Polishing iron at home. Which rag is better polished metal

There are many options, how to polish the knife to the mirror glitter. Some of them are aggressive, others are softer and neat. Polishing can be carried out using conventional natural stones, wet and dry paper. The most carefully work is carried out with the help of special pastes of domestic and foreign production.

Polishing manually

The masters from all over the world did not have specialized equipment in the past, but their work was performed qualitatively. But how to polish the knife without special equipment? After thermal processing, the wizard used natural abrasive materials (such as a stone or a metal device).

Polishing manually helps to achieve perfectly smooth surface. In this way, you can get the right form of blade. Even using a special polishing and grinding device, you can not always achieve a similar effect. It is believed that manual polishing is the final processing of a knife.

How to polish the knife at home correctly using a manual method? Before switching to manual processing, it is necessary to polish the knife on the tape, the grain of which should not be less than 320. With the help of sandpaper, first of all, scratches are removed. They may appear on the surface of the product after machining.

Features of emery processing

How to polish the knife to shine using emery paper? The first step is to be polished at an angle of 90 degrees. At the same time, irregularities may appear on the surface of the knife. This can occur due to the accumulation of graininess on sometimes irregularities can not be removed with a small abrasion paper. In this case, you need to move back to a coarsest material.

To carry out work as high quality and carefully, it is necessary to provide high-quality lighting, and the whole process should be carried out under a magnifying glass. When all the shortcomings are eliminated, you can move back to standard processing.

In the process of polishing, you can use sandpaper of different types. The main thing is that the transition between the graininess is insignificant. First, the material is treated with a graininess of 600, then it is increased to 800. It can be stopped, and you can continue to polish the material with an indicator of 2000.

Abrasive stones

How to polish knife blade with stone? Abrasive materials of this type have different grain. The most popular indicators are 320, 400 and 600. To align the knife to high quality, experts recommend using Indian vertical stones.

Such a simple device is used to this day, although for the first time it began to be applied in the Stone Age, to remove excess material from weapons. At that time, not only stones, but also sand, soil went into the course.

Only those stones used for polishing, which, by their structure, harder knives. Some masters prefer a square shape, others like a round. The most popular stone for polishing is sandstone.

How to use stones?

When polished, coarse and thin stones use. Rough material has a graininess 80, and thin - 15. Consider the structure of the stone in detail under the microscope. How to polish a knife in this way? Rough stone is used to remove scratches that most often appear on the knife after a file. Another type of stone is usually applied to heat treatment. To the surface of the stone is not clogged, periodically need to be made with water.

To understand how to polish the knife before the mirror gloss, you need to pay attention to the Arkanzass stones. Their graininess can reach 1000. This material is ideal for finishing. If polishing just begins, such stones are better not to use, as they work slowly. It is possible to achieve a mirror glitter with the help of Japanese wet stones. In addition, you can find not only natural, but also enough quality artificial stones.

Fast polishing manual way

You can polish the knife efficiently and manually. Moves need to do along the blade. It is this tactic that helps to perform work as quickly as possible. Often for these purposes two-way

Polish the knife blade is obtained thanks to the imminent friction. This method has many drawbacks. The surface of the knife is obtained imperfect, it can be noticed with coarse waviness and scratches.

Such drawbacks can be eliminated, but for this all scratches must have one direction. After coarse treatment, it is necessary to prepare a small piece of skin and a special polishing composition, with the help of which the finish processing is carried out.

Application of dry and wet paper

Polishing works are carried out both dry and damp paper. The material should be slightly humid, so that in the polishing process it does not spoil and does not appease. For a certain type of work, it is necessary to apply only dry paper.

How to polish the knife at home with paper? This is recommended to purchase a whole set, which usually consists of fifty-sheets. This option is considered the most economical. It should be borne in mind that the waterproof material is more durable than non-desarmed. For polishing metal products, paper treated with rubble silicon carbide is perfect.

To work with the material it was convenient, it is necessary to act as follows:

paper is folded along in half;
the material is fixed with the clips to a small steel plate;
if you fold the paper twice and attach it to the plate, during operation it will not slip.

Previously, experts recommend making small patterns and blanks. If the master needs to handle the zone near the handle, the small strips do not fold, but apply them across the width. So that the tape in the process of polishing does not rush, the material is covered with a camouflage ribbon.

Mirror treatment

Knives of any type look amazing when they have an ideal mirror surface. But how to polish the blade knife at home, so that it has such an excellent surface? Each master uses its polishing methods. Whatever the method is not applied, the perfect knife surface speaks of a high level of skill.

Often, to achieve the perfect surface, first the product is polished by hand to grain grain 800, and then a special grinding wheel is used. Such processing is necessary in order to remove all irregularities and prepare a knife to the final mirror polishing.

It is necessary to work with grinding circles. Too much speed can spoil the product. Grinding circle in most cases should have a soft surface. For some types of work, they use solid. It is dangerous to work with unattended polishing circles. They have one unpleasant feature - they often capture the blades and some other parts of the product.

Security measures

Many are thinking about how to polish the knife at home safely. The most important condition is not to install the polishing machine directly on the desktop. The fact is that during operation, the polishing circle is often captured by the blade, which can bounce and harm the master.

Experienced masters who are often engaged in polishing and grinding knives, additionally set special protection to polishing circles. In this case, the residual material in the form of polishing composition and dust will fly to the floor, and not on the masters.

Using Paste Goe

This method is well-known to the masters who are engaged in the manufacture of knives. How to polish the knife of the gay? To do this, it is necessary to choose the appropriate type of polishing material, which depends on the type of metal. In addition, you need to remember several polishing rules.

Goe paste is applied for over a hundred years. With it, metal, plastic, ceramic and even glass products are polished. Previously, the paste was presented in green and was produced from chromium oxide. However, this substance was recognized as poisonous, and at the moment the paste is made from aluminum oxide. Pasta is represented in red and white.

Types of paste

Previously, there was only one species on sale. But now specialists have much more choice. Pasta is made with different abrasiveness:

No. 4 - applies precisely for rough work, which are held at the initial stage of polishing;
No. 3 - helps to achieve a matte surface;
No. 2 and No. 1 are used for finishing.

Green pasta sometimes still occurs on sale, but it is difficult to find it. Previously, such a polyrolol was produced as in liquid form, and in the form of bars. In efficiency, two types of pasta are identical. Green has one advantage - low cost.

Preparation for polishing

Before you understand how to polish the knife, you need to read the preparation for this process. It must be remembered that the paste has many particles, thanks to which polished is carried out. Sometimes they can accumulate and spoil the product. So that this does not happen, you need to take a small amount of substance and lose about the old piece of metal. In this way, you can smash large pieces of grain, otherwise the surface of the knife will not polish, but it scatters.

Previously need to take a soft cloth and moistened to it in gasoline. In this case, the cloth must be as soft as possible. For these purposes, flannel is well suited. Often the paste is applied directly to the polishing circle. It is impossible to apply it to the product itself. The knife must be slightly lubricated with special oil.

How to use pasta?

So how to polish the knife with the help of goy? When fabric and pasta are ready, you can go to the main actions. You just need to rub the product with this composition. It should not be very pressing on the surface of the knife. Otherwise, small scratches will appear on it.

For the same reasons, it is not recommended to make very sharp movements. The work finish when the surface of the product is perfectly smooth. During operation, from time to time you need to stop and apply some industrial oil on the knife.

If the surface of the knife has a lot of flaws, in this case you will need to purchase several types of paste. First, the processing is carried out paste No. 4, thanks to which deep scratches are removed. After that, go to number 3, and then to paste No. 2 and 1. The last type of paste helps to carry out the finish grinding and achieve a mirror surface.

At the end of work, you need to rinse the knife in running water. Specialists recommend using for this not water, but kerosene, which can be purchased at the pharmacy. The knife must necessarily dry well. Some wizards additionally cover the surface of the knife to the Tsamponlak. This substance helps prevent the material oxidation. The last stage is polishing with genuine leather.

Handle processing knife

If everything is clear with the blade, then how to polish the knife knob? In this case, you need to act very carefully. For these purposes use sandpaper the most small graininess. It is necessary to act neat in order not to damage the handle. This is a rather fragile element.

Now about the material. What is better to choose to perform this operation? Goe paste will become an excellent polishing agent. But what type exactly choose to handle knife handle? In this case, you need to use the paste under the numbers 1 and 2. so that the handle is shiny, it must be polished with a small piece of leather.

If the handle is made of wood, you must additionally perform the impregnation. This will help for a long time to preserve its original appearance. Usually impregnation is carried out using conventional or special oil, which is sold in the store for artists. In addition, you can simply cover the handle with a protective varnish.

Conclusion

So, we found out how to polish the knife. As you can see, there are a lot of ways for this operation. The main thing is to properly prepare for the procedure and follow the recommendations of specialists. Only so you can come to the desired result.

The surfaces of the metal products are separated not only to give it a beautiful appearance, but also to protect against rusting, corrosive with acids, alkalis, etc. In one case, it turns out to be enough to refill the product with a file, in another - you need to bring the surface to shine by grinding and polishing In the third - to cover with paints, all this can be done at home.

Fig, 1. Finishing of metal surfaces: A - sanding with a skin; B - grinding using a file; B - grinding round products; G - polishing paste.

After the processing of metals, the file always remains more or less deep traces from the teeth of the notch. To make the surface with a cleaner, smooth and even shiny, it is grinding and polished.

Metal grinding

At home, the metals are grinding with emery skins after careful surface treatment with a personal file. So that the skin is comfortable to keep, it is wrapped around a wooden bar (Fig. 1, a) or a wide file; The ends of the skins are held with large and index fingers of both hands. Convex cylindrical surfaces can be grinding, wrapping the skin around them.

First, the surface is treated in different directions, coarse coarse skirts, then smaller. The final grinding is carried out in one - longitudinal - direction to the skin with the smallest grain. When grinding, the product must be fixed fixed.

Polishing Metal

The mirror glitter is attached to metal polishing products. Without pre-grinding, it is possible to polish only surfaces, carefully treated with personal and velvet files. Food need to rub chalk. The surface is first treated across the strokes available on it. When the strokes along and across will be the same, the direction is changed by 90 ° and is so repeated several times. The surface treated in this way, as well as grinding, is polished with special polishing pastes.

Industry produces polishing pastes under the GOI brand. They consist of small abrasive powders (chromium oxide, iron oxide, etc.), soft plastic substances composed of wax, stearin, kerosene and other materials. Goe pastes are coarse (dark, almost black), medium (dark green) and thin (light green). First polish the rough paste, which makes the surface of matte, then medium and finally, finely adjusted to the mirror glitter. The paste is applied to the felt tampon, a cloth or linen cloth and rub the polished surface.

Polishing pastes can be prepared by himself. For polishing steel products, such a composition is recommended (in weight parts):

Steamer - 32.

Bee Wax - 6

Technical Salo - 5

Lead Oxide - 3

Chromium oxide - 80

For polishing and guidance of gloss on brass and nickel-plated surfaces, pastes are used by the following composition (in weight parts):

Steamer - 5.

Technical Salo - 1

Chromium oxide - 14

The polished surface is wiped with rags moistened in kerosene, and then dry with a clean cloth.

Determination of the concept of "polishing" and its types

Metal polishing with ushm

Polishing is a type of metal processing, in the process of which shine is returned to the metal surface. At the present stage, there are soothes of grinding:

What tools and machines are used? Mechanical methods imply the use of the following tools and devices:

polishing machine;
grinder machine;
electrical out;
bormishins with locks.

This finish method has several advantages. First, it allows you to change the frequency of rotation of circles and tapes, which has a positive effect on the quality of the processing of the metal plane; Secondly, additional nozzles made of fabric, leather, wool, etc. can be installed on the polishing machine.

Special grinding machine - ushm

Manual grinding differs from automated in that its effectiveness depends on the quality of consumable polishing materials. In manual finishing, a diamond paste and additives based on chromium oxide or iron is used. Smooth metal surfaces are grained by an ordinary file - a wooden bar, covered with a cloth, which is applied to a polishing paste.

Metal polishing with a special device

Combined processing methods

Metal polishing can be carried out by combined methods, in the case of an unprepared and rough surface with a rough terrain. In this case, a long-term electrolyte-plasma finish is prescribed, which consists of removing a significant layer of metal.

This processing method is applied in extreme cases when a rapid reduction of the gloss of a metal product is required. From disadvantages of technology, high energy intensity should be isolated, especially at the initial stage of processing, when used 100% more energy than usual.

The electrolyte-plasma polishing machine manufactures the detail processing in two stages. The first is degreasing the surface, and on the second the grinding itself, which, in turn, also consists of two cycles: a cut of a rough layer and grinding of a metal. Purification from fat is mandatory, since the viscous surface leads to metal oxidation and deterioration of its finishing.

Classification Paste for Metal Polishing

To the mirror state, the metal surface can be brought with their own hands without using machines, it suffices to pay attention to special funds divided into such groups:

Water. The substance does not contain fats and perfectly copes with its duties;
Organic means - contain paraffin and a variety of oils. They are diluted with different oils and fatty acids;
Diamond paste is a revolutionary solution that allows you to instantly achieve the brilliance of any metal surface.

Let us dwell on the last embodiment. Diamond paste is so effective that the polishing machine completely replaces. The diamond substance is produced by two types: ASN and ASM brands (expensive).

Diamond paste has the following advantages:

Accuracy. Synthetic diamonds allow you to precisely polish the gloss as much as possible from the metal;
Wide range of grain. In the modern market, you can find more than 12 types of graininess;
Easy operation allows you to conduct cleaning procedures with your own hands without the use of a special tool;
Diamond paste requires a minimal tool: rags, water and rubber gloves.

The main disadvantage of the cleaning agent under consideration is its high price. On average, the diamond paste in the consumables market costs more than 500 rubles per 35 grams of matter.

Principle of diamond paste

A diamond paste affects a metal product with a mechanical and chemical method, forming dispersed films. The composition of the cleaning agent includes active substances that contribute to the flow of adsorbing processes, which facilitates the grinding of the material.

Diamond paste is applied to different types of fabrics (felt, microfiber or jeans), paper, rubber, plastic and other types of non-metallic materials. It is worth noting that the diamond paste can be applied to polishing wheels to increase the efficiency of the metal surface. In this way, you can achieve a mirror effect. Circles from felt, felt or skin are installed on the polishing machine.

Description of polishing process

For grinding the metal surface you will need: the tribes and several tubes of the diamond mixture with different graininess. A diamond paste is evenly distributed over the working surface of the cloth or other material. Experts noticed an interesting pattern, allowing to improve the quality of metal processing.

It turns out that the castor or olive oil should be added to the grinding substance. The ideal ratio is considered to be a medicine, consisting of 40% of diamond dust and 60% oil. After dilution, the mixture is immediately applied to the metal surface.

Experts recommend starting work only with large grains, gradually moving to abrasive means. During processing, make sure that the medicine does not come across unnecessary elements - dust, sawdust, hair or slices of rags. The presence of third-party objects strongly worsens the polishing to the brilliance. It is also recommended to wash your hands after switching from one grain to another.

Types of diamond dust

In the modern market, funds can be met not only for metal polishing, but also other materials, such as wood, glass, stone, etc. It is possible to classify them in color color, for example:

Huge range of diamond paste

Yellow packaging suggests that the substance is intended for grinding ceramic materials and glass products. It is worth noting that this dust can be used for finishing metal processing;
Blue packaging. This kind of means is used to decorate the glass. Grinding agent has a fairly wide selection of abrasive elements - from 60 to 10 levels;
Red packaging is suitable exclusively for processing metal surfaces.

As for the most packages, the diamond paste is sold in compact plastic jars, a volume of 35-45 grams. The average cost of the jar depends on the size and quality of abrasive materials. The smaller and high quality polishing material, the cheaper the paste is. The average price is 450-600 rubles.

Paste GOI

Chrome goe paste is a universal tool by which metal and non-metallic surfaces are polished. Despite the fact that the product was invented in the early 1930s, it is used to polish metals even today.

Polishing paste Goe

The goe means is different graininess (classified by the size of abrasive materials). There are such types of graininess: small, medium, and large. Small dust is used to polish soft and non-ferrous metals, large grain - for rough finishing of ferrous metals and steel.

Features of use. Initially, the polishing agent has a solid structure, which can be diluted with several droplets of the machine oil. If you need to polish an uneven metal surface with bends, it is recommended to apply a paste in a diluted form on a rag.

The second polishing method is designed to process smooth metal surfaces. Its feature is that a small amount of abrasive material is applied to the wooden bar. It is recommended to make methodic movements backwards on the surface being processed.

Video: Aluminum polishing

With force, the laminated convolution saves the form. Pressed 5 nozzles with marking P400, P500, P800, P1000, P1200. There are large transverse scratches. The moment on the shaft is highly dependent on speed.

Up to 12,000 rpm turns are falling during the Nazhima, and over 20,000 rpm quickly flashes the skin. We are gluing perpendicular to scratches before their disappearance. Such nozzle is rapidly updated and provides the necessary pressure on the surface.

Many things for a home master in this Chinese store. Plugin on the browser for saving in it: 7% -15% of purchases.

Erased and fertilized part is cut off. The direction of grinding, periodically, changes to perpendicular. So the material is more efficient and chaotic scratches are cleaned better. Increase the paper number. In the process of grinding, paper is wearing, its aggressiveness drops, a large abrasive is chosen. Therefore, a new paper needs to have a smaller pressure so as not to get deep scratches. Rough paste for fine grinding. 320 This is all that was indicated on the package.

Before moving to a thinner paste, the location of polishing should be cleaned of its residues. Another no name paste. The composition of the dye is specified. On the type of abrasive remains only to guess. So do not do, the paste is applied only to the nozzle. Nice grinding on an ambulance hand. Grinding better.

Metal polishing is more than grinding with small abrasives. There are also chemical processes (dissolving oxide films with substances included in the paste compositions) and thermal (thermal softening of the material and the wrapping of it for metal). Before polishing, the surface must be cleared of scratches, gradually reducing the size of the abrasive. Before moving to smaller emery paper, make sure that all scratches are removed. Depending on the depth of scratches, the number of sandpaper is selected from which grinding will begin. In the presence of medium paste Goe number 3, the emery paper number more P1200 can not be used because The size of the grain is comparable, and the sandy paper with a small grain size is quickly sues.

For polishing steel, the optimal pressure of nozzles 1-2 2 kg / cm ^ 2 and the circumferential speed of 30-35 m / s are steel. District speed formula. V \u003d (3.14 * d * n) / 60 (m / s); D-diameter of the nozzle (m); N-frequency of rotation (rpm). In the case shown, V \u003d (3.14 * 0.01 * 15000) / 60 \u003d 7.8 m / s. This is 4 times less recommended. Those. It is possible without loss of quality to increase the diameter of up to 4 cm. In this case, it will quickly crush out of the wool, but the leather or from x / b threads will withstand.

Polishing at greater speed and pressure than recommended, reduces surface quality, but increases the amount of metal removable, because at the initial stage of polishing you can use this. To obtain better polishing, speed and pressure are reduced to lower values \u200b\u200bthan recommended.

In the polishing process, the binders included in the paste melt and protrude with lubricant in the process of cutting the material by the abrasive material, and also remove heat from the surface. At the same time, the polishing nozzle itself heats up and the binder begins to penetrate it into it, leaving the abrasive grain without lubrication and heat sink. After this grain, having lost the binder, fall off and leave scratches on the cultivated metal. For the same reason, the paste should not be applied to the metal. The nozzle passing on the metal cannot capture all the material, and the captured grains of the abrasive are held not well enough, besides, the grains themselves are distributed uniformly on it. Excess paste does not give anything good. It simply slides on the layer of the binder between the metal and the nozzle, and the grains of the abrasive float in the layer without entering the tight contact with the surfaces.

Since, for normal operation, the paste should melt a binder, then such pastes will work only in a certain temperature range, when the binder was already melted, but still enough to hold the abrasive grain on the nozzle. For most pastes, the range begins with 70 degrees Celsius. And it is for this reason that polishing manually is extremely not effective. For normal operation, you need to melt, add any liquid oil and mix. Conventional solvents for softening are not suitable. Quickly evaporate and means thick.

Well, I will continue in the same spirit, I will share my solarms to polish steel. Written below - just my private experience, if I'm wrong - correct, I will not be offended. I did not do myself so long ago, although more precisely - Tachi with variations. The idea was to make the elongated Katana and feel what the medieval low-spirited Japanese felt. Those. Approximately for them Katana, that for us, Europeans Thachi, and Vakidzasi for them, which is for us Katana. I think that if someone engaged in sports, he will understand how difficult is the mechanical transfer of eastern martial arts, designed for low-spirited and strong Asians on Europeans. In general, I did something with a long blade in 85cm, with a thickness in the thick place 8mm and the width of the blade A 29mm on the border with the handle. To facilitate the structure, the outer had to be made very and very sharp, but in the end it turned out something with a very classic center of gravity on 1/3 from the beginning of the blade and weighing 1.05kg (manual spring scales). After all, the question arose about polishing; Main Tool - Bulgarian with 8500 RPM. I tried almost all consumables, up to bronze end brushes. Of course, there was elaborate circles on velcro. Personally, it was important for me not to kill the face on Katan, because Bulgarian them cuts over easily easily. Before the grinder used the new small and relative soft grinding stone moistened with water so that the abrasive paste is formed. With the help of it, I brought the face and clarified the tip. Then the following grinding circles were used: 80-\u003e 120-\u003e 180-\u003e 400. The smaller the particle size of the circle, the faster it comes into disrepair. 80, 120 - it took 2 circles; 180s left three or four. With the 400th - a separate story. They were gone exactly 10 pieces. How to polish them? First, each circle must be touched by the still not polished 400th surface. A very fast circle is grieving, a major abrasive flies with it, but the remaining particles give a real mirror. Therefore, when the circle begins to leave the mirror surface, it must be postponed "for later" and put a new one. When the entire surface is filled with the 400th, put old circles on the grinder and we get a real mirror, albeit with individual scratches. The last stage is the gay paste. As for the name - the paste is developed by the State Optical Institute, and not the Spanish artist of the New Time (not a paste of Goya or GiO); She is not made by Jews for non-Jews (Goev; it is not "Pasta Guy", although Google knows such a request :). For her, I bought a felt circle, but such a circle is heavy and it makes no sense to put it on the Bulgarian - the vibration is so strong that or you will not be good, or Bulgarian will fail. I put this circle on the drill, the more so was with the regulator of revolutions. We rub the circle of paste GOI, if she harden (long storage), then we drip a few drops of kerosene on the circle of paste and wait. While he is absorbed, after that the paste is easily rubbed into the circle. We drip several drops of kerosene on a polished surface, for example, with a glass tube (if any) or eye pipette (sold in pharmacies). What to take Kerosene? Roughly speaking, there are two varieties of kerosene on sale - one light, the other is heavy. The first is a more low-boiling fraction of oil, by smell it is similar to gasoline and boils with a low temperature. He will not suit us. The second is a heavier fraction boiling at higher temperatures; It looks like the old "aviation" kerosene - has a characteristic smell. I need it, because It evaporates much harder. Drip kerosene to the surface of a polished part and begin to polish. Many goe pastes do not need, kerosene sometimes need to be added, but without fanaticism. The kerosene procedure is absolutely not dusty, but if someone does not like Kerosene - get ready for his smell. At the end we get quite a mirror surface, but do not forget to wipe it with a clean cloth, because It is hidden under the layer of polishing products. Mirror is approximately like chrome surfaces, but small scratches are still present. In contrast to chromium or nickel, the color is not white, and gray. To remove a black plaque after polishing, I advise gasoline "Kalosh" - a cheap analogue of petroleum ether (Aha, who needs it for something, use this gasoline), which quickly evaporates. In the end, you can wash with soap and warm water, wipe dry and wipe with alcohol, which is perfectly dried.
By the way, someone does not know the household subject with the 60 HRC hardness? Checked the hardness of the tip - scratches two grades of glass i.e. More than 70 HRC (someone will say that I have broken it, but IMHO - it is for the tip what is needed), but the blade, of course, is not. But the subject with hardness 60 I do not know. I think for all lovers of the manufacture of cold weapons, it would be good for the table of household items in the range of 45-75 HRC hardness with a step of 5, so that it would be possible to say that the hardness of the blade is such.

SITE SEARCH

Metal cleaning

1. Cleaning Gold

a) Clear gold rings can be cleaned from iodine spots, loading the ring on a quarter of an hour into a solution of 1 teaspoon of hyposulfite on a glass of water.

b) cleaning of matte gold. Take 80 ledge lime, 70 double-dental salts and 20 cooks. Owning a mixture of 3 mug. Distillir. Water, it is preserved in the clogged bottles. The blackened items are put in a cup and are poured pre-stabbed liquid and left alone for a while. Sometimes the mixture is heated. After feeding objects, wipe, rinse with alcohol and put in sawdust for drying.

c) Gold items are cleaned with a powder consisting of 16 chalk, 6 1/2 clay, 4 leaded Belil, 1 1/2 magnesia and 1/2 of the bed, or from 80 iron oxide (modera) and 30 ammonia.

2. Cleaning silver

a) Silver products can be cleaned by putting them for a few minutes in a hot water solution of wine stones (Cusorortar) and then rubbed the suede thoroughly.

b) Silver spoons will always be clean and shiny, if at once after the use of washing in boiling water, to which a small amount of soda is added, and pour clean hot water, after which it is possible to wipe off with a soft towel. Once a week should wash spoons in soapy water with a small amount of ammonia alcohol. Due to this, even a completely sweat spoon acquires shine and looks at all as new. Dark spots of silver spoons originating from eggs are removed by wiping ashes. Stains from dampness come from washing in warm vinegar with subsequent rings in clean water and wiping dry.

c) It is known that both silver things and silver plated relatively soon fill in the air and acquire a very ugly look. To eliminate such sweating, a trail is recommended. Means: Prepare a liquid solution of collium and this solution is lubricated thin and possibly a uniform layer of silver or silver plated items: the alcohol evaporates quickly and a thin, completely imperceptible film of the collodium remains on the metal surface, perfectly protecting silver from sweating under the influence of air or gas in it . As shown by the experiments produced in foreign museums, silver coated with a thin layer of collodium, long retains its color, shine and polishing. In case of need, this thin safety layer can easily be removed by hot water or even better than alcohol.

d) Silver things are first cleaned with water and soap and a warm surface of them are lubricated with a solution of 1 sulfur-sour-sour-source (hyposulfite) in 3 water, after which they are wiped with a rag.

3. Cleaning copper.

a) Items made of polished copper wipe first with a soft cloth moistened in kerosene, then clean the wool cloth with a gel powder or Vienna Lime. Highly launched copper objects return gloss, wiping with a cloth moistened with dilute hydrochloric acid. Then clean, as indicated above, or dissolve in 1 liter of water 30 g of oxalic acid, add 4 tablespoons of alcohol 3 tablespoons of the turpidar. After that, the liquid is pretty shaken and spilled in storage bottles. When used, the subject to be cleaned is slightly wiping with this fluid, and then wipe off with a dry linen cloth: copper is quickly cleaned and becomes shiny. b) Mix 1 oxalic acid, 25 red iron oxide, 20 tremped, 60 palm oil, 4 paraffin. It turns out a paste that perfectly brushes things from copper and brass.

c) Red iron oxide (Caput Mortuum) in the form of a gentle red powder for cleaning items from copper and brass is obtained by heating the iron mood until it sendsd the white powder. This latter is incanded to the crucible, and the delicate red oxide powder is obtained.

d) Mix transparent iron rod powder with the same potassium oxide solution. The resulting yellow precipitate was washed, dried and incandested, as mentioned above.

d) Mix 9 crude oleic acid with 1 kerosene, which can be painted with alkane or insisting with an alkane root.

e) refresh the surface of small copper products, it is possible, boiling them for 30 minutes in a solution of calcined soda (40 g / l).

g) Copper and brass products retain their shine if they are carefully rubbed with wax.

h) Dammonious copper well cleans raw potatoes.

4. Cleaning gilded bronze,

a) Take 5 glasses of water and dissolve alums to saturation in it, then the solution is boiled on fire, while it is hot, work with a rag with a rag, while the stain does not fit. b) Cooking yellow peas, rub it to getting a thick dough and, in warm still condition, fill them with a bronze thing. A few hours later, when the pea dough denses, bronze was washed clean and wipe it with a clean or dry. All rust and all stains are going away.

b) Bronze details can be cleaned with raw potatoes or a rigid hair brushed, moistened with hot vinegar. After that, the item must be wiped with a soft cloth,

5. Nickel cleaning.

Nickel items to be cleaned are wetted first 2-3 times with a mixture of 50 alcohol (or vodka) and 1 sulfuric acid, then they are rinsed with water and, washed off with alcohol (or vodka), wipe the thin linen cloth.

Nickel plated surfaces of various items can be cleaned by ashes from cigarettes, pouring it onto a wet cloth.

The rust on the nickel is removed as follows: to put out the object with some fat and leave for a few days, then wipe it thoroughly with the ammonia alcohol. If the rust penetrated deeply, it is possible to take diluted hydrochloric acid instead of the variant alcohol, which, however, is left on the metal no more than a minute. Then the object is washed with water and polished with chalk and crocus.

If the nickel layer was covered with a bluish bloom, it was washed with a mixture of alcohol with sulfuric acid in equal parts by volume. The washing lasts only a few seconds, then the object is washed with water with alcohol and wipe it to dry.

6. Cleaning zinc.

Zinc things are cleaned perfectly with a solution of 1 hydrochloric acid in 2 water. This solution is triturated with a brush over the object to be cleaned until the dirt is lagging behind. Then, when the subject is not dry, slightly lubricate it with wooden butter and rubbed finely unwrapped chalk using the blast.

7. Cleaning steel.

A simple and good composition for this purpose can serve a mixture of paraffin with oil. 1 paraffin is added to the flask for 20 oil, carefully shake up to the complete dissolution of paraffin and, wiped the item to be cleaned, coated with a mixture with a mixture; Then leave for 10-12 hours. In place, protecting from dust, after which the subject is wiped with a dry wool cloth. If a steel tool or other item requires careful cleaning, due to its significant rust, etc., then use the following composition: prepare a mixture of 5 turpentine and 25 stearic oil. This mixture is bred by alcohol until the thick liquid is obtained, and when the alcohol is covered, and when the alcohol evaporates, the metal surface is wiping with a mixture of 45 animal coal and 25 mummia (mummy) in powder.

8. Cleaning metal parts of machines.

"Moniteur Industriel" indicates the next best way, practiced in France. 10% of the paraffin add to one liter of kerosene and, preparing a vessel, retard it for a day, time from time to scattering, after which the mixture is ready to use. Then with the help of the cloth wet all the metal parts of the machines to be cleaned. Moching, leave in this form overnight (and even better for a day) and only the next day wipe with a clean cloth.

In this case, the method of cleaning disappears rust, oily resin dirt, etc., and the metal parts of the machines seem to be re-polished. No other way cannot be so good to clear them, not to mention the extreme cheapness of this method, making it quite suitable for cleaning all kinds of cars, guns and in general products made of steel and polished iron.

Polishing Metals

Polishing metals associated with chemical cleaning

1. Polishing iron.

The iron products to be polished are immersed for a while in a mixture of 1 sulfuric acid by 20 in terms of water, then the item is removed, it is carefully rolled with water and dried in wood sawdust. Upon drying, it is immediately immersed for one or two seconds in nitric acid, after which they are reappearing with water, they are dried again in woody sawdust and then wipe well. In this case, the surface of the object becomes shiny like glass. According to the testimony "Cosmos" A ", no other way can be achieved such perfect polishing, as the above.

2. Polishing steel.

Steel products are polished by means of a leather mug, covered with a mixture of 16 tin and 1 zinc. On the flat side, the mug is applied with a crocus or a bed moistened with alcohol and, after moderate drying, grind agate.

3. Polishing brass.

Equal parts of water and refractory bile, boiled together, give a good polishing agent. The liquid after cooling is bottled, and they are preserved. When using it, it is applied to brass and bronze brush items, or immersed in it polished items.

4. Nickel polishing.

The mixture consists of 8 stearin, 32 sludge, 2 stearic oil and 48 finely unwound lime. Objects are polished by this paste with a circle, plated cloth (by guildness).

5. Polishing aluminum.

a) Aluminum is immersed first into a strong solution of caustic or sodium, and then in a mixture of 2 nitric acid and 1 sulfuric acid. After that it is put in pure nitric acid and, finally, in diluted with water vinegar. Solving good things in running water, dry in hot sawdust and polish the buzz. Thus treated aluminum acquires its natural pure white color.

b) 1 stearic acid and clay, 6 tremble. If it is about polishing smooth surfaces, then the paste is applied to the leather circle. After this processing, the subject is polished by another crocus using a leather mug, which makes the shine becomes even more beautiful.

c) If they are polished by hand, the most suitable is a mixture of vaseline and ceresina or a solution of the bears in hot water, which adds several ammonia drops.

6. Politics for metals.

a) 90. The finely sifted trepal and 90 gvinnocamene acid is triturated with 450 g of liquid paraffin. After a strong shabby, rubbed a wool cloth and polish suede.

b) 60 Parisian paint (pure iron oxide), 10 wax, 30 oleic acid and 2 rosin. From the addition of gasoline, the iron oxide is mechanically distributed in the liquid, and large grains of the polytheus are lowered to the bottom, and with pluming it turns out the extracted mass, which absolutely does not form scratches on the metal.

c) Equal parts of the iron mood and the cook salt are triturated in a throat and the mixture is heated in a flat crucible or other vessel to red cagid. Various chemical dishes At affordable prices, you can order on the website Moslabo.ru. At the same time, pairs are sought, and the mass turns into a liquid. When the couples will not raise more, the vessel is removed from the fire and give to cool. The resulting brown mass is washed with water to remove all the indecomposable particles of iron vapora. The residue is excellent polishing powder.

7. Aluminum polishing agents.

According to the MORNOR, the scum in the bottle is mixed with equal parts of olive oil and vodka until the fluid falls into the emulsion. The polishing stone dipped into the emulsion, and aluminum is polished, like silver, without applying a strong pressure. Black stripes that are sometimes formed from polishing stone, do not harm, but they can be reduced by a soft cloth from time to time.

8. Matting on aluminum.

At first, aluminum items are used for 20 seconds. In a hot 10% solution of caustic soda, which is pre-in cold condition, satuned salt. Then the items are rinsed with water and are cleaned with a brush, after which they are immersed for 30 seconds in the above solution. After secondary rinsing and washing in hot water, objects are dried in sawdust.

9. Powder for guiding mat for jewelry.

Consists of 40 g of nitrate, 25 g of cook salt and 35 g of komatzov. Mix into a homogeneous mass and heat in an enameled vessel, with a constant stirring with a glass stick until water vapors are left. Then to cool the mass by putting a vessel in cold water, turn into powder and maintain to use in well-closing glass vessels.

If the items should only be partially made by matte, the parts that should remain shiny are covered to matting the layer of the following mixture: 50 g of carbon dioxide in the powder, 5 g of sugar and 5 g of gumiarabic are rubbed with water in the cassea, which is applied using the brush to remaining shiny places.

10. Final finish of laminated products.

To make a beautiful look, resort to various means looking at the nature of the work. Small artistic forgings acquire a beautiful view if the intense black color is supplied at the end. But for such works, paint is applied not to spreading, but the following operations are made: the fire is bred in the mountain, corresponding to the size of the processed item. The fire should not smoke (it is best to use coke for this). Then lubricate the object with ordinary linseed oil and expose fire, but only for such a time until the oil evaporates and the residue will not nourish it to the gland. After cooling, firmly rubbing the gargle, slightly impregnated with linseed oil.

The smoother surface received iron when processing, the more beautiful there will be a deep black color. This color is extremely durable and perfectly protects against atmospheric influences.

To move the iron parts into black, they must be clean, brilliantly reflected and polished. Then they are lubricated with liquid oil and sprinkled with wood ash, then they are kept above the hot coals, until the dealing black color. After cooling, the objects are washed in the water to which several drops of sulfuric acid are added, and immediately thoroughly wip away with a rough pure cloth.

Oil rubbing protects the product from air exposure.

Traces of flies on scales, panels and other details are very difficult to remove gasoline, alcohol and other solvents. At the same time, these stains disappear without a trace if we wipe the contaminated places with a cloth or cotton swab, moistened with saliva.

To make iron especially soft, it is hot enough, they are quickly cooled in soap, heated again to red cation and, putting a referential powder, give slowly cool. When processing, this method is made very damaging and soft.

Cleaning gilding.

Cleaning the gilding, especially on the tree, requires very careful circulation. Previously with the gilding should be swept all the dust, the incapacity is carefully wiping with a soft sponge, even better a piece of cotton wool, slightly moistened with wine alcohol or turpentine.

Instead of these liquids, a good strong beer is also consumed, a solution of the so-called Marseille soap or a mixture of 10 parts of the ammonic alcohol and 40 parts of soap alcohol.

An egg whites are also considered a good tool for cleaning the gilding, which is carefully wiped with a piece of flannel.

You can use a mixture of proteins (2-3 eggs) with 18 g of zaveva water; This liquid mixture with a soft tassel wipe slightly gilt, especially the most sweat places.

Finally, the same purpose can serve a pure wine vinegar, which covers gilding through a soft brush, sponge or pieces of the Pat. After 5 minutes, the vinegar is gently washped with clean water, without wiping anything.

To clean the gilded bronze, in addition to the ammamine alcohol, diluted with water, the good results gives the following method: the gilt is wiped primarily with a brushed water with water. Then coated with a soft brush with a mixture composed of 60 parts of water, 15 parts of nitric acid and 2 parts of the alum, after which the liquid is allowed to dry, without wiping it.

Cleaning metal parts of machines.

We present the best method practiced in France in France to clean the metal parts of various kinds of machines. 10% of paraffin is added to one liter of kerosene and, buying a vessel, leave it for a day, scorching it from time to time, after which the mixture is ready to use. Then with the help of the cloth wet all the metal parts of the machines to be cleaned. Moching, leave in this form overnight (and even better for a day) and only the next day wipe with a clean cloth.

In this case, the method of cleaning is departed rust, oily resin mud, etc. And the metal parts of the cars seem to be re-polished. No other way cannot be so good to clear them, not to mention the extreme cheapness of the method itself, making it quite suitable for this purpose regarding all kinds of machines, guns and in general products made of steel and polished iron.

Metal polishing: features of the preparatory and main processes. Metal polishing classes according to GOST. Various methods, means and machine tools for polishing and grinding metal to mirror glitter.

Metal polishing is the finishing stage of manufacturing products from metal and alloys, which lies in the removal of the maximum thin layer of material from the surface of the part. There are a large number of ways with which it is possible to polish to the brilliance of the product both at home and in industrial production. They are described in detail in this article.

GOST 9.301-86 regulates the requirements for the quality of metal processing of metal as a result of polishing work. There are no special indications regarding the brilliance of surfaces after grinding, but after polishing various defects, furrows, scratches, sowers, corrosion, and so on should be excluded.

In a word, polishing events are designed to give the product an attractive appearance and consumer qualities.

In production, there is such a concept as the "polishing class". The level of roughness of the surface of one or another part is determined by means of special equipment (microscopes and profilographs) up to 1 micrometer (MKM, 1 mm \u003d 1000 μm). If metal grinding is carried out at home, the depth of irregularities is determined to the eye.

There are 14 roughness classes, which are indicated in special drawings in accordance with GOST 2789-59.

Polishing classes and requirements for them are presented in the table below.

Description of the surface	Roughness size (up to μm)	Polishing class	Mechanical processing method
Traces of processing are very noticeable	320	1	Planing, sharpening and milling
	160	2
	80	3
Footprints are visible very weak	40	4	Soft abrasive treatment, getting processing
	20	5
	10	6
Traces of processing are not visible at all	6,3	7	Thin flow, grinding
	3,2	8
	1,3	9
The surface of the metal product is perfectly smooth and has a characteristic mirror glitter.	0,8	10	Finish polishing, soft polishing
	0,4	11
	0,2	12
	0,1	13
	0,05	14

Preparatory stages

Industrial enterprises, which are engaged in various types of metal processing, check the condition of surfaces before the grinding began. Before applying various chemical reagents and polishing machines, the part must be prepared for further polishing stages, for this affect the product with one of the mechanical methods:

processing with compressed air, together with special large-browse elements, which are removed from the surface large corrosion and rust growths;
stripping the surface of the product with brushes with rigid bristles to remove signs of oxidation and sludge (dust formed by purge abrasive);
degreasing surfaces from traces of previous polishing tools by treating with warm organic solvents;
the use of alkaline solutions to remove residual mineral substances with oil content;
electrochemical degreasing (immersion of metal products in electrolyte).

All these methods are most often used in industrial production. Houses for the preparation of a metal product to polish enough to handle the surface with sandpaper of various stiffness.

Metal polishing methods

For metal polishing to a mirror gloss at home, a special paste is most often used, such as goy or diamond, popular among home masters, as well as a polishing machine with an abrasive circle.

The following types of polishing are used in metal processing enterprises:

mechanical;
chemical;
electrochemical;
with the help of plasma;
laser;
ultrasonic.

Mechanical method

One of the most effective methods of self-polishing metal is the surface treatment of the product with a polishing machine.

The grinding machine is an indispensable tool for high-quality metal polishing until the initial radiance appears. The machine for polishing has a so-called abrasive circle, the coating of which will depend on the nature of the work and material.

The process of metal processing with a grinding machine will occur as follows:

Circles for polishing and metal section, which must be processed, wetted with water. For metal processing, the disk should rotate at a speed of 1,400 revolutions per minute. It is necessary to provide that at such a speed of rotation splashes will fly away by 1-1.5 meters, so it is necessary to take care of the appropriate protection of the face and clothing.
The processed plane will begin to heat the friction, and the water will evaporate. As a result of this interaction, irregularities and roughness will be removed, forming on the basis of the abrasive circle blocks from metal particles and water. Each few minutes you need to turn off the machine and rinse the disk under the jet of water. Metal particles should be removed not only from the tool, but also from the surface of the product.
To achieve a mirror gloss, it is recommended to use felt material. Such a nozzle is put on the grinding disk so that the edges appealed abroad by 1-1.5 cm. Falls and the surface of the metal part must be moistened with water, after which the metal polishing of the metal occurs.

If there is no special machine in the presence, you can use such a polishing agent as sandpaper. At first it is necessary to treat the surface of the sandpaper of large abrasive, and then softer. After switching from one grain to another, you can proceed to the finishing stage of processing.

At the final stage, polyrolol is used. For metal products, as well as for stone surfaces, the diamond paste is perfectly suitable, which can return the perfect smoothness and mirror glitter. The cloth on which polishing paste is applied is carefully handled the surface of the metal product.

Chemical polishing is the most effective solution for products from metal and alloys having a decorative function.

The essence of the chemical method of cleaning the metal is that all the work on the restoration of the product surface is performed by special solutions from chemical reagents and acids. The solution must be heated to a certain temperature, which depends on the components of the metal alloy, after which the metal is immersed in a solution for several minutes. Between the metal and chemical solution, the reaction occurs, as a result of which the defective layer of the product is destroyed.

In order to immerse the part into the solution, special holders are used. There is no need to apply manual work, and metal processing occurs evenly throughout the surface.

However, this method has a disadvantage: after the procedure, the surface of the product is rather matte, rather than shiny. In addition, this method requires compliance with a number of security rules.

Electrochemical polishing metal

Electrochemical metal polishing at first glance passes the same as chemical. The part must be omitted to the bottom of the reservoir with a solution, but it is necessary to ensure the passage of electric current through the product. The current accelerates the process of destruction of the oxide layer even in barely noticeable recesses on the metal surface.

As a result, the product acquires perfect smoothness. This method is perfect for those who are looking for an answer to the question, how to polish metal to a mirror glitter.

The disadvantage of this method is the high cost of electricity and the need to regularly replace the chemical solution.

Polishing with plasma

Metal polishing with plasma is similar to an electrochemical cleaning method: the product is also immersed in a chemical solution, followed by electrical discharge through it. However, the electrolyte-plasma method involves the use of non-mixture of chemical reagents and acids, but an harmless solution obtained from ammonium salts.

The result of electron beam polishing will be not only a mirror glitter and perfect smoothness, but also additional protection against corrosion formation.

Laser polishing metal

The process of polishing the metal by means of a laser installation eliminates the need to use various polyterols, solvents and abrasive particles.

The laser device affects the surface of metal products by supplying light pulses. The energy, in contact with the metal, is converted into a plasma, its particles disintegrate, which leads to the appearance of a shock wave. The light pulse does not have sufficient length to damage the product, but splits damaged metal particles. In view of this feature of the laser beam, if the product requires deep cleaning, one and the same section of the metal surface will have to affect several times.

Laser installation made of steel has such a feature as self-limitation. The device itself reduces the intensity of the effect and the power of the beam, as soon as the laser gets to the metal layer that does not need to be polished.

Ultrasonic polishing metal

The polishing metal ultrasound is one of the types of treatment of various surfaces by crushing, that is, the destruction of the defective layer of the surface is carried out after the load on the material. The oscillations of the ultrasonic wave form chips and cracks, as a result of which the upper layer of metal is moving away by itself as the egg shell.

This method helps in the event that the material is not an electric current conductor and cannot act as anode with electrochemical cleaning. It is also perfect for grinding thin and fragile products, including precious stones and metals.

Technology of ultrasound metal processing looks like this:

The composition of the abrasive elements is placed in the special working sector of the device.
The device is located in the immediate vicinity of the treated surface.
The vibrating device causes abrasive elements to fluctuate, affecting the upper layer of the product.
The defective layer under the influence of oscillations cracks and collapses.

Silicon or boring particles on a carbide basis can act as abrasive elements, and the vibrating factor is the supply of fresh water.

If you have the experience of polishing metal using industrial and primary ways, share it in the comments.