Many words of the Russian language are known to the whole people. These words are in common use, for example: water, earth, sky, bird; green, blue, long; go, think, talk. Our everyday speech is primarily built from common words. But there are words in the Russian language that not all people use in their speech. For example, the word yaruga (ravine) is used in the speech of villagers in some places; chamotte (refractory clay) - in the speech of metallurgists.
What are common words?
Go, granddaughters, to the garden, bring beetroots for the borscht.
What to bring, grandma?
Burakov.
What is it?
Well, that's what they call beets in our village.
Why didn't the boy understand his grandmother?
Do you call beets in any other word?
The word beet is in common use, it is known to everyone who speaks Russian. The word burak is used only in the speech of residents of a certain area. This is a dialectal word.
Dialect words are words used only by residents of a particular rural area.
Some of the dialect words most commonly used in literary works are included in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language. With them, litter is given obl. (that is, regional).
There are special dialect dictionaries, or dictionaries of Russian folk dialects. In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl, there are many dialect words collected by him in different parts of our Motherland.
(E. Lichtenstein.)
Write down the words with the highlighted spelling and explain them in writing.
7. Professional words are explained in special reference dictionaries, in encyclopedias. The most common professional words are given in explanatory dictionaries. With them, a special litter is put. (which means special); other labels indicate which specialties the words are associated with, for example: tech. - technical, marine. - marine. One of the meanings of a polysemantic word can be professional.
Find 3-4 professional words in "". By what signs will you find professional words in the dictionary?
8. Write out 5-6 words from the textbooks of geography (botany, mathematics), which are mainly used in the speech of geographers (botanists, mathematicians). Make three sentences with any of them.
9. Who is shown in the pictures above? Read the words under the pictures and tell me if they are all correctly placed there.
Write off by making corrections. Make a sentence with any professional word.
10. The artist was asked to make illustrations for these proposals. He got something wrong. What mistakes did he make? What words did he mean: common or professional?
TO common vocabulary includes words used (understood and used) in different linguistic spheres by native speakers regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle: these are the majority of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs ( blue, bonfire, grumble, okay), numerals, pronouns, most of the official words.
TO restricted vocabulary includes words, the use of which is limited to some locality (dialectisms), profession (special vocabulary), occupation or interests (slang vocabulary).
Dialectisms
Dialectisms - these are features of dialects, dialects that do not correspond to the norms of the literary language. Dialecticism is a dialectal inclusion in the Russian literary language. The phonetic, derivational, grammatical features of the dialect can be reflected in the speech of people, but for lexicology, dialectisms associated with the functioning of words as lexical units are most important - lexical dialectisms, which are of several types.
First, dialectism can denote realities that exist only in a given area and do not have names in the literary language: tyes- "vessel for liquid from birch bark", crumb- "wooden shoulder device for carrying weights."
Secondly, dialectisms include words that are used in a certain area, but have words with the same meaning in the literary language: hefty - very, pitching - duck, basque - beautiful.
Thirdly, there are such dialectisms that coincide in spelling and pronunciation with the words of the literary language, but have a different meaning that does not exist in the literary language, but is characteristic of a certain dialect, for example, plow -"Sweep the floor" firefighter -"Burned out", thin in the meaning of "bad" (this meaning was in the past inherent in the literary language, hence the comparative degree worse from adjective bad) or weather- "bad weather".
Dialectal traits can also manifest themselves at other linguistic levels - in pronunciation, inflection, collocation, etc.
Dialectisms are outside the literary language, but can be used in fiction to create local color, for the speech characteristics of characters.
Dialectisms are recorded in special dictionaries of various dialects, the most common of them can be reflected in the explanatory dictionary with the mark regional.
Special vocabulary
Special vocabulary associated with the professional activities of people. It includes terms and professionalisms.
Terms- these are the names of special concepts of science, art, technology, agriculture, etc. The terms are often artificially created using Latin and Greek roots and differ from the "ordinary" words of the language in that they, ideally, are unambiguous in this terminology and do not have synonyms , that is, only one object of a given science should correspond to each term. Each word-term has a strict definition, recorded in special scientific research or terminological dictionaries.
Distinguish between generally understandable and highly specialized terms. Meaning generally understood terms are also known to a non-specialist, which is usually associated with the study of the foundations of various sciences at school and with their frequent use in everyday life (for example, medical terminology) and in the media (political, economic terminology). Highly specialized the terms are clear only to specialists. Here are examples of linguistic terms of different types:
common terms: subject, predicate, suffix, verb;
highly specialized terms: predicate, phoneme, submorph, suppletivism.
Terms belong to the literary language and are recorded in special terminological dictionaries and explanatory dictionaries marked special.
It is necessary to distinguish from the terms professionalism- words and expressions that are not scientifically defined, strictly legalized names of certain objects, actions, processes associated with professional, scientific, industrial activities of people. These are semi-official and unofficial (they are sometimes called professional jargon) words used by people of a certain profession to denote special objects, concepts, actions, often having names in the literary language. Jargon-professionalisms exist exclusively in the oral speech of people of this profession and are not included in the literary language (for example, among printing workers: cap- "large heading", turn- "marriage in the form of a square"; at the chauffeurs: steering wheel- "steering wheel", brick- no-entry sign). If professionalisms are included in dictionaries, they are accompanied by an indication of the scope of use ( in the speech of sailors, in the speech of fishermen etc.).
Slang vocabulary
Restricted vocabulary also includes jargon- words used by people of certain interests, occupations, habits. So, for example, there are jargons for schoolchildren, students, soldiers, athletes, criminals, hippies, etc. For example, in student jargon tail- "failed exam, test", hostel- "dormitory", spur, bomb- "varieties of cheat sheets", in the jargon of schoolchildren laces, ancestors, rodaki- parents, cupcake, bobblehead, bump, pepper, man, dude, cartilage, shnyaga- guy. Words that are included in different jargons form an interjargon ( schmuck, funny, cool, party).
Besides the term jargon, there are also the terms "argo" and "slang". Argo is a specially classified language. In previous centuries in Russia there were argos of wandering merchants - peddlers, professional fundraisers, etc. Now we can talk about thieves argos ( feather- knife, a gun- pistol). Slang- this is a linguistic environment of oral communication that is different from the norm of the literary language, uniting a large group of people. A significant difference between slang and jargon is the increased emotionality of slang and the lack of selectivity in it of objects for naming with the help of special words: we use slang in almost all speech situations in informal oral communication of people. So, we can talk about youth slang - a means of informal communication among young people aged approximately 12 to 30 years. Slang is updated quite quickly, and the sources of constant updating of slang are jargon units (over the past few years, youth slang has switched from thieves' jargon as the main "supplier" of vocabulary to the jargon of drug addicts), borrowing ( rudder"Correct" - from the English. rule, gerla"Girl" - from the English. girl), pun playful rethinking of the words of the literary language ( claudia"keyboard", ancestors"Parents"), as well as derivatives from these units ( cool, cool). At the same time, the meaning of the units used (jargon, borrowings) is usually expanded, rethought in relation to other areas of activity. For example, a drug addict will say: I'm rushing from this dope, - and from a young man you can hear: This Mouzon rushes me.
Slang and argotic vocabulary is outside the literary language and is recorded only in special dictionaries.
Words related to vocabulary of limited use are often used in fiction for the speech characteristics of heroes, creating a certain flavor.
Bibliographic description:
I.A. Nesterova Common vocabulary [Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia site
Common vocabulary is a layer whose use is based on the use of common words, which, in certain social conditions, must be understood by all speakers of the given language in all cases.
Common Vocabulary Concept
The vocabulary of the modern Russian language is very rich. The Russian language has a huge number of names for objects, phenomena, signs of reality, which make it possible to convey the subtlest nuances of thought with the utmost expressiveness and clarity.
It makes up the bulk of the vocabulary of any language. It is vast and varied.
are words that denote phenomena that are vital to all people who are speakers of a given language.
Common vocabulary is the backbone of a national literary dictionary, the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts, the foundation on the basis of which, first of all, further improvement and enrichment of vocabulary takes place. The overwhelming majority of the words included in it are stable in their use and are used in all styles of speech.
Common words are stylistically neutral and are used primarily in their direct meaning. For example, in the following excerpt from K. Paustovsky's story "Yellow Light", most of the words are common:
“I woke up on a gray morning. The room was flooded with an even yellow light, as if from a kerosene lamp. The light came from below, from the window, and brightest illuminated the log ceiling.
The strange light — dim and motionless — was unlike sunlight. It was the autumn leaves shining. Over a windy and long night, the garden shed dry foliage, it lay in noisy heaps on the ground and spread a dull glow. From this radiance, the faces of the people seemed tanned, and the pages of the books on the table seemed to be covered with a layer of wax ... "
Composition of common vocabulary
Common vocabulary has a heterogeneous composition, which includes several sections. According to Borisoglebskaya, first of all, the following are referred to as common vocabulary:
- names of the most important objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality (city, river, forest, mountain),
- the names of the seasons (spring, winter, summer, autumn),
- the names of the most common professions (teacher, doctor, builder, engineer),
- designation of actions (work, talk, watch),
- feature names (tall, hot, white), etc.
As part of the vocabulary of any language there are words that are known and understandable to everyone and can be used both in oral and written speech. Among these words, stylistically neutral words stand out, i.e. such words that can be equally heard in a scientific report and in everyday conversation, which can be read both in a business document and in a friendly letter. The overwhelming majority of such words are in Russian. They can also be called commonly used in the full sense of the word.
For example: "During the day, according to research by the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Research, men and women devote the same number of hours to physiological everyday problems (sleep, food), which is about 13 hours a day ...".
Common vocabulary is by no means a closed group of words, not subject to any influence. It can be replenished with words that previously had a limited (dialectal or professional) scope of use, which in turn shows that the boundaries between common vocabulary and various terminology are poorly delineated.
Common vocabulary is enriched due to the fact that time introduces new relevant realities that are becoming so popular that they are used by the vast majority of native speakers.
The role of common vocabulary in Russian
Common vocabulary in the Russian language plays an important communicative and social role. The interpenetration of words from various types of vocabulary into commonly used and vice versa allows speech streams not to stagnate and develop progressively.
The role of common vocabulary in the Russian language is that it allows people working and existing in different fields to understand each other without problems and to interact successfully.
Literature
- Konstantin Paustovsky. Stories - M .: Seeker, 2014
- Borisoglebskaya E.I., Gurchenkova V.P., Kurbyko A.E. and others. Russian language: A guide for applicants to universities. - M .: Vysh. shk. 1998.
- Garbovskiy NK Comparative stylistics of professional speech: (Based on the material of Russian and French languages). - M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1988.
Vocabulary from the point of view of the sphere of use (student)
11. Vocabulary in terms of scope
Common vocabulary
Vocabulary of limited scope
2.1. Dialect (regional) vocabulary
2.2. Socially restricted vocabulary
Literature
_____________________________________________________________________
From the point of view of the scope of use, vocabulary is divided into two large groups:
common,
limited scope.
Common vocabulary
Common(nationwide) vocabulary is an ethology, the understanding and use of which does not depend on the place of residence, or on the profession, occupation of native speakers. Common vocabulary forms the basis of the vocabulary of the language. It includes, first of all, literary words(excluding special vocabulary):
needle,rope,grumble,go,bonfire,rally,runny nose,clothes,sew…
All these words are understandable to every native speaker and can be used in a variety of conditions and situations of communication.
In addition, the common vocabulary lately includes non-literary words that are common among people of different ages and professions, regardless of where they live:
bulldozer, muzzle,shove,fit,foolishly,hang around…
The use of these common words is limited to situations of informal communication.
Limited vocabulary
Limited vocabulary(unpopular) - ethos, the understanding and use of which are associated with the place of residence of a person, his profession, occupation. The non-popular vocabulary includes
geographically limited (dialectal),
socially restricted vocabulary.
2.1. Dialectal(regional)vocabulary- this is part of the non-common vocabulary, which is characteristic of the population of any locality, district, region:
veksha'squirrel', unsteadiness'cradle, square ‘Bushes’, basque'beautiful', paddle ‘Disdain’ sup'have supper'…
Dialect words are called (lexical) dialectisms [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 211-212].
National and dialectal vocabulary related.
1) Many of the lexical dialectisms are by origin in popular words:
vered'sore', take‘Bunch’, stomach'belongings', zhuda‘Horror, fear’ ...
2) Many dialect words entered the national vocabulary:
nonsense,lean against,plow,owl,frail,tedious,take a nap,barrack,mumble,clumsy,hype,background ...[SRYa-1, p. 45].
2.2. To socially restricted vocabulary relate
special vocabulary,
jargon.
1) Special vocabulary- these are words and word combinations denoting concepts of a certain area of knowledge or activity:
dividend‘Part of the profit received by the shareholders’ alibi‘The absence of the accused at the crime scene as proof of his innocence’, flesh‘The wrong side of tanned leather’ ...
Among the special words stand out
professionalism.
Terms(lat. terminus'Border, limit') - words or combinations of words that officially adopted to name the concepts of science, production, art, etc.
At the heart of each term is necessarily the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time succinct description of an object or phenomenon. Each area of knowledge has its own terminological system.
Terms are divided into
general scientific that are used in various fields of knowledge: experiment, adequate, equivalent, reaction, progress ...
special(highly specialized), which are assigned to certain scientific disciplines, branches of production and technology: immobilization‘Creating immobility, rest’, clay‘Premium clay, kaolin’, epenthesis‘Insert sound for easier pronunciation: poet - sings’…
There are also common(common) terms:
amputation, hypertension, cardiogram;
infinitive, adverb, case ...
Terms are part of the literary language.
Professionalism Are words and word combinations that are unofficial designations of special concepts.
Professionalisms function mainly in oral speech... For example:
turn‘Typographical marriage in the form of a square, a strip ...’, cap‘Big headline in the newspaper’ ... 1
Some authors contrast professionalism as only names special (often specific) phenomena, concepts and professional jargon, which are informal synonyms terms. Professional jargon, as a rule, expressively colored:
hodgepodge'hydrochloric acid', pan'synchrophasotron', demobilization'demobilization', cap‘Captain’ ... [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 222-224; ERYA, p. 392].
Professional jargon is not included in the literary language.
|
names of concepts of science, production, art |
|||
|
official |
unofficial |
||
|
Option 1 |
terms |
professionalism |
|
|
Option 2 |
terms |
only names |
informal synonyms |
|
professionalism |
professional jargon |
||
2) slang (French. jargon)– socially restricted words that are emotionally expressive synonyms of stylistically neutral popular words.
The use of jargon is limited social factors:
the speakers' belonging to the same social environment (for example, noble jargons),
belonging to the same profession (professional jargon),
the same age (e.g. youth jargon),
community of interests, etc.
Professional jargons have existed for centuries in different countries at different times. They reached a special flourishing in the era of feudalism with its guild fragmentation and isolation of professions. Emergence professional jargon explained the desire to classify any actions or peculiarities of production. The secret languages of handicraftsmen (wandering saddlers, tailors, blacksmiths, coppersmiths), the jargons of gold miners, wandering actors, small peddlers and peddlers (oféney, peddlers) are known. For example:
at the office: kimat'sleep', shivar'product', maz‘Merchant,‘ his ’person’, jur'House', yusy‘Money’ [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 234] ...;
from buyers of illegally mined gold: resin'gold', two -'lb', three- ‘spool’ (4.266 g or 1/96 lb) ...;
Nowadays professional jargon have no purpose of secrecy[FRYASH, p. 281-284].
Jargon can arise in any fairly stable team:
army jargon: spirits ‘Recruits’, grandfathers, demobilization…
jargon musicians and music lovers: fan,bottomhole, trash ‘Rock music style’, The Beatles ...
jargon high school girls:dunk‘Curtsy’ boots‘Cadets’, pencil‘Student of the city gymnasium’, eggplant‘Student of a noble gymnasium’ canary‘Ruble’ [SRYASH, p. 281-282].
jargon schoolchildren:teacher, banana,PE, mathematician, physicist…
jargon students:spur'crib' , school‘University’, barn'scholarship', tail‘Academic debt’ hostel'dormitory', cut off'Get an unsatisfactory grade' fishing rod satisfactorily' …
youth jargon: cool‘The highest degree of positive evaluation’, steep‘Beyond praise; unusual, shocking ', strain‘To tire, to bother with requests, claims’, run over‘Annoying with claims and reproaches’, cut in, drive in'understand'…
computer jargon: jar‘Computer system unit’, windows,Windows‘Microsoft Windows operating system’, gamer‘A person who constantly plays computer games’ glitch'Work with glitches (bugs)' ...
the Internet-jargon: avatar,avchik,userpic‘The picture the user chooses as his“ face ”’, appendicitis‘Application’ (eng. appendix),ban‘Put a temporary ban on the user from doing something’ google‘Search the Internet (usually with Google)’ ...
First of all, it is the youth jargon that is called slang... Term slang(eng. slang) originally denoted exclusively the language of youth (cf. hippie slang) or professional jargon of any new, actively developing area ( business slang, computer slang). Recently, the term slang used synonymously with the general term jargon . The collocation of the word has expanded significantly ( medical slang, army slang). The new term is gradually replacing the word jargon, which in the Soviet period acquired a negative connotation ( lager jargon,prison jargon).
A special term for denoting words belonging to slang (such as jargon), No.
The border between individual jargons, as well as between jargon (slang), vernacular and colloquial speech, shaky and permeable. Some researchers talk about the occurrence common jargon(interjargon), which is used not only by individual social groups, but also by the majority of native speakers [Nikitina, p. 4].
Some slang words are gradually becoming common vocabulary(first into vernacular, and then colloquial speech and even into literary language can go).
E.g. from jargon seminarians the literary vocabulary includes the words:
beast(lat. bestia'the beast'; (abusive) ‘rogue, rogue; clever, cunning person ');
nonsense'Nonsense, nonsense' (the seminar word, most likely from the Greek. Athenian),
from singing jargon: sing along;
from factory: bungler;
from beggar's jargon: double-dealing.
Slang words such as
swim, fall through, cut off, window, steering wheel, linden ...
thug, split up ...[FRY, p. 93–94].
Gradually, these words lose their characteristic shade of rudeness, vulgarity, but their use in the literary language, as a rule, stylistically limited the framework of colloquial speech [SRYASH, p. 285-286].
Slang differ from words of other groups with the following features:
They represent not the main, but a parallel designation of the phenomenon of reality; next to him always (or almost always) exist common synonyms[SRYa-1, p. 48-49].
All jargon is inherent bright expressive and stylistic coloring:
chmoshnik,freaky,goof- this is an extreme degree of disapproval, neglect;
steep,specific with some blurring, ambiguity of the lexical meaning, they are able to express a whole gamut of emotional nuances: from delight to complete disapproval.
Compared to common words that live for centuries, slang vocabulary is different great variability, fragility... The fact is that the emotional and expressive coloring in the process of use "erases": the words become familiar, "boring". Therefore, they are replaced by new, "fresh" words with vivid expressiveness. For example, the youth jargon used in it in the 50-60s almost disappeared. 20th century
dude,dude,horses'parents', hut‘An apartment where you can get together’.
In the 80s. they were replaced
me,girl,skull,khaza,flat.
Wed See also slang notation money:
50-60s: tugriks, rupees;
60s: shyrshiki, coins, mani;
80s: dibs;
the turn of the 80s-90s: wooden(about rubles), green(about dollars).
The modern jargon of students differs sharply not only from the jargon of gymnasium students, seminarians, pre-revolutionary students, but also from the school, student jargon of the 1920s and 1930s. 20th century [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 233].
It happens that forgotten jargon come back since again have a touch of novelty.
Argotisms(French. argot) call the words used in criminal environment:
academy'prison', fraer'Petty, inexperienced thief', raspberries‘Stash’, malyava'Letter, note' ...
Argotisms serve for
linguistic isolation (the function of distinguishing "friend or foe"),
linguistic conspiracy [Rakhmanov, Suzdaltseva, p. 234].
In linguistic literature, the term argo is understood ambiguously. Some authors understand it as "secret speech", meaning not only thieves' jargon. Sometimes terms argo and jargon used as equivalent [SRYASH, p. 284].
Any jargon differs from the literary language in the first place vocabulary... They have no morphological, syntactic or pronunciation features. True, often non-literary speech (slang and vernacular) is distinguished from literary
a) special use of word-formation means (cf .: mokruha, stanuha, turmoil) and
b) intonation.
Common vocabulary
┌──────────────┴────────────┐
common vocabulary of limited
vocabulary of use
┌────────────────────┴────┐
territorially socially
limited limited
(dialectal)┌──────────────┴───┐
slang and special
argot(terms and
professionalism)
Literature
T.I. Vendina Introduction to linguistics. M .: Higher school, 2001. Stylistic stratification of the vocabulary of the language. S. 160-164.
A. A. Girutsky Introduction to linguistics. Minsk: TetraSystems, 2001. Stylistic layering of the vocabulary of the language. S. 156-158.
LES - Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. M .: Soviet encyclopedia, 1990. Argo. S. 43. Dialectisms. S. 133. Jargon. P. 151. Common speech. S. 402. Conversational speech. S. 408. Slang. P. 461.
Youth slang .: Explanatory dictionary / T.G. Nikitina. M .: Astrel: AST, 2003.912 p.
Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Morphology. M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University: Publishing house "CheRo", 1997. Russian vocabulary from the point of view of the sphere of use. S. 211-239.
FRY - Modern Russian language / Rosenthal D.E., Golub I. B, Telenkova M. A . M .: Rolf, 2001. Vocabulary of a limited sphere of use. S. 87–97.
FRY – 1 - Modern Russian language. Part 1. Introduction. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Phonetics. Graphics and spelling. / N. M. Shansky, V. V. Ivanov. M .: Education, 1981. The vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use. S. 44-59.
Sryash - Modern Russian language. Phonetics. Lexicology, Phraseology / ed. P.P. Shuby. Minsk: Progress, 1998. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use. S. 258–288.
Shaikevich A. Ya. Introduction to linguistics. M .: Academy, 2005. § 60. Vocabulary of special languages. Terminology. S. 197-172.
ERYA - Russian language. Encyclopedia. M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia - Bustard, 1997. Argo. P. 37. Dialectisms. S. 114. Jargon. S. 129-130. Common speech. S. 390–391. Professionalism. S. 392. Conversational speech. S. 406. Spoken language. 406-408.
1 A number of researchers refer to the professionalism of the designation of special items, the concepts of amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft production, etc.:
rule‘The tail of a dog, a fox’, tong‘Face of a greyhound dog’ ...
jigs, bedbugs, coffins, droplets(types of artificial fish bait).
In the section on the question, give a definition, pick up 3-4 examples of common words-professional words-diale given by the author I-beam the best answer is
Answer from Arina Mikhailova[active]
Common words are the most common and widespread names for objects, phenomena, qualities, actions, which are equally used in everyday speech, and in business scientific and technical style, and in fiction. An example of them is such names of objects, phenomena, concepts as: house, door, table, yard, street, tree, fish, bird, horse, head, face, mouth, leg, day, night, spring, summer, hour, year, past, future, work, leisure, conversation, bathing, walking, etc .; names of qualities and circumstances: cheerful, solid, warm, clean, red, stone, bold, fast, slow, late, light, a lot, tomorrow, on foot, etc.; names of actions and states: walk, drive, cut, write, set, carry, sit, wait, cough, etc.
Dialect words are words used only by residents of a particular locality. For example, in Russian folk dialects there are the words "barka" (ice floe), "bad" (woven with patterns, patterned), "devё" (girls), "shallow" (hanging cradle), "mryaka" (wet, dark weather with rain). The speech of the inhabitants of a particular locality is called a dialect.
Answer from Oman Seifiev[active]
Professionalisms are words that are used only by people of this profession to denote materials, products, tools. For example, in the speech of printers, professionalisms are widespread: a hat (heading in large print), among athletes: start, singles.
Dialectisms are words that are limited in their use to a certain territory. for example, goat (peck), cochineine (mown, but not dried grass), elan (meadow), lyva (puddle)
Common words are the most important part of the Russian vocabulary. Communication is impossible without them, they are used by all people who speak Russian, regardless of profession and place of residence. For example, water, land, bread, eat, go, winter, work.
Answer from electrosleep[newbie]
Professionalisms are words that are used only by people of this profession to denote materials, products, tools. For example, in the speech of printers, professionalisms are widespread: a hat (heading in large print), among athletes: start, singles.
Dialectisms are words that are limited in their use to a certain territory. for example, goat (peck), cochineine (mown, but not dried grass), elan (meadow), lyva (puddle)
Common words are the most important part of the Russian vocabulary. Communication is impossible without them, they are used by all people who speak Russian, regardless of profession and place of residence. For example, water, land, bread, eat, go, winter, work.