STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR
SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS
TEST METHODS
GOST 8735-88
(ST SEV 5446-85)
ST SEV 6317-88
USSR STATE CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR
| SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS Test methods Sand for construction work. | GOST 8735-88 (ST SEV 5446-85) |
Date of introduction 01.07.89
Failure to comply with the standard is punishable by law
This standard applies to sand used as an aggregate for concrete in monolithic, precast concrete and reinforced concrete structures, as well as a material for related types of construction work, and specifies test methods.
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. The scope of the sand test methods specified in this standard is indicated in the appendix.
1.2. Samples are weighed to an accuracy of 0.1% by weight, unless otherwise specified in the standard.
1.3. Samples or weighed portions of sand are dried to constant weight in a drying oven at a temperature of (105 ± 5) ° С until the difference between the results of two weighings is not more than 0.1% of the weight. Each subsequent weighing is carried out after drying for at least 1 hour and cooling for at least 45 minutes.
1.4. The test results are calculated to the second decimal place, unless other instructions are given regarding the accuracy of the calculation.
1.5. The test result is taken as the arithmetic mean of the parallel determinations provided for the corresponding method.
1.6. The standard set of sand screens includes screens with round holes with diameters of 10; 5 and 2.5 mm and wire sieves with standard square meshes No. 1.25; 063; 0315; 016; 005 in accordance with GOST 6613-86 (sieve frames are round or square with a diameter or side of at least 100 mm).
Note. The use of sieves with meshes No. 014 is allowed to retrofit enterprises with sieves with meshes No. 016.
1.7. The temperature of the room in which the tests are carried out shall be (25 ± 10) ° C. Before starting the test, the sand and water should be at a temperature corresponding to the room temperature.
1.8. Water for testing is used in accordance with GOST 2874-82 or GOST 23732-79, if the standard does not provide instructions on the use of distilled water.
1.9. When using hazardous (caustic, toxic) substances as reagents, one should be guided by the safety requirements set out in the regulatory and technical documents for these reagents.
1.10. For testing, it is allowed to use imported equipment similar to that given in this standard.
Non-standardized measuring instruments must pass metrological certification in accordance with GOST 8.326-89.
(Modified edition. Amendment No. 2).
2. SAMPLING
2.1. At the acceptance control of the manufacturing enterprise, spot samples are taken, from which one combined sample is obtained by mixing from the replaceable product of each technological line.
2.2. Sampling of point samples of technological lines transporting products to a warehouse or directly to vehicles is carried out by crossing the material flow on a belt conveyor or at points of a material flow difference using samplers or manually.
To check the quality of the sand shipped directly to the open pit face, spot samples are taken during loading into vehicles.
2.3. Accurate samples to obtain a combined sample begin to be taken 1 hour after the start of the shift and then taken every hour during the shift.
The sampling interval for manual sampling can be increased if the manufacturer produces products of consistent quality. To establish the permissible sampling interval, the coefficient of variation of the values \u200b\u200bof the content of grains passing through a sieve with a mesh No. 016 and the content of dusty and clay particles is determined quarterly. To determine the coefficient of variation of these indicators, during the shift every 15 minutes, point samples with a mass of at least 2000 g are taken. For each spot sample, the content of grains passing through the sieve mesh No. 016 and the content of dusty and clay particles are determined. Then the coefficients of variation of these indicators are calculated in accordance with GOST 8269.0-97.
Depending on the obtained maximum value of the coefficient of variation for the two determined indicators, the following intervals for taking spot samples during the shift are taken:
3 hours - with a coefficient of variation of the indicator up to 10%;
2 hours "" "" "15%.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
2.4. The mass of a spot sample at a sampling interval of 1 h should be at least 1500 g. When the sampling interval is increased in accordance with clause 2.3, the mass of a sampled spot sample should be doubled at an interval of 2 h, and four times at an interval of 3 h.
If, when sampling with a sampler, the mass of the spot sample is less than the specified one by more than 100 g, then it is necessary to increase the number of samples taken to ensure that the mass of the combined sample is at least 10,000 g.
2.5 The pooled sample is mixed and cut by quartering or using a fluted divider to obtain a laboratory sample before sending to the laboratory.
To quarter the sample (after mixing), the material cone is leveled and divided by mutually perpendicular lines passing through the center into four parts. Any two opposite quarters are sampled. By successive quartering, the sample is reduced by two, four times, etc. before receiving a sample with a mass corresponding to clause 2.6.
2.6. The mass of a laboratory sample during acceptance control at the manufacturing plant should be at least 5000 g, it is used for all tests provided for during acceptance control.
When carrying out periodic tests, as well as during incoming control and when determining the properties of sand during geological exploration, the mass of the laboratory sample must ensure that all tests provided for by the standard are carried out. It is allowed to carry out several tests using one sample, if the determined properties of the sand do not change during the tests, while the mass of the laboratory sample must be at least twice the total mass required for the tests.
2.7. For each test, an analytical sample is taken from the laboratory sample.
Samples are taken from the analytical sample in accordance with the test procedure.
2.8. For each laboratory sample intended for periodic testing in the central laboratory of the association or in a specialized laboratory, as well as for arbitration tests, a sampling report is drawn up, including the name and designation of the material, the place and date of sampling, the name of the manufacturer, the designation of the sample and the signature of the person responsible for sampling ...
Selected samples are packaged in such a way that the weight and properties of the materials are not altered prior to testing.
Each sample is provided with two sample labels. One label is placed inside the package, the other in a prominent place on the package.
During transportation, the package must be protected from mechanical damage and moisture.
2.9. To check the quality of the sand extracted and laid by the hydromechanization method, the alluvium map is divided into three parts along the length (along the alluvium map).
Point samples are taken from each part from at least five different locations (in plan). To take a spot sample, a hole is dug with a depth of 0.2-0.4 m. A sample of sand is taken from the hole with a scoop, moving it from bottom to top along the wall of the hole.
From point samples by mixing, a combined sample is obtained, which is reduced to obtain a laboratory sample according to clause 2.5.
The quality of the sand is assessed separately for each part of the reclamation map based on the test results of a sample taken from it.
2.10. In the arbitration check of the quality of sand in warehouses, spot samples are taken using a scoop in places, located evenly over the entire surface of the warehouse, from the bottom of dug holes 0.2-0.4 m deep. The holes should be staggered. The distance between the holes should not exceed 10 m. The laboratory sample is prepared according to clause 2.5.
2.11. During the incoming inspection at the consumer enterprise, the combined sand sample is taken from the checked batch of material in accordance with the requirements of GOST 8736-85. A laboratory sample is prepared according to clause 2.5.
2.12. During geological exploration, samples are taken in accordance with the normative and technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.
3. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN COMPOSITION AND COARSE MODULE
3.1. The essence of the method
The grain size composition is determined by sieving the sand on a standard set of sieves.
3.2. Equipment
Scales in accordance with GOST 24104-88.
A set of sieves according to GOST6613-86 and sieves with round holes with a diameter of 10; 5 and 2.5mm.
Drying cabinet.
3.3. Preparing for the test
An analytical sample with a sand mass of at least 2000 g is dried to constant weight.
3.4. Testing
A sample of sand dried to constant weight is sieved through sieves with round holes 10 and 5 mm in diameter.
Residues on sieves are weighed and the content of gravel fractions with a grain size of 5 to 10 mm ( Gr 5) and St. 10 mm ( Gr 10) in percent by weight according to the formulas:
(1)
(2)
where M 10 - the remainder of a sieve with round holes with a diameter of 10 mm, g;
M 5 - residue on a sieve with round holes 5 mm in diameter, g;
M -sample weight, g.
From a part of the sand sample that has passed through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, a sample weighing at least 1000 g is taken to determine the grain size of the sand.
It is allowed for geological exploration to disperse the sample after preliminary flushing by determining the content of dust and clay particles. The content of dust-like acicular particles is included when calculating the results of sieving in the mass of particles passing through a sieve with a mesh No. 016, and in the total weight of the sample. In mass tests, after washing with the determination of the content of dust-like acicular particles and drying the sample to constant weight, it is allowed to sift the sample (without gravel fraction) weighing 500 g.
The prepared sample of sand is sifted through a set of sieves with round holes 2.5 mm in diameter and with meshes No. 1.25; 063; 0315 and 016.
Sifting is performed mechanically or manually. The duration of sieving should be such that, with a control intensive manual shaking of each sieve for 1 min, no more than 0.1% of the total mass of the sieved sample passes through it. With mechanical sieving, its duration for the device used is established empirically.
With manual sieving, it is allowed to determine the end of sieving by vigorously shaking each siton over a sheet of paper. Sifting is considered complete if there is practically no falling of sand grains.
When determining the grain composition by the wet method, a sample of the material is placed into a vessel and poured with water. After 24 hours, the contents of the vessel are thoroughly mixed until the clay film is completely soaked onto grains or lumps of clay, poured (in portions) onto the upper sieve of a standard set and sieved, washing the material on sieves until, until the flushing water becomes clear. The partial residues on each sieve are dried to constant weight and cooled to room temperature, then their weight is determined by weighing.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 1).
3.5. Processing results
Based on the results of sieving, calculate: the partial residue on each sieve ( and i) as a percentage according to the formula
where t i - the mass of the residue on a given sieve, g;
t -weight of the sieved sample, g;
total balance on each site ( AND i) as a percentage according to the formula
where a 2,5 , a 1,25 ,a i - partial remains on the respective sieves;
sand size modulus ( M j) without grains larger than 5 mm according to the formula
(5)
where AND 2,5 , AND 1,25 , AND 063 , AND 0315 , AND 016 - complete residues on a sieve with round holes 2.5 mm in diameter and on sieves with mesh No. 1.25; 063; 0315, 016,%.
The result of determining the grain composition of sand is drawn up in accordance with table. 1 or depicted graphically in the form of a sieving curve in accordance with Fig. one.
Sieving curve
Table 1
4. DETERMINATION OF CLAY CONTENT IN LUMPS
4.1. The essence of the method
4.2. Equipment
Scales in accordance with GOST 24104-88.
Drying cabinet.
Sieves with a mesh No. 1.25 in accordance with GOST6613-86 and with round holes with a diameter of 5 and 2.5 mm.
The needle is steel.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
4.3. Preparing for the test
An analytical sample is sieved through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, at least 100 g of sand is taken from it, dried to constant weight and scattered on sieves with holes 2.5 mm in diameter and with a mesh No. 1.25. Samples are taken from the obtained sand fractions:
5.0 g - fraction of St. 2.5 to 5mm;
1.0 g - fractions from 1.25 to 2.5 mm
Each weighed portion of sand is poured into a thin layer on glass or metal sheet and moistened with a pipette. Clumps of clay differing in viscosity are isolated from the sample with a steel needle. from sand grains, using a magnifying glass, if necessary. Remaining after the separation of lumps of sand grains are dried to constant weight and weighed.
4.4. Processing results
(6)
(7)
where m 1 , m 2 - weights of the sample of sand fraction, respectively, from 2.5 to 5 mm and from 1.25 to 2.5 mm before the release of clay, g;
t 1 ; m 3 - mass grains of sand, fraction, respectively, from 2.5 to 5 mm and from 1.25 to 2.5 mm after clay precipitation, g.
(8)
where and 2,5 , and 1.25 - partial residues in percent by weight on sieves with openings of 2.5 and 1.25 mm, calculated according to clause 3.5.
5. DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT OF DUST AND CLAY PARTICLES
5.1. Elimination method
5.1.1. The essence of the method
5.1.2. Equipment
Scales in accordance with GOST 24104-88.
Drying cabinet.
A cylindrical bucket with a height of at least 300 mm with a siphon or a vessel for eluting sand (Fig. 2).
Stopwatch in accordance with GOST 5072-79.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
5.1.3. Preparing for the test
An analytical sample of sand is sieved through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, the sand that has passed through the sieve is dried to constant weight and a sample of 1000 g is taken from it.
5.1.4. Testing
A portion of the sand is placed in a cylindrical bucket and filled with water so that the height of the water layer above the sand is about 200 mm. Sand filled with water is kept for 2 hours, stirring it several times, and thoroughly washed to remove clay particles adhering to the grains.
After that, the contents of the vedrasnova are vigorously mixed and left alone for 2 minutes. After 2 min, drain the suspension obtained by washing with a siphon, leaving its layer above the sand at least 30 mm high. Then the pesoksnova is poured with water to the level indicated above. Washing the sand in the specified sequence is repeated until the water after washing remains clear.
When using an elutriation vessel, the test is carried out in the same sequence. In this case, water is poured into the vessel up to the upper drain hole, and the suspension is drained through the two lower holes.
After elutriation, the washed sample is dried to constant weight t 1 .
5.1.5. Processing results
(9)
where t - the weight of the dried sample before elutriation, g;
m 1 - the mass of the dried sample after elutriation, g.
Exhaustion vessel
Notes:
1. When testing natural sands, the grains of which are tightly cemented by clay, the sample is kept in water for less than 1 day.
2. It is allowed to test sand in a state of natural moisture. In this case, the moisture content of the sand and the content of dust-like acicular particles ( P mark) is calculated as a percentage by the formula
(10)
where t c - weight of the sample in the state of natural moisture, g;
t 1 - weight of the sample, dried after elutriation to constant weight, g;
W - humidity of the tested sand,%.
5.2. Pipette method
5.2.1. The essence of the method
5.2.2. Equipment
Scales in accordance with GOST 24104-88.
The bucket is cylindrical with two marks (belts) on the inner wall, corresponding to a capacity of 5 and 10 liters.
Cylindrical bucket without marks.
Drying cabinet.
Sieves with mesh No. 063 and 016 according to GOST6613-86.
Metal cylinders with a capacity of 1000 ml with a viewing window (2 pcs.).
Metallic volumetric pipette with a capacity of 50 ml (Fig. 3).
Funnel with a diameter of 150 mm.
Stopwatch in accordance with GOST 5072-79
A cup or glass for steaming in accordance with GOST 9147-80.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
5.2.3. Testing
A sample of sand weighing about 1000 g in a state of natural moisture is weighed, placed in a bucket (without marks) and filled with 4.5 liters of water. In addition, about 500 ml of water is prepared for the subsequent rinsing of the bucket.
The sand filled with water is kept for 2 hours, stirring it several times, and thoroughly washed from the clay particles adhering to the grains. Then the contents of the bucket are poured carefully onto two sieves: the upper one with mesh No. 063 and the lower one with mesh No. 016, placed on a bucket with marks.
The suspensions are allowed to settle and the clarified water is carefully poured into the first bucket. With the drained water, the sand is re-washed on sieves over the second bucket (with marks). After that, the first bucket is rinsed with the water left and this water is poured into the second bucket. At the same time, use such an amount of water left so that the level of the suspension last reaches exactly the 5 l mark; if there is not enough remaining water for this, the volume of the suspension is brought to 5 liters by adding an additional amount of water.
After that, the suspension is thoroughly mixed in a bucket and immediately filled with it using a funnel, alternately two metal cylinders with a capacity of 1000 ml, while continuing to stir the suspension. The slurry level in each cylinder must match the mark on the sight glass.
The suspension in each cylinder is stirred with a glass or metal rod, or the cylinder is tilted several times, closing it with a lid for better mixing.
After the end of stirring, leave the cylinder at rest for 1.5 minutes. 5-10 s before the end of the exposure, a measuring pipette with a tube closed with a finger is lowered into the cylinder so that the support cap rests on the top of the cylinder wall, while the bottom of the pipette will be at the level of the suspension withdrawal - 190 mm from the surface. After the specified time (5-10 s), open the pipette tube and after filling it again close the tube with a finger, remove the pipette from the cylinder and, opening the tube, pour the contents of the pipette into a pre-weighed cup or glass. The filling of the pipette is controlled by changing the level of the suspension in the viewing window.
Metal cylinder Measuring pipette
1 - cylinder; 2 - pipette; 3 - label (1000 ml); 4 - slurry level in the cylinder
Instead of metal cylinders with a viewing window and a special pipette, it is allowed to use ordinary glass measuring cylinders with a capacity of 1 l and a glass pipette with a capacity of 50 ml, lowering it into the cylinder to a depth of 190 mm.
The suspension in a cup (glass) is evaporated in a drying oven at a temperature of (105 ± 5) ° C. The cup (glass) with the evaporated powder is weighed on a balance with an error of up to 0.01 g. Similarly, a suspension sample is taken from the second cylinder.
5.2.4. Processing results
(11)
where t - weight of a sample of sand, g;
t 1 - the mass of the cup or glass for evaporation of the suspension, g;
t 2 - mass of a cup or glass with evaporated powder, g.
In the case of testing sand heavily contaminated with dust and clay particles, the volume of water for flushing is 10 liters instead of 5 liters. Correspondingly, the volume of the suspension is increased to 10 l by the introduction with labels. In this case, the test result ( P mark) in percentage is calculated by the formula
(12)
Note. Sludge mass allowed ( t 2 -t 1) determine by the density of the suspension by the formula
(13)
where t 3 - mass of the pycnometer with suspension, g;
t 4 - mass of the pycnometer by the roof, g;
r is the density of the sediment, g / cm 3 (taken equal to 2.65 g / cm 3).
The result of determining the mass of sediment t 2 -t 1 is introduced into formula (11).
5.3. Wet sieving method
5.3.1. The essence of the method
The test is carried out in accordance with GOST 8269.0-97, using a sample of sand weighing 1000 g and a sieve with a mesh No. 0315 and 005.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
5.4. Photoelectric method
5.4.1. The essence of the method
The method is based on comparing the degree of transparency of pure water and a suspension obtained by washing sand.
The test is carried out in accordance with GOST 8269.0-97, using a sample of sand weighing 1000 g.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
6. DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENCE OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES
6.1. The essence of the method
The presence of organic impurities (humic substances) is determined by comparing the color of the alkaline solution above the sample of sand with the color of the standard.
6.2.
Scales in accordance with GOST 24104-88.
Photocolorimeter FEK-56M or spectrophotometer SF-4, or other similar devices.
Glass cylinders with a capacity of 250 ml made of transparent colorless glass (inner diameter 36-40 mm) in accordance with GOST 1770-74.
Bath water.
Sodium hydroxide (sodium hydroxide) according to GOST 4328-77, 3% solution.
Tannin, 2% solution in 1% ethanol.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
6.3. Preparing for the test
From an analytical sample of sand in a state of natural moisture, a sample of about 250 g is taken.
Prepare a standard solution by dissolving 2.5 ml of 2% tannin solution in 97.5 ml of 3% sodium hydroxide solution. The prepared solution is stirred and left for 24 hours.
The optical density of the tannin solution, determined on a photocolorimeter or spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 450-500 nm, should be 0.60-0.68.
6.4. Testing
The measuring cylinder is filled with sand to the level of 130 ml and it is poured with 3% sodium hydroxide solution to the level of 200 ml. The contents of the cylinder are mixed and left for 24 hours, stirring is repeated 4 hours after the first stirring. Then compare the color of the liquid over the sample with the color of the standard solution or glass, the color of which is identical to the color of the standard solution.
Sand is suitable for use in concrete or mortars if the liquid above the sample is colorless or is much weaker than the standard solution.
When the color of the liquid is slightly lighter than the standard solution, the contents of the vessel are heated for 2-3 hours in a water bath at a temperature of 60-70 ° C and the color of the liquid above the sample is compared with the color of the standard solution.
When the color of the liquid is the same or darker than the color of the standard solution, it is necessary to test the aggregate in concrete or mortars in specialized laboratories.
7. DETERMINATION OF MINERAL AND PETROGRAPHIC COMPOSITION
7.1. The essence of the method
7.2. Equipment and reagents
Scales in accordance with GOST 24104-88.
A set of sieves with meshes No. 1.25; 063; 0315 and 016 in accordance with GOST6613-86 and with round holes with diameters of 5 and 2.5 mm.
Drying cabinet.
Binocular microscope with magnification from 10 to 50 C, polarizing microscope with magnification up to 1350 C.
Mineralogical magnifier GOST 25706-83.
A set of reagents.
The needle is steel.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
7.3. Preparing for the test
An analytical sample of sand is sieved through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, at least 500 g of sand is sampled from the sieved part.
The sand is washed, dried to constant weight, scattered on a set of sieves with holes 2.5 mm in diameter and mesh No. 1.25; 063; 0315; 016 and take samples with a mass of at least:
25.0 g - for sand with a grain size of St. 2.5 to 5.0 mm;
5.0 g "" "" "St. 1.25 to 2.5 mm;
1.0 g "" "" "St. 0.63 to 1.25 mm;
0.1 g "" "" "St. 0.315 to 0.63 mm;
0.01 g "" "" "from 0.16 to 0.315 mm.
7.4. Testing
Each sample is poured into a thin layer on glass or paper and viewed with a binocular microscope or magnifying glass.
Sand grains, represented by fragments of the corresponding rocks and minerals, are divided using a thin needle into groups according to the types of rocks and types of minerals.
If necessary, the determination of rocks and minerals is clarified using chemical reagents (hydrochloric acid solution, etc.), as well as by analysis in immersion liquids using a polarizing microscope.
In sand grains, represented by fragments of minerals, the content of quartz, feldspar, dark-colored minerals, calcite, etc. is determined.
Sand grains, represented by rock fragments, are divided according to genetic types in accordance with table. 2.
In addition, grains of rocks and minerals attributed to harmful impurities are isolated.
These rocks and minerals include: containing amorphous varieties of silicon dioxide (chalcedony, opal, flint, etc.); sulfur; sulfides (pyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, etc.); sulfates (gypsum, anhydrite, etc.); layered silicates (micas, hydromicas, chlorites, etc.); iron oxides and hydroxides (magnetite, goethite, etc.); apatite; nepheline; phosphorite; halogen compounds (halite, sylvin, etc.); zeolites; asbestos; graphite; coal; oil shale.
In the presence of minerals containing sulfur, the amount of sulfate and sulfide compounds in terms of SO 3 is determined according to clause 12.
The quantitative determination of the content of potentially reactive varieties of silica is carried out according to clause 11.
The same weighed portions of sand are used to determine the shape and nature of the surface of sand grains in accordance with table. 3.
7.5. Processing results
For each type of separated rocks and minerals, the number of grains is counted and their content is determined ( X) as a percentage in the sample according to the formula
where n - the number of grains of a given rock or mineral;
N -the total number of grains in the test sample.
8. DETERMINATION OF TRUE DENSITY
8.1. Pycnometric method
8.1.1. The essence of the method
True density is determined by measuring the mass per unit volume of dried sand grains.
8.1.2. Equipment
Piconometer with a capacity of 100 ml in accordance with GOST 22524-77.
Scales in accordance with GOST 24104-88.
Desiccator according to GOST 25336-82.
Drying cabinet.
Sand bath or water bath.
Distilled water in accordance with GOST 6709-72.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
8.1.3. Preparing for the test
A sample of about 30 g is taken from the analytical sample, sieved through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, dried to constant weight and cooled to room temperature in an exsiccator over concentrated sulfuric acid or anhydrous calcium chloride. The dried sand is mixed and divided into two parts.
8.1.4. Testing
Each part of the sample is poured into a clean, dried and pre-weighed pycnometer, after which it is weighed together with the sand. Then distilled water is poured into the pycnometer in such an amount that the pycnometer is filled to about 2/3 of its volume, the contents are mixed and placed in a slightly inclined position in a sand bath or water bath. The contents of the pycnometer are boiled for 15-20 minutes to remove air bubbles; air bubbles can also be removed by keeping the pycnometer under vacuum in a desiccator.
After removing the air, the pycnometer is wiped off, cooled to room temperature, added to the mark with distilled water and weighed. After that, the pycnometer is freed from the contents, washed, filled to the mark with distilled water and weighed again. All weighings are made with an error of up to 0.01 g.
8.1.5. Processing results
(15)
where t - weight of the pycnometer with sand, g;
t 1 - mass of empty pycnometer, g;
t 2 - mass of the pycnometer with distilled water, g;
t 3 - mass pycnometer with sand and distilled water after removing air bubbles, g;
r in - the density of water, equal to 1 g / cm 3.
The discrepancy between the results of two determinations of the true density should not be more than 0.02 g / cm 3. In cases of large discrepancies, a third determination is carried out and the arithmetic mean of the two nearest values \u200b\u200bis calculated.
Notes:
1. When testing by the specified method of sand, consisting of grains of porous sedimentary rocks, they are preliminarily ground in a cast-iron or porcelain mortar to coarseness less than 0.16 mm and then the determination is carried out in the sequence described above.
2. Instead of weighing the pycnometer with distilled water during each test, it is allowed to determine once the capacity of the pycnometer and use its value for all tests. In this case, the determination of the capacity of the pycnometer and all tests are carried out at a steady-state temperature (20 ± 1) ° C. The capacity of the pycnometer is determined by the mass of distilled water in the pycnometer, the density of which is taken to be 1.0 g / cm 3. In this case, the true density of the sand is calculated by the formula
(16)
where V - pycnometer volume, ml.
The rest of the notation is by formula (15).
8.2. Accelerated determination of true density
8.2.1. The essence of the method
True density is determined by measuring the mass per unit volume of dried sand grains using a Le Chatelier instrument.
8.2.2. Equipment
Le Chatelier's device (Fig. 4).
Scales in accordance with GOST 24104-88.
Weighing glass or porcelain cup in accordance with GOST 9147-80.
Desiccator according to GOST 25336-82.
Drying cabinet.
Sieve with round holes 5 mm.
Sulfuric acid in accordance with GOST 2184-77.
Calcium chloride (calcium chloride) in accordance with GOST 450-77.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
Le Chatelier device
8.2.3. Preparing for the test
From an analytical sample, take about 200 g of sand, sift it through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, pour it into a weighing glass or a porcelain cup, dry it to a constant mass and cool to room temperature in a desiccator with over-concentrated sulfuric acid or over anhydrous calcium chloride. Thereafter, two weighed portions of 75 g each are weighed.
8.2.4. Testing
The device is filled with water at the bottom zero risks, and the water level is determined by the lower meniscus. Each sample of sand is poured through the funnel of the device in small even portions until the liquid level in the device, determined by the lower meniscus, does not rise to the marks with a division of 20 ml (or other division within the upper graduated part of the device).
To remove air bubbles, the device is rotated several times around its vertical axis.
The rest of the sand not included in the device is weighed, all weighing is performed with an error of up to 0.01 g.
8.2.5. Processing results
The true density of sand (r) in g / cm 3 is calculated by the formula
where t - weight of a sample of sand, g;
t 1 - the mass of the sand residue, g;
V -volume of water displaced by sand, ml.
The discrepancy between the results of two determinations of the true density should not exceed 0.02 g / cm 3. In cases of large discrepancies, a third determination is made and the arithmetic mean of the two nearest values \u200b\u200bis calculated.
9. DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY AND VOIDITY
9.1. Determination of bulk density
9.1.1. The essence of the method
The bulk density is determined by weighing the sand in measuring vessels.
9.1.2. Equipment
Scales in accordance with GOST 24104-88 or platform scales.
Measuring cylindrical metal vessels with a capacity of 1 liter (diameter and height 108 mm) and a capacity of 10 liters (diameter and height 234 mm).
Drying cabinet.
Metal ruler in accordance with GOST 427-75.
Sieve with round holes 5 mm in diameter.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
9.1.3. Preparing for the test
9.1.3.1. When determining the bulk density in a standard unconsolidated state during the incoming control, tests are carried out in a measuring cylindrical vessel with a capacity of 1 liter, using about 5 kg of sand, dried to constant weight and sifted through a sieve with round holes 5 mm in diameter.
9.1.3.2. When determining the bulk density of sand in a batch, to convert the amount of supplied sand from mass units to volumetric units at. acceptance control tests are carried out in a measuring cylindrical vessel with a capacity of 10 liters. The sand is tested in a state of natural moisture without sieving through a sieve with holes of 5 mm diameter.
9.1.4. Testing
9.1.4.1. When determining the bulk density of sand in a standard uncompacted state, sand is poured into a pre-weighed measuring cylinder from a height of 10 cm from the top edge until a cone is formed above the top of the cylinder. The cone without compaction is sandwiched flush with the edges of the vessel with a metal ruler, after which the vessel is weighed with a spice.
9.1.4.2. When determining the bulk density of sand in a batch, in order to convert the amount of supplied sand from mass units to volume units, sand is poured with a scoop into a pre-weighed measuring cylinder from a height of 100 cm from the upper edge of the additional cylinder above the top of the cone cylinder. The cone without compaction of the sand is removed flush with the edges of the vessel with a metal ruler, after which the vessel with the sand is weighed.
9.1.5. Processing results
The bulk density of sand (r n) in kg / m 3 is calculated by the formula
where t - weight of the measuring vessel, kg;
t 1 - mass of a measuring vessel with a special substance, kg;
V -vessel volume, m 3.
Determination of the bulk density of the sand is carried out twice, each time taking a new portion of the sand.
Note. The bulk density of the sand-gravel mixture is determined according to GOST 8269-87.
9.2. Definition of voidness
The voidness (volume of intergranular voids) of sand in a standard unconsolidated state is determined on the basis of the values \u200b\u200bof the true density and bulk density of the sand, pre-established according to PP. 8 and 9.1.
The voidness of the sand ( V m.p) as a percentage by volume is calculated by the formula
(19)
where r - true density of sand, g / cm 3;
r n - bulk density of sand, kg / m 3.
10. DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE
10.1. The essence of the method
The moisture content is determined by comparing the mass of the sand in the state of natural moisture and after drying.
10.2. Equipment
Scales in accordance with GOST 24104-88.
Drying cabinet.
Baking tray.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
10.3. Testing
A sample weighing 1000 g of sand is poured into a baking sheet and immediately weighed, and then dried in the same tray to constant weight.
10.4. Processing results
Sand moisture ( W) as a percentage is calculated by the formula
(20)
where t - the weight of the sample in a state of natural moisture;
t 1 - dry sample weight, g.
11. DETERMINATION OF REACTIVITY
The test is carried out in accordance with GOST 8269-87, using a sample of sand weighing at least 250 g.
12. DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT OF SULPHATE AND SULFIDE COMPOUNDS
12.1. To determine the content of harmful sulfur-containing impurities in the sand, the total sulfur content is found, then the content of sulfate sulfur, and the sulfide sulfur content is calculated from their difference.
If the sand contains only sulfate compounds, the total sulfur content is not determined.
12.2. Determination of total sulfur content
12.2.1. Weight method
12.2.1.1. The essence of the method
The weighting method is based on the decomposition of a sample with a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, followed by the precipitation of sulfur in the form of barium sulfate and the determination of the mass of the latter.
12.2.1.2.Equipment, reagents and solutions
A muffle furnace providing a heating temperature of 900 ° C.
Porcelain cups with a diameter of 15 cm in accordance with GOST 9147-80.
Glass glasses with a capacity of 100, 200, 300, 400 ml in accordance with GOST 23932-90.
Porcelain crucibles in accordance with GOST 9147-80.
Desiccator according to GOST 25336-82.
Bath water.
Calcium chloride (calcium chloride) in accordance with GOST 450-77, calcined at a temperature of 700-800 ° C.
Ash paper filters according to TU 6-09-1706-82.
Nitric acid in accordance with GOST 4461-77.
Hydrochloric acid in accordance with GOST 3118-77.
Ammonia water in accordance with GOST 3760-79, 10% solution.
Barium chloride (barium chloride) according to GOST 4108-72, 10% solution.
Methyl orange according to TU6-09-5169-84, 0.1% solution.
Silver nitrate (silver nitrate) according to GOST 1277-75, 1% solution.
Woven wire sieves with square cells No. 005 and 0071 in accordance with GOST6613-86.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
12.2.1.3.Preparing for the test
An analytical sample of sand is sieved through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter and 100 g of sand is taken from the sieved part, which is crushed to a particle size passing through a sieve with a mesh No. 016, a sample weighing 50 g is taken from the resulting sand. sieve No. 0071.
The crushed sand is dried to constant weight, placed in a bottle, stored in a desiccator with over-calcined calcium chloride and weighed portions are taken from it for analysis ( t) weighing 0.5-2 g.
12.2.1.4.Analysis
A weighed sample, weighed with a density of 0.0002 g, is placed in a glass beaker with a capacity of 200 ml or a porcelain cup, moistened with a few drops of distilled water, add 30 ml of nitric acid, cover with glass and leave for 10-15 minutes After the end of the reaction add 10 ml of hydrochloric acid, stir with a glass stick, cover with glass and put a glass or cup in a water bath. In 20-30 minutes after the cessation of the release of brown oxide vapors, nitrogen glass is removed and the contents of the glass or cup are evaporated to dryness. After cooling, the residue is moistened with 5-7 ml of hydrochloric acid and again evaporated to dryness. The operation is repeated 2-3 times, 50 ml of hot water is added and boiled until the salts are completely dissolved.
To precipitate the elements of the group of sesquioxides, 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator are added to the solution and the ammonia solution is added until the color of the solution changes from red to yellow and the smell of ammonia appears. After 10 minutes, the coagulated precipitate of sesqui-oxides is filtered through a “red ribbon” filter into a beaker with a capacity of 300-400 ml. The precipitate is washed with warm water with the addition of a few drops of ammonia solution. Hydrochloric acid is added to the filtrate until the color of the solution turns pink, and another 2.5 ml of acid is added.
The filtrate is diluted with water to a volume of 200-250 ml, heated to boiling, 10 ml of a hot barium chloride solution is poured into it at one time, stirred, the solution is boiled for 5-10 minutes and left for at least 2 hours. The precipitate is filtered through a dense "blue tape" filter and washed 10 times with small portions of cold water to remove chloride ions.
After cooling in the desiccator, the crucible with the sediment is weighed. The calcination is repeated until a constant mass is obtained. To determine the sulfur content in the reagents used for the analysis, a "blind experiment" is carried out in parallel with the analysis. The amount of sulphate barium found by "deaf experience" t 2, subtracted from the mass of barium sulfate t 1 obtained by analyzing the sample.
Note. The expression "blind experience" means that the test is carried out in the absence of the object under study, using the same reagents and observing all the conditions of the experiment.
12.2.1.5.Processing results
(21)
where t - sample weight, g;
t 1 - weight of barium sulfate sediment, g;
t 2 - mass of barium sulfate sediment in the "blind experiment", g;
0.343 - conversion factor of barium sulfate to SO 3.
Allowable discrepancies between results of two parallel analyzes at confidence level R\u003d 0.95 should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bspecified in table. 4. Otherwise, the analysis should be repeated to obtain an acceptable discrepancy.
Table4
| Permissible discrepancy, abs. % |
|
| St. 0.5 to 1.0 | |
12.2.2. Iodometric titration method
12.2.2.1. The essence of the method
The method is based on combustion of a sample of carbon dioxide gas at a temperature of 1300-1350 ° C, absorption of the released SO 2 with iodine solution and titration of excess iodine with a solution of thiosulfate sodium, which has not entered into the reaction with the formed sulfuric acid.
12.2.2.2.Equipment, reagents and solutions
Installation for determination of sulfur content (Fig. 5).
Sodium thiosulfate according to GOST 27068-86, 0.005 N. solution.
Sodium carbonate (sodium carbonate) according to GOST 83-79.
Potassium dichromate (potassium dichromate) according to GOST 4220-75, fixed channel.
Soluble starch in accordance with GOST 10163-76, 1.0% solution.
Iodine in accordance with GOST 4159-79, 0.005 per solution.
Potassium iodide (potassium iodide) in accordance with GOST 4232-74.
Sulfuric acid in accordance with GOST 4204-77, 0.1 n solution.
Analytical balance, measurement error 0.0002 g.
12.2.2.3.Preparation of 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution
To prepare the sodium ratiosulfate solution, 1.25 g of Na 2 S 2 O 3 · 5 H 2 O are dissolved in 1 l of freshly boiled distilled water and 0.1 g of sodium carbonate is added. The solution is stirred and left for 10-12 days, after which its titer is determined by 0.01 N solution of potassium chromate prepared from the fixed channel.
To 10 ml of 0.01 N solution of potassium bichromate add 50 ml of 0.1 N solution of sulfuric acid, 2 g of dry potassium iodide and titrate with the prepared solution of sodium thiosulfate of pre-straw yellow color. Add a few drops of 1% starch solution (the solution turns blue) and titrate until the solution becomes discolored. The correction factor to the titer of 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution is determined by the formula
(22)
where is the normality of the potassium dichromate solution;
10 - the volume of 0.01 n solution of potassium bichromate taken for titration, ml;
V -volume of 0.005 n sodium thiosulfate solution consumed for titration of 10 ml 0.01 n potassium dichromate solution, ml;
Normality of sodium ratiosulfate solution.
The titer is checked at least once every 10 days.
The sodium thiosulfate solution is stored in dark bottles.
12.2.2.4.Preparation of 0.005 N iodine solution
To prepare a solution of iodine, 0.63 g of crystalline iodine and 10 g of potassium iodide are dissolved in 15 ml of distilled water. The solution is transferred into a 1 L volumetric flask with a well-ground stopper, filled up to the mark with water, mixed and stored in the dark.
The titer of the prepared iodine solution is determined using the titrated solution of sodium thiosulfate prepared by the method described above (p. 12.2.2.3).
10 ml of 0.005 N iodine solution is titrated with 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution in the presence of starch.
The correction factor to the titer of 0.005 n iodine solution () is determined by the formula
(23)
where is the volume of 0.005 n sodium thiosulfate solution used for titration of iodine solution, ml;
Correction factor 0.005 to sodium thiosulfate solution;
- the normality of the iodine solution;
10 - the amount of solution taken for titration, ml.
12.2.2.5. Preparing for the test
Samples for testing are prepared according to clause 12.1.1.3, while the weight of the samples is taken equal to 0.1-1.0 g.
Before starting work, the furnace is heated to a temperature of 1300 ° C and the tightness of the installation is checked. To do this, close the valve in front of the absorption vessel and let the carbon dioxide in. The cessation of the passage of gas bubbles through the wash bottle indicates the tightness of the installation.
Determine the coefficient TO, which establishes the ratio between the concentrations of iodine solution and sodium thiosulfate. Carbon dioxide is passed through the installation for 3-5 minutes, the absorption vessel is filled 2/3 with water. 10 ml of a titrated solution of iodine is poured from the burette, 5 ml of a 1.0% starch solution is added and titrated with a solution of sodium thiosulfate until the solution is discolored. The ratio of the concentration of solutions of iodine and sodium thiosulfate TO take equal to the average of the three definitions. Concentration ratio ratio TO under laboratory conditions, determined daily before testing.
12.2.2.6. Testing
A weighed sample, weighed up to 0.0002 g, is placed in a pre-calcined boat. The absorption vessel is filled with 250-300 ml of distilled water, the volume of iodine solution measured by the burette, 5 ml of starch solution is added and stirred with a stream of carbon dioxide.
Installation diagram for determining the sulfur content
1 - carbon dioxide cylinder; 2 - washing bottle with 5% copper sulfate solution; 3- wash bottle with 5% potassium permanganate solution; 4 - block with calcined calcium chloride; 5 - rubber plugs; 6 - an electric tube furnace with silite rods, providing a heating temperature of 1300 ° C; 7 - porcelain tube for calcination, length 70-75 mm, inner diameter 18-20 mm; 8 - porcelain boat No. 1 (length 70, width 9, height 7-5 mm) or porcelain boat No. 2 (length 95, width 12, height 10 mm) according to GOST 9147-80; 9 - crane; 10 - absorption vessel; II- burette with iodine solution; I2 -burette with sodium thiosulfate solution
Note. All parts of the unit are butt-connected with rubber tubes. To prevent burning of rubber stoppers, the inner end surface is covered with asbestos gaskets.
A boat with a hinge plate using a hook made of heat-resistant wire is placed in a heated tube (on the carbon dioxide supply side). Close the tube with a stopper and supply carbon dioxide (speed 90-100 bubbles per minute). The weighed portion is calcined for 10-15 minutes, making sure that the solution in the absorption vessel retains its blue color. Then the solution in the absorption vessel is titrated with a solution of sodium thiosulfate after decolorization. After the end of the titration, remove the boat from the oven, taking care not to contaminate the walls of the porcelain tube with the rest of the sample.
A new portion of water, iodine solution and starch are poured into the absorption vessel, washed with water.
12.2.2.7. Processing results
(24)
where V - volume of iodine solution taken for titration, ml;
V 1 - volume of sodium thiosulfatate solution consumed for titration of excess iodine that has not reacted, ml;
K -the ratio of the concentration of iodine solution and sodium thiosulfate;
2.5 - conversion factor of the sulfur to SO 3;
t -sample weight, g;
The titer of 0.005 N solution of iodine gray, g / ml, determined by the formula
where 0.1263 is the coefficient of conversion of the mass of iodine to the equivalent mass of sulfur;
The titer of 0.005 N iodine solution in sodium thiosulfate solution, g / ml, determined by the formula
(26)
where is the correction factor of 0.005 n sodium thiosulfate solution;
Normality of sodium ratiosulfate solution;
AND -volume of 0.005 n sodium thiosulfate solution consumed for titration of iodine solution, ml;
126.92 - 1 g-equiv of iodine, g;
10 - the volume of 0.005 n solution of sodium taken for titration, ml;
1000 - volume of sodium thiosulfate solution, ml.
Allowable discrepancies between the results of two parallel determinations at confidence level R\u003d 0.95 should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bspecified in table. 3. Otherwise, the experiment should be repeated to obtain an acceptable discrepancy.
12.3. Determination of sulfate sulfur content
12.3.1. The essence of the method
The method is based on the decomposition of a weight with hydrochloric acid, followed by the precipitation of sulfur in the form of barium sulfate and determination of the mass of the latter.
12.3.2 Apparatus, reagents and solutions
To carry out the analysis, use the apparatus, the reagents in the solutions specified in clause 12.2.1.2, while using hydrochloric acid according to GOST 3118-77, solution 1: 3 (one volumetric part of concentrated hydrochloric acid and three volumetric parts of water).
12.3.3. Preparing for the test
The test portion is prepared according to clause 12.1.1.3, while the weight of the sample is taken equal to 1 g.
12.3.4. Testing
Hitch t placed in a glass with a capacity of 100-150 ml, cover with glass and add 40-50 ml of hydrochloric acid. After the release of bubbles has ceased, the glass is put on the hotplate and kept at a low boil for 10-15 minutes. Sesquioxides are precipitated by adding 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator and ammonia solution until the indicator color changes from red to yellow and the smell of ammonia appears. After 10 minutes, the precipitate is filtered off. The precipitate is washed with warm water with the addition of a few drops of ammonia solution.
The filtrate is neutralized with hydrochloric acid until the color of the solution turns pink and another 2.5 ml of acid is added. The solution is heated to a boil and 10 ml of a hot solution of barium chloride is added in one step, stirred, the solution is boiled for 5-10 minutes and left for at least 2 hours. The precipitate is filtered through a dense filter "blue ribbon" and washed 10 times with small portions of cold water until the chloride is removed -ions.
The completeness of the removal of chloride ions is checked by the reaction with silver nitrate: a few drops of the filtrate are placed on a glass and a drop of a 1% solution of silver nitrate is added. The absence of the formation of a white precipitate indicates the complete removal of chloride ions.
In a porcelain crucible, previously calcined to constant weight at a temperature of 800-850 ° C, a precipitate with a filter is placed, dried, incinerated, avoiding ignition of the filter, and calcined in an open crucible until the filter is completely burned out, and then at a temperature of 800-850 ° C for 30-40 minutes
After cooling in the desiccator, the crucible with the sediment is weighed. The calcination is repeated until a constant mass is obtained.
In parallel with the analysis, a "dumb test" is carried out (see note to clause 12.2.1.4). Amount of barium sulfate t 2 found by "blind experience" is subtracted from the mass of barium sulfate t 1 obtained from the analysis of the sample.
12.3.5. Processing results
Acceptable discrepancies between the results of two parallel analyzes are taken according to clause 12.2.1.5.
12.4. Determination of sulfide sulfur content
where X - total sulfur content in terms of SO 3,%;
X 1 - the content of sulfate sulfur in terms of SO 3,%.
13. DETERMINATION OF FROST RESISTANCE OF SAND FROM CRUSHING
13.1. The essence of the method
The frost resistance of sand is determined by the loss of mass during sequential freezing and thawing.
13.2. Equipment
Freezer chamber.
Drying cabinet.
Scales in accordance with GOST 24104-88.
Sieves with meshes No. 1.25; 016 according to GOST6613-86 and with round holes 5 mm in diameter.
Sample thaw vessel.
Fabric bags made of dense fabric with double walls.
Trays.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
13.3. Sample preparation
The laboratory sample is reduced to a mass of not less than 1000 g, sieved on two sieves: the first with holes 5 mm in diameter and the second with a mesh No. 1.25 or 016, depending on the size of the tested material, dried to constant weight, after which two weighed portions weighing 400 g are taken ...
13.4. Testing
Each sample is placed with an intervention ensuring the safety of the grains, immersed in a vessel with water to saturate for 48 hours. The bag with the sample is taken out of the water and placed in a freezer, which ensures a gradual decrease in temperature to minus (20 ± 5) ° C.
Samples in a chamber at a steady-state temperature of minus (20 ± 5) ° С are kept for 4 h, after which the bags with weighed portions are removed, immersed in a vessel with water having a temperature of 20 ° С, and kept for 2 h.
After carrying out the required number of cycles of freezing and thawing, a sample from the bag is poured onto a control sieve with a mesh No. 1.25 or 016, carefully washing off the remaining grains from the walls of the bag. The weighed portion, which is on the control sieve, is washed, and the remainder is dried to constant weight.
13.5. Processing results
Weight loss of the sample ( P mrz) as a percentage is calculated by the formula
(28)
where t - sample weight before testing, g;
t 1 - weight of grains weighed on a control sieve with mesh No. 1.25 or 016 after testing, g.
14. DETERMINATION OF CLAY PARTICLES CONTENT BY SWELLING IN SAND FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION
14.1. The essence of the method
The essence of the method consists in determining the value of the increment in the volume of clay particles in the course of not less than 24 hours from the moment of settling and calculating the content of clay particles in the average value of the increment in volume.
The method is applied to natural sands and sands from rock crushing screenings, from ferrous metallurgy slags and phosphorus slags used for road construction.
14.2. Controls and accessories
Drying cabinet, providing heating temperature (105 ± 5) ° С.
General purpose laboratory scales of the 4th accuracy class in accordance with GOST 24104-88.
Sieve with holes of 5 mm; sieves with meshes No. 063 and No. 016 in accordance with GOST6613-86.
Measuring glass cylinders with a capacity of 50 or 100 ml in accordance with GOST 1770-74 - 2 pcs.
Funnel in accordance with GOST 1770-74 - 2 pcs.
Glass stick with rubber tip - 2 pcs.
Calcium chloride technical according to GOST 450, 5% solution.
14.3. Test procedure
From an average sample of sand weighing 1 kg, dried to constant weight at a temperature of (105 ± 5) ° C and sieved through a sieve with holes of 5 mm, a sample weighing 200 g is taken. Natural sand and sand from rock crushing screenings are sieved through a sieve with a mesh No. 016 , sand from slags of ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy and phosphoric slags - through a sieve with a mesh No. 063. Determine the content of grains smaller than 0.16 mm D 016and less than 0.63 mm D 063 respectively. The sand that has passed through the sieve is poured in equal portions through a funnel into two glass measuring cylinders by tapping on the cylinders until the volume of sand in the compacted state reaches the 10 ml mark. Then the sand in each cylinder is loosened, 30-50 ml of distilled water is poured in, thoroughly mixed with a glass stick with a rubber tip until the smear clay on the cylinder walls disappears completely. After that, 5 ml of a 5% solution of calcium chloride is coagulated into each cylinder as a coagulant, thoroughly mixed and distilled water to a mark of 50 or 100 ml on a glass rod (to wash off clay from it). After settling for at least 24 hours, but not more than 30 hours, measure the volume occupied by the sand.
14.4. Processing of test results
Volume increment K when clay particles swell for each 1 ml of the initial volume, calculate to the second decimal place using the formula
where is the initial volume of sand, ml;
Sand volume after swelling, ml
The swelling increment is defined as the arithmetic mean of the two results.
By value K(table 6) determine the content of clay particles in sand grains with a size less than 0.16 mm ( A 0.16) for natural sand and sand from screenings of crushing rocks and less than 0.63 mm ( A 0.63) for sand from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy slags and phosphorus slags.
(30)
(Introduced additionally. Amendment No. 2).
ATTACHMENT
Reference
SCOPE OF TESTING
The name and scope of the tests are indicated in table. five.
| Test name | Application area |
|||
| Quality control at the manufacturer | Geological exploration | Incoming control at the consumer enterprise |
||
| acceptance | periodic |
|||
| 1. Determination of grain size composition and size modulus | ||||
| 2. Determination of clay content in lumps | ||||
| 3. Determination of the content of dust and clay particles | ||||
| 4. Determination of the presence of organic impurities | ||||
| 5. Determination of the mineralogical and petrographic composition | ||||
| 6. Determination of true density | ||||
| 7. Determination of bulk density and voidness | ||||
| 8. Determination of moisture | ||||
| 9. Determination of reactivity | ||||
| 10. Determination of the content of sulfate and sulfide compounds | ||||
| 11. Determination of frost resistance of sand from crushing screenings |
Note. The plus sign means the test is being carried out;
sign "-" - do not carry out,
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Industry of Building Materials of the USSR
CONTRACTORS
M. L. Nisnevich, Dr. Tech. Sciences (topic leader); N. S. Levkova, Cand. tech. sciences; E. I. Levina, Cand. tech. sciences; G. S. Zarzhitsky, Cand. tech. sciences; L. I. Levin; V.N. Tarasova, Cand. tech. sciences; A. I. Polyakova; E. A. Antonov; L.V. Bereznitsky, Cand. tech. sciences; I.I. Kurbatova Cand. tech. sciences; G. P. Abysova; MF Semizorov; T. A. Kochneva; A. V. Strelsky; V. I. Novatorov; V.A. Theological; T. A. Fironova
2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED INTO ACTION by the Decree of the State Construction Committee of the USSR dated 05.10.88 No. 203
3. Complies with ST SEV 5446-85, ST SEV 6317-88 (in terms of sampling and determination of grain size composition)
4. Instead of GOST 8735-75 and GOST 25589-83
5. REFERENCE REFERENCE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
| Item number, sub-item |
|
| GOST 8.326-78 | |
| 8.1.2; 8.2.2; 12.2.1.2 |
|
| GOST 1277-75 | |
| GOST 1770-74 | |
| GOST 2184-77 | |
| GOST 2874-82 | |
| GOST 3118-77 | 12.2.1.2; 12.3.2 |
| GOST 3760-79 | |
| GOST 4108-72 | |
| GOST 4159-79 | |
| GOST 4204-77 | |
| GOST 4220-75 | |
| GOST 4232-74 | |
| GOST 4328-77 | |
| GOST 4461-77 | |
| GOST 5072-79 | |
| GOST 6613-86 | 1.6, 3.2, 4.2, 5.2.2, 7.2, 12.2.1.2, 13.2 |
| GOST 6709-72 | |
| GOST 8269.0-97 | 2.3, 5.3.1, 5.4.1, 9.1.5, 11, 12.2.1.3 |
| GOST 8284-78 | |
| GOST 8736-85 | |
| GOST 9147-80 | 5.2.2, 8.2.2, 12.2.1.2, 12.2.2.4 |
| GOST 10163-76 | |
| GOST 22524-77 | |
| GOST 23732-79 | |
| GOST 23932-79 | |
| GOST 24104-88 | 3.2, 4.2, 5.1.2, 5.2.2, 6.2, 7.2, 8.1.2, 8.2.2, 9.1.2, 10.2, 13.2 |
| GOST 25336-82 | 8.1.2, 8.2.2, 12.2.1.2 |
| GOST 25706-83 | |
| GOST 27068-86 | |
| TU 6-09-1706-82 | |
| TU 6-09-5169-84 |
6. REPUBLICATION (November 1997) with Amendment No. 1, approved in June 1989 (IUS 11-89)
| 1. General Provisions. one 2. Sampling. 2 3. Determination of grain size composition and size modulus. 3 4. Determination of the content of clay in lumps. five 5. Determination of the content of dust and clay particles. five 5.1. Elimination method. five 5.2. Pipette method. 7 5.3. Wet sieving method. 8 5.4. Photoelectric method. 8 6. Determination of the presence of organic impurities. 8 7. Determination of the mineralogical and petrographic composition. nine 8. Determination of the true density. ten 8.1. Pycnometric method. ten 8.2. Accelerated determination of true density. eleven 9. Determination of bulk density and voidness. 13 9.1. Determination of bulk density. 13 9.2. Definition of voidness. 13 10. Determination of moisture content. 14 11. Determination of reactivity. 14 12. Determination of the content of sulfate and sulfide compounds. 14 13. Determination of frost resistance of sand from crushing screenings. 19 14. Determination of the content of clay particles by the method of swelling in sand for road construction. 20 applicationScope of tests. 21 |
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR
SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS
TEST METHODS
GOST 8735-88
(ST SEV 5446-85)
ST SEV 6317-88
USSR STATE CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR
|
SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS Methodstrials Sand for construction work. |
GOST 8735-88 (ST SEV 5446-85) |
Date of introduction 01.07.89
Failure to comply with the standard is punishable by law
This standard applies to sand used as an aggregate for concrete in monolithic, precast concrete and reinforced concrete structures, as well as material for the corresponding types of construction work, and specifies test methods.
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. The scope of the sand test methods specified in this standard is specified in.
1.2. Samples are weighed to an accuracy of 0.1% by weight, unless otherwise specified in the standard.
1.3. Samples or portions of sand are dried to constant weight in a drying oven at a temperature of (105 ± 5)° From until the difference between the results of two weighings is no more than 0.1% of the mass. Each subsequent weighing is carried out after drying for at least 1 hour and cooling for at least 45 minutes.
1.4. The test results are calculated to the second decimal place, unless other instructions are given regarding the accuracy of the calculation.
1.5. The test result is taken as the arithmetic mean of the parallel determinations provided for the corresponding method.
Non-standardized measuring instruments must pass metrological certification in accordance with GOST 8.326-89.
(Modified edition. Amendment No. 2).
2. SAMPLING
2.1. During acceptance control at the manufacturing plant, spot samples are taken, from which, by mixing, one combined sample is obtained from the replaceable product of each technological line.
2.2. Sampling of point samples from technological lines transporting products to a warehouse or directly to vehicles is carried out by crossing the material flow on a belt conveyor or at points of a material flow difference using samplers or manually.
To check the quality of sand shipped directly to the open pit face, spot samples are taken during loading into vehicles.
The sampling interval for manual sampling can be increased if the manufacturer produces products of consistent quality. To establish the permissible sampling interval, the coefficient of variation of the values \u200b\u200bof the content of grains passing through a sieve with a mesh No. 016 and the content of dust and clay particles is determined quarterly. To determine the coefficient of variation of these indicators during the shift, every 15 minutes, spot samples are taken with a mass of at least 2000 g. For each spot sample, the content of grains passing through a sieve with a mesh No. 016, and the content of dust and clay particles are determined. Then the coefficients of variation of these indicators are calculated in accordance with GOST 8269.0-97.
Depending on the obtained maximum value of the coefficient of variation for the two determined indicators, the following intervals for taking point samples during the shift are taken:
3 hours - with a coefficient of variation of the indicator up to 10%;
2 hours "" "" "15%.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
2.4. The mass of a spot sample with a sampling interval of 1 h should be at least 1500 g. When the sampling interval is increased in accordance with clause, the mass of a selected spot sample should be doubled at an interval of 2 h, and at an interval of 3 h - in four times.
If, when taking samples by the sampler, the mass of the spot sample is less than the specified one by more than 100 g, then it is necessary to increase the number of samples taken to ensure that the mass of the combined sample is at least 10,000 g.
To quarter the sample (after mixing it), the material cone is leveled and divided into four parts by mutually perpendicular lines passing through the center. Any two opposite quarters are sampled. By successive quartering, the sample is reduced by two, four times, etc. before receiving a sample with a mass corresponding to p.
When conducting periodic tests, as well as during incoming control and when determining the properties of sand during geological exploration, the mass of the laboratory sample must ensure that all tests provided by the standard are carried out. It is allowed to carry out several tests using one sample, if the determined properties of the sand do not change during the tests, and the mass of the laboratory sample must be at least twice the total mass required for the tests.
2.7. For each test, an analytical sample is taken from the laboratory sample.
Weighs are taken from the analytical sample in accordance with the test procedure.
2.8. For each laboratory sample intended for periodic testing in the central laboratory of the association or in a specialized laboratory, as well as for arbitration tests, a sampling report is drawn up, including the name and designation of the material, the place and date of sampling, the name of the manufacturer, the designation of the sample and the signature of the responsible for taking a sample of the face.
Selected samples are packed in such a way that the mass and properties of the materials do not change before testing.
Each sample is provided with two labels with the sample designation. One label is placed inside the package, the other - in a prominent place on the package.
During transportation, the packaging must be protected from mechanical damage and moisture.
2.9. To check the quality of the sand extracted and laid by the hydromechanization method, the reclamation map is divided in plan along the length (along the alluvium map) into three parts.
Point samples are taken from each part from at least five different locations (in plan). To take a spot sample, a hole is dug with a depth of 0.2-0.4 m. From the hole, a sample of sand is taken with a scoop, moving it from the bottom up along the wall of the hole.
From the spot samples by mixing, a combined sample is obtained, which is reduced to obtain a laboratory sample according to p.
The quality of the sand is assessed separately for each part of the reclamation map based on the results of testing a sample taken from it.
2.10. When arbitrating the quality of sand in warehouses, spot samples are taken with a scoop in places located evenly over the entire surface of the warehouse, from the bottom of dug holes 0.2-0.4 m deep. The holes should be staggered. The distance between the holes should not exceed 10 m. The laboratory sample is prepared according to p.
Based on the results of sieving, calculate: the partial residue on each sieve ( and i) as a percentage according to the formula
(3)
where t i - the mass of the residue on a given sieve, g;
t - weight of the sieved sample, g;
total residue on each sieve ( AND i) as a percentage according to the formula
(4)
where a 2,5 , a 1,25 , a i - partial residues on the respective sieves;
sand size modulus ( M j) without grains larger than 5 mm according to the formula
(5)
where AND 2,5 , AND 1,25 , AND 063 , AND 0315 , AND 016 - complete residues on a sieve with round holes with a diameter of 2.5 mm and on sieves with meshes No. 1.25; 063; 0315, 016,%.
The result of determining the grain size composition of sand is drawn up in accordance with table. or depicted graphically in the form of a sieving curve in accordance with Fig. ...
Sieving curve
Residues,% by weight, on sieves
Pass through a sieve with mesh No. 016 (014),
% by weight
0,16
(0,14)
and 016(014)
and 016(014)
AND 016(014)
Drying cabinet.
Sieves with mesh No. 1.25 in accordance with GOST 6613-86
The needle is steel.
4.3. Preparing for the test
An analytical sample of sand is sieved through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm, take from it at least 100 g of sand, dried to constant weight and scattered on sieves with holes with a diameter of 2.5 mm and a mesh No. 1.25. Samples are taken from the obtained sand fractions with a mass:
5.0 g - fraction of St. 2.5 to 5 mm;
1.0 g - fractions from 1.25 to 2.5 mm
Each weighed portion of sand is poured into a thin layer on glass or metal sheet and moistened with a pipette. Clumps of clay differing in viscosity are isolated from the sample with a steel needle. from sand grains, using a magnifying glass, if necessary. The sand grains remaining after the separation of lumps are dried to constant weight and weighed.
4.4. Processing results
(6)
(7)
where m 1 , m 2 - weights of the sample of sand of the fraction, respectively, from 2.5 to 5 mm and from 1.25 to 2.5 mm before the release of clay, g;
t 1 ; m 3 - the mass of sand grains, fraction, respectively, from 2.5 to 5 mm and from 1.25 to 2.5 mm after the separation of clay, g.
(8)
where and 2,5 , and 1.25 - partial residues in percent by weight on sieves with openings of 2.5 and 1.25 mm, calculated according to p.
5. DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT OF DUST AND CLAY PARTICLES
5.1. Elimination method
5.1.1. The essence of the method
Drying cabinet.
A cylindrical bucket with a height of at least 300 mm with a siphon or a vessel for grinding sand (Fig.).
Stopwatch in accordance with GOST 5072-79.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
5.1.3. Preparing for the test
An analytical sample of sand is sieved through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, the sand that has passed through the sieve is dried to constant weight and a sample of 1000 g is taken from it.
5.1.4. Testing
A sample of sand is placed in a cylindrical bucket and filled with water so that the height of the water layer above the sand is about 200 mm. Sand filled with water is kept for 2 hours, stirring it several times, and thoroughly washed to remove clay particles adhering to the grains.
Thereafter, the contents of the bucket are vigorously stirred again and left alone for 2 minutes. After 2 minutes, drain the suspension obtained during washing with a siphon, leaving a layer above the sand with a height of at least 30 mm. Then the sand is again poured with water to the above level. The washing of the sand in this sequence is repeated until the water remains clear after washing.
When using the elutriation vessel, the test is carried out in the same sequence. In this case, water is poured into the vessel up to the upper drain hole, and the suspension is poured through the two lower holes.
After elutriation, the washed sample is dried to constant weight t 1 .
5.1.5. Processing results
(9)
where t - the weight of the dried sample before elutriation, g;
m 1 is the mass of the dried sample after elutriation, g.
Exhaustion vessel
The bucket is cylindrical with two marks (belts) on the inner wall, corresponding to a capacity of 5 and 10 liters.
Cylindrical bucket without marks.
Drying cabinet.
Sieves with mesh No. 063 and 016 in accordance with GOST 6613-86.
Metal cylinders with a capacity of 1000 ml with an observation window (2 pcs.).
Metallic pipette with a volume of 50 ml (drawing).
Funnel with a diameter of 150 mm.
Stopwatch in accordance with GOST 5072-79
A cup or glass for evaporation in accordance with GOST 9147-80.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
5.2.3. Testing
A sample of sand weighing about 1000 g in a state of natural moisture is weighed, placed in a bucket (without a label) and filled with 4.5 liters of water. In addition, about 500 ml of water is prepared for subsequent rinsing of the bucket.
Sand filled with water is kept for 2 hours, stirring it several times, and thoroughly washed to remove clay particles adhering to the grains. Then the contents of the bucket are poured carefully onto two sieves: the upper one with mesh No. 063 and the lower one with mesh No. 016, placed on a bucket with marks.
The suspensions are allowed to settle and the clarified water is carefully poured into the first bucket. The sand is washed again with the drained water on sieves over the second bucket (with marks). After that, the first bucket is rinsed with the water left and this water is poured into the second bucket. In this case, such an amount of water left is used so that the level of the suspension in the latter reaches exactly the 5 l mark; if the remaining water is not enough for this, the volume of the suspension is brought to 5 l by adding additional water.
After that, the suspension is thoroughly mixed in a bucket and immediately filled with it using a funnel, alternately two metal cylinders with a capacity of 1000 ml, while continuing to stir the suspension. The slurry level in each cylinder must match the mark on the sight glass.
The suspension in each cylinder is stirred with a glass or metal rod or the cylinder is overturned several times, closing it with a lid, for better mixing.
After the end of stirring, leave the cylinder at rest for 1.5 minutes. 5-10 s before the end of the exposure, a measuring pipette with a tube closed with a finger is lowered into the cylinder so that the support cap rests on the top of the cylinder wall, while the bottom of the pipette will be at the level of suspension withdrawal - 190 mm from the surface. After the specified time (5-10 s), open the pipette tube and after filling it again close the tube with a finger, remove the pipette from the cylinder and, opening the tube, pour the contents of the pipette into a pre-weighed cup or glass. The filling of the pipette is controlled by the change in the level of the suspension in the viewing window.
Metal cylinder and volumetric pipette
5.3. Wet sieving method
The test is carried out in accordance with GOST 8269.0-97, using a sample of sand weighing 1000 g and a sieve with a mesh No. 0315 and 005.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
5.4. Photoelectric method
The method is based on comparing the degree of transparency of pure water and a suspension obtained by washing the sand.
The test is carried out in accordance with GOST 8269.0-97, using a sample of sand weighing 1000 g.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
5.5. The content of dust and clay particles can be determined by one of the above methods, depending on the availability of equipment. In this case, the elutriation method is allowed to be used until 01/01/95.
6. DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENCE OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES
6.1. The essence of the method
The presence of organic impurities (humic substances) is determined by comparing the color of the alkaline solution above the sample of sand with the color of the standard.
Photocolorimeter FEK-56M or spectrophotometer SF-4, or other similar devices.
Glass cylinders with a capacity of 250 ml made of transparent colorless glass (inner diameter 36-40 mm) in accordance with GOST 1770-74.
Bath water.
Sodium hydroxide (sodium hydroxide) according to GOST 4328-77, 3% solution.
Tannin, 2% solution in 1% ethanol.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
6.3. Preparing for the test
From an analytical sample of sand in a state of natural moisture, a sample of about 250 g is taken.
Prepare a standard solution by dissolving 2.5 ml of 2% tannin solution in 97.5 ml of 3% sodium hydroxide solution. The prepared solution is stirred and left for 24 hours.
The optical density of the tannin solution, determined on a photocolorimeter or spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 450-500 nm, should be 0.60-0.68.
6.4. Testing
The measuring cylinder is filled with sand to a level of 130 ml and it is filled with 3% sodium hydroxide solution to a level of 200 ml. The contents of the cylinder are stirred and left for 24 hours, stirring is repeated 4 hours after the first stirring. Then compare the color of the liquid over the sample with the color of the standard solution or glass, the color of which is identical to the color of the standard solution.
Sand is suitable for use in concrete or mortar if the liquid above the sample is colorless or is much weaker than the reference solution.
When the color of the liquid is slightly lighter than the standard solution, the contents of the vessel are heated for 2-3 hours in a water bath at a temperature of 60-70 ° C and the color of the liquid above the sample is compared with the color of the standard solution.
When the color of the liquid is the same or darker than the color of the standard solution, it is necessary to test the aggregate in concrete or solutions in specialized laboratories.
7. DETERMINATION OF MINERAL AND PETROGRAPHIC COMPOSITION
7.1. The essence of the method
Set of sieves with meshes No. 1.25; 063; 0315 and 016 according to GOST 6613-86 and with round holes 5 and 2.5 mm in diameter.
Drying cabinet.
Binocular microscope with magnification from 10 to 50 C , polarizing microscope with magnification up to 1350 C .
Mineralogical magnifier in accordance with GOST 25706-83.
A set of reagents.
The needle is steel.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
7.3. Preparing for the test
An analytical sample of sand is sieved through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, at least 500 g of sand is taken from the sieved part of the sample.
The sand is washed, dried to constant weight, scattered on a set of sieves with holes 2.5 mm in diameter and mesh No. 1.25; 063; 0315; 016 and take samples with a mass of at least:
25.0 g - for sand with grain size 2.5 to 5.0 mm;
5.0 g "" "" "St. 1.25 to 2.5 mm;
1.0 g "" "" "St. 0.63 to 1.25 mm;
0.1 g "" "" "St. 0.315 to 0.63 mm;
0.01 g "" "" "from 0.16 to 0.315 mm.
7.4. Testing
Each sample is poured in a thin layer on glass or paper and viewed with a binocular microscope or magnifying glass.
Sand grains, represented by fragments of the corresponding rocks and minerals, are divided with a thin needle into groups according to the types of rocks and types of minerals.
If necessary, the determination of rocks and minerals is clarified using chemical reagents (hydrochloric acid solution, etc.), as well as by analysis in immersion liquids using a polarizing microscope.
In the grains of sand, represented by fragments of minerals, the content of quartz, feldspar, dark-colored minerals, calcite, etc. is determined.
Sand grains, represented by rock fragments, are classified according to genetic types in accordance with Table. ...
table 2
In addition, grains of rocks and minerals attributed to harmful impurities are isolated in the sand.
These rocks and minerals include: containing amorphous varieties of silicon dioxide (chalcedony, opal, flint, etc.); sulfur; sulfides (pyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, etc.); sulfates (gypsum, anhydrite, etc.); layered silicates (micas, hydromicas, chlorites, etc.); iron oxides and hydroxides (magnetite, goethite, etc.); apatite; nepheline; phosphorite; halogen compounds (halite, sylvin, etc.); zeolites; asbestos; graphite; coal; oil shale.
In the presence of minerals containing sulfur, the amount of sulfate and sulfide compounds in terms ofSO 3 determined by p.
.The same weighed portions of sand are used to determine the shape and nature of the surface of sand grains in accordance with table. ...
Table 3
7.5. Processing results
For each type of identified rocks and minerals, the number of grains is counted and their content is determined ( X) as a percentage in the sample according to the formula
(14)
where n - the number of grains of a given rock or mineral;
N - the total number of grains in the test sample.
8. DETERMINATION OF TRUE DENSITY
8.1. Pycnometric method
8.1.1. The essence of the method
True density is determined by measuring the mass per unit volume of dried sand grains.
Piconometer with a capacity of 100 ml in accordance with GOST 22524-77.
Desiccator according to GOST 25336-82.
Drying cabinet.
Sand bath or water bath.
Distilled water in accordance with GOST 6709-72.
GOST 450-77.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
8.1.3. Preparing for the test
A sample of about 30 g is taken from an analytical sample of sand, sifted through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, dried to constant weight and cooled to room temperature in a desiccator over concentrated sulfuric acid or anhydrous calcium chloride. The dried sand is mixed and divided into two parts.
8.1.4. Testing
Each part of the sample is poured into a clean, dried and previously weighed pycnometer, after which it is weighed together with the sand. Then distilled water is poured into the pycnometer in such an amount that the pycnometer is filled to about 2/3 of its volume, the contents are mixed and placed in a slightly inclined position on a sand bath or water bath. The contents of the pycnometer are boiled for 15-20 minutes to remove air bubbles; air bubbles can also be removed by keeping the pycnometer under vacuum in a desiccator.
After removing the air, the pycnometer is wiped off, cooled to room temperature, filled up to the mark with distilled water and weighed. After that, the pycnometer is freed from its contents, washed, filled to the mark with distilled water and weighed again. All weighings are made with an error of up to 0.01 g.
8.1.5. Processing results
The true density of sand (r) in g / cm 3 is calculated by the formula
Le Chatelier's device (fig.).
Weighing glass or porcelain cup in accordance with GOST 9147-80.
Desiccator according to GOST 25336-82.
Drying cabinet.
Sieve with round holes 5 mm.
Sulfuric acid in accordance with GOST 2184-77.
Calcium chloride (calcium chloride) in accordance with GOST 450-77.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
Le Chatelier device
Sieve with round holes 5 mm in diameter.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
9.1.3. Preparing for the test
9.1.3.1. When determining the bulk density in a standard unconsolidated state during the incoming control, tests are carried out in a measuring cylindrical vessel with a capacity of 1 liter, using about 5 kg of sand, dried to constant weight and sieved through a sieve with round holes 5 mm in diameter.
9.1.3.2. When determining the bulk density of sand in a batch, to convert the amount of supplied sand from mass units to volumetric units at. acceptance control tests are carried out in a measuring cylindrical vessel with a capacity of 10 liters. The sand is tested in a state of natural moisture without sieving through a sieve with holes of 5 mm diameter.
9.1.4. Testing
9.1.4.1. When determining the bulk density of sand in a standard unconsolidated state, sand is poured with a scoop into a pre-weighed measuring cylinder from a height of 10 cm from the top edge until a cone is formed above the top of the cylinder. The cone without compaction of sand is removed flush with the edges of the vessel with a metal ruler, after which the vessel with sand is weighed.
9.1.4.2. When determining the bulk density of sand in a batch, to convert the amount of supplied sand from mass units to volume units, sand is poured with a scoop into a pre-weighed measuring cylinder from a height of 100 cm from the upper edge of the cylinder until a cone is formed above the top of the cylinder. The cone without compaction of sand is removed flush with the edges of the vessel with a metal ruler, after which the vessel with sand is weighed.
Bulk density of sand (r n ) in kg / m 3 is calculated by the formula
(18)
where t - weight of the measuring vessel, kg;
t 1 - mass of a measuring vessel with sand, kg;
V - vessel volume, m 3.
The determination of the bulk density of the sand is carried out twice, each time taking a new portion of the sand.
Note. The bulk density of the sand and gravel mixture is determined according to GOST 8269-87.
9.2. Definition of voidness
The voidness (volume of intergranular voids) of sand in a standard unconsolidated state is determined on the basis of the values \u200b\u200bof the true density and bulk density of the sand, previously established in paragraphs. and.
The voidness of the sand (V m.p ) as a percentage by volume is calculated by the formula
(19)
where r - true density of sand, g / cm 3;
r n - bulk density of sand, kg / m 3.
10. DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE
10.1. The essence of the method
The moisture content is determined by comparing the mass of the sand in the state of natural moisture and after drying.
Drying cabinet.
Baking tray.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
10.3. Testing
A sample weighing 1000 g of sand is poured into a baking sheet and immediately weighed, and then dried in the same baking sheet to constant weight.
10.4. Processing results
Sand moisture (W) as a percentage is calculated by the formula
(20)
where t - the weight of the sample in a state of natural moisture;
t 1 - dry sample weight, g.
11. DETERMINATION OF REACTIVITY
The test is carried out in accordance with GOST 8269-87, using a sample of sand weighing at least 250 g.
12. DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT OF SULPHATE AND SULFIDE COMPOUNDS
12.1. To determine the content of harmful sulfur-containing impurities in the sand, the total sulfur content is found, then the sulfate sulfur content and the sulfide sulfur content is calculated from their difference.
If the sand contains only sulfate compounds, the total sulfur content is not determined.
12.2. Determination of total sulfur content
12.2.1. Weight method
12.2.1.1. The essence of the method
The weighting method is based on the decomposition of a sample with a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, followed by the precipitation of sulfur in the form of barium sulfate and the determination of the mass of the latter.
A muffle furnace providing a heating temperature of 900 ° C.
Porcelain cups with a diameter of 15 cm in accordance with GOST 9147-80.
Glass glasses with a capacity of 100, 200 300 400 ml in accordance with GOST 23932-90.
Porcelain crucibles in accordance with GOST 9147-80.
Desiccator according to GOST 25336-82.
Bath water.
Calcium chloride (calcium chloride) according to GOST 450-77, calcined at a temperature of 700-800 ° C.
Ash paper filters according to TU 6-09-1706-82.
Nitric acid according to GOST 4461-77.
Hydrochloric acid in accordance with GOST 3118-77.
Ammonia water according to GOST 3760-79, 10% solution.
Barium chloride (barium chloride) according to GOST 4108-72, 10% solution.
Methyl orange according to TU 6-09-5169-84, 0.1% solution.
Silver nitrate (silver nitrate) according to GOST 1277-75, 1% solution.
Woven wire sieves with square mesh No. 005 and 0071 in accordance with GOST 6613-86.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
An analytical sample of sand is sieved through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter and 100 g of sand is taken from the sieved part, which is crushed to a particle size passing through a sieve with a mesh No. 016, a sample weighing 50 g is taken from the resulting sand. The sample is crushed again to particle size passing through a sieve No. 0071.
The crushed sand is dried to constant weight, placed in a weighing bottle, stored in a desiccator over calcined calcium chloride, and weighed portions are taken from it for analysis ( t) weighing 0.5-2 g.
A sample, weighed with an accuracy of 0.0002 g, is placed in a glass beaker with a capacity of 200 ml or a porcelain cup, moistened with a few drops of distilled water, add 30 ml of nitric acid, cover with glass and leave for 10-15 minutes. After the end of the reaction, add 10 ml of hydrochloric acid, stir with a glass rod, cover with glass and put a glass or a cup in a water bath. In 20-30 minutes after the cessation of the evolution of brown vapors of nitrogen oxides, the glass is removed and the contents of the glass or cup are evaporated to dryness. After cooling, the residue is moistened with 5-7 ml of hydrochloric acid and again evaporated to dryness. The operation is repeated 2-3 times, add 50 ml of hot water and boil until the salts are completely dissolved.
To precipitate the elements of the group of sesquioxides, 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator are added to the solution and the ammonia solution is added until the color of the solution changes from red to yellow and the smell of ammonia appears. After 10 minutes, the coagulated sesquioxides precipitate is filtered through a "red ribbon" filter into a beaker with a capacity of 300-400 ml. The precipitate is washed with warm water with the addition of a few drops of ammonia solution. Hydrochloric acid is added to the filtrate until the color of the solution turns pink, and another 2.5 ml of acid is added.
The filtrate is diluted with water to a volume of 200-250 ml, heated to boiling, 10 ml of a hot barium chloride solution is poured into it at one time, stirred, the solution is boiled for 5-10 minutes and left for at least 2 hours. The precipitate is filtered through a dense filter " blue ribbon ”and washed 10 times with small portions of cold water to remove chloride ions.
After cooling in a desiccator, the crucible with the sediment is weighed. Calcination is repeated until constant weight is obtained. To determine the sulfur content in the reagents used for the analysis, a "blind experiment" is carried out in parallel with the analysis. The amount of barium sulfate found by "blind experience" t 2, subtracted from the mass of barium sulfate t 1 obtained by analyzing the sample.
Note. The expression "blind experience" means that the test is carried out in the absence of the test object, using the same reagents and observing all the conditions of the experiment.
Total sulfate sulfur ( X 1) as a percentage based onSO 3 calculated by the formula
Permissible discrepancy, abs. %
St. 0.5 to 1.0
12.2.2. Iodometric titration method
12.2.2.1. The essence of the method
The method is based on the combustion of a sample in a stream of carbon dioxide at a temperature of 1300-1350 ° C, the absorption of the releasedSO 2 iodine solution and titration with sodium thiosulfate solution of excess iodine, which did not enter into the reaction with the formed sulfurous acid.
).Sodium thiosulfate according to GOST 27068-86, 0.005 N. solution.
Sodium carbonate (sodium carbonate) according to GOST 83-79.
Potassium dichromate (potassium dichromate) according to GOST 4220-75, fixed channel.
Soluble starch according to GOST 10163-76, 1.0% solution.
Iodine in accordance with GOST 4159-79, 0.005 N solution.
Potassium iodide (potassium iodide) in accordance with GOST 4232-74.
Sulfuric acid in accordance with GOST 4204-77, 0.1 n solution.
Analytical balance, measurement error 0.0002 g.
To prepare a solution of sodium thiosulfate dissolve 1.25 gNa 2 S 2 O 3 · 5 H 2 O in 1 liter of freshly boiled distilled water and add 0.1 g of sodium carbonate. The solution is stirred and left for 10-12 days, after which its titer is determined by 0.01 N potassium dichromate solution prepared from the fixanal.
To 10 ml of a 0.01 n solution of potassium dichromate add 50 ml of a 0.1 n solution of sulfuric acid, 2 g of dry potassium iodide and titrate with the prepared solution of sodium thiosulfate until a straw-yellow color. Add a few drops of a 1% starch solution (the solution turns blue) and titrate until the solution becomes discolored. Correction factor to the titer 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution determined by the formula
(22)
where - the normality of the potassium dichromate solution;
10 - the volume of 0.01 n potassium dichromate solution taken for titration, ml;
V - volume of 0.005 n sodium thiosulfate solution consumed for titration of 10 ml of 0.01 n potassium dichromate solution, ml;
Normality of sodium thiosulfate solution.
The titer is checked at least once every 10 days.
Store the sodium thiosulfate solution in dark bottles.
To prepare a solution of iodine, 0.63 g of crystalline iodine and 10 g of potassium iodide are dissolved in 15 ml of distilled water. The solution is transferred to a 1-liter volumetric flask with a well-ground stopper, filled with water to the mark, mixed and stored in the dark.
The titer of the prepared iodine solution is established using the titrated solution of sodium thiosulfate prepared by the method described above (item).
10 ml of 0.005 N iodine solution is titrated with 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution in the presence of starch.
The correction factor to the titer of 0.005 N iodine solution () is determined by the formula
(23)
where - the volume of 0.005 n sodium thiosulfate solution consumed for titration of iodine solution, ml;
Correction factor 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate solution;
- the normality of the iodine solution;
10 - the amount of iodine solution taken for titration, ml.
12.2.2.5. Preparing for the test
Samples for testing are prepared according to clause 12.1.1.3, while the weight of the samples is taken equal to 0.1-1.0 g.
Before starting work, the furnace is heated to a temperature of 1300 ° C and the tightness of the installation is checked. To do this, close the tap in front of the absorption vessel and release carbon dioxide. The cessation of the passage of gas bubbles through the flushing bottle indicates the tightness of the installation.
Determine the coefficient TO, establishing the ratio between the concentrations of iodine solution and sodium thiosulfate. Carbon dioxide is passed through the installation for 3-5 minutes, the absorption vessel is filled 2/3 with water. 10 ml of a titrated iodine solution is poured from the burette, 5 ml of a 1.0% starch solution are added and titrated with sodium thiosulfate solution until the solution becomes discolored. The ratio of the concentration of solutions of iodine and sodium thiosulfate TO take equal to the average of the three definitions. Concentration ratio ratio TO under laboratory conditions, determined daily before testing.
12.2.2.6. Testing
The sample, weighed to the nearest 0.0002 g, is placed in a pre-calcined boat. 250-300 ml of distilled water are poured into the absorption vessel, the volume of iodine solution measured by the burette, 5 ml of starch solution is added and stirred with a stream of carbon dioxide.
Installation diagram for sulfur content determination
For the analysis, equipment is used, reagents in solutions specified in paragraph, while using hydrochloric acid according to GOST 3118-77, solution 1: 3 (one volume part of concentrated hydrochloric acid and three volume parts of water).
12.3.3. Preparing for the test
The test portion is prepared according to clause 12.1.1.3, while the weight of the sample is taken equal to 1 g.
12.3.4. Testing
Hitch t placed in a glass with a capacity of 100-150 ml, covered with glass and add 40-50 ml of hydrochloric acid. After the release of gas bubbles has ceased, the glass is placed on the hotplate and kept at low boiling for 10-15 minutes. Sesquioxides are precipitated by adding 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator and adding ammonia solution until the indicator color changes from red to yellow and the smell of ammonia appears. After 10 minutes, the precipitate is filtered off. The precipitate is washed with warm water with the addition of a few drops of ammonia solution.
The filtrate is neutralized with hydrochloric acid until the color of the solution turns pink, and another 2.5 ml of acid is added. The solution is heated to a boil and added in one step with 10 ml of hot barium chloride solution, stirred, the solution is boiled for 5-10 minutes and left for at least 2 hours. The precipitate is filtered through a dense filter "blue ribbon" and washed 10 times with small portions of cold water before removing chloride ions.
The completeness of the removal of chloride ions is checked by the reaction with silver nitrate: a few drops of the filtrate are placed on glass and a drop of a 1% solution of silver nitrate is added. The absence of the formation of a white precipitate indicates the completeness of the removal of chloride ions.
In a porcelain crucible, previously calcined to constant weight at a temperature of 800-850 ° C, a precipitate with a filter is placed, dried, ashed, avoiding ignition of the filter, and calcined in an open crucible until the filter is completely burned out, and then at a temperature of 800-850 ° C in within 30-40 minutes.
After cooling in a desiccator, the crucible with the sediment is weighed. Calcination is repeated until constant weight is obtained.
In parallel with the analysis, a "dull experience" is carried out (see note to p.). Barium sulfate amount t 2 found by "blind experience" is subtracted from the mass of barium sulfate t 1 obtained by analyzing the sample.
12.3.5. Processing results
Acceptable discrepancies between the results of two parallel analyzes are taken according to cl.
12.4. Determination of sulfide sulfur content
(27)
where X - total sulfur in terms ofSO 3,%;
X 1 - the content of sulfate sulfur in terms ofSO 3,%.
13. DETERMINATION OF FROST RESISTANCE OF SAND FROM CRUSHING
13.1. The essence of the method
The frost resistance of sand is determined by the loss of mass during successive freezing and thawing.
Freezer chamber.
Drying cabinet.
Sieves with meshes No. 1.25; 016 in accordance with GOST 6613-86 and with round holes 5 mm in diameter.
Sample thaw vessel.
Cloth bags made of dense fabric with double walls.
Trays.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 2).
13.3. Sample preparation
The laboratory sample is reduced to a mass of at least 1000 g, sieved on two sieves: the first with holes 5 mm in diameter and the second with a mesh No. 1.25 or 016, depending on the size of the test material, dried to constant weight, after which two weighed portions are taken weighing 400 g.
13.4. Testing
Each sample is placed in a bag that ensures the safety of the grains, immersed in a vessel with water for saturation for 48 hours. The bag with a sample is taken out of the water and placed in a freezer that ensures a gradual decrease in temperature to minus (20 ± 5) ° C.
Samples in the chamber at a steady-state temperature of minus (20 ± 5) ° C are kept for 4 hours, after which the bags with weighed portions are removed, immersed in a vessel with water at a temperature of 20 ° C, and kept for 2 hours.
Date of introduction01.07.89
This standard applies to sand used as aggregate for concrete in monolithic, precast concrete and reinforced concrete structures, as well as material for the corresponding types of construction work, and specifies the test methods.
1. General Provisions
1.1. The scope of the sand test methods specified in this standard is indicated in the appendix.
1.2. Samples are weighed to an accuracy of 0.1% by weight, unless otherwise specified in the standard.
1.3. Samples or weighed portions of sand are dried to constant weight in an oven at a temperature of (105 ± 5) ° С until the difference between the results of two weighings is not more than 0.1% of the weight. Each subsequent weighing is carried out after drying for at least 1 hour and cooling for at least 45 minutes.
1.4. The test results are calculated to the second decimal place, unless other instructions are given regarding the accuracy of the calculation.
1.5. The test result is taken as the arithmetic mean of the parallel determinations provided for the corresponding method.
1.6. The standard set of sand screens includes 10 round hole screens; 5 and 2.5mm and wire sieves with standard square meshes No. 1.25; 063; 0315; 016; 005 in accordance with GOST 6613 (sieve frames are round or square with a diameter or side side of at least 100 mm).
Note. The use of sieves with nets No. 014 is allowed until enterprises are equipped with sieves with nets No. 016.
1.7. The temperature of the room in which the tests are carried out shall be (25 ± 10) ° C. Before starting the test, sand and water should be at a temperature corresponding to the ambient temperature in the room.
1.8. Water for testing is used in accordance with GOST 2874 or GOST 23732, if the standard does not provide instructions on the use of distilled water.
1.9. When using hazardous (caustic, toxic) reagents, substances should be guided by the safety requirements set out in the regulatory and technical documents for these reagents.
1.10. In the "Hardware" sections, references to national standards are given. The use of similar imported equipment is allowed. The non-standard measuring instruments used, specified in the "Equipment" section, must undergo metrological certification in accordance with GOST 8.326.
________________________________________________________________________________
Official editionReprinting prohibited
© Standards Publishing House, 1988
© IPK Standards Publishing House, 1998
Reissue with Changes
S. 2 GOST 8735-88
MATERIALS TESTING METHODS NEP 2
Official edition
mosk ■ PUBLISHING STANDARDS<98 5
STATE STANDARDS OF THE UNION OF SSR
CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE PRODUCTS
MATERIALS TESTING METHODS PART 2
Official edition
Sieving curve
When determining the grain size composition of fractionated sands, the test results are recorded in the form of tables. The size modulus Mk is not determined in this case.
4. DETERMINATION OF CLAY CONTENT IN LUMPS
4.1. Equipment
Technical scales in accordance with GOST 23711-79 or GOST 24104-80.
Sieves with a mesh No. 1.25 in accordance with GOST 3584-73 and with round holes 5 and 2.5 mm in diameter.
Mineralogical magnifier.
Steel needle.
4.2. Preparing for the test
An average sample of sand is sieved through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter, about 0.1 kg of sand is taken from it, and weighed portions of individual sand fractions are obtained by sieving in accordance with table. 4.
Table 4
| Fraction size, mm |
||
| Sample weight, g |
4.3. Testing
Each weighed amount of sand is poured into a thin layer on glass or metal sheet and moistened. Clumps of clay are isolated from a suspended steel needle, which differ in viscosity from grains of sand or
FROM THE PUBLISHER
Collection “Concrete and reinforced concrete products. Methods for testing materials "Part 2 contains standards approved before January 1, 1985.
All changes adopted before the specified date have been made to the standards. There is a * sign near the number of the standard to which the change was made
The current information on the newly approved and revised standards, as well as on the changes adopted to them, is published in the monthly information index "State standards of the USSR".
(Q) Standards Publishing House, 1985
Group W19
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR
SAND FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS Test methods
Sand for construction work. Testing methods
Instead of GOST 8735-65
By the decree of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for construction of December 10, 1975 No. 292
Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law
This standard applies to sand used in accordance with the requirements of state standards and specifications as aggregates for concretes of monolithic, precast concrete and reinforced concrete structures and materials for the corresponding types of construction work, and establishes the following test methods for determining: grain size composition and modulus of sand fineness ; clay content in lumps;
the mineralogical and petrographic composition of the sand;
sand density;
bulk bulk weight;
the voidness of the sand;
sand moisture.
The need for individual tests is indicated in state standards and specifications for specific types of products.
The standard specifies optional sand test methods, which are listed in the annex.
The standard does not establish test methods for sand intended for ballast of a railway track.
Official edition
Reprinting prohibited
1. SAMPLING
1.1. For sand testing, partial samples are taken, from which an average sample is obtained by combining them.
1.2. At the enterprise (quarry) -maker, partial samples are taken from the sand stream on belt conveyors.
Partial samples on conveyors with a belt width of less than 1000 mm are taken by periodically crossing the entire flow width, which eliminates all sand passing during the crossing of the flow.
With a conveyor width of 1000 mm or more, samples are taken by sequentially crossing the sand flow in parts.
Partial samples are taken every hour.
One average sample is taken from the replaceable product of each technological line.
To check the quality of sand extracted and laid by hydromechanization, partial samples are taken on alluvial maps in accordance with the requirements of GOST 8736-77.
1.3. To obtain an average sample of sand when checking its quality at the warehouses of enterprises (manufacturer or consumer), 10-15 partial samples are taken. In an open warehouse, samples are taken at points located at different heights from the top to the bottom of the stack or cone.
From a sample of sand in the bunker, samples are taken from the surface of the sand, as well as from the sand in the lower part of the bunker, for which it is partially unloaded.
One average sample is taken from every 300 m 3 (500 t) of the tested sand.
1.4. To obtain an average sample during a control check of the quality of the shipped sand, partial samples are taken from railway cars, cars or ships during their loading or unloading in accordance with the instructions of GOST 8736-77.
It is allowed to take partial samples of sand during unloading on a belt conveyor that transports the sand to the warehouse.
1.5. During geological exploration, sampling is carried out in accordance with the methodological instructions approved in the prescribed manner.
The mass of an average sample of sand should be at least four times higher than that indicated in table. one.
It is allowed to carry out several types of tests using one sample, if the determined properties of the sand do not change during the test. For example, you can determine the grain size of the sand and the content of dusty, clayey and silty particles after determining the bulk density.
Table 1
| Test type |
Sample mass required for testing, kg |
| 1. Determination of the mineralogical and petrographic composition |
|
| 2. Determination of density: |
|
| pycnometric method |
|
| using the Le Chatelier device 3. Determination of bulk bulk |
|
| to convert the amount of supplied sand from weight units to volume |
|
| in standard unconsolidated |
5-10 (depending on the content |
| condition |
gravel in sand) |
| {!LANG-574d1fbcfacf02bb01e90aec394634a9!} {!LANG-11ab34114228a1fd24e8e2f7ec2e2544!} |
|
| {!LANG-9583f852d30a317537259a61b3d1689a!} |
|
| {!LANG-f113bbad7f0bd619824b1356d58760af!} |
|
| {!LANG-d6764ee1723f4fb719529abb215a110a!} |
|
| {!LANG-8c9678c6c31270297f9be339d60910c9!} |
|
| {!LANG-5d41fe3dd6b8dc63a94f0e901a393ab9!} |
|
| {!LANG-fb62920ab939c1ab7499300a4bab0a19!} |
{!LANG-57f583b451206fa3370870b3546aea5e!}
{!LANG-55e4f910324cd07836a90b4590227d2e!}
{!LANG-d991064f3e435d853b90cfae2b9da0a5!}
{!LANG-9763568e061ce0ced2dd11b7f9a3035d!}
{!LANG-6666a16b51851cc08acfae8997f1cec8!}
{!LANG-3dc4835957f99f0edbda5e36f8706131!}
{!LANG-b40606b4fec10846530bad7a109c5c6b!}
{!LANG-ce2815a35d00050560086528dab9ddee!}
{!LANG-3b2e4cbb3d784d622bda745f1923ee45!}
{!LANG-d97289189651eef16af611e32c08bfc9!}
{!LANG-5bd145fb001f6007ac1a9552475d07f4!}
{!LANG-3878f2ac31d75c88703984722d758626!}
{!LANG-cee57f025e1ea0d024a93a6b8df15e9a!}
| Application area |
|||
| Test type |
{!LANG-fb07d60787bece0f9ed8b462fc28dcbc!} {!LANG-bb388334627f1e9c338260b55d025698!} |
{!LANG-f2b1e201720dc2928a69d4bedfc06e99!} periodic |
{!LANG-62345db3686cd89c2387c57f9aa2e538!} |
| {!LANG-b4ef264a707f41509b059cc6dc22d8eb!} |
|||
| {!LANG-c4d073d8a1ac90034d9ca1d8b11159dc!} |
|||
| {!LANG-50fa845a73b3238a62e9751972774bfb!} |
|||
| {!LANG-1dbac404c4dcc185727273fefc1c2fbc!} |
|||
| {!LANG-64115d52eea8e6646a068fc3574bb5ce!} |
|||
| {!LANG-c71503d0970ed6ccaab0c978c5f0a6de!} |
|||
| {!LANG-591c80e08e44dcfde1896312178db573!} |
|||
| {!LANG-ddc362afabafade7d8986da52654a2d7!} {!LANG-26992385c070be4c5d1bc85dde5845fe!} |
|||
| {!LANG-6a236396e91ead2101bb9052831712e4!} {!LANG-799570c1b3d083363a384f92a7a34655!} {!LANG-b9abe60cd309d8c56d2a129cdfd1c64f!} |
|||
| condition |
|||
| {!LANG-0a9c027ae7b2c40bb80bee27ddfd8c87!} |
|||
| {!LANG-a87cef1cee3f9f9d302fd75060d0b5db!} |
|||
| {!LANG-7f296b112960593451958f585d1d715f!} |
|||
| {!LANG-a5437f9ba94644158283473749ac77a2!} |
|||
| {!LANG-74af4544a6bb01bbd88152c90ee736eb!} |
|||
| {!LANG-8ea115de73a004335a6bb690a368a1aa!} {!LANG-862d7dd6937563cc3e076c9f14aab027!} {!LANG-fb65013e10c50ff069aad104bbf57c46!} |
|||
| {!LANG-6edc2127850f8c1aca3d5d2179c33f17!} |
|||
{!LANG-11d4a091196137aded9debb6eddf3d1c!}
{!LANG-117f21a2b41e28cbe10e8aa337265f25!}
{!LANG-5030e87b95a42daf9503f579e0d2ba89!}
{!LANG-be1e0998bdf980cb7a512c3c168854be!}
{!LANG-4eeb376bf92e4f70e858c00ec43d4942!}
{!LANG-398fd3cc33476dc7cc82900f2c1da31c!}
{!LANG-bd401883a821376eef7413352e8e7322!}
{!LANG-974eb923ca2db1a034b2c796ec8a65fb!}
{!LANG-4b0d82a7db816384641866f1eccc74fa!}
{!LANG-6c1199bea926a2d499e33179bfef8cd3!}
{!LANG-be348559b514010d19eeb503ebe69981!}
{!LANG-e9b28ecdfe98a57fff47b62b55623de9!}
{!LANG-9a51e645bc30937ff76ef6567d29668c!}
{!LANG-ccc5e55a48291477502fb2a33c11c4a6!}
{!LANG-8f4b03d88673aba46a5a5ead2318b214!}
{!LANG-ec6f893b25678dc440e3a03eeac5b76d!}
{!LANG-af02eb78f579e42c0f24ab6ec4064dd5!}
{!LANG-7cba6a29b3b75a7c586a7bd74ba6aafb!}
{!LANG-dfc3e89bd43426baa190b7e001bedaab!}
{!LANG-6644e21779913ff3730a03e42837f4ab!}
{!LANG-ac0781552f10347375a82d5c856da112!}
{!LANG-b2f60b43d34cf5db9006d8f18f1c22d2!}
{!LANG-7719bea342dee442301ed091e2c79b77!}
{!LANG-ad7a710cdabf42163200e12d69b4d571!}
{!LANG-cb9647b35bee84d245ad5ed0839e68ee!}
{!LANG-19b8859fe475775df58753d37c3264e3!}
{!LANG-066bbd78cd4af7ba9cab3e4d063c176b!}
{!LANG-a6f269fc9b4025f531682387f4c83b3a!}
{!LANG-8ba25d2221785fc7f4da9b890bbffc9d!}
{!LANG-03e0efd4ce96619277ac35ac86baec1a!}
{!LANG-faf1b3ca34ba6b6ef08bcb9badb3689c!}
{!LANG-518390fc49f24c0975293a7f740e6f18!}
{!LANG-9b03c37387cfe6fff844566e4b118af1!}
{!LANG-b5dfe0946f1d7f650fa2df85b3ba2a54!}
{!LANG-c15d6f8ae0c02944805d1759a80f92da!}
{!LANG-b1a7fd6ad9e7e359f34cd29ed07bbe31!}
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR
{!LANG-258e2571028bf6b7d453ec48722eaabe!}
{!LANG-7dff2e1660e50161cb5027171deb6626!}
{!LANG-ac150cfba796feba89f2efffb264bbf1!}
{!LANG-73faa18cb653482dfa2ac05ea60387ba!}
Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law
{!LANG-79b3307206df044cd01f85e22b6b68c7!}
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
{!LANG-4763c0c8f6372f4f10e8f0ff0c984e8b!}
{!LANG-2e7d95fc8be76fc4c3ed2bc464713c8b!}
{!LANG-d1c14d9b8a62990e9cdb70090431d0a7!}
{!LANG-4660b6965677dc2c13b1b379376ec548!}
{!LANG-d8fb5422a994f50f562058eb320979df!}
{!LANG-112de4f9045f188eef2c3376d0196d4c!}
{!LANG-c41467aa6ad56a805dc5081f2b7f8080!}
{!LANG-86a9c53499ca32b5975cbb384c4aa8c6!}
{!LANG-2080f037db97925ec644dcfe5e30b933!}
{!LANG-7404e4b979052cab1796af6e45d5295c!}
{!LANG-828ef4f2acf87d1bfe99596c93fd46ed!}
2. SAMPLING
{!LANG-320c995d7c39bad6a16037f222af92f7!}
{!LANG-33304adcc89ae74b98d118a35c36faf8!}
{!LANG-d76ad6e47c63ff2db230e8d24f07264a!}
{!LANG-5a30e339cfdbce9935a3bde388ba4eba!}
{!LANG-50740cb521e8de805a4484b4091c3c27!}
{!LANG-c3c3cf1e241b70768e114bacd24371e5!}
{!LANG-a276ce9bb3c3995a49e7f71ddfc3ec51!}
{!LANG-9bbcf028bc310b581d8f353b2487e570!}
{!LANG-df7a1302eaebf44b14114307f58185ca!}
{!LANG-1020d9d3f680c6d4be9b8f4bb71e5200!}
{!LANG-86c56126a6dc3b618ace69af648f76be!}
{!LANG-253b39f420e4363d73e59b76f82a619a!}
{!LANG-ca7bc2a50e771601d7a016292e353bc2!}
{!LANG-df4dd16bdfe1f86343b315911b6978f6!}
{!LANG-98423bc97a94fc0ef436729101bd027f!}
{!LANG-34181a093470b735938320e2f42fe3e1!}
{!LANG-35132496e955d7de1bf7aa75fc72706b!}
{!LANG-3662aaea6f2546b1220207d2d0f126dc!}
{!LANG-b9937553d69650e9aa9126914d80bf9d!}
{!LANG-8a943ce4934fbea2ce6003269a62fe53!}
{!LANG-d8d6391ad2a36af04edf5f8c5d5a2d55!}
{!LANG-1d650f8d0fdea712ec515706591b934d!}
{!LANG-1a634863c361b27ede47de50c76d5466!}
{!LANG-40eda054fbdd4b6152ff695c1c0bb0eb!}
{!LANG-8de88736f6146265204c84fe4441190a!}
{!LANG-af83e114efde476219c31e4116039aad!}
{!LANG-7a9256f3039bbd4d952416d3d2b49995!}
3. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN COMPOSITION AND COARSE MODULE
{!LANG-8a6d28d67b316f1f238626c93dcf48b6!}
{!LANG-d8805237f20175f032de695d13b1ca3c!}
{!LANG-3bd8f368cb79b4bf5752f6cd2199082b!}
{!LANG-16a9d4196f8f87924a8cc3c2cdc3c5a6!}
Drying cabinet.
{!LANG-15a5e5c8c2bbdb45fedd4bd33eebd048!}
{!LANG-c24e4ff3d183af01140c534dd9e79e2d!}
{!LANG-8e59c083aef6033230a0914b85df39cf!}
{!LANG-f26a5c7f71e2e36eb8f72f61a033a14f!}
{!LANG-6a91b40b826779d00b751214149fad6c!}
(1)
(2)
{!LANG-5683c169bdaace17114edd1d18928fec!}
{!LANG-ad2c519973ee1d9103c7f0f15d64f302!}
{!LANG-30683425c5358924ffc69573fc445990!}
{!LANG-53cef873ecb88db32ef96f6ef8a0d8c5!}
{!LANG-cac2c2ea1a32432368e4184e4f11d762!}
{!LANG-767d72f6400e887ecd29ac0ac444b394!}
{!LANG-ec94cc97d31e413769f7387c0d8193e6!}
{!LANG-c2f198ad31eeddf3e4737675a1b3d235!}
{!LANG-5f6b0c4601712520e0665c7927e8b569!}
{!LANG-3ac226428c606b6be2045b4346a3fd01!}
{!LANG-8c941d2944e68b46064fec27c50a86d5!}
{!LANG-4c0e95b08f3d35acdb8f56eeb661bb2b!}
{!LANG-8da6ecdd6486f8266c10647933c14eb9!}
(3)
{!LANG-b463f171e93359159342f07dddccfcbe!}
{!LANG-6fb92dde82e06db836d33d9e63fe255f!}
{!LANG-c6f4a2e78e24cafd75202074c8f3ab52!}
{!LANG-957939e428fe0bd9730e5e786ef4666b!}
{!LANG-456a904d120caf00e41de1cc01ffb30e!}
(5)
{!LANG-c114ea12857905b36cc11d09cfa76077!}
{!LANG-2b2d280cf33c69e07989ce0a9600232d!}
{!LANG-eae4822f4c0b88055d7de61ec5083d70!}
Table 1
|
Residues,% by weight, on sieves |
{!LANG-0650882582ba3b1ef933673be8fd45a7!} |
|||||
|
{!LANG-7b6498e5599b60387879873f80fc6c8e!} |
{!LANG-96f98aad8e558cf125b6974992a1b190!} {!LANG-85d307651fd8e8b974a47b4b278f82fa!} |
|||||
4. DETERMINATION OF CLAY CONTENT IN LUMPS
{!LANG-b57b2fb219e4686aa802349cad3555ae!}
{!LANG-0a065a6737bf11ae592e9c6bde7cc918!}
{!LANG-716bab31677e59f76f2a780d26a16be0!}
Drying cabinet.
{!LANG-c112d51bb0838febcc98dfa2fdadd3d6!}
The needle is steel.
{!LANG-e27a78306fb170070faaf1e555779ac7!}
{!LANG-38624ff1d8cefdf208b8f159cad39533!}
{!LANG-abd4a705446414807898f9853ab4d320!}
{!LANG-2694687c3e7483be1eab7bf27bff5c07!}
{!LANG-9a66bf3da1711f40c568372489fd85f6!}
{!LANG-a27e9ef5393e12d88a94e2ac985625b3!}
(6)
(7)
{!LANG-19134ef2943aa691d12d516275251485!}
{!LANG-818888db8916716fc08a74eb4f00a9b5!}
(8)
{!LANG-9440578e153b214e8047432e45fb8f68!}
{!LANG-b89eea8eae2e71a61a405b31a665336c!}
5.1. Elimination method
5.1.1. The essence of the method
{!LANG-41749c81d14b555bc681ea57218179c5!}
{!LANG-716bab31677e59f76f2a780d26a16be0!}
Drying cabinet.
{!LANG-345ddbbbb202da7c29cfa9ca1f133c43!}
{!LANG-513bf95684faf48d07deba6eb76257cb!}
5.1.3. Preparing for the test
{!LANG-0dc85f85ceedf0124f46c3610381fffe!}
5.1.4. Testing
{!LANG-7744ba4bd2ddf53ebd33540dc0f0e334!}
{!LANG-55caffe831222c944a1c949c1632059e!}
{!LANG-61026045548c4a6297a7a319082108e1!}
{!LANG-184813c282edeef57473785319679e1c!}
5.1.5. Processing results
(9)
{!LANG-648e105ab8f7e00e3955f20ba0f6be39!}
{!LANG-1559eb3fe957e37cbd39cdb1d2d646f8!}
{!LANG-ce585e1952424c750f32dfb17b9c9430!}
Notes:
{!LANG-217820047c39988203f99fec1209aa99!}
{!LANG-3e827fa3d72e76f47862a3e0e74a5589!}
(10)
{!LANG-b5e36c7adc1d89874e95e5a347fee1c7!}
{!LANG-6181517d4b6abab63b441a7b98ba1373!}
{!LANG-43673022402458ff79cc4fcfd300174a!}
5.2. Pipette method
5.2.1. The essence of the method
{!LANG-cdd9eb9b51b2fafbe08d21ccc0e7f047!}
{!LANG-67c9b1ddb758b6459cb09707b7933343!}
{!LANG-c6397f9eaf808ca038725435d632f802!}
Drying cabinet.
{!LANG-bd2c6c7a9824e610121cdeea12ab0845!}
{!LANG-825bff084324c6b0851ad240aa65a795!}
{!LANG-07365cd52a02cf3345cb83f42e436001!}
Funnel with a diameter of 150 mm.
{!LANG-513bf95684faf48d07deba6eb76257cb!}
{!LANG-399c3d3cafdbdba365c91791a6496c66!}
5.2.3. Testing
{!LANG-3ce9624d9ad1645edd1e73209b8ef2ff!}
{!LANG-18199599747fa7f0e05ab7b656150dcb!}
{!LANG-ab2981954bcc12b34b76710cabe79867!}
{!LANG-423f5eb5a0fc48c37ac0a38235e447b4!}
{!LANG-7bc07549209bb81c1009e21b1dba1dfc!}
{!LANG-3159e8e740a83ee162f4d9d9b96e945e!}
{!LANG-65206ee32d7a9a657648d056eb287f25!}
{!LANG-e4f8c11844d04bf71c99fb7ef466397a!}
{!LANG-fc249a6306b6ba28907746db915fa8cc!}
{!LANG-bb2742c31289933e0184224ff6cb70ba!}
{!LANG-826d5aeb79363c8004746e69644aa25e!}
5.2.4. Processing results
(11)
{!LANG-24ad53b7de2f14b8bb0a5c1d60b742d0!}
{!LANG-19338652e5b82f99a69314feed5f77db!}
{!LANG-65c519a532f9e68fcd8f0039821bc7a2!}
(12)
{!LANG-c46f3267e431b7657b8c25d72a966e09!}
(13)
{!LANG-7cddd8244c9dfb2a7b4310b167d80a41!}
{!LANG-8c12b6347ee4a81ebe91e509d42b77df!}
{!LANG-2ca06d0fa50d2383384c3181a94c9a73!}
{!LANG-b72d7c85a254ae3896bb10becef2345a!}
5.3. Wet sieving method
{!LANG-912eb31a7785fbeb9bf8012621920bd6!}
{!LANG-05a1ae9a39efb17dd208d036e272380c!}
5.4. Photoelectric method
{!LANG-ed890251201055039c8416e69be54f96!}
{!LANG-271738169a991dac0e84d2a709d5a704!}
{!LANG-30fb1251c9aaafdc400905ebc7972abf!}
6. DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENCE OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES
{!LANG-2fb3915a2602fea2aaf32cccc129439d!}
{!LANG-827ef953342776b80c263cae4349bd53!}
{!LANG-d82f5cf270100fabe8d47de1cbe22d10!}
{!LANG-d63dc7b22be086ccc5adb69a6a695186!}
{!LANG-86201dc760b02e67a10258f74a23ff19!}
{!LANG-6e5d77cc46e9fe1c2a6ef4ecf8016a60!}
Bath water.
{!LANG-76e6ade92bb7c6059aa62ef78fb948c9!}
{!LANG-736af25e86d2667f15a791814224d6da!}
{!LANG-65fc5aacfe11940adb671a70ff094087!}
{!LANG-1635f7f8fcc3a80a2199836d459abbb3!}
{!LANG-780d887b586da03d985a5c481dddf10b!}
{!LANG-e84c7c98aef19eeb71f6ef4cc7e85d8c!}
{!LANG-5afe270a9ed4814dc08ae52717b520ea!}
{!LANG-362cd7de291f515dfa729a3a1aec9505!}
{!LANG-91c94346560e6f633a219486e3f477e2!}
{!LANG-81aa070a9c6a9da9122bd64c1554fc12!}
{!LANG-921463fc49a15d781835e3189e0167df!}
7. DETERMINATION OF MINERAL AND PETROGRAPHIC COMPOSITION
{!LANG-238a2b980b183f5836c442741d2501f9!}
{!LANG-db4979b9771418e68359c2a2e7679050!}
{!LANG-d63dc7b22be086ccc5adb69a6a695186!}
{!LANG-64989d6e4f204d994309918eefa171a4!}
Drying cabinet.
{!LANG-cd031c5618bb8ea62225d55ff82dd04c!}
{!LANG-84e3bff36f2ea9686001a41b6d63b491!}
A set of reagents.
The needle is steel.
{!LANG-26bf65eadd65686d235cdd4eaf6a8448!}
{!LANG-7614682bcb819c4c1fef7d9642b272a1!}
{!LANG-d6dd74d71cbf762dca6c83cb793c247b!}
{!LANG-e3d3f5e70bce4540053d05d3f2c40de6!}
{!LANG-08e299ad4fd1811b60ff3f475600b278!}
{!LANG-37ea621968ea4c26fb42330bfcc9b707!}
{!LANG-9bc447d36e1c1589e9cc64a2135cb2cd!}
{!LANG-689d6862dad89319f7bb8a428c88a19b!}
{!LANG-fb0384569675f56a7317cb1dd6939f88!}
{!LANG-6f1af4d9647fd33759871661e385ae2e!}
{!LANG-c1c76d3d97d13f6c61c066b63197aadf!}
{!LANG-a9a85a13f1031f94fcb9f8dbc76e83ca!}
{!LANG-c5496a623fb88daddb02645a58c87987!}
{!LANG-19e36ff545a3d97abc61bded492e4d4f!}
{!LANG-cee57f025e1ea0d024a93a6b8df15e9a!}
{!LANG-53761d3ab15f00e072c80a1775f43946!}
{!LANG-a7262f53c6daa4af58cbea50ef6e561c!}
{!LANG-bb8d62bbb0a33cf6a1e3f9744eeb55e8!}
{!LANG-580fa2f457a5aaf7a7f319a0f8cfb33a!}
{!LANG-84f49e7ef61276ad3d6749c7bbc36b28!}
{!LANG-91aedc6e0c5a2a4ed7b303a8f226a531!}
{!LANG-e0dc4d90e83f9dfd1164720c2537b0d9!}
{!LANG-5bb1c8fd2ac6a25ef9dca03b006ee786!}
(14)
{!LANG-90caa2fe024123497f80179690ea9cf0!}
{!LANG-f519ea83c6f664c18f2531a3e6219cf9!}
8. DETERMINATION OF TRUE DENSITY
8.1. Pycnometric method
8.1.1. The essence of the method
{!LANG-4b5a73eebc7014b826f858c717db2be3!}
{!LANG-65c90c2410fc45be141055f0ddf2a6a9!}
{!LANG-f63e19689769e43c8c547a0f831680aa!}
{!LANG-d63dc7b22be086ccc5adb69a6a695186!}
{!LANG-78a061fd8b228e2a187a0ad23a46b05e!}
Drying cabinet.
{!LANG-cb57473a7be5613d8c4bd0f53e16545c!}
{!LANG-ae9bfcc6e7dfab1ff069165731bd9838!}
{!LANG-d37a2f03e2bff2bc9ad46f0ed054175c!}
8.1.3. Preparing for the test
{!LANG-2530d4cea3d7b5b7094b3f9fb6b97772!}
8.1.4. Testing
{!LANG-394fc3b1158532384e81f0f3a97fa8b5!}
{!LANG-22cadd4be57b90b62f42d8d224bd9a2a!}
8.1.5. Processing results
(15)
{!LANG-a2cfd5d75596d439cb8ceb5ca39d48b9!}
{!LANG-9cd102052f6fc9152719f7e6ae8c206e!}
{!LANG-786fbcbf82d731b225c204c3459147c9!}
{!LANG-480669f2a78dbd317d00e2792f05899e!}
{!LANG-b6476f36afd9a3d2339aa8eb8dd99e9c!}
{!LANG-788ae2ce32e05b28d78409d20c2af98b!}
Notes:
{!LANG-81b2048fd1fbd2794101c58793b45aa8!}
{!LANG-c9424777df5e962aa8523512bad91e1e!}
(16)
{!LANG-1cebe9cc07b7415e6376baaf1e358a1a!}
{!LANG-36d90c6ba075f84ab38dcce9f6e4ae2e!}
8.2. Accelerated determination of true density
8.2.1. The essence of the method
{!LANG-d085e499841da9f7548ae05e1f70dba0!}
{!LANG-9e64d6608f4c2c1adb7565c29cde79ca!}
Le Chatelier's device (Fig. 4).
{!LANG-d63dc7b22be086ccc5adb69a6a695186!}
{!LANG-cf4132b06eb9ac62ad54fd8e21dabcdb!}
{!LANG-78a061fd8b228e2a187a0ad23a46b05e!}
Drying cabinet.
{!LANG-0824de385a04d70a0a31c2eed5ee153e!}
{!LANG-d37a2f03e2bff2bc9ad46f0ed054175c!}
{!LANG-6b06d07a6eb2a64374882e0983af8ba1!}
{!LANG-3316e8744c285c8b74cca0652b3db7d9!}
8.2.3. Preparing for the test
{!LANG-fdd546c3ae696b27e00f9c5299a390f5!}
8.2.4. Testing
{!LANG-53de26d58e3cb2f4fed10d9981d11ce8!}
{!LANG-cf5a34e411cb34bbc23714dad21c0f8f!}
{!LANG-5c6be4d87b18e8bc76aafaeb0fb160f7!}
8.2.5. Processing results
{!LANG-7df75d2ebcb22a29a6bff3d8e79c9920!}
(17)
{!LANG-e48d3c1073067c8f9f6cf1d176d9e0cf!}
{!LANG-52082477cfdd5114b2354df98b0e911f!}
{!LANG-d1f6d2a96e96b3387694ebc9b7ef53c6!}
{!LANG-da189dff7cacd6a4f1e5f3ab655d8d93!}
9. DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY AND VOIDITY
9.1. Determination of bulk density
9.1.1. The essence of the method
{!LANG-cab917b3bf3c854b4bc8e3e5abba8b52!}
{!LANG-e4a0b876648d3f6ed6da6d6a6e27287c!}
{!LANG-59bb6cd461427fa5642b5f4c8f2fd266!}
{!LANG-3bc5ff387df823c5a6e71c7410745bb7!}
Drying cabinet.
{!LANG-8bb929ddf0c8ed3a20f8f3845878d30e!}
{!LANG-c844fcc5e9df5f092706783dfc6997ef!}
9.1.3. Preparing for the test
{!LANG-18d04417907a0731b47c2e532ede4f9f!}
{!LANG-73af79fa5848c03f077797268ffac736!}
9.1.4. Testing
{!LANG-23d8c27a0b19b916db7784dda3b4ddc5!}
{!LANG-0c3fedc999ca011a12e05e1b56bd45a0!}
{!LANG-b1d380190ec694f08199b86c4a812582!}
{!LANG-9a3f1db39885bce302ea2dc502e0d4a4!}
(18)
{!LANG-b5357dac44e189c90028fb1ccb981edf!}
{!LANG-370aca8682bfd8b7fe104e955dc23410!}
{!LANG-e0479e7bdcd664f6c7c4d06d4085d341!}
{!LANG-61c1a809cf1edd4335854a6ece365607!}
{!LANG-19c1eba317e0a481f4724d53950ea3e6!}
9.2. Definition of voidness
{!LANG-3b397cc12696b2cefb38d9687b0009a6!}
{!LANG-73754de3a8306733ce268cc5ad4feba7!}
(19)
{!LANG-22a757c2db5545e44e38c2284a623836!}
{!LANG-d67a25afc7a69909050423baa49291bc!}
10. DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE
{!LANG-97a61d31c4459e7ea7849e97e355dc96!}
{!LANG-de2863a7ec5d1e86e45af71970710194!}
{!LANG-55b7cea130e8bc30a0ff8c22c766b726!}
{!LANG-d63dc7b22be086ccc5adb69a6a695186!}
Drying cabinet.
Baking tray.
{!LANG-96b18ac4067383b6c7d0cdbbb0759058!}
{!LANG-2e58e43f439056eb0231a3961410014f!}
{!LANG-409b3efea044f2de813a5be60334cee4!}
{!LANG-025962d168935d12e19512f89491959e!}
(20)
{!LANG-d398890531dce68b5aa98e1d4615fe99!}
{!LANG-107bddc1a2ad12ccdf78695557bf036a!}
11. DETERMINATION OF REACTIVITY
{!LANG-6b80c646ef45fce23d3acf99ee246494!}
12. DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT OF SULPHATE AND SULFIDE COMPOUNDS
{!LANG-c580d1c1b34866e4e78d6ab4caa2be3c!}
{!LANG-c85adf1ba1de513ef9dcc8ddb4b788f4!}
12.2. Determination of total sulfur content
12.2.1. Weight method
{!LANG-c1dd48b1e6ed5dab68f6ed977a69b612!}
{!LANG-237e9a7c048ba7dc6a780080171d09da!}
{!LANG-c76e2e076736bb5477cec68e810af430!}
{!LANG-cb5ad7aed11384ef5be32762160c52ff!}
{!LANG-40e8ee16f3e131ed81ffa11baa89f197!}
{!LANG-89f0334405cf93f58c987596ac9a5608!}
{!LANG-b30a45a2d76942db450f2961a093fcdd!}
{!LANG-78a061fd8b228e2a187a0ad23a46b05e!}
Bath water.
{!LANG-9a2e1c9722efd0bdc70cbc1bf3925381!}
{!LANG-372eb0a027bf448b6c138e245887878b!}
{!LANG-55bb5a1a14f676d7e5ada681955915bc!}
{!LANG-ca7650f24f09b22f8b638d47b0566a70!}
{!LANG-b931f233ec1dc8a3b2e84090b07c5028!}
{!LANG-8a49851e0c73435e82d68f16b5c7c47b!}
{!LANG-f492aa5f1916e89ee8dbade3ba5fd482!}
{!LANG-db8f99464653ae84956ec9f5702c8858!}
{!LANG-e8d8af2305c821fa9303473fddae4fb4!}
{!LANG-80a70e087f0b3aee587b8d30c3bac945!}
{!LANG-51d3e6eaabb0b1e4d3a0e0bdef3f9bc5!}
{!LANG-b58092e23804bf8f60f6671052e670c0!}
{!LANG-afb43ec7f05704eb03725f914255dd52!}
{!LANG-c057485aa689a423d069ecbef9419efb!}
{!LANG-3cb5e5c74d52300a0ad967749db9eee3!}
{!LANG-91518be8df7db85526943267c671cbeb!}
{!LANG-075559502732a17cf391c1d7a8d0c428!}
{!LANG-821f8364deffa3c1538cf102730445bc!}
{!LANG-7fd9bb9c4ab31aa23a166a8207bd366b!}
(21)
{!LANG-cbb8fb77f8192bed6c01f6239d34f9ca!}
{!LANG-1475f4e035c6ca70ee8f2059dedc0310!}
{!LANG-f6954e12bf0498e3a1a6357085562be6!}
{!LANG-88d66a736ddbec415082e3314a5ac761!}
{!LANG-5b6894c13723130b459fdbb7eeaf1029!}
Table 4
|
Permissible discrepancy, abs. % |
|
|
St. 0.5 to 1.0 |
|
12.2.2. Iodometric titration method
{!LANG-f30987fed96a7601c71db3d8fe737131!}
{!LANG-7cc96db5d589a837999bcdd52a59938b!}
{!LANG-f2746f73b0dc8de5abd9e3575a8fa506!}
{!LANG-117e8fa04b633e9d82f013ae15e67f3a!}
{!LANG-67d22fb3c7ccf69c458df4821550abfa!}
{!LANG-304f17772c351fd1ea67e2b681eda4de!}
{!LANG-debc89223f3a050e639ce25e7b3ba14e!}
{!LANG-fa72ec10ef7b0ebb4e5aa92ee465bf1f!}
{!LANG-a03c950ec5975cc2af8d1e22c4e5f2cf!}
{!LANG-fa1b43f76689dc519387a9cde4aa15a0!}
{!LANG-0764cb0120dbe0b589f56cf1f62efd41!}
{!LANG-c7a562a18db560e71e0253ae8655075d!}
{!LANG-20b01841ae8d45594b08f9f69da89dcf!}
{!LANG-52262761a600eed32527feb978f4fbf5!}
{!LANG-65d13257c884e72740efbd7ed4d310e2!}
(22)
{!LANG-30f4af0386b7a43ce7aa0a521d24c642!}
{!LANG-e0fb230a63234ad1a3efdcffcff3fb9e!}
{!LANG-f61e583e86b6ff4017dc38b86011b4e1!}
{!LANG-d6d519e117aa99de742b2df2694bcd25!}
{!LANG-f93b3836d3c6cd9dd3d18d2db92e4abc!}
{!LANG-09b8cfc9c98dffe04d62090c96572a82!}
{!LANG-ea34cc1750141eaa181e89a70a27311c!}
{!LANG-f7ebfff6bd7f9ee57a8d7898b6d9609f!}
{!LANG-49881c9896a429d82348d205611a5270!}
{!LANG-500dd419a55861d20f445647ae2e900d!}
{!LANG-5d9ef54381bd92883a1cc792806d4bd0!}
(23)
{!LANG-b47e80861cbbe17ba6a5dd9d2e625999!}
{!LANG-cc87f0767f32326efcf02cfd6e927dcd!}
{!LANG-fc05746304a688ad929ec3f8a9218aec!}
{!LANG-1412804782770c823c0d3ca9c33a39d7!}
{!LANG-938132fd27a38d17c2fbc2694b31842b!}
{!LANG-fe5f1efa02bfd53b6d2ccc109c4d8c35!}
{!LANG-067416158d89f765ca57512879cb3941!}
{!LANG-2f74885703b0a26aae273f53ebef32de!}
{!LANG-dc37860a8eb6ebccc5e47f2c728a8db6!}
{!LANG-6a252e53d89280e43aca3eb2ecbbf86c!}
{!LANG-c43dda983d877ac4d4f06ed42dd8850f!}
{!LANG-2713d907556e65b0f26879ff03d1dc31!}
{!LANG-02b3d316bed78a742f564e0643ffb8dd!}
{!LANG-948b9009fc2cc7be334e29b76591f73a!}
{!LANG-978bd9978ae541fcf200b4b695db09d8!}
{!LANG-0693e58da7cf56c793bce5bf7931b3c0!}
{!LANG-9f767f92ca7e3622babe47ff8df8c7be!}
{!LANG-dd413e6dbb386cd1468e92448304f735!}
{!LANG-b106df74311b61ddb31743e22d023f6e!}
{!LANG-7cc799c2eecf32e2b6baad8a12f9bb63!}
{!LANG-46a02df0f8d6696268a2be1aeeb7685a!}
{!LANG-a7abf8c61d4762cc530eb4564a4eac92!}
{!LANG-c1a5d2977dd8fb23f0977e079cec60ae!}
{!LANG-be07fc88ec99184a9843a3e49c1d572d!}
{!LANG-5a1b331bbaee5ace26f43d18ad9a9c2d!}
(24)
{!LANG-7d428865a95d76b3517dbe72e0922ca3!}
{!LANG-788c76f3dbf071c2a67e82eaf41936db!}
{!LANG-1ba7cf231f114993151a0d3e857dae67!}
{!LANG-5f2e24a5f3a170abb0171a92c1479156!}
{!LANG-cff198e6da2f9b0afb719b6cb76f3dd9!}
{!LANG-248fe2b6feaa6c85b291a137f481f673!}
12.3. Determination of sulfate sulfur content
12.3.1. The essence of the method
{!LANG-42ea1e3b2a2160296d31eefe10a22eed!}
{!LANG-eff0ad2f57c6ea8c3bff9c73ed22f3ba!}
{!LANG-7e1e79b3aee7068811874007b3b8aa07!}
12.3.3. Preparing for the test
{!LANG-280b4c288ac807ac15557b323ac12105!}
12.3.4. Testing
{!LANG-ef3e02a2e81e95923fe8229eff06afb2!}
{!LANG-6c4dc6f28f29585fc26ac85247c5956e!}
{!LANG-964179d1cd848689b25f708078d0fc89!}
{!LANG-f6d49cc8d519487ffa17844c6cdefa27!}
{!LANG-74843ae7419bb6b83fb159334c698c3a!}
{!LANG-acfd51a47271f9853551ddeccefe77fa!}
12.3.5. Processing results
{!LANG-682e9d115d5de595cafd6dcb0ca597f7!}
12.4. Determination of sulfide sulfur content
(27)
{!LANG-37b5eb9018838ef9259ef7f8c927ff86!}
{!LANG-ee8e32d4f6e1131555a36a24ebfe812e!}
{!LANG-193b75463ac67cb600a2bdb0ce47b565!}
{!LANG-6d44d8d81274763705fc6b2941042d44!}
{!LANG-b20ac01d8caa4a6f5aa6ca73ff96c819!}
Freezer chamber.
Drying cabinet.
{!LANG-d63dc7b22be086ccc5adb69a6a695186!}
{!LANG-e6df257aba56557347180fb3c0a61305!}
Sample thaw vessel.
{!LANG-4ac61007e0af95eb2ee901d7daca3931!}
Trays.
{!LANG-ddb2982a7bdcc77cda403c88b89310b1!}
{!LANG-bc8297504249d2ff5c6c987ae6316316!}
{!LANG-d9cb85cdb9e9e1469068d91eedbc68da!}
{!LANG-ad9e1f60971318ab0134c93366f88905!}
{!LANG-0fa1ddcdbfb5c24f1bc2a8a30981d65a!}
{!LANG-7257e12f1f9fbd1e3c20164b575bcf5e!}
{!LANG-903f514758003020fee8cc5e8960d118!}
{!LANG-bd5f54f1e44c46b51f2e7d2211df789d!}
(28)
{!LANG-b00aedfa82f555b7d4ee58f13a8a730f!}
{!LANG-eb64a81dc8f99ce2731a35585a2d666a!}
{!LANG-38aa6a2db0b64d4016e6034ee6eb8256!}
{!LANG-c63745ac3a63844c935ba997eb06ba0e!}
{!LANG-fc14842506fe462452fd5a728a5f7354!}
{!LANG-cc5801706e8d2f7d71af1cb14b755ed9!}
{!LANG-028df4490b45cc1e1851046028f3faf0!}
|
Application area |
||||
|
Test name |
Quality control at the manufacturer |
{!LANG-5ee012337c36b517a49e4e1e93f7c5eb!} |
{!LANG-7ae0f2b38b1b4438c267e4376d8e423c!} |
|
|
acceptance |
periodic |
{!LANG-621e9c2a4d80b6dade8d59d68fd286c8!} |
{!LANG-8942f79631249e5b21df1648bf40bff9!} |
|
|
1. Determination of grain size composition and size modulus |
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2. Determination of clay content in lumps |
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3. Determination of the content of dust and clay particles |
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4. Determination of the presence of organic impurities |
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5. Determination of the mineralogical and petrographic composition |
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6. Determination of true density |
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7. Determination of bulk density and voidness |
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8. Determination of moisture |
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9. Determination of reactivity |
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10. Determination of the content of sulfate and sulfide compounds |
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11. Determination of frost resistance of sand from crushing screenings |
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{!LANG-549c2ff2119537ab14061dcd95473e12!}
{!LANG-00c2c1d770ee484d9eb7152e2536af56!}
{!LANG-afb898a75ed0d3c8832cfcd7d5f14cc8!}
{!LANG-c7b57c35a07ccc942cde216af00c6b33!}
{!LANG-7ac8518462cc19891b640ff84469e61c!}
{!LANG-6fb2e26285a398c162c7677debe654cf!}
{!LANG-e9398635ed2ef69fd26fdf9a103c8957!}
{!LANG-5426ac25a3cb67bd113c42be4ad3b4d5!}
{!LANG-fd19ec1a3e8d278986a141b0eb95a824!}
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Item number, sub-item |
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{!LANG-c70f85300ac41a18149fa36118413793!} |
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{!LANG-1679fd9440ed30e0faf0d5f4b88b1726!} |
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{!LANG-604b7b76fa645784b6ff0dd29ce71335!} |
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{!LANG-389b51a346ee4ea155391f2eea08d1c5!} |
8.1.2; 8.2.2; 12.2.1.2 |
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{!LANG-6b2245dd802706f6326d460ab1adb523!} |
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{!LANG-65dcc34096fdc3d8d43b6ec25210fd62!} |
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{!LANG-671ca331b485c75504706c5a63f3eac0!} |
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{!LANG-f886db85b8475861d2dbb578d769fd16!} |
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{!LANG-5e47456e870dfe587ab7527fbecb409c!} |
12.2.1.2; 12.3.2 |
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{!LANG-e47096d6376c5064553c76bbf5014ef3!} |
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{!LANG-6ffdfd3751c37bb338a7bbccbb8a382c!} |
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{!LANG-0b94894d71f41eabf89f5ba6117b6b87!} |
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{!LANG-b36c77d6572c692e6e3cdfe6fb0103c3!} |
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{!LANG-85961e8bffcf397d48097ec2038d2243!} |
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{!LANG-5ff3a20109ab4d10b338829cdccb5828!} |
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{!LANG-61d2754d9fdec3110f08e6b075f24eb2!} |
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{!LANG-db4683373fe52b48dedf55ad704e8d3d!} |
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{!LANG-b233aae12ced2cf96fdd29f785a0ddf0!} |
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{!LANG-83fcd19fc5fc45ba37ff34668d14881d!} |
1.6, 3.2, 4.2, 5.2.2, 7.2, 12.2.1.2, 13.2 |
|
{!LANG-affc1aecc2305573dcb9a914ae936e14!} |
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{!LANG-818e67cd429bbcf8a2ea0a2def819e4b!} |
2.3, 5.3.1, 5.4.1, 9.1.5, 11, 12.2.1.3 |
|
{!LANG-2648af722b0d390f003c6d50b0586fa7!} |
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{!LANG-792964802304f83d5221f8c3d65099c3!} |
5.2.2, 8.2.2, 12.2.1.2 |
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{!LANG-1a2de19dfb00c0c00ec43018131450de!} |
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{!LANG-1c18ff9e386ee8256e9cd4cb2f7f0810!} |
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{!LANG-123bb66c53aed8520a57b919c7429402!} |
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{!LANG-d81ac1ab5fef62a1fceed2618cb71e08!} |
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{!LANG-ea26f6b3e9efe581a05dc6c3425200dc!} |
3.2, 4.2, 5.1.2, 5.2.2, 6.2, 7.2, 8.1.2, 8.2.2, 9.1.2, 10.2, 13.2 |
|
{!LANG-71cd366ae3d24594f99d4d77762d70ba!} |
8.1.2, 8.2.2, 12.2.1.2 |
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{!LANG-1dc82da7fdd117496a43da6106a568d9!} |
|
|
{!LANG-dd01a3e8161cfb68ceb22956acf81a9b!} |
|
|
{!LANG-62d831f6abe9ebddfec2e2d802e13754!} |
3.2, 4.2, 5.1.2, 5.2.2, 6.2, 7.2, 8.1.2, 8.2.2, 9.1.2, 10.2, 13.2 |
|
{!LANG-e7c3ef86ddad40fd14b7738f23879b10!} |
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{!LANG-b4929f9e27555e79a41716f3e2331df3!} |
{!LANG-c8ab43af9e42377a5495c11928b089ff!}