Each stylistic direction in landscape design has basic, only inherent signs that cannot be confused with any other. Seeing, for example, in the garden or in the park, the right geometric forms, you can be sure that you have a garden in regular style.
However, the geometry of forms is not the only regularity criterion. What should be a real regular garden, what are his typical signs - let's look.
To start a little story
Regular park is also called geometric, formal and French. Well, geometric is clear why, formal - from the word form. And he is called it, because he achieved his highest popularity in France XVII-XVIII century (Baroque era). The most vivid example is the wonderful park of Versailles, who created the landscape architect Andre Lenotr for Louis XIV.
France has always been a fashion law. If something has become fashionable in France, it means that it will be fashionable all over the world. It happened with regular gardens - other European countries quickly adopted a new style of landscape art.
Hence the name of the French Park. However, from a historical point of view, it is incorrect. Because initially the regular direction was formed in Italy in the Renaissance Epoch.
What does the word mean - regular?
In general, regularity - synonym for orderliness, structurality, correctness. Most likely, the emergence of regular style contributed to the eternal human desire to manage nature, subordinate it to himself. And such parks are a kind of way to realize your desire, streamline nature. After all, they have the opportunity to oppose the man-made - natural, geometric - shapeless.
Typical signs of a formal direction
In the garden formal direction:
There are strict, straight lines
there is a major composite axis
In the creation of all compositions, including in the garden layout, used geometry
Decorative and functional elements are symmetrically located
There is no variety of elements, many of them repeated repeatedly
The center of the garden is building, house
trees and shrubs are given a geometric or artistic form
There are clear boundaries between the garden and its surrounding area.
Under the breakdown used mainly smooth surfaces, and with a more pronounced relief, the garden is drawn up in the form of terraces connecting with stairs.
Main elements
Throughout the development history, the formal direction formed a set of characteristic elements, which are recommended when creating parks of this type. And each element of the regular park speaks of his man-made and artificiality. Let's talk about them in more detail.
Parter.
This is a decorative landing river, more often than a square shape (but may also be in the form of a circle, oval), on the perimeter of which trimmed low plants are planted. Fills the ridge patterned ornament from decorative plants, gravel various shades or flowers (partare flower bed). Parteros are separated by sandy paths.
Lace parquet
The lace parquet differs from the usual highly curly, swirling pattern. The pattern can form a trimmed tees or macs, or color gravel, sand.
This is an ornamental flowering garden, where the plants are specially selected in color and flowering timing form a complex pattern. In his center there may be a fountain, a small sculpture or vase.
It is usually used as a background for frame flower beds and soliters. However, the lawn can be an independent decorative element. Then the grasses seeds are planted on a clearly marked template pattern. In this case, it may have a framing in the form of a tape of color gravel or vegetable curb.
This is a plot where a small group of trees or shrubs exposed to decorative haircut has been planted. Such sites were artificial groves on a flat lawn or a glade. And if the trees were located around the perimeter, then such bosets were called green cabinets.
Alley
This item is all familiar and does not need a special presentation. This is a straight track, on the edges of which trees are planted.
A bush or a tree that is defined by a haircut, more often geometric, shape.
Hedges
This is an indispensable attribute of a regular garden. Alive hedges act not only as decorative elements, they also divide the territory on the zones. They are often used when creating labyrinths, borders.
Goose foot
Thus are called 3-5 tracks or alleys converging at one point, usually in the center of the composition.
Water
Garden reservoirs in regular style can be round, oval, square, rectangular, with a clear coastline. In the coastal zone rows plant plants. At large sites create cascades.
Sculpture
Sculptural compositions are used to induce the garden, as well as to strengthen the prospects.
When creating a garden, it is not necessary to use all of the above items. You can take some of them, those that are more suitable for a specific relief, the size of the territory, and draw up a decent composition. The main thing is to comply with the rules of the formal direction.
Almost four hundred years have passed since the entire royal yard led by Louis XIV admiringly asked at the sight of Versailles - the world's first sample of the French regular park. To date, the use of a similar style is a fairly common reception in the art of landscape design. It's impossible to imagine a single castle in Europe, not a single royal residence without a unique "business card" - neatly trimmed bushes and trees, bright parter beds, symmetrically located fountains and arbors. Initially created for the huge areas of royal palaces, the garden in regular style gradually moved to more modest spaces - on the territory of country houses.
Using the elements of regularity, you can easily bring a lot of share of solemnity and greatness in the exterior of a private house. Landscape designers of modernity managed to somewhat soften this style, depriving it unnecessary for our realities of pompousness and cumbersome. However, it is still, even the most modest and simple composition created in a regular style is the subject of luxury, since its component elements by definition cannot be cheap and no more subtle and elegant way to hint at the surrounding on its wealth than to break near your home Little royal garden.
Regular garden stories
The creator of the regular style is the court gardening of Louis XIV Andre Lenotr, the design fantasies led to the emergence of the verified geometric forms of many garden-park ensembles, the first of which became the park of the Versailles Palace. It was Lenotr who came up with the main rules for creating a regular garden: a clear axial symmetry of the composition, the center of which can be a building, a fountain, an unusual large flower bed or a statue; smooth garden tracks; hedges; Topic forms.
Introducing extraordinary popularity among French nobility, regular style in landscape designer to grab new expanses, firmly settled in many European parks, including in Russia. Russian regular gardens and parks appeared with the light hand of Peter I, who, having visited Versailles in 1717, decided to create something similar in his homeland. Peter several converted French style, increasing the number of flower beds and reservoirs, but at the same time retained the clarity of lines and forms.
The main characteristics of regular style
1. Scaligence
Since regular gardens were initially used to design a huge territories of castles and palaces, they are traditionally associated with scale. Designed for long hiking, such a garden behind each turn of living hedge is in itself new species, playing different "performances". It is difficult to organize such "theatrical" on a small household plot, and various decorative elements inherent in regular style will burden a small space. In addition, to create a similar garden, a mandatory requirement is the perfectly flat, smooth surface of the relief, requiring certain earthworks.
2. Geometricity
For regular style, the axial symmetry is characteristic, where the axis is most often the house, and clear, straight lines, allowing the space as much as possible. Any chaoticism in such a priority is unacceptable. The main element of the garden in regular style is the parter - an open area with flower beds, lawns, borders consisting of several sites of proper geometric shape. In the center of flower compositions, intricate statues or fountains often establish.
3. Topic forms and live hedges
In order to break the regular garden on the zones, arches, pergolas, various living hedges are widely used. One of the main decorations of the territory in regular style are topium figures created by haircuting trees and shrubs. With the help of this technique, plants are created by the most different geometric forms.
4. Ponds
A mandatory element of a regular garden is a reservoir with a clearly defined coastline. It can be both in the form of a rectangle and a circle or oval framed by suitable vegetation. Pools and variety of fountains are also widespread.
Fountains and pools - part of style
5. Special Plants for Regular Garden
if possible, it is necessary to maintain decorativeness all year round, therefore, for landscaping, preference is given to evergreen plants, for example, widespread in such territories of the Samshet, Holly, Tis.Of great importance are for regular style and flower beds, which are located on open, sunny places. Plant lighting should be uniform, otherwise not to avoid the asymmetricity of their growth and development, which is unacceptable for this style. Mostly for partner flower beds use annual plants. Most perennials for regular clubs are not suitable, due to the short flowering.
For decorative elements, the use of marble, ceramics, bronze, art forging is characterized. In the regular garden, everything should be luxurious and exquisite, so the savings for this style is inappropriate.
Garden-park art was born far from today and not even one thousand years ago, it goes roots into deep antiquity. The garden is a mirror that reflects the most beautiful features of the soul of a separate nation, reflects its culture, life, and a world. Some styles leave without leaving after themselves significant traces, others, on the contrary, become references for all subsequent generations.
From how the planning method chooses a person, what equipment he uses and what plants plant, the specific style depends. No less important and how is the site for the garden and what architectural style includes a residential building. The style depends not only on the culture of each individual area, but also on the individual preferences of the garden owner.
Landscape design style is a certain interpretation of the basic rules and methods of planning, equipment and color colorists.
History of development of garden and park construction
At the time of the heyday of the Sumerian civilization, people put trees along the canals for irrigation. The purpose of planting trees along the channel was to reduce water evaporation. But very soon the goals of Babylonians and Assyrians went beyond purely utilitarian. It was these nations that brought hanging gardens and forestarks to our world.
The first mentions about the gardens
The fifth century BC - the era of the highest flourishing of Babylon, it is in that epoch that he becomes the cultural center of the whole east, and it was then that the famous hanging gardens were created by the King Nebuchadnezzar. Their beauty struck contemporaries, and among the descendants there were legends about the famous "hanging gardens of seminimides."
History of hanging gardens is the story of the love of Tsar Nebuchadnezzar, who created them for his wife, from India, in which she would have found a consolation from their longing home. There was time, the epochs replaced each other, but the famous creation of the Babylonian king continued to captivate the imagination with his beauty. Delighted Arabs created similar type gardens in Spain.
But not only the Sumerians were masters of garden art. Middle and Persians also achieved success in creating gardens. And yet their style was not very different from the style of Assyrians and Babylonians. A commonly palace was the very place surrounded the gardens. Their structure was geometric, inside there were a lot of alleys. Such gardens were called "paradise".
Already then people learned not to just use ready-made natural patterns, but also to create new varieties of plants - already then they knew how to vaccinate trees. For example, the famous historian of ancient Greece, Herodotus wrote about the magnificent rose of King Midas with sixteen petals.
The ancient Greeks sought to harmony, the ancient cosmology taught that the universe reigns the order, in the beauty of the body, harmonious addition was valued. Exactly the same look prevailed and relative to the gardens - symmetry reigned in them. Fountains, vases, columns and sculptures decorated parks and garden alleys. It was an ancient Greek culture laid the foundations of park art.
As for planting plants, fir, palm trees, oaks, cypresses, chinars and olive trees were most often used. They were decorated with gardens, they grew in the parks and emphasized the beauty of temple or residential buildings.
Gardens of ancient Rome
The greatest heights in park-garden art reached the ancient Rome. The Romans conquered not only peoples, but also their culture. Expanding its territorial space, Rome expanded its cultural outlook. The Romans used the most outstanding achievements of the Greeks, Egyptians and many other civilizations, and in this multicultural boiler a unique Roman Park and Garden Culture was born.
The garden-park art of the ancient Romans is one of the richest in history. The right geometric gardens and parks became a sample for descendants, became a real treasure of all world culture.
Garden Park Culture of Middle Ages
With the onset of middle ages in Europe, the main hearth and nTR culture, education and civilization were monasteries. It is not surprising in connection with this, which is mainly they played a central role in creating and decorating gardens and parks. Within the monastery walls began a new world in which the gardens bloomed. Monks retained the experience of all previous cultures and connected it with modern knowledge. All this was used in the process of cultivating plants, growing drugs and processing gardens. The worldview has changed, the unique perception of nature appeared, the central element of which was the Garden of Eden. The work in the garden brought the cleansing of the soul, since during the work of the monks contemplated the earthly image of heavenly paradise. In those days, a paradise yard appeared - a special four-branched space in the walls of the monastery, which closes ambition with covered arcade. The prototype of such a garden is the Roman peristil. In the center of the garden, a well, a tank or a different source of pure water was usually stood.
If in a particular monastery was engaged in breeding fish (so that it was to eat during the post), then the whole pool was located in the center. The source was the four geometrically correct tracks. Bushes and low trees planted extremely rarely. The beds, most often, served as the source of a variety of healing herbs or flowers for decorating the temple. Colors gave a symbolic meaning. White Lilia - the blamelessness of the Virgin Mary, the White Rose - Mary itself, the Red Rose - the blood of Christ, etc.
Gardens of medieval Europe were divided by functions:
1)Herbarium - the garden where therapeutic flowers or herbs grew;
2)Gardinum - a kitchen garden, where fruits and vegetables grew;
3)Viridarium - Garden for recreation and entertainment;
In its rescript of 1812, the emperor Karl the Great pointed out which flowers should be planted in his gardens. There was a detailed list in which about 60 types of decorative plants and colors were indicated. For all European monasteries, copies of this list were distributed. But not only the monasteries were known the art of the creation of parks and gardens. Palaces and even many urban buildings often had their personal garden sites. Monuments of medieval literature, as well as songs of bards, minesters and troubadurov reported to us not only exciting plots, but also a description of the appearance of the sides who belonged to the nobility. Many book miniatures and illustrations about the gardens of the era of the Late Gothic.
The characteristic signs of such gardens were the stone walls that were fencing them. Often, these walls complemented water rally or small pavilions. The beds had a rectangular shape, and between them freaked, brick or stone tracks were often laid. Roots and vegetables grew on the beds, as well as plants with which they were scared insects or prepared "love drinks".
Landscape parks also appeared in the Middle Ages, what many images in the pictures of that time are indicated. As benches, not a very high wall was used, it was usually covered with a row. In the center of the garden there was a water source (as a rule, it was a fountain, well or pool). In addition, people often ate there, so the dietary table was still in the center.
Trees and bushes were often streamed, and so that they took the whole garden labyrinths leading to the center. Patterns on the floors of gothic cathedrals served as a sample for the forms of the maze. Rarestly owners could also afford the breeding of animals in the gardens. There it was often possible to see peacocks, superstars, pheasants, dermarians and starmen.
Fragrant herbs were widely used, which were used as to remind a person about the paradise, and in order to clean the locks from evil smells. Roses that crusaders brought from the Middle East were especially valued as decorative colors. In places intended for various secular fun and knightly tournaments, loved to arrange a "meadow of flowers".
With the onset of Renaissance, garden-park culture has become widespread. It was in this era who appeared most of the exemplary parks and gardens, similar to the Versailles gardens, which are still a cultural property of Europe. The basis for all styles laid landscape and regular style.
Stylistics of gardens in Russia
Garden construction in Russia began its beginning since the times of deep antiquity. Even in the eleventh century, the first gardens appeared in Kiev, and the first exemplary garden in Russia appeared already the twelfth century in Vladimir. He was created by Andrey Bogolyubsky. Then the gardens began to actively be created in Suzdal, Murom and many other Russian cities. As in all of Europe, in Russia to the sixteenth century, the main place of creation of gardens was monasteries.
The Macarea Garden, Glebkov, Galimevsky, as well as the Garden, which was created by Metropolitan Alexia was known. Palace gardens began to appear in the sixteenth century. The most famous of them were built in the walls of the Kremlin, as well as on the Moscow River, along the Yauza River and on the Vorontsov Field.
The beginning of the board of Peter the Great marked the new stage in Russian garden-park art. The first botanical gardens appeared in Petrograd, in 1706 they appeared in Moscow, where the "Pharmaceutical Garden" was created, which still exists as a branch of the Botanical Garden of Moscow University. Under the influence of the landscape style, the appearance of Russian parks of the end of the XVIII - early XIX century changed. New parks began to appear, and the old were rebuilt on the canons of this style.
Russian masters borrowed all the most advanced achievements of Italian and French garden and park arts and transferred them to Russian soil. Russian gardens and parks fit harmoniously into Russian landscapes, which is especially noticeable in the composition of Peterhof Parks, as well as in Pavlovsky Park. This time was marked by the flourishing of the Russian gardening and park culture.
Among the most famous parks should be called Tsarskoyel, Oranienbaum Parks, Peterhof, Summer Garden, Tsaritsyno Park, Kuskovo and Arkhangelsk. Russian parks are rightfully included in the treasury of world gardening arts along with outstanding gardens and parks of France, Italy and the UK.
The Russian country garden with lime alleys, oak groves, lilac and rose hips, forestry tolody and the variety of blooming lushes was a natural continuation of the surrounding forests, but at the same time well-thoughtful profitability, in which there were apiary, and domestic cattle and a bird, cascades of ponds with fish Sades, gardens with vegetables and greenhouses, fruit landings. Beauty and benefits were connected to the poetic image of the garden, all the components of which mutually complemented each other.
Nowadays, Russian park style is used wider. Something close in the spirit is found outside of Russia. So, in Germany, the style of "Naturgar'an" is popular, in France "Jarden Du Natur" and in England "Ekogardden".
