Initially, the task of ergonomics was to explore the human activity and organize its workplace in such a way as to minimize fatigue, injuries, make it more comfortable and convenient. With the development of society, not only labor activity, but also at home of people became optimized. Today, ergonomics in the interior is the starting point for the formation of residential space.

Basics of ergonomics in the interior

Simply put, this discipline gives scientifically based answers to questions:

• What form and sizes should be furniture and other interior items,
• How and at what distance they need to be placed so that a person is convenient to deal with those or other activities (there is, sleep, cook, work).

The design of the project of the interior ergonomics is displayed mainly on the plan for the placement of furniture. In order to properly draw it up first, it is necessary to study and analyze the main detail and characteristics of the movement of all tenants. Understand who is that when and how loves to do. Based on this data, there is a calculation of the place parameters for the implementation of all these activities.

Here, such discipline as anthropometry can come to the rescipline. It is studying the size of the human body and its parts. Often, the averaged data is used for the design, but it is necessary to understand that not all people can enter into this framework, so if the growth or volume of person is significantly different from them, it is necessary to make individual measurements. In the images below are the basic parameters that need to be taken into account.

So we approached the specific application of knowledge from the field of ergonomics for interior design. Then the main parameters that should be taken into account when designing the dwelling. This list will help you not to strangle and correctly determine the necessary dimensions of certain objects + distances between them.

Minimum values:

• the width of the passage between furniture or wall and furniture - 70 cm;
• ceiling height 220 cm;
• stool depth 45 cm;
• stool height 40 cm;
• journal height 45 cm;
• 70 cm dining table height;
• the distance required for meals to one person should be width - 50 cm, in depth - 30 cm;
• the depth of cabinets and kitchen heads is 40 cm;
• the distance between the stove and washing 40, between the stove and the 45 cm window;
• the distance between the bathroom / sink / toilet - 30cm, in front of the bathroom / sink / toilet - 55cm;
• distance to cabinet furniture \u003d door width + 30cm;
• size of a bedroom for 1 person 70 x 190 cm;
• the width of the door between residential premises 80, between non-residential (for example, a corridor, bath, storage room) - 60 cm;
• the distance required for rest sitting to one person depth 48, width 50 cm;
• the distance between the sofas (armchairs) is rotated to each other - 110 cm;
• place for legs in the sitting position - 40 cm;

Maximum height of the staircase or podium -17 cm.

The height of the working surface in the kitchen depends on the growth of the hostess, for example, for a woman 158-160 cm, it should be 85 cm.

Of course, this list is not complete. Ergonomics in the interior of a rather scrupulous discipline and pay attention to all parameters and nuances in one post simply unreal. In order to thoroughly understand the question, you should read not one book and explore not one article.

The relationship between a person with a substantive world is not limited to simply by fossing the aesthetic advantages of objects. It is important that the items around us are not only beautiful and pretty looking aesthetically, but also comfortable, comfortable in the use corresponding to its physiological and anatomical features. Therefore, the design area today is closely intertwined with ergonomics - a complex-applied science, considering a person in these conditions of its activities and everyday life.

Ergonomics aims to ensure that there is good health in relations with the surrounding objects, our fatigue would be reduced, the mood has increased, labor efficiency or recreation. Today, ergonomics has become one of the meaningful components of industrial, subject and interior design.

The concept of ergonomics, purpose and origins

Ergonomics in the literal translation from Greek means "work law" ("Ergon" is a job, and Nomos is a law). Under this concept, they understand the whole area of \u200b\u200bknowledge, the person's investigation in a kind of system "Man - Equipment (Technique) - Environment" to achieve greater labor efficiency. Here, Ergonomic specialists learn issues such as human body movements in the work activity process, the definition of energy and performance in various conditions.

In a broader sense, ergonomics means a scientific direction, which explores a variety of objects, is a close contact with a person in his daily life, that is, both in the workplace and in everyday life. It is based on the scientific results of many disciplines and directions, including physiology, psychology, biomechanics, anthropometry, medicine, occupational health and sociology.

The concept of "ergonomics" appeared only in 1949 in the UK. In America, this area of \u200b\u200bknowledge was originally called the "study of human factors", and in Germany - "Anthropotechnics". But in reality, ergonomics, like the design, existed long before the XX century.

Back in primitive times, issues of convenience and ergonomics played an important role for a person. Primitive people tried to pick up a suitable stone under their hands, processed him and attached to him handle for consoles and security to use. Then this tool was used to mining food, hunting or protection. A person, in ancient times, tried to measure the objects created by him with their physiological possibilities, to make them not only aesthetically pleasant, but also as comfortable as possible. Archaeological excavations today provide us with the opportunity to admire how thoughtful labor tools created by primitive people were.

However, the present impetus to the development of ergonomics was given at the beginning of the 20th century, when problems related to the introduction of new equipment and technological solutions arose. Scientific and technological progress provoked an increase in injury in production, worsening the mood of workers and other problems that have ensured high staff turnover. Employees needed to adapt to the production technique and the workspace, which often disrupted their safety and high efficiency produce. Therefore, ergonomics issues began to enter the fore.

Ergonomics takes into account the convenience of working with the device

Ergonomic specialists began to design the entire work activity process in such a way that the performance of production tasks was as safe and convenient for a person. Thanks to the introduction of the ergonomic approach, industrial equipment of a new type with warning signals (signal lamps and sirens), convenient sizes of buttons, handles and levers, became designed.

Ergonomics is repelled from the fact that a person should easily find, quickly distinguish between each other a variety of items (technique) and work comfortably with them. In the 60s of the last century, ergonomics had already formed as a scientific field of knowledge - during these years, society and associations specializing in issues of ergonomics began to appear in various countries of the world.

By the beginning of the XXI century, three main directions were identified within this discipline:

• Ergonomics, considering the problems of human relationships with a physical environment. In this area, issues relating to anthropometric physiological characteristics of a person who are directly related to his daily life or physical work are studied.
• Cognitive ergonomics. This area is associated with the psychology of perception, in particular, as a visual or other perception affects decision-making, relations between man and other environmental objects.
• The direction of ergonomics, which studies the relationship of man, groups of people with equipment to ensure the best working conditions. Such organizational ergonomics also considers issues of providing links between individuals, their joint cooperation and management.

The main task of ergonomics as a scientific discipline was the development of a suitable form of objects, which would be truly comfortable and secure for a person in use. Ergonomics are designed to increase human labor efficiency by improving working conditions.

Gradually, the area of \u200b\u200bthe use of ergonomics has passed from labor activity in our ordinary daily life. Today, ergonomics in close interlacing with design is used in many areas. The main task of this scientific discipline was the development of a suitable form of objects, which would be truly comfortable and secure for a person in use. Ergonomics are designed to increase human labor efficiency by improving working conditions. Ergonomics issues are also taken into account by designers when designing household items and when interior design.

Ergonomics Questions in Design

Wherever the person is at work or at home, he always wants to use products that are characterized by convenience and security. Both design and ergonomics affect the pleasure of using one or another item, therefore it is not surprising that these two separate directions organically flow into each other. In various industries at the moment, professional designers cooperate with Ergonomic specialists who provide various data on the physiological and biomechanical characteristics of a person, participate in the development and testing of products.

Based on psychological, hygienic and other standards, the relevant requirements for new subjects or technique are being developed so that they are ultimately comfortable and comfortable in use. For example, a toothbrush bent in such a way that its brush takes to the rear surface of the teeth, a digital mirror camera, which is comfortable to keep in hand or production equipment, which provides a high level of security. Comfort, excellent functionality and attractive appearance - all these requirements for the created subjects can only be provided with a competent combination of ergonomics and design.

One of the basic concepts that ergonomics operates are anatomical features of a person. Anatomical factors are widely used in design. The designer's task is to ensure the adaptation of the products being created to a particular person so that the latter is convenient and comfortably use them.

In particular, when designing a conventional chair, designers consider the question of how the curved back should be placed highly from the seating so that the person's back can be comfortable to rely on it. For a response to this important question, experts turn to ergonomics, in which there has been such a concept as a line of Aerbloma. This average value defining in which place our spine has the corresponding bending in the lumbar separation (approximately 23 cm). Support the spine must be foreseen at this distance from the seat of the stool.

It should be noted that special flat mannequins are often used in ergonomics, which reproduce the proportions of the human body. Based on these data, designers subsequently design a new product, or make up the workspace that would suit most people in ergonomic parameters. Plus, of course, computer analysis and various modern software capabilities are applied, as well as fairly simple tools such as control surveys or leaves, through which data is collected on what is somehow connected with various factors in the daily or labor activities of a person, including Comfort and security.

The use of ergonomic principles in the design was greatly distributed in the design of furniture, in the design of interiors of residential, office and industrial premises. Ergonomics considers all issues related to the components of the working space or residential area, starting from the usual computer mouse and ending with a suitable temperature regime. In the room decorated according to the laws of ergonomics, the person acts almost intuitively - he can easily find a switch on the wall, the color solution of the interiors and the lighting create the desired mood, inspiring or, on the contrary, soothing.

For example, when developing furniture design and creating space for recreation area, designers are repelled from the human anthropometry, which is sitting in a relaxed, calm pose. It is necessarily taken into account and the level of inclination of the seating in order to provide the convenience of getting up from the chair or chairs. In a variety of recreation areas, angular sofas are often installed, and the rules of ergonomics require the designer of this location of furniture so that the person sitting on such a sofa could freely arrange his legs and at the same time do not interfere with the people around.

In residential premises associated with sleep, in particular in the bedroom, the furniture is chosen and placed on the basis of the sizes of the sleeping person. Here, ergonomics factors prohibit the placement of the sofa with its extended side along the outer wall of the room or the head of the sofa in a slightly punctured space.

Particular attention is paid to issues of ergonomics when organizing and designing space for work. Interior designers have to be repelled from the anatomical features of a person who sits behind its desktop. For example, when designing a zone for a working computer, ergonomics emphasizes attention, first of all, at the length of the leg of a person, since it is precisely it indicates the optimal height of his chair or chair. The ergonomics of the working area provides that the height, the area and the slope of the desktop are determined by the type of work performed by the employee.

All the objects needed in labor activity, according to the rules of ergonomics, are placed at an affordable distance from the table so that the person can use them freely without resorting to unnecessary efforts. Ergonomics also requires increased attention designer to the organization of lighting. The lighting should not be intense and too bright in order not to blind or excessively annoying a person's eyes. It should contribute to comfortable work and the positive mood of man.

So, ergonomics currently plays a significant role in industrial and subject design, when creating household products and design of office equipment, as well as when designing interiors and layout of premises. This discipline, which, to one degree or another affects all issues relating to the area of \u200b\u200bthe professional designer.

Ergonomics is an area of \u200b\u200bknowledge that comprehensively examines human labor activities in the system "Man - Technique - Wednesday" system in order to ensure efficiency, security and comfort of work. Ergonomics - Science of systems. It includes such concepts as anthropometry, biomechanics, labor hygiene, labor physiology, technical aesthetics, labor psychology, engineering psychology. This is a branch of science, which studies the movement of the human body during operation, energy costs and productivity of the human labor. Application area

ergonomics are quite wide: it covers the organization of jobs, both production and household, as well as industrial design. Ergonomics - Scientific and applied discipline engaged in the study and creation of effective systems managed by man. Ergonomics studies human movement in the process of production activities, costs of its energy, performance and intensity in specific types of work. Ergonomics is divided into mini-mangonomics, mussel and macroeergonics. The basis of ergonomics was a few disciplines from anatomy to psychology, and its main task is to create

such working conditions for a person who would contribute to the preservation of health, an increase in labor efficiency, a decrease in fatigue, and just maintaining good mood throughout the day. The emergence of ergonomics contributed to the problems associated with the implementation and operation of new equipment and technologies in the twentieth century, namely the growth of injuries in production, personnel turnover, etc., since scientific and technological progress began to gain momentum, and it required a new unification of sciences With the active involvement of psychology, hygiene and much more.

Purpose Ergonomics It is the study of the patterns of labor processes, the role of human factors in labor activity and improving the efficiency of production under the observance of labor safety conditions. E. includes the study of conflict situations, stress in the workplace, fatigue and load, taking into account the individual characteristics of the employee. Pay attention to the process of selection, training and retraining of specialists. The creation of an information base, communications, the design of the workplace is directly reflected in the production process and relationships. The development of uniform standards and labor criteria for each profession in such conditions is important for safety, minimizing emergency situations and optimization of working conditions.

Topic 37. Anthropometric requirements in ergonomics

Anthropometry - A branch of science engaged in the measurement of the human body and its parts. The shape and functional dimensions of the entire subject medium, its volume-spatial structures are inextricably linked with the size and proportions of the human body throughout the history of civilization. The ancient peoples and peoples of the whole of Europe up to the XIX century used systems based on the parameters of the human body (elbow, foot, feet, etc.). Builders, architects built buildings, in which not only the relationships of parts were consistent with the proportions of a person, but also the absolute dimensions of the buildings themselves were sustablished to people. Artists and sculptors to get simple tools to reproduce the figure without addressing nature, and also seeking to create a harmonious image of a person, offered and used proportions systems - canons.

In the canon of the polyclet, the sculptor of ancient Greece, the width of the palm and the head was 1 \\ 8 of the body length, and face 1 \\ 10, etc. Canon Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - a figure with raised and diluted hands and spreads his feet into a circle, the center of which is a navel. Architect Corbusier (1887-1965) patented the propocation system called "Module". It is a line of linear dimensions that respond to three requirements: are in certain proportional relations with each other, allowing harmonizing the structure and its details; directly correlated with the size of the human body, thereby ensuring the human scale of the architecture; Specified in the metric system of measures and therefore meet the tasks of unification of construction products. In modern practice prefer to use anthropometric characteristics man. Distinguish classic and anthropometric Ergonomic signs. The first are used in the study of the proportions of the body, age morphology, for comparing the morphological characteristics of various groups of the population, and the second - in the design of products and the organization of labor. Ergonomic anthropometric signs are divided into static and dynamic. Static signs Defined with the constant position of the person. They include the dimensions of individual parts of the body and the overall (greatest) dimensions in different positions and human poses. These sizes are used in the design of products, determining the minimum passages, etc. Dynamic anthropometric signs - These are the dimensions measured when moving the body in space. They are characterized by angular and linear movements (rotation angles in the joints, the angle of the head of the head, linear measurements of the length of the hand when it is moving upwards, and so on.). These signs are used in determining the angle of rotation of the handles, pedals, determining the visibility zone, etc. Numerical values \u200b\u200bof anthropometric data are most often presented in the form of tables. The basis of the general rules for using anthropometric data when calculating the parameters of jobs and production equipment is based on percenter. Percente - A hundredsteid share of the measured set of people, which corresponds to a certain value of the anthropometric sign.

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Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts

Department of Graphic Design

Essay by discipline Basics of design methodology

Prepared: ST. GD (s) -12 Yudina O. S.

Checked: Ganotskaya Olga Vasilyevna

Kharkov 2014.

1. Ergonomics in design. Analysis of design object

The main structural elements of ergonomics are theory, methodology and scientific knowledge of the subject. Along with these elements that form the general scientific fundamentals of ergonomics as a science, an important link of its practical functioning and development is a block of operational means and methods of ergonomic research, which determines the specifics of ergonomics as an applied scientific discipline. The purpose of ergonomics is to improve the efficiency and quality of human activity in the system "Man - Machine - an object of activity - environment" (abbreviated "Man - Machine - Wednesday") while maintaining human health and the creation of prerequisites for the development of his personality. Man operator - Anyone managing the car: Airport Manager, Drainage Machine, Housewife at the slab or with a vacuum cleaner, etc. - For ergonomist, they are all operators. Ergonomics and its methods Recently, all wider are used when designing not only technical devices, but also architectural objects, interiors, elements of their equipment. Therefore, it seems appropriate in this case instead of the concept of "machine" ** to use more generalized concepts "product", "subject", and instead of the term "operator" apply the designations suitable for this action - "consumer", "viewer", etc. P.

For its comparative analysis, I took such a thing as a chair.

From the point of view of the most ergonomic object, a model of an office chair made of genuine leather with soft seats, with armrests, seating height regulators, equipped with wires for movement, convenient back with a bend in the form of a spine In this model, the object design was designed in synthesis with ergonomics.

For comparison, I chose a chair in my opinion with minimally ergonomic properties in the form of a female body. With a solid non-regulated seat, without armrests, with a backless of a functional action, a stool of plastic is performed.

Conclusion: In the first case, ergonomic properties contribute to improving the quality of use, in the second example, the chair is more as an object of aesthetics, rather than the object of comfortable furniture, which reduces its immediate purpose to the minimum level of use. What we can conclude that ergonomics is one of the most important components in the design of the object design.

2. Standard and aesthetics in design. Golden cross section

A person distinguishes the surrounding items in shape. Interest in the form of a subject can be dictated by the vital necessity, and may be caused by the beauty of the form. The form, based on the construction of which is a combination of symmetry and the golden section, contributes to the best visual perception and the appearance of the feeling of beauty and harmony. The integer always consists of parts, part of different values \u200b\u200bare in a certain respect to each other and to the whole. The principle of the golden section is the highest manifestation of the structural and functional perfection of the whole and its parts in art, science, technology and nature. Even in the era of the Renaissance, the artists discovered that any picture has certain points involuntarily causing our attention, the so-called visual centers.

For your analysis, I chose a drawing from the Internet of an unknown artist who came to taste to me. The figure shows the girl surrounded by men with the heads of the Zaitsev. It seems to me that this is an illustration for the work of "Alice in Wonderland."

One of the composite centers is located on the coming hands of a girl and a rabbit man. The picture is generally built on the diagonals and perspective. The lines passing through the picture are added to it the dimension so for example D1 is the diagonal of the pattern, d2, d3 and d4 are parallel to it lines that subjugate the movement of the composition as a whole

A sample of industrial design I chose a carriage in the style of Sigway (Ascanio Afan de Rivera).

The ratio of stroller elements is chosen? And 1/3 of the principles of the golden section, I did not find here, but the model came to taste, concisely, bright, without frills.

Conclusion: The golden section has a huge role in the work of artists and designers. Even if we cannot recognize it, I think it is still present. Creating the integrity and completion of work, the creation of a certain meaning and the composite center is what the golden section gives.

3. Using Bionics in Design

Applying biological principles in graphical activities, the designer artist is trying to open a special aesthetic type of patterns in a natural analogue. The specific feature of the modern stage of the development of wildlife forms in the subject matter is that it is now being mastered not just formal aspects of wildlife, but are established deep links between the laws of the development of wildlife and the objective world. At the present stage, designers use no external forms of wildlife, but only those properties and characteristics of the form, which are an expression of a function of a body, similar to functional and utilitarian sides of the graphic form. From the function to form and to the laws of formation - such is the main path of the design bionics. Use in the design of laws and forms of wildlife is quite legitimate. The evolution of living organisms and graphic images is based on the same principles determined by the interaction of forms and functions. Living nature tends in the process of its development to strive for all the energy savings, building material and time. The law of a minimum of wildlife is due to the organic feasibility of existence. All this led to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe possibility of using the patterns of the formation of living structures in a constructive plan, and not for the purpose of only some formal searches.

Three years ago, Mercedes Benz Corporation developed a bionic vehicle copied from a tropical body body. Despite its suitcase shape, the machine has an extremely low air resistance.

Today, Bionics is no longer swapped on trifles. This established science that benefits from increasingly fast computers and expanding microtechnology capabilities: now scientists can explore even the smallest structures of the plant and animal world.

4. Design abroad

Development of design in Germany.

The ideas of Gottfried Embrene, which in his software works "Science, Industry and Art" and "Practical aesthetics" criticizes the industrial civilization in its program works "Science, Industry and Art" and "Practical Aesthetic": "We have artists, but there is actually no modern art ..."

For 20 years after the unification of Germany in 1870, the German industry had no time nor the need to pay attention to such criticism. Numerous critics believed that improving the design both in the craft and industry would be positively affected by the future of the country's prosperity. Germany, which did not have cheap sources of raw materials and not possessing sales markets for inexpensive items, could fight for a place under the sun, only delivering products of exceptionally high quality. This thought was developed by Friedrich Nauman in his essay "Art in the era of cars." In contrast to Luddizmu William Morris, he argued that only people with artistic taste can achieve this quality, but engineering oriented. Industrialization and German nationalism encouraged the revival of the "original German culture".

Development of design in Italy.

It was in Italy that a design with art was particularly strongly manifested. Unlike German and American design, Italian design is formed within the framework of the old traditions of culture and economy, whose free experimentation led to the dynamic and individual forms. "If other countries have the theory of design, then Italy is philosophy, even design ideology," said Umberto Eco. The philosophy is the very style of the life of Italians, their ability to be the best conductors between the past and the future. Therefore, the Italian style is so attractive and is in harmony over time: in each Italian master there is an internal, classic beauty module. This is a sense of beauty, color and shapes manifest everywhere. After World War II in Europe, Italy, the economy of which is experiencing rapid development is put forward to the fore in the field of design. Italy, nothing special in the field of design before the war, not distinguished, becomes how it was already mentioned earlier, the design is a nation. The wholeness of Italian design is "the joy of experiment" - is related to plastics that appeared from the mid-60s. and offered new, almost limitless features of formation. Italy became the leader of new undertakings in design. This dominant position was especially manifested at the 1972 exhibition "Italy. New internal space ", held at the Museum of Contemporary Art in New York. The paradox of Italian design, according to the designer and architect Andrea Branci, is that it exists in spite of the conditions. There is no School of Italian Design, there is no museum design, futurism as a formal-composite basis for international style was born prematurely, many designers are professionally in the intermediate zone between architecture and spontaneous creativity, work often perform talented self-taught. The role of the school, the audience, collective judge and the design museum play design exhibitions and numerous magazines: "Domus", "Abittar", "Interny", "Modo", etc. The leading role in the birth of the visual language of the postmodern in design belonged to Italian avant-garde design of 1970 1980s. The group "Alchemy" originated in 1979. Her leader is Alessandro Mendini. The first software objects are painted things. Mendini's idea - to oppose the massive technical culture of things to hand-made, artistic intervention, having received something like art-disa. Ettore Sottsass organizes the Memphis group as a kind of counterweight. He said that the main task of the group was not so much the shock and the development of some original design artistic language, how many experiments with new materials and technologies: polyester resins and laminates, polyurethane foam and films with an ornament printed by a printing manner. However, this group influenced precisely by its style, artistic, compositional innovations. Radical Designer Group "Strum" (Brent) founded in 1963 in Turin Georgio Geretti, Petro Derosi (Carla Giammarco), Riccardo Rossi (Riccardo Rosso), Maurizio Vogliazzo (Maurizio Vogliazzo). One of the most famous works of the group is exotic "furniture" for seating and lying from polyurethane "Pratone" (large meadow, 1966-70). In the 60-70s. The group showed exceptional activity in the promotion of radical design in Italy, speaking at various seminars, as well as the public essay on the theory of design. For the design of the Global Tools design school in 1973, members of various groups of radical design were united around the magazine "Casaballa", whose director Was Allesandro Mendini. All this eventually led to the organization in Florence in 1974 "Global Tools" - schools of radical design and architecture. Its purpose was to develop a study of non-industrial production methods, promotion of individual creativity. Global Tools has opened several workshops developing an approach in the design "DIY" and studying the potential applied characteristics of technical materials. "Global Tools" tried on the basis of creativity to combine ordinary people and professional designers into a single design process. In 1975, the School of Radical Architecture and Design was dissolved and debates of radical design quickly lost their incentive. During its activities, "Global Tools" was a central forum of radical design and his dissolution became the end of the first phase of this movement in Italy. By the mid-1970s, radical design survived the peak of his heyday, the hopes for social changes through the design and architecture were not justified. But this is the course of the path to the appearance of new pop-design leaders, "Alchemy" and "Memphis", effectively and comprehensively updated Italian design. Doubted the canons established in the design, the leaders of the radical design laid the theoretical foundations to the stylistic direction "post-modernism", which originated in the late 70s, and got flourishing in the 80s. gg

Development of design in France.

France had sustainable traditions in the development of ideas of artistic design. Here in the 1920s. School Le Corbusier, who called on the creation of the architecture and design of the harmonious objective environment, to the integrated revision of the world of things around the world. However, only traditions are alone for the successful design of design, there are still quite strong economic incentives.

Until the 1950s. There were almost no professional designers in the country. In 1952, at the initiative of Vieeno, the Institute of Technical Aesthetics, conceived as a public organization, designed to unite the efforts of representatives of various circles aimed at developing and promoting design.

The design in France in the postwar years did not acquire such a scope, as in other major European countries and the United States, but a number of the largest French associations and firms - Er France, Aluminum France and others - paid a lot of attention to the development of design. It was obvious to them that the use of designer services in production is one of the main sources of increasing the cost-effectiveness and profitability of the enterprise. Christian Dior (Christian Dior, 1905-1957) Outstanding French Couturier, the creator of "New Look" ("The New Look") in the fashion of the post-war period, the founder of the company "Dior".

Development of design in England.

The design of the design passed under the sign of increasing the competitiveness of English goods. In 1944, with the aim of "to promote all possible tools to increase the artistic design level of products produced by the UK industry," the design council was created - the official organization enjoying the state subsidy. The Council began broad propaganda simultaneously in two directions: among the industrialists, convincing them to attract designers to create new products, and among wholesale and retail customers, putting them high demands for the quality of industrial goods.

Since 1949, the Council publishes the magazine "Design". With the design of the design, the design center was created - a constantly periodically updated exhibition of the best designer products. The center also has a card file of English designers, which provides the necessary information to customers who wish to take advantage of their services. In 1957, the design center premiums were established, which were assigned annually with 20 best products of industrial design. Douglas Scott (Douglas Scott, 1913-1990) First Professional Industrial Designer of Great Britain. Spouses Robin and Lucien Day in the 50s - leading designers of Great Britain. Thanks to his youth, talent and optimism, they became a symbol of post-war times, glorifying the UK all over the world. Ernst Flight (Ernest Race, 1913-1964) played an outstanding role in the formation after World War II modern furniture design in the UK. The flight works became the basis for the subsequent appearance of the concept of "Contemporary Style" (modern style) for light organic furniture, different from the exhaustable pre-war modernism. It was a democratic style of modern high quality products available to a wide circle of consumers. Ernst Flight (Ernest Race, 1913-1964) played an outstanding role in the formation after World War II modern furniture design in the UK. The flight works became the basis for the subsequent appearance of the concept of "Contemporary Style" (modern style) for light organic furniture, different from the exhaustable pre-war modernism. It was a democratic style of modern high quality products available to a wide circle of consumers.

Design development in the United States.

Development of a wide massive market program, the industry alliance with artists who have become the first designers did not lead at the beginning of the 20th century in the United States to the emergence of design as a mass phenomenon. The design boom occurs only at the end of the 20s under the influence of the overproduction crisis, which caused the process of monopolizing the economy, the development of industry. In such a situation in the US, the first major center of modern design is developing. Thus, it can be stated that a specialist was formed by this time, whose activities were aimed at creating a subject world surrounding a person, i.e. designer. So an American industrial design arises, which is a universal development model "Design for all". Meanwhile, the initial period of American design does not have theoretical justification, but the questions of beauty and shape, their ratio in the product of industry, worried about scientists, among them: Horatio Gryno, John Griffiths, Walt Whitman, Frank Lloyd Wright, Arthur Plunos, etc.

Development of design in Japan.

Japanese Formation School One of the few in the world has a kind of recognizable aesthetics and organic compound of the national tradition with world achievements. In the process of development, Japanese design as a type of design and artistic activity has largely repeated the same stages of formation as the leading design nation, it can be said that over the past twenty years, Japan has become a kind of designer. It is difficult to name a major European or American designer who would not visit this country to study its design, distinguishing an exceptionally high aesthetic level and organic compound of national traditions with world achievements. Japanese design successes are often explained by the centuries-old culture of artistic craft and life, the aesthetic refinement and the harmonicity of which has always amazed foreign connoisseurs. Indeed, in the formation of the objective world, the Japanese since ancient times adhered to the concept, the basis of which is functionality, laconicism and purity of forms. Design, as project activities, in Japan originated and received initial development in the framework of traditional handicraft culture using advanced Western techniques and technologies. Close relationship with traditions seems to be an important feature, since, unlike the European, Japanese design at the first stage of formation, did not know the gap between the aesthetics of the object made by an industrial and craft product. This also contributed to the attitude to the world of things, not separating objects on purely utilitarian and works of art. The same aesthetic principles were characteristic of both aristocratic arts and various types of applied creativity. Practicality, utilitarian beauty of objects, symbolism, misfortune in expressive means, simplicity of composition, conciseness and natural forms. In 1901, an industrial design department opens in the Tokyo Saxle Polytechnic School. It is in its walls in 20-30s, ideas and methods of European design schools are actively being studied: the legacy of Röuskin and Morris, the pedagogical ideas of Ytten, Mokhoy-Nadia. The conductor of the theoretical ideas of Bauhaus and Russian constructivism in Japan was the private institute of the new architecture of industrial art, open Renshichiro Kavakita in the early 1930s. An important role in the development of the design was also played by the Institute of Industrial Art under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, established in 1932 as agency for the introduction of new technologies and products into mass production.

1898-1945 In the history of Japanese design, it is possible to characterize as the initial period of its formation. The main feature of the design as design and artistic activities in Japan was that he was born in the depths of a handicraft culture, without losing a genetic connection with traditions.

The design of the design in Japan proceeded in the complex process of interaction and collision of all sorts of creative concepts, economic, organizational and stylistic forms - both portable from Europe and America and their arising from the centuries of renewed cultural customs, aesthetic ideas and artistic forms. This concept of design that makes focus on gummanization is not technique as such, but the environment, it is created, on the design that comes out of technology to a person, but from a person to technology, much in common with those features of material and artistic culture, which traditionally developed the Japanese . In this culture, there was never a division into material and spiritual arts of art, the world has always appeared plastically holistic. Traditional Japanese architecture, garden-park art, painting, handicraft items have always been a means of organizing the objective environment of a person, and it was carried out with the enviable perfection, which now seems to be truly perfect.

Conclusion: The development of design in the world passed in general terms equally, given the various mentality of peoples with amendments to economic instability and political games. Each countries still passed its way of becoming design. Reached a certain level and chose its direction.

5. Iero Aarnio (Eero Aarnio)

"When I start working on a design for a new brand, I must have a feeling that everything is possible, and so it will be if I have a good vocational training. As a designer, I'm closer to artists, sculptors, but in my area it is impossible to be an artist, without also a technician. "

Great innovator in the use of plastics in industrial design. Since the 1960s, his bright, cozy and ironic works became a symbol of the pop culture era. Many of his works can now be seen in prestigious collections, such as Victoria and Albert Museum in London, Moma in New York, Vitra Design Museum.

Oero Aarnio was born in 1932 in Helsinki, he studied at the Institute of Applied Arts (1954-1957). In 1962, he opens his studio and works on the interiors and industrial facilities, as well as as a photographer and designer schedule.

The absorbed idea of \u200b\u200bcreating new furniture, Aarnio designs its most famous chair Ball (Globe, Ball, 1963-1965) already in 1963. In production it was released 2 years later. The material (fibrosecol) and the shape of the chair were perfect innovation for the furniture industry of that time.

Ball chair is a "room inside the room" with a cozy and relaxed atmosphere, protected from external sounds and gives the possibility of solitude for recreation or telephone conversation. Rounding around his axis, the chair gives the opportunity to a person inside, to see the surrounding space and thereby not feel completely isolated from the outside world.

According to Eero Aarnio himself, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a chair was obvious. "We didn't have a big chair in the house, so I decided to create it, but so that it was absolutely innovative." Making a few sketches, Arnio decided on the shape, the size of the chair was determined by the high growth of the designer. "... It was necessary only to remember that it should pass in the doorway."

The first model of the chair, which Eero Aarnio made himself, is still in his own home. It was this chair that two young managers from Asko were seen in the designer's house. It took another 2 years to release a chair into production.

In 1966, Ball was presented at the furniture exhibition in Cologne. The chair became a sensation of the exhibition, Arnio brought Aarnio world fame and gave the launch of a whole series created by Arnio from Fibrosekla, which remained one of the most favorite designer materials. The series includes Pastil Chair (1967-1968), for which he received in 1968 a prize of American industrial designers, and a Bubble armchair (1968). These bold, broken furniture objects reflect the design spirit of the 60s.

About the chair Bubble Iero Aarnio says: "After the creation of Ball, I wanted to penetrate the light on all sides." The transparent ball was created from acrylic resin, which heated and inflated as a soap bubble.

Pastil Chair (1968) and Tomato Chair (1971) confirmed designer's reputation as a master to invent new forms, unusual in appearance, but extremely comfortable for the human body. About the chairs Ball and Pastile "New York Times" wrote: "This is the most convenient form to keep the human body." The use of Pastil Chair and Tomato Chair is very diverse: seats can be used in the house, on the street, in winter and summer. But the most pleasant thing is on a hot day to scold in them on the water stroit.

Many Aarnio models suggest a variety of use. So for many years, the designer did not give the idea of \u200b\u200bthe chair, which could be used for conferences, and for the house (in the same spirit as its large glass fiber chairs). Many drawings were done, many materials were tricious, but none of them satisfy the aesthetic, and the technical needs of the designer. Having created the Parabel table "Dining version" in 2002, he finally came up with an addition to it so-called "Focus Chair", which would satisfy its requirements.

The Focus armchair is made on the basis of a metal construction, which is covered with special foam and upholstered cloth "Tonus 2000" of various colors. The dimensions are 25.5 x 26 x 32.25. Ergonomic design and comfortable seat is just as natural for Aarnio as an outstanding form.

The naturalness of the form, comfort, brightness and ironic overtones of Aarnio projects could not but appreciate the children. Moreover, some objects of furniture designer gave a view of toys. So it was with PONY projects (1973) and Tipi (2002). Although these objects look like big toys and like children, they are also convenient for both adults. "The chair is a chair ... But then what is sitting, it does not have to be a stool. It can be something else, the main thing is that it is correct from the point of view of ergonomics. The seat can be even a small and soft pony, on which you can sit down or sit down. "

In 2005, Aarnio created children's furniture items for the MEE TOO project of the Italian company Magis: Puppy plastic dog and children's chair Trioli.

Like other Aarnio projects, its children's objects are characterized by functionality, versatile use, colorfulness and gaming subtext. As if the child turned the trioli chair, he will be able to sit on it (at the same time the level of seat location will be different each time), the chair can be used as a rocking chair and carry, holding the handle. At the Furniture Exhibition held in Germany, the furniture exhibition IMM Cologne 2006 Trioli among other 18 projects was awarded the Interior Innovation Award Cologne award.

All projects of Jero Aarnio are permeated by international spirit and individuality at the same time. At the same time, they meet the Scandinavian idea of \u200b\u200bthe quality and strength of the product.

In November 2007, Oero Aarnio was awarded the title of professor.

In 2008, Jero Aarnio received a prestigious Prize in the field of industrial design - Compasso D "Oro Award for the model Trioli chair developed for Magis.

Conclusion: I like the work of this designer, as they inspire to create something new of something previously used. Aarnio is an example to imitate many young designers, and not only in the final result of its work, but in the way of achieving the goal, its courage and innovation are mixed with a sense of self-satisfaction from the result of which the years may take years.

ergonomics design graphic aesthetics

Keinu Rocking Chair.

6. Design in Ukraine

The design system and ergonomics, which existed in Ukraine to independence, was an integral component of the design-ergonomic provision of the needs of industry and the socio-cultural sphere of the previous USSR. In early 90s, she ceased to exist, the volume of designer and ergonomic developments in connection with the decline in production declined sharply.

The problem of efficient use of design and ergonomics began to be resolved in Ukraine only in recent years. This is evidenced by a number of decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on this issue and developed on their implementation of the national research institute in conjunction with the Union of Designers of Ukraine, the All-Ukrainian Ergonomic Association.

Design and ergonomics system, which is formed and acts at this time, consists of:

Professional structures, which include the design council with KMU (coordinating body), the main organization from the design and ergonomics (working body of the Council), the Technical Committee for the Standardization Taeronomy (TK 121), regional and industry design centers, design-eragonomic subsections at enterprises and organizations, special educational institutions, union of designers of Ukraine, the All-Ukrainian Ergonomic Association;

Consumers of the design of design-enngonomous activities (organizations and enterprises that carry out an order for design design to create their products, structures of different forms of ownership, which sell products created for design projects, organizations that monitor the qualities of this product).

Objective factors that determine the need for design development in Ukraine are:

The formation of market relations in Ukraine and, as a result, a sharp increase in imported, often poor-quality products in the domestic market;

Announced by the government as the nearest goal of the "permanent increase of economics", which should lead to a significant increase in the production of industrial complex products appointed both for export and for the domestic market;

The direction to the European integration of Ukraine associated with the solution to the problems of increasing the carelessness and the qualities of goods and the human activity environment, the creation of a single "regulatory field" in these areas;

Globalization of the global economy and related to the "humanization" requirements of a person's vital activity, increasing the competitiveness of commercial products.

Marked factors determine the need to solve such tasks:

Improving the efficiency of the functioning of the national system of design and ergonomics, adequate to the projected economic growth of Ukraine, the requirements of the European integration and humanization of the human activity environment, with the priority development of industrial design and the corresponding increase in the qualities of training professionals;

Development as a state-owned design sector, which should carry out mainly coordinating, scientific and methodological, regulatory and expert functions, design design of large-scale integrated, systemic and unique objects and design organizations of non-state ownership aimed at solving operational applied tasks design -Engonomic support of the economic complex of Ukraine;

State stimulation of design development (primarily industrial).

The marked problems are provided to decide on the basis of:

State coordination of organizational, legal and economic issues of design development;

Conducting consistent protectionist policies in the design industry by state structures;

Comprehensive implementation of a system of measures for the development of national designs from priorities defined in the concept of priorities, according to a state program developed on its basis.

The concept has been developed as open, with the possibility of a subsequent definition of additional tasks, not limited to its approval, and provides for the implementation of a system for developing design measures.

Today it became apparent that the economic development of our state, an increase in the welfare and spirituality of the population is impossible without raising the production of industrial designers of specialists, providing them with a priority role at all its stages: design, expertise, sales forecasting and lack of research that systematically cover the aforementioned problems It is a factor that argues the relevance of the problem of design education in Ukraine.

The reorganization of the education system in Ukraine, when educational institutions have been granted the right to open some or other specialties, led to the fact that only over the past five years has been formed more than 30 design faculties and branches in both state and non-state educational institutions 1-4 accreditation levels. A significant number of such subsections does not have adequate experience, a qualified teaching staff, nor methodological support. Even in educational institutions that have accumulated considerable experience in the preparation of designers, today there are problems that need scientific solutions. Analysis of the situation, which has developed in design education, detects a second group of factors regarding the relevance of issues.

In recent years, the national economy of Ukraine becomes a more notable tendency to overcome crisis phenomena. Industrial production is reborn. Accordingly, the need for designer design and design organizations is growing, the number of domestic goods in the international market increases. Therefore, the special problem is the program issues of the development of domestic design.

Conclusion: The basis of the modern model of a specialist is the principle of forming a new type of designer-wagon.

Posted on Allbest.ru.

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The concept of ergonomics

Ergonomics in Interior Design

Ergonomics in the placement of furniture

· Parishion

· Bathroom and bathroom

· Kitchen and kitchen-dining room

· Living room

· Bedroom

· Children's

The concept of ergonomics

Each of us is individual and has personal addictions and requirements for the surrounding subjects. Some are docked on such characteristics as quality and functionality, others choose the environment at the cost of its components, and for the rest of the main thing - style and originality. But there are certain abilities among things that many prefer not to suspect. After all, each person wants to feel comfortable, experience both physical and spiritual convenience. It is known that such feelings can provide its own home that is able to hide from the city bustle and protect against the aggression of the modern world.

Ergonomics is a science that studies various items in direct contact with a person in the process of its livelihoods. Its main task is to develop a form and optimal location of items that would be as comfortable as possible for a person when using them.

The basis of ergonomics was based on many disciplines from anatomy to psychology, and its main task is to create such conditions for a person who would contribute to the preservation of health, an increase in labor efficiency, reduce fatigue, and just maintaining good mood during the course of the day.

Many believe that the area of \u200b\u200bstudy of ergonomics is only furniture, but it is not. Ergonomics studies all components of the workplace and recreation areas from a computer mouse to a temperature mode, and attempts to set the optimal parameters for each of these components.

That is why one of the important components of the design project of your premises should be a scaled plan for the placement of furniture, taking into account all the laws of ergonomics. After all, it is very important to skillfully made design, with perfect color and textured combinations, was completely suitable for a comfortable and healthy existence.

The convenience of human life and activity is the main direction of ergonomics. It is an applied science that arose as a result of the generalization of many scientific disciplines.

This science has quite large-scale distribution. Even some companies and small manufacturers firms apply ergonomics laws in the design and manufacture of their products. This is important because a person needs comfort in any situation, and it is precisely the basic principle of this discipline.

Furniture is a generalized area of \u200b\u200bstudying ergonomics, because if you dig deeper, it turns out that this science is aimed at ensuring the optimal parameters of the environment of the medium. These include temperature regime, sound background, illumination intensity and much other. Each of these characteristics is directly dependent on the assignment of a particular place or room. This fact contributed to the introduction of many laws of ergonomics into the construction industry. This manifests itself in the fact that the LCD city of the embankments provides for the possibility of free planning, enough space for parking and homogeneity of a social character. Less large-scale amenities include the presence of storage rooms, utility rooms or, such as laundries.

Recently, ergonomics began to pay quite a lot of effect on the lighting of residential premises. This is due to the fact that with the help of light you can change the interior of the mood, which is the improvement of the ergonomic room.

When planning an apartment or at home, you must not forget that the design solution of the interior should have modernity and, at the same time, provide a comfortable background that improves the spiritual microclimate in all residential premises.

Ergonomics in Interior Design

When you go to the room created according to the laws of ergonomics, you act in it almost intuitively, comfort seems to be a natural solution in the interior: the hand without difficulty finds the handle on the door, the switch on the wall, the color makes your presence comfortable, the light is functional and at the same time creates a mood Or subordinate to the mood, always individually.

Despite the fact that Ergonomics is a science, in the case of interior design, it is almost always individual solutions. Your taste, habits, lifestyle, family makeup make their adjustment and this is the norm. The task of ergonomics is that you are as a person, as a person with well-established or developing nature peculiarities, have become a measure for your interior.

Color. Choosing a flower gamut for your interior. Focus on your emotions, more precisely, those of which are capable of creating emotional comfort within a long time. Here you should not focus on fashion. It is always superficial emotions passing over time. Want to make a color accent creating a certain emotional splash, surprising, inspiring? Do it in the public areas of your interior: a fragment of the wall in the living room, a picture with a "bright" spot over a sofa with accentuating pillows, screaming tiles in a guest toilet, a set of square tableware with red saucers, designer wallpaper in a niche on the ceiling in the corridor. In the bedroom, do not forget that this is the place where you wake up where the new day is born, it is a blank sheet of your path. This room is not only bright, but also warm in the tones of the adding a drop of the Sun even in the most gloomy day. What would you like to see the first opening your eyes? - Let it be a point of reference for the color scheme. ergonomics Furniture Lighting Interior

Shine. On the one hand, this is a purely functional component of the interior, on the other - the game of light shadow as a "regulator" of your mood. It is always good when the room has no change of two lighting scenarios capable of answering the requirements of the process of what is happening at a specific point whether the background illumination when watching TV, individual when reading and working or decorative, emphasizing the original solution of your room (niche in the wall, drawing of the ceiling). The light should be individual: sconce, floor lamp, adjustable directional lighting lamps. The light should be combined: chandelier, a group of point lamps, contour illumination of individual sections of the room. Light can be cold and warm, do not forget this when buying light bulbs because This component can make its correction in the color gamut room. The light should be permanent: now there is a lot of lighting devices in which the replacement of the light bulb is simple and will not leave you in dotmakes until the electrician arrives. The light should be safe: in the bathrooms, install moisture-resistant lighting devices, it will save you from additional trouble.

Furniture. With an individual approach to the interior solution, do not neglect the design of furniture specifically for your needs. It will take some time, but functional furniture that takes into account your growth, the dimensions of your apartment, the number of one or another utensils, by which you want to place in the furniture, with interest compensates these costs. To a greater extent, it applies to the dressing rooms, wardrobes of the coupe, furniture for the kitchen, furniture walls in the rooms. Check out the question: Do you have many things that, with every need to go behind the chair, what to get for the antleesole? Or your apartment is able to withstand more linear accommodation with the availability of an elongated arm? When designing furniture it is worth providing a place for such dimensional things like a ironing board, a folding dryer for linen, a stepladder, if you decide to free your corners, simpleness behind the door. Any "wrong" bend your layout can always reduce embedded furniture. Here you can always play with dimensions. If you have a narrow entrance hall and a lot of shoes - make a locker 15 centimeters width is enough to place shoes along the wall, the height of it can be arbitrarily large, light tones and mirrored inserts in the doors will make it pretty delicate. If you still lack a place for furniture, look attentively, perhaps the wall is only a partition without carrying properties, then you can safely do a niche. Such a decision is to fall on the shoulders of the specialist. It may be necessary to strengthen the wall structure and at the same time take into account sound insulation with the next room.

Ergonomics in the placement of furniture

Now stop the attention on each room separately.

· Parishion

If you do not have small children who are just starting to walk the most practical use porcelain stoneware on the floor, it is a very wear-resistant material with good decorative qualities. Such quality as a very good thermal conductivity make it almost always cold, which in the absence of warm floors significantly reduces comfort when staying on its surface. In warm floors, it is worth noting the high reliability of water floors and the cheapest operation of electric heat floors. A compromise in this situation is the use of porcelain stoneware in the "dirty shoe zone" and warmer coatings in the rest of the hallway. The wardrobe or wardrobe is best placed in close proximity to the entrance door, it will significantly reduce the time for cleaning the floor and will retain its appearance longer. The walls are best covered with paint or decorative plaster. In this case, individual sections to a lesser extent susceptible to wear can be decorated with designer wallpaper. If you have an elderly person in your family, it is worth providing the handrail or place where you can sit down.

· Bathroom and bathroom

This is the territory of water. Here you should not neglect practicality and security. All electrical appliances should have moisture-resistant properties. Tile on the floor should not be too smooth, wisely use carpet on a synthetic basis or a warm floor. If dimensions allow, leave a place for a compact chair from a suitable material, so that you can relax a little and put yourself in order. Provide local illumination over a shaving mirror and other procedures. On the walls and ceiling, use glossy, mirror coatings, combine them with a dense texture, shallow mosaic - this will create the effect of deep and free space. In the hood it is worth providing the possibility of forced ventilation, and in order for the bathroom did not accumulate condensate and did not resemble Finnish baths, leave a 5-10 millimeters under the door or install an additional ventilation window in the wall bordering the corridor.

Let's start with the smallest room of the housing - toilet. Its minimum dimensions depend, in particular, on which side the door opens - inside or out.

The minimum body size of the bathroom taking into account the door salary is 75x210 cm, that is, the size of the door flap (open) is 60x202.5 cm. If there is a small colorhouse in the toilet in addition to the toilet, then if there is a door open, the toilet area will be 90x115 cm. And if there is a door opened inside - 90x145 cm.

The size of the floor of the bathroom in this case should be at least 135x165 cm. In the presence of a toilet, the area of \u200b\u200bthe combined bathroom will be already 200x165 cm., And if all services are located in a row, then 145x220 cm. Bathroom size in residential buildings with typical small-sized apartments usually fluctuates within 160x210 cm; The bath, washbasin and toilet are placed here.

Organization of space. A large bathroom area can accommodate many different plumbing equipment. Next to the toilet can be installed a bidet, next to the bathroom - the pallet for the shower or equipped with hydromassage equipment a shower cabin, and instead of one washbasin put two.

In the process of design, the bathroom should be guided by the principle of maximum compactness in choosing and placing equipment. It is important not only to find the right principle of functional dismemberment of space with the help of sanitary equipment and other hygiene items, but also leave enough space to move users.

Below you can see options for mounting plumbing devices and equipment.

To use the toilet or washbasin, 80-90 cm are required. Space depths. This means that the central axis of the toilet or washbasin should defend from the walls or surfaces of neighboring items by 40-45 cm. The second important size is the height of the washbasin, which is usually 80-90 cm.

If the space allows, then a small podium, facilitating access to the bathroom and exit from it, can be made before the built-in bath. The width of such a single-stage elevation should be at least 30 cm, and the height is not more than 20 cm. When the bath is recessed to the floor, then it must be equipped with similarities. It is necessary to remember that when dressing-undressing for drawing hands requires 110-120 cm of free space.

Kitchen and kitchen-dining room

But ergonomic bugs in the kitchen can lead to serious health problems.

For example, the height of the working surface of the kitchen front should be 85-92 cm. It is designed for the fact that the hostess standing around it performs kitchen work sometimes with significant efforts. If for some reason you are forced to constantly cook at the dinner table with a height of 75 centimeters, it can lead to problems with the spine.

Remember that the bottom edge of the hinged cabinets should rise above the table top for no more than 55-60 cm, and the extractor is not more than 65 cm. If the upper shelf of the mounted cabinet will be located above 1 m 73-83 cm - it will be very uncomfortable. You will have to reach all the time for dishes, nothing will be visible, and you will also drop the kitchen utensil on my head. But, at the same time, if you wish to more fully use the space under the ceiling - then make yourself another row of attached cabinets higher than the specified height, just remember that it is exactly those things that you rarely use.

Modern kitchen is equipped with so much household appliances that in the kitchen front sometimes lacks the dishes storage space, and there is no possibility to create a normal working surface. However, no matter how much you want to equip your kitchen with technical means, always save the desktop space. Its length should be at least 80-90 centimeters, otherwise the hostess will experience a lot of inconvenience and constantly expose herself a serious risk of injury, and kitchen injuries are always unpleasant.

Modern kitchen gives new opportunities for convenience. For example, the cooking panel can be located separately from the oven. This makes it possible to place the oven not downstairs, but at such a height so that you do not need to bend. To do this, use the so-called "column" - the location of the kitchen cabinets, when another one is placed between the bottom and wall section.

In the kitchens today fashionably make a bar rack. Its level above the level of all tables is 1 m 5-10 cm. Accordingly, the height of the chair next to the resist will be 60-75 cm.

Planning a bar rack in a small kitchen, try to imagine: Does this rack of the passage, does not overcome whether it will not leave the hostess without life and workspace.

In the kitchen of the ordinary apartment, two zones are most often organized: a kitchen front area, that is, a kind of homemade cooking and washing dishes, and the second zone is a small home dining room for "his".

The working height of the kitchen should be treated under their height. A simple rule is valid here: when the distance bent in the elbow, the distance between them and the working surface should be 10-15 cm. And if you raise the oven and dishwasher on this working height, then the load on the back is significantly reduced during cooking. In addition, to save efforts you need to allow furniture fittings to make part of the work for you.

Living room

The overall living room is designed in the form of a single room or two zones, interrelated among themselves, - actually a living room intended for recreation and communication, and a dining room - for food meals. Usually they are trying to disconnect furniture, sliding partition or "buffer space".

Rest, as a rule, is pleasant in a calm, intimate setting and is accompanied by additional equipment located near. These are racks, cabinets, shelves, bar, coffee table, Local light lamp (flooring, sconce, floor lamp), musical instruments, equipment, TV, etc.

The furniture set and the joint location of the items are dictated by the number of people, lighting, the possibility of moving. The most stable and normalized dimensions of the passages between the objects of the equipment and the distance to the TV screen (2.5-3 m) are most stable.

In the so-called "soft zone", the basis, the center is the TV. His opponent in some cases - a fireplace. It is around them the upholstered furniture. The TV screen must be at the eye level of the sitting person, at a distance of at least 3-5 diagonals of the screen. It is not recommended to install a TV in front of the window ("screen to light") and especially at the outer wall next to the window ("screen against light") - the severity of brightness adversely affects vision.

Recreation furniture is designed taking into account the size of a person sitting in a relaxed pose, however, a degree should be taken into account the seats and backlords, in order not to make it difficult to get up. The height of the tea table is accepted on the basis of the possibility of accessing it without getting out of the chair or sofa, only tilting the case. It should be borne in mind that this is possible only if the shin of the sitting is located under the table, for which the necessary space is envisaged. Corner sofas should be installed in such a way as to provide an opportunity to sit down in the corner, without interfering with sitting nearby.

The television screen should be perceived with a side at an angle of no more than 30 degrees, from a distance that depends on the size of the image. The main beam of view, directed to the center of the image, deviates to the bottom of 7 degrees (direction of a normal unwired look).

External sizes of the fireplace significantly affect the interior design. These sizes depend on the volume of the room, but their exceeds will lead to overheating of the room. There is a small zone in front of the fireplace, in which furniture is not allowed.

Erker (protruding glass part of the room), a floor from the floor to the ceiling (subject to the orientation on a beautiful view and suitable for insolation conditions. Part of the light), a winter garden (which can be represented by only one or two plants), a fireplace or oven will significantly decorate the interior of the general Rooms.

We remove the errors in the location of the TV:

The plasma panel is too high or too low: while the micro-strokes of the muscles of the neck and back arise, which at first glance are invisible, but, accumulating over the years, they can lead to violations of vision, posture, increased fatigue and osteochondrosis.

For the same reason, it is not desirable to watch TV on the side. The viewing angle should not exceed 60 degrees. Avoid inconvenience.

The TV screen is located on the wall opposite to the window - the reflection of sunlight is very interferes and annoys when watching TV. If it is not possible to change its location, then take care of the additional protection of the window from natural light (for example, the role of a tissue with a low rate of light bandwidth).

Low and soft chairs in the living room will move too high a table. Cozy at first view the corner of the living room, in which rest and communication over a cup of coffee is expected, it turns out very uncomfortable. It completely destroys the opportunity to enjoy and communicate. Guests in this space are not delayed. The guests and hosts have a feeling of dissatisfaction, and the desired rest does not work. That is why it is so important when buying and putting furniture in the apartment take into account our body comfort and plan to design a particular part of the interior based on ergonomic standards.

Bedroom

The quietest place in the house is, of course, the bedroom. At least it should be so the main purpose of this room is a dream and rest. The bedroom area for one person should be 8-10 sq.m; For spouses - 12-14 sq.m. Nevertheless, the convenience of the bedroom is not in EE a large area, but in the competent placement of furniture.

The interior of the bedroom can be performed in any style, but the rules for the placement of furniture for all styles are one. For example, the width of the main aisles in the room should be at least 70 cm, in the bedroom of the elderly no less than 100 cm. Passages from the door to the window, to the bed and other permanent routes should be directly, with a minimum rotation. If on the road from the cabinet to the mirror you have to daily wavy between the chair, ficus and the bed, the bruises are inevitable. For the same reason, for miniature rooms, it is worth choosing furniture without protruding details. Preferred items with rounded corners, so that with a possible impact, especially in the darkness, it was not so painful.

Sleep zones need complete visual, acoustic and psychological isolation. Perfect is the placement of one bedroom in a separate room. The length of the bed must be 200-210 cm; The width of the single bed is 80 cm, with a minimum - 70 cm and the maximum - 90 cm; half-and-half - 120 cm; Double (double) - from 140 cm.

By design, the bed can be conventional or transformed: retractable, folding (removed into the cabinet niche), folding. There are other types of transformation: a sofa bed, a chair-bed. An ideal place for nee is not far from the window, but not on draft.

Move the bed close to the wall with the window and the radiator under it is not necessary: \u200b\u200bthe heat is dried. The distance from the outer wall with windows to the end of the bed must be at least 50 cm. If the bed is in parallel to the window, then, at least 70-80 cm.

A single bed can be put along the wall close to it, and it is better to leave the passages from two sides. The width of the passage between two parallel beds should be at least 50 cm. Head of the bed is better moved to the wall. Models with a high or wide back is recommended to be installed in the center of a large room, and round - send to the angle. Sleep your feet to the door. Psychologists do not advise, but the diagonal location of the bed is possible.

It is better if the bed is not visible from the door completely. All that is not related to a comfortable sleep, should not come across the eyes lying in the bed man. The reflections in the mirror are easy to be frightened in the semitime, and the cabinet sash is not the most pleasant spectacle when waking up. The air conditioner is better to set away from the headboard so that the air flow should be parallel to the bed, and not over it, otherwise the cold is provided.

In all cases, it is necessarily provided for the place for storing bedding in the form of a bedside table, built-in box, shelves, and the like.

The cabinet in the interior bedrooms the thing is irreplaceable, but bulky. It is recommended to locate in the dyed or far corner of the bedroom so that the room seems to be spacious. The first in the field of view should be low, visually light furniture.

Between the edge of the door project and next to it, the furniture should remain at least 10 cm. Otherwise you will have to remove the platbands from the door and build a composition from the cabinets directly around the door project: a person will enter a kind of arch.

Before the wardrobe with swing doors, it is necessary to provide at least 80 cm of free space for opening: about 50 cm "eats" an open sash, more than 30 cm - pass along Nee.

The place of the dressing table is at the window. If the headboard is reflected in the mirror, expand the table at a low angle. To sit in front of the dressing table - everyone decides on their own. The interior and the bedroom area will tell themselves that it is preferable to purchase: pouf or chair, and maybe a chair.

Success in solving the bedroom largely depends on the equipment and design of the wall near the bed. To do this, you can use carpets, tapestries, widespread cabinets, dressers, paintings. A niche may be in the bedroom. If it is a width of more than 2.2 m, it can be installed in it, and if less is a built-in furniture or desktop.

If your family has a small child up to 3 years of age, it necessarily needs round-the-clock care. Consequently, there is a need for equipment for him in the bedroom of the parents of a single corner. It will be a cot. It is placed with such a settlement so that the light from the chandelier and the straight sunlights do not get on the sleeping guide.

To protect it from the cold, the bed must be away from the window and aside from the possible direction of the draft, which is formed between windows and doors or between windows located in different walls. If possible, a combined cabinet for children's clothing and toys is installed. On the floor allocate place for games.

Children's

From the bedroom go to the ergonomics of the children's room. Having equipped the nursery, it is necessary to follow the following principles: to leave as much space free of furniture; EE must be minimally necessary; And the dimensions - correspond to the growth of children.

Classes of preschool children are quite simple: Sleep - Food - Games.

It is best to have a furniture combined wall, which includes cabinet sections, racks, universal boxes. With the help of such drawers, children can independently organize play space for themselves, and after the game you can add toys and push into place.

Children love to write and draw directly on the walls; Better if it is a wallboard or special wallpaper. The game zone is usually located near the window, where it is well illuminated by the Sun and may be contained in proper cleanliness. On the floor it is good to put a carpet, the hanging lamp should light up the table, a drawing board, a carpet. Beds are located along the walls in the depths of the room.

Since the day, the children cross the school threshold, their life links, needs, world of interests change dramatically. Furniture need more and must include a written desk.

The work area is located, near the window with such a calculation so that the light on either falls on the left or straight. The game zone and recreation is also desirable to have a window near the window. Not superfluouss will be the horizontal bar or the Swedish wall.

The table for classes of one student must have a length of at least 90 cm, for two - at least 180 cm. The width of the table is 60 cm, the height is accepted in accordance with the growth.

Each place for classes should have a desktop or hanging lamp located on the left side. It is advisable to put the table so that the children sat face to the wall. This is a certain extent contributes to the concentration of attention during classes.

It often happens that children accumulates a lot of books, magazines, drawings, collections that are not placed in the bookcase and clutch the room. To avoid littering, near one of the walls, better from the end side, it should be mounted the rack on the entire height of the room. The distance between the shelves - 27-35 cm, the width of the shelf - 25-27 cm.

List of used literature

1.Internet-search Yandex.BY.

.P. Neofert, L.Neff "Design and construction. House, apartment, garden. Illustrated reference book for customer and designer," Moscow, Publishing House "Architecture - C", 2010

.Methodical instructions, BRTTU