In which the overwhelming majority of the population is employed. Territory territory. It is most large in, where there are about 70% of the area and in India more than 50%. The lowest rates are 10-15% - in, Iran.
The bulk of the peasants of Asia is Mazerozelna or landless. Less than all pashni per capita in Japan (0.02 hectares), Indonesia (0.1 hectares), Bangladesh (0.12 hectares).
An extensive agriculture prevails on the arid lands of Asia. In irrigated lands, intensive agriculture is mainly in southern and souther, however, a minor share of land treated (10-20%) is irrigated.
In the countries of the region, an overwhelming part of the global products of tea, jute, natural rubber are produced. These are the main export cultures of Asia. Sowing such technical crops are also widespread like cotton (,), sugar cane (India, China,), oilseeds: peanuts, rapesecks, Krestsevina, Schurge (India, China,), Soya (China, DPRK), olive plantings (Turkey ).
The main Food Culture of Asia - rice (over 90% of world production). In many countries in the region, more than 50% of the entire seed area falls. China (190 million tons) is held first in the world in the world of rice, and India (110 million tons). Enough rice production in Indonesia, Bangladesh ,. The yield of rice in most of these countries is small (20-25 c / ha), except Japan and China (55.8 and 55.4 c / ha).
The second most grain culture of Asia - wheat. The region gives approximately 20% of its global production. The largest manufacturers of wheat are China, India, Turkey, Pakistan ,. Often wheat is grown as a winter culture on irrigated lands.
Among the important grain crops of the region should also be isolated by corn (India, Indonesia, Philippines), barley (India, Turkey,). Interactive food and bean cultures are also important.
The level of development in Asia is lower than in other parts of the world. In those areas where in natural conditions is impossible agriculture (, mountainous regions) the main occupation of the population has been published by nomadic type. For these areas, a high proportion of sheep is characterized in the composition of the herd of productive livestock. Breaks also camels. In the pastures of high-mountainous regions (for example, c), Yaki graze, Tszo (hybrid of yak and cow), goats graze. Pasture cattle breeding is extensive. Commodity and, in particular, export product of animal husbandry is insignificant and mainly consists of wool, skins and leather.
In most densely populated countries of South and Southeast Asia, where agricultural areas are occupied by sowing crops, the amount of livestock is small. For these areas, a cattle (in particular water buffaloes) is characterized, and in countries with the non-Misulm population - the PRC, Korea, - diluted pigs.
In India, which has the highest flock of cattle (about 200 million heads), it is used only as a major force. As workers in the countries of South and Southeast Asia, tammed elephants are also used, in South-West Asia - camels, donkeys and horses.
Recently, it has become fashionable (and profitable) to breed on the farms of ostrich.
Most (70%) consumed by the modern world of food ensures crop production. The leading branch of agriculture is the basis of all agricultural world production and international trade is the cultivation of grain crops - wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats and rye. Their crops occupy 1/2 of the arable land, and in individual countries - even more (for example, in Japan 96%).Grain - the main food product, the most important part of the feed, is also raw materials for a number of industries. Modern grain production in the world reaches 1.9 billion tons / year, and 4/5 falls on wheat, rice, corn.
Wheat - World Grain Leader. This culture, famous for the residents of Mesopotamia, six thousand years ago, comes from anterior Asia. Now its cultivation is very wide - covers all countries of the world and a variety of conditions, thanks to the creation of new varieties. The main wheat belt is stretched in the northern hemisphere, smaller in South. The main areas of the field of wheat in the world are the central plains of the United States, closing in the north with the steppe provinces of Canada, the steppe plains of the Argentine Pampa, South-West and Southeast Australia, the Steppe of Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, China. The greatest fees come to China, USA, India, Russia, France, Indonesia, Canada.
Rice is the second after wheat in the size of sowing and collecting the culture of the world, the main food product is most of the population of the Earth (especially the populated countries of Asia). From rice get flour, starch, it is processed on alcohol, the waste of the river industry goes to the feed of a cattle.
It is assumed that drawback arose in central or southern China at the beginning of the first I millennium BC. Rice culture has a clear ecological and geographical binding. For its cultivation, it is necessary to have a hot and humid season. However, despite the rice resettlement on all continents, the intensive drawing zones do not cover everything suitable for growing areas, concentrating mainly in the countries of South and Southeast Asia (the latter give up to 90% of the world's rice harvest). China is particularly dramatically highlighted, more than 2 times the following Indian follows. To the largest rice manufacturers relate to Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Brazil.
Rice occupies a special place in world trade: developed countries import rice in small quantities, rice trade is predominantly between developing countries (large exporters - from developed countries in rice trade mainly by the United States, Japan, Italy and Australia).
Corn is the main feeding culture for animal husbandry and poultry farming, especially in the United States and Western Europe. In Asia, Africa, Latin America, Southern Corn Europe - mainly Food Culture. It is also important as a technical culture. There is corn from Mexico, where, after the opening of the new light, it was brought to other areas of the world. The main crops on grain are now concentrated in areas with a warm moderate or subtropical climate. The main area of \u200b\u200bcultivation of corn - the US corn belt stretching south of the Great Lakes. Basic exporters of US corn, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Argentina.
In addition to cereals, oilseeds, tuber, sugar, tonic, vegetable, fruit crops are widely used for food provision. The cultivation of most of them is characterized by high labor intensity.
Oilseed. Vegetable oils are extracted from fruits and seeds of oilseeds, as well as from seeds of some grain (for example, corn) or spinning (for example, hemp). From oilsets cultivate soy, peanuts, sunflower, rape, sesame, mustard, olive tree, oilseed palm, tung tree, etc. Now, about 2/3 consumed fats are vegetable origin. The rapid increase in the production and consumption of oilseeds over the past decades has been associated with developed countries with the replacement of animal fats vegetation, and in developing - rapid growth of the population, relative cheap products.
The largest producers are: USA (1/2 soybeans), India (I on the collapse of peanuts), China (I place to collect cotton and rapeseed seed).
Developing countries that produce most of the products of the industry have noticeably reduced the export of oil drying due to the creation of their own Mas-Logo industries. Many of them themselves are importers of vegetable oils.
Studes - the most common culture is potatoes that occurred from South America, but now it is basically the culture of the moderate belt of the northern hemisphere. In world production of potatoes, Russia, Poland, China, USA, India, Germany are highlighted.
A huge role in the diet of people is played by Sugarone-Sugar beets and sugar cane, giving now, respectively, 60% and 40% of the global sugar production (120 million tons). Sugar cane is cultivated in countries and areas of tropical and subtropical belts, i.e., mainly in developing countries, in Cuba and in China. For some countries, this is the basis for their specialization in the IHR (for the Dominican Republic, for example). And developed countries give only about 10% of the global collecting sugar cane.
In the geography of cultivation of sugar beet - the picture is the opposite. The area of \u200b\u200bits distribution is the regions of moderate climate, especially the average strip of Europe (EU countries. Ukraine), as well as the United States and Canada. In Asia is mainly Turkey, Iran, China and Japan.
As tonic cultures, tea, coffee and cocoa usually use. They cultivate in the tropics (tea also in subtropics) and have rather limited ranges.
Fruit and vegetable crops occupy a prominent place in the household of many countries. The largest fruit producers: China, India, Brazil, USA, Italy. As the role of vegetables and fruits in nutrition (especially in developed countries), their production and import are growing.
In general, it can be noted that a significant part of the passenger, sugar, fruit and especially tonic cultures enters the global market. Their main exporters are developing countries, and importers are economically developed, countries.
Fibrous cultures and production of natural rubber are the greatest importance in the world.
The main fibrous culture is a cotton, in the production of which the countries of Asia are leading, followed by the countries of America and then Africa.
Other fibrous cultures - flax and jute grow on a less extensive territory. Almost 3/4 of the global flax production falls on Russia and Belarus, Jute - on Bangladesh.
A particularly high concentration is distinguished by the production of natural rubber, 85% of which the countries of Southeast Asia (main producers are Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia).
The characteristic feature of the agriculture of many countries was the cultivation of narcotic substances, such as tobacco, opium poppy and Indian cannabis. The last two cultures are typical primarily for developing Asian countries.
1. Introduction. general characteristics
The role of foreign Asia in the global economy continues to grow, but differences in the level of development and specializations of individual countries remain.
In most countries of Foreign Asia, agriculture continues to play a domicile role. Industry is represented mainly by mining industries.
2. Groups of countries in the development of the economy
In foreign Asia, in terms of the development of the economy, 6 groups of countries can be distinguished:
1. Highly developed countries
Currently, developed countries in the region include Japan, Israel, the Republic of Korea, Singapore. A special place among these countries is Japan. This is the first developed state in Asia, the second economy of the region, a member of the "big seven". For many indicators, Japan occupies a leading position among developed countries.
2. China and India
These countries have achieved a significant breakthrough. China and India are the second and third economy of the world, respectively, but the permanent GDP indicators in these countries are insignificant.
3. New Industrial Asian countries (NIS)
This group includes the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Xiangan (Hong Kong), Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand. In addition, this group also includes Indonesia and Philippines. The combination of advantageous economic and geographical location and cheap labor resources in these countries made it possible with the participation of Western corporations, restructuring the economies of these countries in the Japanese sample. The economy of these countries is primarily oriented to export.
4. Oil-producing countries
This group includes: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman. These countries, thanks to petrodollars in a short period of time, were able to make a significant leap in their development. Currently, these countries develop not only oil production, gas, but also other industries (mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, tourism, metallurgy).
5. Countries with a predominance of mining and light industries
Such countries include: Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Mongolia, Jordan, Vietnam.
6. Least developed countries
Laos, Cambodia, Nepal, Yemen, Bhutan. In these countries, modern production is practically absent.
3. Economic systems
Main global economic systems:
1. Market system.
2. Online system.
4. Asian economy development models
Model name model characteristic
Japanese promotion of small and medium-sized businesses, development of production with export orientation, purchase of patents, licenses and their effective use, development of education and training, the development of high-tech technologies, the purchase of raw materials and its processing on its territory, export of finished goods, switching the economy to the domestic market When saving export orientation.
Chinese widespread use of economic relations while maintaining the leading role of the state, the widespread development of rental relations on the village, the rapid development of the rural industry, the decentralization of industry, the attraction of capital from abroad, the creation of free economic zones and open cities.
Indian structural shifts from agriculture and small industries for heavy industry in the influence of the state, orientation on domestic reserves and significant natural resources, the use of cheap labor, a bet on small and medium-sized enterprises.
Turkish quality labor resources, profitable economic and geographical and political-geographical position, economic liberalization, attraction of foreign investment, flexibility, preservation of traditions, secularity and development of the market economy.
Iranian extensive use of natural resource potential, state monopolism, state control, the significance of religion and traditions.
Many other countries of Foreign Asia use the presented models for the development of the economy in the formation of their own state.
Agriculture and Transport of Foreign Asia
1. General characteristic of agriculture
The region's agriculture is not sufficiently provided with land resources due to the high population density. It prevails agriculture over animal husbandry, large expenses are handmade per unit area, economy of farms - low. Technique and technology mostly very primitive. The basis of agricultural production in the region is a plantation economy in which the majority of the population is employed, and the export of plantation crops provides most of the budget revenues.
2. Main areas of agriculture
The main areas of agriculture of Foreign Asia:
- The monsoon sector of the countries of Eastern, Southeast and South Asia. This region is the largest rice in the world - the main agricultural culture. His crops are collected 2 - 3 times a year, the total volume is 1/4 of world production. In Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam rice fields occupy a 4/5 sowing square of the applied and delta lands of rivers. According to the general rice collection, China, India, Indonesia are leading.
- The main agricultural crops in the regions are also: coconut palm - gives nuts and a copper (coconut core, from which oil is obtained), the region accounts for 70% of their world production, to Malaysia - up to 49%; Gevei - up to 90% of the world's production of natural rubber falls on the countries of the region (Malaysia - 20% of world production, Indonesia, Vietnam); Sugar cane (especially India, Philippines and Thailand); tea (India, China, Sri Lanka); spices (everywhere); Orchids (Singapore, China, Thailand - world leaders in their cultivation); Cotton, tobacco, etc.
- Livestock. It is very weakly developed due to the deficiency of pastures, the spread of tropical animal diseases. Cattle is used primarily as a political force. In cattle livestock leads India, on the bird's population, sheep and pigs - China. Muslim peoples do not dilute pigs.
- Wuses widespread marine and river fishing. The basis of agricultural production in the region is a plantation economy in which the majority of the population is employed, and the export of plantation crops provides most of the budget revenues.
- Area of \u200b\u200bsubtropical agriculture (Mediterranean coast). It is grown wheat, millet, rubber, dates, almonds, cotton. Cattlery and poultry farming developed.
- Pasture Livestock Area: Mongolia, South-West Asia. Agriculture is represented in oases.
3. Place of Foreign Asia in agriculture
The main grain crops of foreign Asia are rice, wheat, corn. In the collection of these crops, China and India leading.
4. Transport of Foreign Asia
- The transport of foreign Asia is distinguished by a relatively weak development, with the exception of Japan and South Korea.
- The greatest length of railways in China and India. The highest rates are the railways of China and Japan.
- Through the length of highways, China, India, Japan leading.
- Pipe transportation is developed in the countries of the Persian Gulf, China.
- The sea type of transport is developed in Japan, China, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea. The largest ports are Shanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong.
- Aviation type of transport plays a significant role in Japan and China. The largest airport in the region is "Metropolitan" in Beijing (passenger turnover - 77.5 million people). The largest airline - China Southern Airlines (Chinese Southern Airlines) - transported 76.5 million people.
The leading industry economy of the countries of South and Southeast Asia is agriculture in which the overwhelming majority of the population is employed. Agricultural development of the territory of Nonodynakov. She is the greatest in Bangladesh, where there are about 70% of the entire area and in India more than 50%. The lowest indicators are 10-15% - in China, Afghanistan, Jordan, Iran.
The bulk of the peasants of Asia is Mazerozelna or landless. Less than all pashni per capita in Japan (0.02 hectares), Indonesia (0.1 hectares), Bangladesh (0.12 hectares).
An extensive agriculture prevails on the arid lands of Asia. In irrigated lands, mainly in South and Southeast Asia is intensive farming, but the insignificant share of land treated (10-20%) is irrigated.
In the countries of the region, an overwhelming part of the global products of tea, jute, natural rubber are produced. These are the main export cultures of Asia. Sowing such industrial crops are also widespread. ), Olivak plantations (Turkey, Syria).
Asia occupies a prominent place in the world for the production of copers, tropical and subtropical fruits, a variety of spices (India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia).
The main Food Culture of Asia - rice (over 90% of world production). In many countries in the region, more than 50% of the entire seed area falls. China (190 million tons), the second - India (110 million tons) occupies the first place in the world in the production of rice. The production of rice in Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar is large enough. The yield of rice in most of these countries is small (20-25 c / ha), except Japan and China (55.8 and 55.4 c / ha).
The second most grain culture of Asia - wheat. The region gives approximately 20% of its global production. The largest manufacturers of wheat are China, India, Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia. Often wheat is grown as a winter culture on irrigated lands.
Among the important grain crops of the region should also be isolated by corn (India, Indonesia, Philippines), barley (India, Turkey, Iran). Interactive food and bean cultures are also important.
The level of livestock development in Asia is lower than in other parts of the world. In those areas where far from natural conditions are impossible agriculture (deserts, semi-deserts, mountain areas) The main occupation of the population has been published by nomadic type. For these areas, a high proportion of sheep is characterized in the composition of the herd of productive livestock. Breaks also camels. In the pastures of high-mountainous areas (for example, in Himalayas), Yaki, Tszo (Hybrid Yak and Cow) are grazing, goats. Pasture cattle breeding is extensive. Commodity and, in particular, export product of animal husbandry is insignificant and mainly consists of wool, skins and leather.
In most densely populated countries of South and Southeast Asia, where agricultural areas are occupied by sowing crops, the amount of livestock is small. For these areas, a cattle (in particular water buffaloes) is characterized, and in countries with non-Misulm population - China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan - diluted pigs.
In India, which has the highest flock of cattle (about 200 million heads), it is used only as a major force. As workers in the countries of South and Southeast Asia, tammed elephants are also used, in South-West Asia - camels, donkeys and horses.
For many nations, he is almost second bread. By the cultivation time and valuable qualities, he is rightfully considered the most popular cerebral worldwide. There are many varieties of this culture and methods of its cultivation. This article presents information about what countries the rice is most grown, and its useful properties.
Origin
Since man began to grow rice, several millennia passed. Confirmation of this is the archaeological excavations proving the fact that people used to eat this Zlak at the dawn of human history. Clay utensils with fingerprints of rice traces, and the ancient manuscripts of the Chinese and Indians, in which he was deified. It was used as ritual offenses ancestors and pagan gods.
There are many interesting and adventure stories related to rice cultivation. The origin of the culture is obliged to ancient Asia. Now this territory is occupied by countries such as Vietnam and Thailand. Over time, Zlak spread to the rest of the continents: it was easily adopted to local climatic conditions of other countries and became very popular in many cultures of the world. In particular, he found its use in the preparation of national dishes. Given these facts, you can safely declare that rice is an integral part of the traditional culture of many nations. Such a relation to the cereal is observed in Japan, India, China and Indonesia.
Description
The tropical plant is characterized by special biological characteristics associated with an unusual environment of its growth. No cereal forms such vegetative bodies, which it has fig. The description of the culture transmits the uniqueness of its structure that allows growing directly on the water.
The roots are basic, superficial, most of which are immersed to a depth of 30 cm. The root system is endowed with an air-capable fabric called Arenhima. It is in the leaves and stems. Such a system is needed by a plant to preserve the necessary concentration of oxygen. Being in the water, the plant cannot "breathe", and thanks to the aerenhim, absorbing oxygen from stems and leaves, the root system is enriched with them. In addition, the soil on rice plantation becomes well permeable and changes the direction of metabolic processes. The root consists of a variety of processes (up to 300), with a small amount of thin hairs. The lower stroke nodes sometimes form additional roots involved in the feeding of cereals.
The stem is a complete thin solomine. Depending on the variety, its length varies from 0.5 to 2 m. As it narrows from the base to the edge, the length of the interstitial increases. Their thickness is about 7 mm. In the process of growing culture, the number of intersals increases to 15-20 intervals.
Leaves are narrow linear lane-type plates with the presence of a vagina. There are green, purple and reddish color. The housing is ribbed, length - 30 cm, width - 2.
One-metering spikelets are collected in inflorescences, like a blizzard. Two broad, ribbed scales make up a flower (sometimes with sudden) brown, yellow or red.
Fruits - a film grain, white on a break. According to the structure, it differs on the vitreous, mild and secinosity.
Sowing rice has over 100 varieties in shape, coloring, the presence of an apartment. There are two main subspecies: small and ordinary. The latter is divided into two grades: Indian and Japanese.
Indian is distinguished by a long, narrow grain and lack of food in flower films. Japanese grains are rounded, wide and thick.
Main Culture Asia
Why did Rice become the main culture of Asia? In the tropical zone, with the predominant monsoon climate, excessive mealing of the soil is considered a normal phenomenon. Due to the fact that most of the territories are covered with water for a long time, it does not seem to grow other crops. The main accumulation of rice plantations falls on the Asian mainland. When there were no mechanized methods of cultivation of cereal culture, rice was grown only in areas with natural moisture. Thanks to technical progress, rice plantations are now in many states, and they are irrigated by an artificial way.
Economic value of rice
In which country is the Frame Food Culture? As mentioned above, this is the states of the Asian mainland. Several countries are included here, which are engaged in the production of grain, whose annual collecting is 445.6 million tons - more than 90% of gross world harvest. After processing rice green, about 80% of the product arrives. Especially a lot of grain on the global market are supplied by China and India.
It cannot be said that only in Asian countries, rice is distributed as a food product. For a third of the world's population, he is one of the main products. This corresponds to the meaning of his name, which translated from the Old Indian has a very meaningful definition - "the basis of human power". The product comes from many countries to the global market. The main food culture rice is in Thailand, Bangladesh, in the Philippines, in Myanmar, Japan, Korea, DPRK, Indonesia, Vietnam.
Create grain culture and in America. By plantations in this territory, 9.2 million hectares were assigned, of which 7.4 million ha falls on the southern part. The main manufacturers here are the countries such as Colombia, Mexico, Brazil, USA, Cuba, Mexico and the Dominican Republic. The lowest yield of rice in Africa, a little more than 9 million tons per year. It is largely produced in Nigeria, Côte d, Ivoire, Sierra Layon, Guinea, Tanzania, Zaire and Madagascar.
The nutritional value
Rice is a nutrient product that provides the human body with the necessary substances. Statistics show that in the regions where it grows, one person accounts for more than 100 kg per year. Residents of these countries receive a substantial part of calories at the expense of cereal culture. Unlike other grains, it is very rich in starch (88%). As part there are carbohydrates, fats, fiber, aslats, vitamins and protein. The latter contains a large number of amino acids: meteonine, lysine, valine. Due to this, the product is easily absorbed by the body.
Rice grains neutralize free radicals in the human body. In the presence of a large number of these harmful elements, a person falls into the risk of cancer's risk, as they affect cell genes. Most often, the particles of reactive oxygen contribute to premature aging.
Regular use of rice cereals has a positive effect on the nervous system and protects the intestines from irritation. Its includes a gluten-free diet, where it is one of the main components. Rice is a dietary product rich in microelements and protruding with a worthy replacement of bread. Therefore, it is consumed in cases where a person needs to adhere to a diet for any reason.
Rational use
After processing grain, waste always remains. Scrap and SCH are used on the production of beer, alcohol and starch. In rice bran there are many useful substances, fats and protein. Among them are phosphorus-containing elements - lecithin and fitin, thanks to which waste serves as a nutritious feed for livestock. The above-ground part of the plants is also used for animals, and produce paper from straw.
The world market is supplied to the market. Purified and in the cereal is expensive, respectively, is more expensive and in demand in the population. In European and American markets, glazed rice is found. This is purified and nutrient-enriched grain. Since with technological treatment, a layer of useful substances, the manufacturers considered it is believed to carry out the process of enrichment, with the restoration of missing elements.
Rice is a varietal feature. The shape of grain is round or oblong, wide or narrow. The structure of the endosperma can be vitreous, powdery and secinosity. Glassy is more rational in technological recycling. In the process of separating the grain from the shells, the yield of one-piece cereal is more, since it is less crushing.
Basically, the CRU is used to prepare a variety of dishes and desserts. From it receive flour, which is used to produce baby food and confectionery.
Types of grain
As food culture rice passes various technological processing, on which its nutritional value depend on, taste and color. The grain of one variety treated in different ways is divided into three main species.
- Brown. Fig, which is subjected to minimal processing processes aimed at preserving useful qualities, are called brown. In Asia, it serves the main food for the elderly and children. Meanwhile, in America and Europe, it is a valuable product for healthy food supporters. After processing, it also remains a storehouse of elements and vitamins for the body, because it retains the cutting shell. It is at her a large dose of nutrients. The only minus is a short shelf life.
- Polished. Standard processing type is grinding. It is white rice, long known and entering the market in large quantities. It passes several stages of grinding, after which its grains become smooth, smooth, snow-white and have a translucent endosperm. Due to the content of a large number of the smallest air bubbles, occasionally grabbinki can remain matte. By the presence of nutrients, white grain is inferior to be parhed and brown. Its advantages include a shared taste and aesthetic appearance.
- Parished. A consistent grain, often occasionable on the counters of supermarkets, uses considerable popularity. The technology with the use of steam allows preserved minerals and vitamins inside the grain. Rice, not subjected to the process of collapse, is immersed in water and treated under high pressure using steam. He then passes a number of technological steps without losing useful properties. This is determined by the fact that under the influence of the steam, the valuables contained in the surface layer penetrate deeply in the grain. On the preparation of stealed cereals leaves more time, as it is stronger and firm.
In some African countries, they eat and several species of wild rice, in particular, short-speaking and point.
Cultivation
Rice is a grain culture that requires special conditions for cultivation. The main factors for its development are the heat and the presence of a water layer. An important condition for it is the optimal amount of sunlight. It has a direct impact on the productivity of a tropical plant. There is one nuance - with too high air temperatures, intensive vegetative growth occurs, which negatively affects general development and reduces grain yield.
Rice is better to cultivate on clay, dusty soils, since water is well delayed. In the natural medium on the sandy ground, the rice yield is very low. However, if such a soil enrich fertilizers, the grain yield will significantly increase.
Mountain areas create special terraces with fences for water delay. On flat surfaces, the soil is aligned with the aim of uniform irrigation and good drainage. As in the mountainous areas, the plots are separated by shafts. The channel system is pre-prepared, with the help of the spiring of plantations. Throughout the entire period of development of the culture, the field is kept flooded, periodically changing the water level, depending on the growth of plants.
In Asia, before landing in a pouring field, the grains are germinated in the ridges, and then the nesting method is transplanted into water in 4-5 sprouts. In Western countries, rice is seen by the grains by manually, and in developed states of sowing grains produced by the mechanized method.
Types of rice farm
Ricestock is divided into 3 types: Lymanny, Sukhodolny and pouring. Since the tropical plant came into the number of crops, rice, to a greater extent, is cultivated on pouring fields. The remaining methods are considered outdated and used to grow a shag in small scales:
- Pouring method. This is the type of cultivation, which was described above. Poultry checks are kept constantly flooded, and after harvesting the water is drained. To the global market, up to 90% of the grain grown in such a method.
- Lift plantations. This is an oldest way that I use in southeastern Asian countries. Rice is cultivated during the flood period and evicted in river bays. Such rice production is ineffective.
- Support type. Practiced in areas with natural enhanced soil humidity. On sudochertic plantations, rice is planted only by seeding seeds. The advantage of such rice production is that plants are not subjected to diseases and grain has the highest taste. Another type of rice production is characterized by ease of cultivation. In Japan, after the development of irrigation, the conversion fields were transformed into pouring. Difficulties in growing may occur due to the sensitivity of plants to drought, the need to remove the weed herb and the depletion of the soil.
Conclusion
Obviously, the main food crop rice is in many countries. Despite the restrictions in the method of its cultivation, it is consumed everywhere in food. It is unlikely to eat corner on Earth, where rice dishes would be unknown. All over the world are delivered by this valuable product, and now it is available for each person.