Primary language
Monegasque is a dialect of the Ligurian language, closely related to the Genoese dialect. He was strongly influenced by the Nice dialect (Niçard) of the Occitan language, which is, among other things, the original mother tongue in some areas of the Principality.
ethnic history
The first settlers in the territory of the future Principality of Monaco, mentioned in history, were the Phoenicians, who built fortifications here back in the 10th century BC. e. Five centuries later, they were replaced by the Greeks, who founded the colony of Port Hercules (Port Hercules) and erected a temple on a secluded rock. The cult of Hercules was superimposed on the Greek name of the local locus - "μόνοικος", ("farm", "separate building" etc.) from "μόνος" ( monos) "separate, lonely, single" + "οἶκος" ( oikos) "house, building, structure, location." As a result, a local cult of Hercules (Hercules Monoikos) arose, to whom a separate temple was dedicated in a castle located on a coastal cliff. La Roche.
A little further from the coast lived the Turbiasque tribe, hostile to the Monegasques, who chose a woman as their leader and worshiped the great mother goddess. During the clashes, the Turbiasci captured only the young men and young men of the Monegasques, delivered them to the temple of the great mother goddess and subjected them to torture. The enmity between the representatives of these tribes continued until the end of the 13th century AD. e.
By the end of the 13th century, representatives of the Genoese feudal family Grimaldi settled on this strip of the Ligurian coast, bringing the Italians with them. So the Monegasques with their own language and traditions were finally formed.
national colors
The national colors of the Monegasques are white, red, black.
The white color - the most sacred - symbolizes the burial shroud of St. Devota - the patroness of the Principality; expresses nobility, honor, purity; is "masculine": it is worn by men as a symbol of masculinity and dignity.
Red is a symbol of the blood of the holy martyr, as well as the color of courage, unity, blood brotherhood of the Monegasques.
Black color - "special" for the Monegasques - a symbol of wisdom, intuition, magical power; considered "feminine".
Privilege
As native subjects of the principality, the Monegasques have many privileges: they are the only ones who have the right to elect parliament - the National Council; completely exempt from paying taxes, etc.
culture
Monegasque holidays
January 26 - 27 - Day of St. Devota (Jour de Sainte-Devotte), the heavenly patroness of the Principality and the Grimaldi family. Celebrated since 304 AD. e.
June 23 - 25 - Saint Jean's Day (Jour de Saint-Jean). Celebrated since the 5th century. n. e. It starts with an evening carnival procession through the old town "Sciaratu": everyone who wants to dress up in carnival costumes and go from Palace Square to Casino Square to the music. Torches are kindled in the square, they drink wine and dance all evening.
November 19 - Prince's Day (Jour du Prince), National Day of Monaco. On this day, a military parade is held, as well as a solemn Mass in the Monegasque language at the Cathedral of Monaco, attended by the entire Princely Family and other officials. After Mass, the Princely Family visits the Monte Carlo Opera.
Monegasques in world culture
- Louis Brea (1443 -1520) - artist, author of two panels currently in the Cathedral of Monaco.
- Horazio Ferrari (XVI century) - artist
Monegasques - they are Monegasques
Few people have not heard of Monaco today. The Côte d'Azur, the famous casino in Monte Carlo and the Formula 1 championship held in the principality - the Monaco Grand Prix - are known all over the world. But few people know who the Monegasques are. But this is not some kind of Indian or African tribe, as some mistakenly believe, but the indigenous inhabitants of the state of Monaco, a hereditary constitutional monarchy.
In ancient times, the Greeks founded their colony on the territory of the present principality and built the temple of Hercules the Hermit, in Greek “Monoikos”, on a solitary rock. According to one version, this word, which acquired the form “monaco” in Italian, was destined to become the name of the whole - albeit a very small one! - country and form the basis for the name of its inhabitants: "Monegasques".
The population of Monaco in 2008 was 34 thousand people, but the indigenous people - Monegasques - of them only 8 thousand (16%)! The rest of the inhabitants of Monaco are French (47%), Italians (16%) and others - citizens of 124 countries, including about a hundred Russians. Ethnically, the majority of Monegasques are southern French, partly mixed with northern Italians. The official language in Monaco is French; English and Italian are also widely spoken. The traditional Monegasque language "Monegu" - one of the ancient Ligurian dialects - is used mainly by the older generation and is taught in the schools of the principality. The traditional culture of the country is close to the southern French. This is not surprising. After all, although Monaco is an independent state, in fact it is under the protectorate of France. When the euro was introduced in 2002, the Principality was allowed to mint euro coins with the national design.
Monegasques and all foreigners (except the French) living in Monaco all year round do not pay income tax. They also do not pay taxes on property and cars. Monegasques are a kind of local aristocracy, they have a preferential right over foreigners when hiring, and in any industry. It is curious that every third Monegasque man serves in the police. In addition, only 3% of Monegasques live in their own homes, the rest are provided with housing by the state for a nominal fee. Moreover, in order to become a Monegasque, it is not enough to be born in Monaco, you need to be born into a Monegasque family or get on the list of persons (usually no more than a dozen) to whom Prince Rainier III annually grants Monegasque citizenship for special merits. Prince Rainier III Grimaldi himself was the only one of his kind native to Monaco - a Monegasque, therefore he is rightfully considered an aborigine of his country.
Monegasques reverently observe the traditions and customs that are fading into the past. Old holidays are especially original and interesting in Monaco. Carnivals, colorful and crowded processions of torchbearers and drummers along the old streets of the three merged cities of the principality - Monaco, Monte Carlo and La Condamine, religious processions (most Monegasques are Catholics), the celebration of the day of St. the ritual of celebrating the Monegasque Christmas - there are countless such customs and traditional holidays. They are celebrated in Monaco almost every month.
One of the most touching of the surviving customs is the celebration of Orthodox Christmas on January 6th. This custom was brought to Monte Carlo by Russian aristocrats; many of them spent the winter in Monaco and the French Riviera. The celebration of Orthodox Christmas takes place in the luxurious hall of the most luxurious hotel in Monte Carlo, the Hotel de Paris, where Prince Yusupov, Count Shuvalov, Princess Vorontsova-Dashkova and the Grand Dukes of the Romanov dynasty lived for a long time.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Primary language
Monegasque is a dialect of the Ligurian language, closely related to the Genoese dialect. He was strongly influenced by the Nice dialect (Niçard) of the Occitan language, which is, among other things, the original mother tongue in some areas of the Principality.
ethnic history
The first settlers in the territory of the future Principality of Monaco, mentioned in history, were the Phoenicians, who built fortifications here back in the 10th century BC. e. Five centuries later, they were replaced by the Greeks, who founded the colony of Port Hercules (Port Hercules) and erected a temple on a secluded rock. The cult of the Greek demigod Hercules mixed with the cult of the local one-eyed god of fertility and male power - Mono okos (hence the name of the tribe). As a result, the cult of Hercules the One-Eyed arose [ ] (Herculis Monoeci).
A little further from the coast lived the Turbiasque tribe, hostile to the Monegasques, who chose a woman as their leader and worshiped the great mother goddess. During the clashes, the Turbiasci captured only the young men and young men of the Monegasques, delivered them to the temple of the great mother goddess and subjected them to torture. The enmity between the representatives of these tribes continued until the end of the 13th century AD. e.
And by the end of the 13th century, representatives of the Genoese feudal lord Grimaldi settled on this strip of the Ligurian coast, bringing the Italians with them. So the Monegasques with their own language and traditions were finally formed.
national colors
The national colors of the Monegasques are white, red, black.
The white color - the most sacred - symbolizes the burial shroud of St. Devota - the patroness of the Principality; expresses nobility, honor, purity; is "masculine": it is worn by men as a symbol of masculinity and dignity.
Red is a symbol of the blood of the holy martyr, as well as the color of courage, unity, blood brotherhood of the Monegasques.
Black color - "special" for the Monegasques - a symbol of wisdom, intuition, magical power; considered "feminine".
Privilege
As native subjects of the principality, the Monegasques have many privileges: they are the only ones who have the right to elect parliament - the National Council; completely exempt from paying taxes, etc.
culture
Monegasque holidays
January 26 - 27 - Day of St. Devota (Jour de Sainte-Devotte), the heavenly patroness of the Principality and the Grimaldi family. Celebrated since 304 AD. e.
June 23 - 25 - Saint Jean's Day (Jour de Saint-Jean), celebrated by the Monegasques since pagan times (from the 5th century BC) as a holiday of fertility, love and sex, universal brotherhood [clarify] . It starts with an evening carnival procession through the old town "Sciaratu": everyone who wants to dress up in carnival costumes and go from Palace Square to Casino Square to the music. Torches are kindled in the square, they drink wine and dance all evening.
November 19 - Prince's Day (Jour du Prince), National Day of Monaco. On this day, a military parade is held, as well as a solemn Mass in the Monegasque language at the Cathedral of Monaco, attended by the entire Princely Family and other officials. After Mass, the Princely Family visits the Monte Carlo Opera.
Monegasques in world culture
- Louis Brea (1443 -1520) - artist, author of two panels currently in the Cathedral of Monaco.
- Horazio Ferrari (XVI century) - Renaissance artist, author of murals and frescoes in the Prince's Palace and one panel in the Cathedral.
- Domenique-Joseph Bressan (XVIII century) - landscape painter of the era of classicism. His works are exhibited in the Prince's Palace.
- Francois-Joseph Bosio (late 18th - early 19th centuries) - court sculptor of Napoleon I. Bosio's works are exhibited in the Louvre.
- Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687) - composer, one of the founders of the French opera school. Creator of classical types of lyrical tragedy ("Alceste" (1674), "Theseus" (1675)) and the French opera overture. The author of music for the comedies-ballets by J.-B. Molière.
- Lucchini - composer, author of music for the national anthem of Monaco (1867).
- Theophile Bellando - the author of the words of the first anthem of Monaco (1848).
- Louis Notari (1879-1961) - writer and the only Monegasque poet, member of the Traditions Committee, author of the words of the second anthem of Monaco (1931).
- Luis Cannis - writer-historian, author of the book of historical and cultural sketches about Monaco "Notre passe" (1963).
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Notes
An excerpt characterizing Monegasque
When she said goodbye to him and was left alone, Princess Mary suddenly felt tears in her eyes, and then, not for the first time, she asked herself a strange question, does she love him?On the way further to Moscow, despite the fact that the situation of the princess was not joyful, Dunyasha, who was traveling with her in the carriage, noticed more than once that the princess, leaning out of the carriage window, smiled joyfully and sadly at something.
“Well, what if I did love him? thought Princess Mary.
No matter how ashamed she was to admit to herself that she was the first to love a man who, perhaps, would never love her, she consoled herself with the thought that no one would ever know this and that it would not be her fault if she didn’t talking about loving the one she loved for the first and last time.
Sometimes she remembered his views, his participation, his words, and it seemed to her that happiness was not impossible. And then Dunyasha noticed that she, smiling, was looking out the window of the carriage.
“And he should have come to Bogucharovo, and at that very moment! thought Princess Mary. - And it was necessary for his sister to refuse Prince Andrei! - And in all this, Princess Mary saw the will of providence.
The impression made on Rostov by Princess Marya was very pleasant. When he thought about her, he felt merry, and when his comrades, having learned about the adventure that had happened with him in Bogucharov, joked to him that he, having gone for hay, had picked up one of the richest brides in Russia, Rostov became angry. He was angry precisely because the idea of marrying a pleasant for him, meek Princess Marya with a huge fortune more than once came to his mind against his will. For himself, Nikolai could not wish for a better wife than Princess Mary: marrying her would make the Countess, his mother, happy, and improve his father’s affairs; and even—Nikolai felt it—would have made Princess Marya happy. But Sonya? And this word? And this made Rostov angry when they joked about Princess Bolkonskaya.
Having taken command of the armies, Kutuzov remembered Prince Andrei and sent him an order to arrive at the main apartment.
Prince Andrei arrived in Tsarevo Zaimishche on the same day and at the same time of the day when Kutuzov made the first review of the troops. Prince Andrei stopped in the village near the priest's house, at which the commander-in-chief's carriage was stationed, and sat down on a bench at the gate, waiting for the Serene Highness, as everyone now called Kutuzov. On the field outside the village, one could hear the sounds of regimental music, then the roar of a huge number of voices shouting “Hurrah! to the new commander-in-chief. Immediately at the gate, about ten paces from Prince Andrei, taking advantage of the absence of the prince and the fine weather, stood two batmen, a courier and a butler. Blackish, overgrown with mustaches and sideburns, a little hussar lieutenant colonel rode up to the gate and, looking at Prince Andrei, asked: is the brightest here and will he be soon?
Prince Andrei said that he did not belong to the headquarters of his Serene Highness and was also a visitor. The hussar lieutenant colonel turned to the well-dressed batman, and the batman of the commander-in-chief said to him with that special contempt with which the batmen of the commanders-in-chief speak to the officers:
- What, brightest? It must be now. You that?
The hussar lieutenant colonel grinned into his mustache at the orderly, got off the horse, gave it to the messenger and went up to Bolkonsky, bowing slightly to him. Bolkonsky stood aside on the bench. The hussar lieutenant-colonel sat down beside him.
Are you also waiting for the commander-in-chief? said the hussar lieutenant colonel. - Govog "yat, accessible to everyone, thank God. Otherwise, trouble with sausages! Nedag" om Yeg "molov in the Germans pg" settled down. Tepeg "maybe and g" Russian talk "it will be possible. Otherwise, Cheg" does not know what they were doing. Everyone retreated, everyone retreated. Did you do the hike? - he asked.
- I had the pleasure, - answered Prince Andrei, - not only to participate in the retreat, but also to lose in this retreat everything that was dear, not to mention the estates and home ... father, who died of grief. I am from Smolensk.
- And? .. Are you Prince Bolkonsky? It’s a hell of a place to meet: Lieutenant Colonel Denisov, better known as Vaska, said Denisov, shaking Prince Andrei’s hand and peering into Bolkonsky’s face with especially kind attention. Yes, I heard, ”he said sympathetically and, after a pause, continued : - Here is the Scythian war. This is all hog "osho, but not for those who puff with their sides. And you are Prince Andg "she Bolkonsky?" He shook his head. "Very hell, prince, very hell to meet you," he added again with a sad smile, shaking his hand.
Prince Andrei knew Denisov from Natasha's stories about her first fiancé. This recollection both sweetly and painfully carried him now to those painful sensations that he had not thought about for a long time, but which nevertheless were in his soul. Recently, there have been so many other and such serious impressions as leaving Smolensk, his arrival in the Bald Mountains, recently known about the death of his father - so many sensations were experienced by him that these memories had not come to him for a long time and, when they did, had no effect on him. him with the same strength. And for Denisov, the series of memories that Bolkonsky's name evoked was the distant, poetic past, when, after dinner and Natasha's singing, without knowing how, he proposed to a fifteen-year-old girl. He smiled at the memories of that time and his love for Natasha, and immediately turned to what passionately and exclusively now occupied him. This was the campaign plan he had come up with while serving in the outposts during the retreat. He presented this plan to Barclay de Tolly and now intended to present it to Kutuzov. The plan was based on the fact that the French line of operations was too long and that instead of, or at the same time, acting from the front, blocking the way for the French, it was necessary to act on their messages. He began to explain his plan to Prince Andrei.
Primary language
Monegasque is a dialect of the Ligurian language, closely related to the Genoese dialect. He was strongly influenced by the Nice dialect (Niçard) of the Occitan language, which is, among other things, the original mother tongue in some areas of the Principality.
ethnic history
The first settlers in the territory of the future Principality of Monaco, mentioned in history, were the Phoenicians, who built fortifications here back in the 10th century BC. e. Five centuries later, they were replaced by the Greeks, who founded the colony of Port Hercules (Port Hercules) and erected a temple on a secluded rock. The cult of Hercules was superimposed on the Greek name of the local locus - "μόνοικος", ("farm", "separate building" etc.) from "μόνος" ( monos) "separate, lonely, single" + "οἶκος" ( oikos) "house, building, structure, location." As a result, a local cult of Hercules (Hercules Monoikos) arose, to whom a separate temple was dedicated in a castle located on a coastal cliff. La Roche.
A little further from the coast lived the Turbiasque tribe, hostile to the Monegasques, who chose a woman as their leader and worshiped the great mother goddess. During the clashes, the Turbiasci captured only the young men and young men of the Monegasques, delivered them to the temple of the great mother goddess and subjected them to torture. The enmity between the representatives of these tribes continued until the end of the 13th century AD. e.
By the end of the 13th century, representatives of the Genoese feudal family Grimaldi settled on this strip of the Ligurian coast, bringing the Italians with them. So the Monegasques with their own language and traditions were finally formed.
national colors
The national colors of the Monegasques are white, red, black.
The white color - the most sacred - symbolizes the burial shroud of St. Devota - the patroness of the Principality; expresses nobility, honor, purity; is "masculine": it is worn by men as a symbol of masculinity and dignity.
Red is a symbol of the blood of the holy martyr, as well as the color of courage, unity, blood brotherhood of the Monegasques.
Black color - "special" for the Monegasques - a symbol of wisdom, intuition, magical power; considered "feminine".
Privilege
As native subjects of the principality, the Monegasques have many privileges: they are the only ones who have the right to elect parliament - the National Council; completely exempt from paying taxes, etc.
culture
Monegasque holidays
January 26 - 27 - Day of St. Devota (Jour de Sainte-Devotte), the heavenly patroness of the Principality and the Grimaldi family. Celebrated since 304 AD. e.
June 23 - 25 - Saint Jean's Day (Jour de Saint-Jean). Celebrated since the 5th century. n. e. It starts with an evening carnival procession through the old town "Sciaratu": everyone who wants to dress up in carnival costumes and go from Palace Square to Casino Square to the music. Torches are kindled in the square, they drink wine and dance all evening.
November 19 - Prince's Day (Jour du Prince), National Day of Monaco. On this day, a military parade is held, as well as a solemn Mass in the Monegasque language at the Cathedral of Monaco, attended by the entire Princely Family and other officials. After Mass, the Princely Family visits the Monte Carlo Opera.
Monegasques in world culture
- Louis Brea (1443 -1520) - artist, author of two panels currently in the Cathedral of Monaco.
- Horazio Ferrari (XVI century) - artist
Country in Southern Europe on the Mediterranean coast. From the land it is surrounded by the territory of France.
The area is 1.9 square kilometers (of which 0.4 were reclaimed from the sea).
The population is 30 thousand people (of which Monegasques - subjects of the principality - 5 thousand).
The whole territory is occupied by a single city, merged from three cities: Monaco, La Condamine and Monte Carlo; The prince's residence is in the city of Monaco.
A narrow strip of coast, washed by the warm Ligurian Sea and protected by the chain of the Alpes-Maritimes, was not empty even in ancient times. The places here are very fertile: there is no cold weather, strong heat - too, no droughts, no prolonged rains.
The first settlers recorded in history were the Phoenicians, who built their fortifications as early as the 10th century BC. Later they were replaced by the Greeks, who founded their colony here and built the temple of Hercules the Hermit, in Greek "Monoikos", on a secluded rock. This word, which acquired the form “monaco” in Italian (and “monks” in Russian), was destined to become the name of a whole - albeit a very small one! - the country and form the basis for the name of its inhabitants: "Monegasques".
Apparently, people lived here before the Phoenicians. They just couldn't write, and that's why we don't know who they were. But by the arrival of the Greek colonists, the descendants of the natives and Phoenicians already lived here. The Greeks and those people of different tribes who have long lived in the Mediterranean ports have made their contribution.
By the end of the 13th century, the Italian language, or rather, its Genoese dialect, prevailed on this strip of the Ligurian coast, because the strong family of the Genoese feudal lords Grimaldi settled here, bringing along a certain number of Italians.
This is how the Monegasques appeared with their own spoken language (a mixture of French and Italian) and their own traditions.
The population here has never been too large. Just don’t look for the reason for this in the monastic root of the ethnonym: it’s just that there are 16 thousand people per square kilometer here - a bit too much, and the extra ones simply went abroad, it’s good not to walk far.
Monaco is an independent state, but in fact it is under the protectorate of France. That is why the state language here and the money are French, and everything else necessary for the life of the state is also. There is Monaco on income from gambling houses in Monte Carlo, from the sale of stamps. The Oceanographic Institute founded in 1910, the Research Institute of Oceanography and the International Hydrographic Bureau, all world-class organizations, are a source of pride. True, there are not so many Monegasques working in these institutions, but they are all very proud of them. And as you know, nothing unites people like a common sense of pride. Especially when the people are as small as the Monegasques.