up to 5%. For the rest of the tiles, when calculating the amount of material, waste should be taken into account at the level of 10-15% (including consumption for the starting strip, ridge and roof ribs).
Roofing nails. The required number of roofing nails is determined at the rate of approximately 80 g per 1 m 2 of the roof.
TechnoNICOL mastic No. 23 (FIXER). 400 g of mastic is consumed on an end carpet per 1 m., For end parts - 100 g per 1 m., For sealing joints - about 750 g per 1 m. Do not dilute the mastic with solvents and apply it in a thicker layer 1 mm, this can lead to sagging and swelling of the material.Preparation of the roof base for installation
1. Decking for flexible shingles
Rather strict requirements are imposed on the base for soft tiles. It should be rigid, solid and even (differences in height are allowed no more than 1-2 mm). Large-panel flooring is laid with a gap between the seams; self-tapping screws or brushed nails are used to fix it. When installing wooden flooring, you need to pay attention to the fragments of the annual rings and lay the material so that they are facing downward with bulges. If the installation of the OSB-3 or plywood base is carried out in the cold season, a gap of 3 mm should be left between the sheets. This will avoid deformation of the flooring due to thermal expansion of the material in the summer.
Before installing the boarding, you must first sort the boards by thickness. They are laid so that the thickness of the base changes gradually. At the same time, thicker boards are laid closer to the cornice, and thinner boards at the ridge. The joints of the boards should be located on supports, in these places the boards are fixed with at least 4 nails. If damp wood is used, the boards are fixed with 2 self-tapping screws on each side.
To strengthen the eaves overhang, metal eaves strips are used. These elements protect the roofing material in the eaves zone from the effects of precipitation. The eaves are attached to the edge of the solid base with roofing nails. Nails are driven in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of 12-15 cm from each other. The planks are laid with an overlap, the width of the overlaps should be 3-5 cm.In the places of the overlaps, nails are hammered in with a step of 2-3 cm.
The lining carpet for any roof slope is mounted over its entire area. In the area of \u200b\u200beaves and in valleys, self-adhesive ANDEREP backing material or other similar material is laid. It serves as an additional protective coating in areas where leaks are most likely.
On eaves, the width of the self-adhesive underlay should be 60 cm greater than the width of the eaves. The width of the eaves is measured from the plane of the inner side of the outer wall of the building, as shown in the figure. The lower edge of the carpet should be 2-3 cm above the edge of the eaves.
A self-adhesive underlay carpet 1 m wide is laid in the valleys (each slope is covered by 50 cm). It is desirable that the carpet be continuous along the entire length of the valley. In the case of using two or more canvases, they are laid with an overlap. The width of the overlaps should be 30 cm, the seams must be carefully glued.
On the rest of the roof surface, an ANDEREP backing material with mechanical fixation or other similar material is mounted. The canvases are laid parallel to the eaves. Installation of the underlayment begins from the bottom of the roof slope and gradually moves up to the ridge. The width of the overlaps in the longitudinal direction should be 10 cm. An exception is made with organic backing materials (eg BiCARD). For them, when laying on a roof slope with a slope of up to 30 °, the width of the overlaps should be 60 cm, and with a slope of more than 30 ° - 10 cm. The overlaps of the canvases in the transverse direction are made 15 cm wide.
The lining carpet is fixed with galvanized nails with wide heads, the nails are driven at a distance of 20-25 cm from each other. Places of overlaps 8-10 cm wide are coated with TechnoNICOL No. 23 mastic.
Note. When mounting with the "Accord", "Sonata", "Trio", "Beaver Tail" cutting shapes, it is allowed to mount the backing material only in places where leaks are most likely. It is laid in strips 50 cm wide along the perimeter of the roof (and along the eaves overhangs up to 60 cm above the plane of the inner surface of the walls, see Fig.), 1 m wide in valleys, 50 cm along the perimeter of dormers and 1x1 m around the passage elements. At the same time, the terms and conditions of the warranty change and become the same as for products of other manufacturers. The climate in different regions of Russia is significantly different, therefore this note does not apply to all regions, but only to the Central Federal District, the Southern Federal District, the Volga Federal District, the North Caucasus Federal District and the Northwestern Federal District.
4. Strengthening the gable overhangs
To strengthen the gable overhangs, metal end strips are used. They are fixed over the lining material with roofing nails with a pitch of 12-15 cm, the nails are hammered in a checkerboard pattern. The end strips are laid with an overlap, the width of the overlaps should be 3-5 cm, in these places the nails are hammered in 2-3 cm. When installing the Shinglas soft roof, the pediment strips are coated with mastic and the upper corners are cut at the extreme shingles.
5. Preparing the valley
There are two ways to install Shinglas soft roofing in valleys - open and "undercut". The preparation of the valley depends on which method is used.
Along the valley axis (1), on top of the self-adhesive backing material (2), lay the TechnoNICOL valley carpet (3) with a horizontal offset of 2-3 cm. On the lower side of the valley carpet, along the perimeter, 10 cm from the edge, is coated with TechnoNICOL bitumen mastic. When using the open method of the valley device, the valley carpet can be replaced with a metal strip with an anti-corrosion coating. Such a replacement is advisable for regions with hot climates. The valley carpet (or metal strip) is fixed with roofing nails, they are hammered at a distance of 2-3 cm from the edge of the material with a step of 20-25 cm. It is advisable to lay a continuous (without overlaps) valley carpet along the entire length of the valley. If this is not possible, the parts of the carpet are overlapped. The overlaps are made 30 cm wide, the material in these places must be carefully glued.
Undercut method
When installing the valley by the "undercut" method, the valley carpet does not need to be mounted.
6. Marking the roof slope
Markings are guide lines that, when laying soft tiles, help align them vertically and horizontally. This is especially true in the case of incorrect geometry of the roof slope and the presence of any structures embedded in the roof. Vertical lines are applied with a step equal to the width of the shingle of an ordinary tile. There should be 5 rows of material between the horizontal lines, so they are applied approximately 80 cm apart. It should be remembered that the marking serves only as a directing function, and is not a guideline for securing a bituminous roof.
Before installation, shingles from several packages are mixed or sheets are taken from them one by one.
If Shinglas will be laid at a low temperature (below + 5 ° C), the packaging must be placed in a warm room (+ 20 ° C) for at least a day in advance. From there, several packages are served immediately before starting work. The self-adhesive strip on the tiles should be warmed up with a heat (construction) hair dryer.
When working on the roof, the material should be cut on a plank underneath so as not to damage the underlying roofing.
In sunny and hot weather, do not walk on the laid roofing, as marks and stains may remain on it. You need to move along the roof using special manholes.
2. Rules for fixing ordinary tiles
Each shingle shingle is fixed to the base with galvanized nails with wide heads. The number of fasteners depends on the angle of inclination of the roof slope. With a slope up to 45 °, each shingle is nailed with four nails, more than 45 ° - with six nails. The nails should be placed evenly and driven in so that the caps do not cut into the surface of the soft roof, but are in the same plane with it (see Fig.).
The location of fasteners for all forms of Shinglas cutting is shown in the figure. On both sides, the shingles are nailed at a distance of 2-3 cm from the edge.
3. Starting strip
For the starting strip, use a universal ridge-eaves tile or shingles of ordinary soft tiles with cut petals.
Ridge-cornice bituminous shingles are used as a starting strip when laying Shinglas with the "Accord" and "Sonata" cutting shapes. It is laid on top of the cornice strips 1-2 cm above their bend (see fig.). The width of the indent from the bend of the cornice planks depends on the slope angle and the length of the roof slope. The longer and steeper the slope, the wider the indent should be.
When installing Shinglas shingles with cutting shapes "Beaver Tail", "Trio", "Accord", "Sonata", shingles of the tile with cut petals are used for the starting strip. Before laying, their underside in places where there is no adhesive layer should be coated with TechnoNICOL mastic. Patterns from ordinary tiles are mounted in the same way as ridge-cornice tiles.
The starting strip for sheets with the "Dragon's Tooth" cutting shape is made from shingles of ordinary shingles, you do not need to cut them. Their installation is carried out in the same way as for ridge-cornice tiles.
4. Laying the first, second and subsequent rows of tiles
On long roof slopes, it is recommended to start laying the material from the middle of the slope, this will make it easier to level it horizontally. 1-2 cm recede from the initial (central) strip and the first shingle is mounted (see Fig.). In this case, you should pay attention to the fact that the joint of the shingles of the tiles of the first row does not coincide with the joint of the elements of the starting strip.
Installation must be done with diagonal stripes (see fig.).
Depending on the shape of the cut, the soft roof can be laid in diagonal stripes, in the form of a pyramid or in a vertical strip (see pictures). The shingles of the second row begin to be laid from the middle of the slope, with a horizontal offset in either direction by half a petal relative to the tiles of the first row. In this case, the lower edge of the petals of the tiles of the second row should be located at the level of the upper edge of the cutouts on the shingles of the first row.
The sheets of the third row are mounted with an offset of half a petal relative to the shingles of the second row in the same direction as when laying the previous row.
It is recommended to coat the extreme shingles of ordinary tiles in places where there is no adhesive layer with TechnoNICOL bitumen mastic 10 cm wide from the edge of the roof. Their upper corners are cut by 2-3 cm for more effective water release.
Note: stacked with an offset relative to the previous row by 15-85 cm. In this case, there is no need to adhere to a special order, the general drawing should turn out to be abstract (see fig.)
In the valley area, ordinary tiles are mounted on top of the valley carpet on two roof slopes (see Fig.). Each shingle suitable for the valley is additionally fixed in the upper part with roofing nails (2) at a distance of at least 30 cm from the axis of the valley (1). Then, with the help of laces, two lines are beat off (3). Ordinary shingles are cut along these lines, having previously placed a plank under it so as not to damage the valley carpet. The upper corners of the 3 shingles approaching the line are cut to drain the water (4). On the underside, in places where there is no adhesive layer, the bituminous roof is coated 10 cm from the undercut line with TechnoNICOL mastic (5).
The width of the valley gutter depends on the location of the building and the amount of water flow from the roof slopes, it can be from 5 to 15 cm. If the building is located among trees (for example, in a forest), then the gutter is made wider to facilitate the removal of leaves. With a significantly different watercourse from the slopes, to prevent the roofing material from being washed away by water, the valley gutters are shifted towards the smaller watercourse.
Undercut method
When constructing a valley using the "undercut" method, first, the level shingles are laid on the slope, which has a smaller slope angle (see Fig.). In this case, the sheets of ordinary tiles should go on a steeper slope by at least 30 cm. In the upper part, each shingle is additionally fixed with roofing nails (2) at a distance of at least 30 cm from the valley axis (1). When the lower slope is completely covered, the tiles are laid on the second slope. On a steeper roof slope, at a distance of 7-8 cm from the axis of the valley, they beat off the line (3). Along this line, sheets are cut, suitable for the valley from a steeper slope (it is recommended to fit a plank under it so as not to damage the underlying material). The upper corners of the extreme shingles are cut to drain water (4). On the lower side, in places where there is no adhesive layer, these shingles are coated 10 cm wide with TechnoNICOL bitumen mastic (5).
6. The device of the ribs of the slopes and skates
Method # 1
When using this method, ridge-cornice tiles are used. Previously, it is divided into three parts by perforation. Ridge-cornice tiles are used for assembling "Accord", "Sonata", "Dragon's Tooth".
Edge. The shingles coming out on the edge are cut so that a gap of 0.5 cm wide remains between the tiles from adjacent slopes. With the help of laces, two reference lines are struck along the edge. Lay the shingles on the edge from bottom to top. The elements are mounted with an overlap, the overlaps should be 3-5 cm wide. Euromet recommends fastening each shingle with four nails (2 on each side) so that the upper one covers the fasteners of the lower one.
Skate. A soft roof on the ridge begins to be laid on the side opposite to the direction of the prevailing winds in the area. Its installation is carried out in the same way as the installation of tiles on the edges of the roof.
Method # 2
When using Shinglas shingles with "Trio", "Sonata", "Dragon's Tooth", "Beaver Tail" cut shapes, the elements for covering the ridge and ribs can be cut from the shingles of the ordinary shingles. For the "Sonata" slicing form, its upper part will be visible, and the lower part will be closed (see fig.)
On the lower side, in places where there is no adhesive layer, the elements are coated with TechnoNICOL mastic before laying. Shelter of ridge and ribs with patterns from ordinary tiles is carried out in the same way as with ridge-cornice tiles.
Important: When installing Shinglas soft roofing series "", "", "", "" in conditions of low (up to + 5 ° C) temperature, it is recommended to bend the elements on a warm pipe with a diameter of about 10 cm. This will prevent their cracking.
7. Installation of SHINGLAS shingles on curved surfaces (domes, cones)
Shinglas flexible shingles can be installed on irregular roofs in two ways - segmental and seamless. When using any of them, a backing carpet must be installed first.
Mounting Shinglas on a domed or tapered surface in a segmental way involves dividing it into segments. The size of the segments depends on the size and shape of the covered surface. Lines are bounced off with laces. An ordinary tile is mounted on each segment, and ridge tiles are mounted on the joints with them (similar to the ridge and roof ribs). The width of the ridge shingles must also match the dimensions of the covered surface.
1) Metal tip (installed after mounting the shinglas);
2) vertical trim lines (ramp markings);
3) a whole petal of a tile;
4) 1/2 of a tile petal;
5) ANDEREP underlayment.
When laying tiles using a seamless method, special attention must be paid to the marking of the surface (see figure). First, marks are made on its base with chalk with a step equal to half the petal of the tile used. From these marks on the lining carpet (5), lines are drawn to the top of the covered surface (at the top, the lines are connected). Ordinary tiles are cut into separate petals, of which the first row is mounted. The next row is shifted by half a petal relative to the previous row. The material for it is cut in accordance with the marked marking lines (2). When the width of the trimmed elements becomes half the original width (4), for the next row, the entire petals of the tiles begin to be used again (3). In this order, the roof is laid to the top of the surface. The top is decorated with a metal tip (1).
8. Arrangement of abutments
For a smoother bend of materials at the junction of the wall to the roof slope, a triangular rail is nailed (see Fig.). It can be made from a diagonally cut wooden beam with a section of 50x50 mm or use an ordinary wooden plinth. If the wall adjacent to the roof is brick, it is pre-plastered and primed. The shingles of ordinary shingles that fit to the abutment are brought onto the nailed rail. Strips with a width of at least 50 cm are cut out of the TechnoNICOL valley carpet. From the bottom side, they are treated with TechnoNICOL bitumen mastic over the entire surface and laid on top of the tiles. The strips of the valley carpet are positioned so that they extend onto the wall by at least 30 cm (and even higher in regions with heavy snow loads). The upper edge of the abutment material is inserted into a striker and pressed with a metal apron. The structure is fixed mechanically and sealed with polyurethane, thiokol or silicone sealant.
The way of sealing the joints of the roof covering with ventilation pipes and chimneys is shown in the figure. Patterns are made from the valley carpet or metal sheet with an anti-corrosion coating, they are cut and bent in the indicated places. First, the front pattern is mounted on top of the shingles of ordinary tiles that fit the pipe. Then the lateral and last but not the back patterns are laid. They are wound under the shingles of the material. On the back side and on the sides, make a groove 80 mm wide. At the shingles of the soft roof suitable for the pipe, the upper corners are cut to drain the water. The underside of these shingles, in places where there is no adhesive layer, is coated with TechnoNICOL bitumen mastic to a width of 10 cm.
If the cross-section of the pipe is more than 50x50 cm, and it is located across the roof slope, a groove is made behind the pipe (see Fig.). This will prevent excessive accumulation of snow behind the pipe.
If the bottom of the roof slope is adjacent to the wall, a metal rainstorm is mounted at the end of it (see fig.).
9. Passage elements
To seal the places where utility pipes, antennas, etc. pass through the roof. use special pass-through elements (see fig.). The bushing is secured mechanically (with nail connections). The shingles of ordinary bituminous shingles are laid on it, cut off and fixed to the flange with TechnoNICOL No. 23 FIXER mastic. Then a suitable roof outlet is installed on the passage element.
TechnoNICOL roof ventilation elements can be non-insulated or insulated (see fig.). They are part of the ventilation and sewerage systems. The use of polyurethane-insulated ventilation outlets is advisable in areas with long, frosty winters, since condensate does not freeze inside them. It is not recommended to install hoods on roof drainage outlets, as condensate accumulates in them. If it freezes, it will interfere with normal ventilation.
For a more aesthetic appearance of the roof outlet, you can install a hood on it without internal scatterers (see Fig.). In addition to its decorative function, it helps prevent precipitation and foliage from entering the pipe.
Roof care
- In spring and autumn, it is necessary to inspect the roof to check its condition and timely identify defects.
- It is recommended to remove foliage and small debris from the roof covering with a soft bristled brush. Sharp tools must not be used, as this may damage the tiles.
- Objects with sharp edges are removed from the roof by hand.
- Drains, gutters and pipes should be checked periodically and cleaned of debris if necessary.
- If a large amount of snow accumulates on the roof, it is removed layer by layer with a mild shovel. At the same time, a layer of snow approximately 10 cm thick is left to protect the roofing.
- From time to time, Euromet's specialists recommend checking the condition (and, if necessary, repairing) metal parts, mounting holes, openings and other elements on the roof.
Shinglas shingles roof repair
SHINGLAS bituminous tile is a repairable roofing material. In the presence of minor defects in the roofing, its local repair can be carried out independently. It is important to identify and, if possible, eliminate the causes of material damage. This can be, for example, installation errors, scuffs from closely spaced tree branches, the presence of depressions in which water stagnates, etc.
Repair procedure:
- Elimination of the cause of damage to the roofing.
- Dismantling of damaged material.
- Laying new roofing material. The joints of the new soft with the main coating are heated with a thermal (construction) hair dryer.
For the conditions of the Far North at temperatures below -20 ° C, it is recommended to use rolled polymeric materials in the form of prefabricated carpets () or to make roll-free roofs from cold polymer mastics on solvents ("Roofleit", "Venta-U").
Restrictions in the performance of roofing work at subzero temperatures are mainly in the fact that it is not allowed to carry out roofing work in icy conditions, snowfall, fog, strong wind.
When the outside air temperature is below zero, roll materials may be glued on the following bases: on asphalt concrete - immediately after the asphalt concrete has been laid; for any prepared during the warm season; on a prefabricated slab with a factory single-layer roll carpet (the seams between the slabs are sealed with a cement-sand mortar with the addition of potash - 10% of the cement mass); on cement-sand with expanded clay filler with a fraction of up to 3 mm (cement: sand ratio - 1: 2 parts by weight) and adding potash to the solution (10 ... 15% by weight of cement).
Roof structures for construction in the Far North have distinctive features at the junctions, on eaves, overhangs (Fig. 49) and in the places where water intake funnels pass (Fig. 50).
It is not allowed to apply a primer and stick on roll materials if the base of the roof is covered with snow, covered with frost or ice. The icing in the form of a crust of frost or ice is sprinkled with technical table salt (at the rate of 150 g / m2), then after 6 ... 7 hours the base treated with salt is sprinkled with sawdust, and after 2 ... 3 hours the sawdust is swept away and the moistened base is dried with using portable heaters. The suitability of the base is checked with a test sticker of a rolled sheet.
Rolled materials are kept in a warm room and delivered to workplaces in insulated containers. The containers are metal boxes with lids (section 350X700 mm, height 1050 mm), insulated from the inside with foam. Roof mastic is served in thermoses, asphalt - in insulated containers.
For heating workers, as well as for the intermediate storage of materials on the roofs, temporary insulated rooms should be equipped.
The carpet glued in winter in the warm season is examined, if necessary, repaired, and then the remaining layers are glued according to the project.
In winter conditions, roll carpets, in addition to the top layer, are glued, as a rule, on cold mastics. The top layer is glued in the warm season after preliminary inspection. When mastics are supplied through the pipeline (Fig. 51), it must be insulated. Mastics are heated in thermos boilers. The maximum temperature of the mastics is 180 ° C.
When applied, the temperature of the hot mastic should be 160 ° C, and the cold 70 ° C.
In winter conditions, roll materials are recommended to be glued only along the slope, regardless of the roof slope. When gluing rolled panels by hand, the mastic should be applied in strips across the width of the brush perpendicular to the direction of the roll and immediately rolled up and rubbed in.
Simultaneous laying of multi-layer roll carpets in winter, regardless of the type of mastic, is prohibited.
Additional layers of carpet at low temperatures are glued to funnels, junctions, valleys and eaves overhangs only on hot mastics, regardless of the material used for the installation of the roofing carpet.
The rolled carpet at the junctions of the water intake funnel must have an additional bottom layer of fiberglass impregnated with Isol mastic.
The distance from the funnels of internal gutters to walls, ventilation shafts and roof exits should be sufficient for the device to adjoin the roll carpet, but not less than 1 m.
Cold adhesive mastics must be heated up to 70 ° C in winter. Mastic in cans is heated in a container with water, heating it outside. Continuous heating of water does not allow the mastic to cool down.
Thermal insulation device
The heat-insulating layer is best made from prefabricated insulation boards. To avoid the installation of leveling screeds, the boards are sorted in a warm room by size, paying particular attention to their thickness. The slabs are laid, pouring under them, if necessary, a layer of expanded clay leveling. The joints are sealed with mastic from a mixture of liquefied bitumen with a fibrous filler (asbestos of the 6th and 7th groups). Sealing the joints with mastic allows you to get a more durable roof base.If the project provides for gluing thermal insulation plates to the base, then a primer is applied to the surface of reinforced concrete slabs (or other supporting base), and after it dries, mastic is applied.
Monolithic thermal insulation in winter, as a rule, is not satisfied, since when laying concrete mixtures with light aggregates, it is necessary to use electric heating, which is rather difficult in roof conditions and takes a lot of time, and anti-frost additives can worsen the thermal insulation properties of heaters. Of the compositions for the device of monolithic thermal insulation, bitumen perlite is the most preferred. It is prepared from hot bitumen and filler - perlite, fed and applied in a mechanized way: hot bitumen through heat-resistant sleeves using bitumen pumps, perlite - through a pipeline using compressed air.
Screed device
Screeds at negative temperatures are made of prefabricated asbestos-cement and cement slabs and monolithic - cement-sand and asphalt concrete. Since it is very difficult to carry out wet processes in winter at low temperatures, the device of a solid prefabricated base in winter is preferable both in terms of labor costs and the quality of work. Precast boards are glued on hot bitumen mastics.Cement-sand screeds arrange from cement-sand mortars of the composition 1: 2 or 1: 3 (parts by weight) with the introduction of antifreeze additives - potash (calcium chloride) or salts of sodium carbonate. The amount of additives for the main composition is determined in laboratory conditions. In cement-sand mortars, river or mountain sand is replaced with expanded clay.
A cement-sand mortar with antifreeze additives is laid heated to 40 ... 60 ° C, as much as possible excluding the transfer of the solution from one container to another. The solutions are delivered to the construction site in closed tanks (mortar carriers). During transportation through pipelines, the receiving and distributing hoppers are closed with tight covers that ensure tightness. Bins and pipelines are covered with thermal insulation.
When applied to the roof with cranes, the solution is delivered in insulated containers, which are loaded (from mortar vehicles and other vehicles) in insulated rooms. The solution supplied to the roof in a container, without reloading into other containers, is placed on a scooter or motor-carriage and transported to the place of laying. The roofers lay the delivered mortar in strips along the lighthouse rails through one, leveling and compacting with vibrating screeds, priming the mortar immediately after it is laid and covering the finished strip with a continuous insulating layer of mats. After laying the solution through the strip, the lighthouse strips are removed and the intermediate strips are filled with the solution, also leveling their surface, priming and covering with an insulating layer.
Asphalt concrete screeds have an advantage over cement-sand screeds in that due to their high temperature at the time of installation (170 ° C), they are easier to level. The asphalt concrete mixture is delivered to the roof and to the roofers' workplace in insulated containers; at very low temperatures, the containers with the mixture are heated up to the operating temperature using heat electric heaters (TEN) before laying. The mixture is laid in sections with an area of \u200b\u200b4X4 \u200b\u200bm along the verified lighthouse rails and immediately it is leveled and compacted with rollers weighing 90 kg.
Screeds made of asphalt concrete mixture and cement-sand mortar are arranged in winter in cases when the installation of the bearing base of the roofs ends in winter and the period of their construction cannot be rescheduled. In this case, instead of monolithic screeds, flat asbestos-cement slabs are sometimes also used. When installing prefabricated screeds, carefully align their base (surface of the heat-insulating layer). Prefabricated elements are glued on hot bitumen mastics. The seams between the precast slabs are poured with a mixture of liquefied bitumen grade BN-70/30 with a filler of asbestos of the 7th group.
The screeds, arranged before the onset of cold weather, when the roofs on them are performed in winter conditions, are immediately primed (before the mortar begins to set).
Gluing roll carpet
For gluing roll materials, cold bitumen mastics are mainly used with thinners (kukersol varnish or diesel oil).When constructing roofs from welded roll materials, installations with burners operating on liquid or gas fuel (propane butane) are used to heat the covering layer.
Roll materials, including welded roofing felt, are kept before sticking rolled out in a warm room at a temperature of 20 ... 25 ° C for 24 ... 48 hours, rolled up and placed in 5 ... 7 rolls in a container with thermal insulation. These containers are transported to the roof by light cranes and motor scooters, delivered directly to the stowage area.
All containers with hot mastic are equipped with electric heaters to ensure the required temperature (160 ... 180 ° C).
Considering the complexity of gluing roofing roll materials on hot mastics, it is advisable to arrange a roofing carpet using cold bitumen-kuersol or bitumen-latex-kuersol mastics (). These mastics are prepared centrally with the introduction of a larger amount of thinner and heated up to 70 ... 80 ° C before application.
When gluing on cold bituminous mastics, mark the line for laying out roll materials, aged in a warm room, and try on the laying area. A roll of cloth is rolled out on the primed base, applying cold mastic to the base and roll material with the help of spray rods. The roofer, pressing the glued panel to the base, makes sure that there is no mastic roller in front of the roll, which indicates the need to reduce its consumption. The sheets are glued alternately at the beginning with a transverse overlap, that is, in width, the next row with a longitudinal overlap.
|| Thermal insulation materials. Purpose and classification || Materials for leveling screeds and a protective layer of roofs || Paint compositions and putties. Drying oils || Mineral binders. Purpose and classification || Building solutions. Types and classification of solutions || General information about roofs, roofs and the organization of roofing works. Roof classification || Preparation of foundations for roofs. Substrate surface preparation || Installation of roofs from roll materials. Preparation of roofing materials || Mastic roofing. Roofs made of bituminous, bitumen-polymer and polymer mastics || Installation of roofs on panels of high factory readiness. Complex panels || Installation of roofs made of piece materials. Roofs from small-piece materials || Metal roofs. General information || Roofing made of sheet steel. Preparatory work || Roof repair. Roll roofs || Safety engineering
General requirements. Roofing works are performed at an outside air temperature of up to -20 ° C, and in the Far North, as an exception, up to -30 ° C. For the conditions of the Far North at temperatures below -20 ° C, it is recommended to use rolled polymeric materials in the form of prefabricated carpets or to make roll-free roofs from cold polymer mastics Krovlelit, Venta-V on solvents. Restrictions in the performance of roofing work at subzero temperatures are mainly in the fact that it is not allowed to carry out roofing work in ice, snow, fog, strong wind.
At a negative outside temperature, roll materials are allowed to be glued on the following bases: asphalt concrete - immediately after laying asphalt concrete, any prepared at a positive temperature; prefabricated from slabs with a factory single-layer roll carpet (the seams between the slabs are sealed with a cement-sand mortar with the addition of potash - 10% of the cement mass); cement-sand with expanded clay filler with a fraction of up to 3 mm (cement: sand ratio - 1: 2 parts by weight) with the addition of potash to the solution (10 ... 15% of the cement mass). Roof structures for construction in the Far North have features at the junctions, on eaves, overhangs (Fig. 87, a) and in the places where the intake funnels pass (Fig. 87, b). It is recommended: to lay the first layer of roofing material on the cornice 3 dry with sprinkling - down; arrange heat-insulating liners 4; cover the cornice with additional layers of roofing carpet 5.
Figure: 87.
1 - klyayammer; 2 - aprons; 3 - a layer of roofing material (dry), laid down with sprinkles; 4 - inserts; 5 - additional layers of roofing carpet; 6 - the main roofing carpet; 7 - cover panel; 8 - water intake funnel; 9 - cement-sand mortar; 10 - galvanized steel pallet
The main roofing carpet 6 (Fig, 87, a) is made stepped and is not brought to the cornice by 350 mm, the main thermal insulation is laid along the vapor barrier along the coating panels 7. The entire cornice section is protected with an apron 2 made of galvanized roofing steel, fixed with clamps 1. to the funnels on the cover panel (Fig. 87, b), layers of additional roofing carpet 5 are laid, which are brought close to the water intake funnel 8, as well as the main carpet 6. The thermal insulation layer is laid on a galvanized steel pallet 10. The funnel is fixed with bolts embedded in cement-sand mortar 9. It is not allowed to apply a primer and stick roll materials if the base of the roof is covered with snow, covered with frost or ice. The icing in the form of a crust of frost or ice is sprinkled with technical table salt (at the rate of 150 g / m2), then after 6 ... 7 hours the base treated with salt is sprinkled with sawdust, and after 2 ... 3 hours the sawdust is swept away and the moistened base is dried using portable heaters. The suitability of the base is checked by a test sticker of a roll panel.
Rolled materials are kept in a warm room and delivered to workplaces in insulated containers. The containers are metal boxes with lids (section 350х700 mm, height 1050 mm), insulated from the inside with foam. Roof mastic is served in thermoses, asphalt - in insulated containers. For heating workers, as well as for the intermediate storage of materials on the roofs, temporary insulated rooms should be equipped. The carpet glued in winter in the warm season is examined, if necessary, repaired, and then the remaining layers are glued according to the project.
In winter conditions, roll carpets, in addition to the top layer, are glued, as a rule, on cold mastics. The top layer is glued in the warm season after preliminary inspection. When mastics are supplied by pump 7 (Fig. 88) through pipeline 1, it must be insulated. Mastics are heated in thermos boilers. The maximum temperature of the mastics is 180 ° C. When applying, the temperature of the hot mastic should be 160 ° C, and the cold 70 ° C.
Figure: 88. :
1 - pipeline; 2 - clamp; 3 - weather vane; 4 - inner pipe; 5 - frame; 6 - pipe for supplying mastic from a thermos; 7 - pump
In winter conditions, roll materials are recommended to be glued only along the slope, regardless of the roof slope. When gluing rolled panels by hand, the mastic should be applied in strips across the width of the brush perpendicular to the direction of the roll and immediately rolled up and rubbed in. Simultaneous laying of multi-layer roll carpets in winter, regardless of the type of mastic, is prohibited. Additional layers of carpet at low temperatures are glued to funnels, junctions, valleys and eaves overhangs only on hot mastics, regardless of the material used for the installation of the roofing carpet. The rolled carpet at the junctions of the drain funnel must have an additional bottom layer of glass fabric impregnated with Isol mastic. The distance from the funnels of internal gutters to the walls, ventilation shafts and roof exits should be sufficient for the device to adjoin the roll carpet, but not less than 1 m. equipment (fig. 89).
Figure: 89. :
a - insulated bunker for asphalt concrete; b - insulated box for two rolls of roofing material; c - insulated wheelbarrow for asphalt concrete; г - roof for wheelbarrows and bunkers; 1 - frame made of 30x40 mm bars; 2 - slag wool; 3 - plywood
Thermal insulation device. The heat-insulating layer is best made from prefabricated insulation boards. To avoid the installation of leveling screeds, the boards are sorted in a warm room by size, paying particular attention to their thickness. Plates are laid, pouring under them, if necessary, a leveling layer of expanded clay. The joints are sealed with mastic from a mixture of liquefied bitumen with a fibrous filler (asbestos of the 6th and 7th groups). Sealing the joints with mastic allows you to get a more durable roof base. If the project provides for gluing thermal insulation plates to the base, then a primer is applied to the surface of reinforced concrete slabs (or other supporting base), and after it dries, mastic is applied. Monolithic thermal insulation in winter, as a rule, does not suit, since when laying concrete mixtures with light aggregates, it is necessary to use electric heating, which is rather difficult in roof conditions and takes a lot of time, and antifreeze additives can worsen the thermal insulation properties of heaters. Of the compositions for the device of monolithic thermal insulation, bitumen perlite is the most preferred. It is prepared from hot bitumen and filler - perlite, fed and applied in a mechanized way: hot bitumen through heat-resistant sleeves using bitumen pumps, perlite - through a pipeline using compressed air.
Screed device. Screeds at negative temperatures are made of prefabricated asbestos-cement and cement slabs and monolithic - cement-sand and asphalt concrete. Since it is very difficult to carry out wet processes in winter at low temperatures, the device of a solid prefabricated base in winter is preferable both in terms of labor costs and the quality of work. Precast boards are glued on hot bitumen mastics. Cement-sand screeds are made of cement-sand mortars of the composition 1: 2 or 1: 3 (parts by weight) with antifreeze additives - potash (calcium chloride) or salts of sodium carbonate. The amount of additives for the main composition is determined in laboratory conditions. In cement-sand mortars, river or mountain sand is replaced with expanded clay. A cement-sand mortar with antifreeze additives is placed heated to 40 ... 60 ° C, as much as possible excluding the transfer of the solution from one container to another. The solutions are delivered to the construction site in closed tanks (mortar carriers). During transportation through pipelines, receiving and distributing hoppers are closed with tight sealed covers. Bins and pipelines are covered with thermal insulation. When applied to the roof with cranes, the solution is delivered in insulated containers, which are loaded (from mortar vehicles and other vehicles) in insulated rooms. The solution supplied to the roof in a container, without reloading into other containers, is placed on a scooter or motor-carriage and transported to the place of laying. The roofers lay the delivered mortar in strips along the lighthouse rails through one, leveling and compacting with vibrating screeds, priming the mortar immediately after it is laid and covering the finished strip with a continuous insulating layer of mats. After laying the solution through the strip, the lighthouse strips are removed and the intermediate strips are filled with the solution, also leveling their surface, priming and covering with an insulating layer.
Asphalt concrete screeds have an advantage over cement-sand screeds in that, due to their high temperature at the time of laying (170 ° C), they are easier to level. The asphalt concrete mixture is delivered to the roof and to the roofers' workplace in insulated containers; at very low temperatures, the containers with the mixture are heated before laying with the help of electric heaters (heating elements) to the operating temperature. The mixture is laid in sections with an area of \u200b\u200b4x4m along the verified lighthouse rails and immediately leveled and compacted with rollers. Screeds made of asphalt concrete mixture and cement-sand mortar are arranged in winter in cases when the installation of the bearing base of the roofs ends in winter and the period of their construction cannot be rescheduled. In this case, instead of monolithic screeds, flat asbestos-cement sheets are sometimes also used. When installing prefabricated screeds, carefully align their base (surface of the heat-insulating layer). Prefabricated elements are primed on both sides, then glued on gaskets 100 mm wide, which are glued on bitumen mastics. The seams between the precast slabs are poured with a mixture of liquefied bitumen grade BN-70/30 with a filler of asbestos of the 7th group. Screeds, arranged before the onset of cold weather, when the roofs on them are performed at negative temperatures, are immediately primed (before the mortar begins to set).
Gluing roll carpet. For gluing roll materials, cold bitumen mastics are mainly used with thinners (kukersol varnish or diesel oil). When installing roofs from welded roll materials, installations with burners operating on liquid or gas fuel (propane-butane) are used to heat the covering layer. Roll materials, including those to be welded, are kept before sticking rolled out in a warm room at a temperature of 20 ... 25 ° С for 24 ... 48 hours, rolled up and placed in 5 ... 7 rolls in a container with thermal insulation. These containers are transported to the roof by light cranes and motor scooters, delivered directly to the stowage area. All containers with hot mastic are equipped with electric heaters to ensure the required temperature (160 ... 180 ° C).
Taking into account the complexity of gluing roofing roll materials on hot mastics, it is advisable to arrange a roofing carpet using cold bitumen-polymer mastics. These mastics are prepared with the introduction of polymers and heated up to 70 ... 80 ° C before application. When gluing on cold bituminous mastics, mark the line for laying out roll materials, aged in a warm, cleaned room, and try on the laying area. A roll of cloth is rolled out on the primed base, applying cold mastic to the base and roll material with the help of spray rods. The roofer, pressing the glued panel to the base, makes sure that there is no mastic roller in front of the roll, which indicates the need to reduce its consumption. The sheets are glued alternately at the beginning with a transverse overlap (in width), the next row with a longitudinal overlap (in length).
It so happens that the construction of a house reaches the home stretch in late autumn. I don't want to preserve the construction site until spring and postpone the longed-for move to a new house ...
And then there is nothing left to do but to build at a time when the cold weather has already come.
Installation of the upper structure in winter is possible, but it has its own characteristics.
The complexity of roofing work
Most traditional building materials crumble, break or bend poorly when freezing, so modern ones should be preferred.
They have good indicators of frost resistance, some are used at temperatures down to -55 degrees. But you need to handle them carefully.
Roofing work in winter is difficult for several reasons. One of the main ones is that due to weather conditions, this is a more laborious process.
Short daylight hours are an additional challenge. Proper site lighting can be a worthwhile way out of this situation, but it increases costs.
As practice shows, it still takes more time to erect a roof compared to the summer period.
And not only because the sun sets too quickly over the horizon. Cleaning of surfaces is periodically required, and also the breaks of roofers for heating increase.
Roof installation should be interrupted during the period of precipitation. But even on rainy autumn days, it sometimes takes a week, or even more, to wait for acceptable weather conditions.
The best option is equipment over the entire structure of the building - it will protect from precipitation and reduce time.
In any case, you need to strictly observe the laying technology, which differs from the summer version.
At the same time, the cost of work and roofing materials decreases in the off-season, it is easier to find contractors, so building a roof in winter can turn into a benefit.
Building materials are stored in a warm room or in temporary structures consisting of a frame, sheltered, - greenhouses. In greenhouses, the temperature is maintained using heaters or heat guns.
All preparatory work must be carried out in places protected from adverse weather - internal rooms. Raise the elements to the roof just before installation.
Construction of the rafter system
As for - we can even say that in winter, their installation has a number of advantages.
Cold has a positive effect on wood:
- bacteria and other pests die at low temperatures;
- in frosty dry air, the tree becomes less humid.
In severe frosts - more than -20 degrees - it is not recommended to install a wooden rafter system, since the wood becomes too fragile, and there is a high probability of damage.
The risk is not justified: it is better to wait for an increase to -15 degrees, and continue construction with the calm confidence that the performance of the roof frame will not be affected.
Moreover, in central Russia, bitter frosts usually do not last for months.
We should also not forget about the safety precautions on the ice-covered and therefore slippery roof.
Laying the roofing cake
The roof area is divided into sections. Work is not carried out simultaneously in several areas - only in one.
The most important point is to protect the materials from snow by covering them with insulating films.
The waterproofing should be treated with special responsibility: in order to avoid its swelling, in no case should snow be allowed to fall on the waterproof layer.
Experts advise using mineral wool with good hydrophobic qualities as a heater. Loose, like tiled, it is recommended to dry.
Best used with a bottom foil layer.
In the spring, with the first rains, it will be known whether the roofing cake has passed the leak test.
Metal roofing
Low temperatures are not terrible for this material. The quality of the roof is not affected by the fact that it was laid during the cold season.
But for builders who are not too dexterous because of warm clothes, a strong wind can be dangerous - due to the large windage of the sheets.
Polyurethane-coated metal retains the greatest elasticity in cold weather.
Installation of cement-sand and clay tiles
Traditionally considered the best roof covering.
A small number of pores ensures its excellent frost resistance, this coating withstands many freeze-thaw cycles without loss of performance. Installation can be carried out in the winter, although it is a very laborious process.
A lot of weight in some way will even play into the hands - for example, it will not be blown off by the wind. And the relatively small dimensions do not pose such a danger to installers as when laying large sheets of metal tiles.
Shingles roofing
is chosen based on the flexibility indicator on the bar, this value is indicated in the technical specifications.
The key to waterproofing the roof is to lay the roofing material on a dry base.
In addition, the plywood sheets or boards used for the sheathing will expand with the onset of the warm season, and therefore a gap of several millimeters must be left between them.
The material is served in small portions and stacked immediately. For reliable fixing on a continuous flooring, the tiles are heated with the heat of a building hair dryer to melt the bitumen layer.