1. Determine the distinctive features of the geographical position of the European part of Russia. Give it a rating. Show on the map The main geographical objects of the Eastern European Plain - natural and economic; Largest cities.
The European part of Russia occupies an East European Plain. In the north, the Eastern European Plain is washed by the cold waters of the Barents and the White Seas, in the south - the warm waters of the Black and Azov seas, in the south-east - the waters of the world in the world of Caspian Lake. The Western frontiers of the Eastern European Plain are fought by the Baltic Sea coast and go beyond the boundaries of our country. The Ural Mountains limit the plain from the East, and Caucasian - partly from the south.
Geographical objects - the Mostrinal Tundra, Valdai hill, Donetsk ridge, Maloziel Tundra, Occa and Don Plain, Volga Hills, Caspian Lowland, Northern Horses, Smolensko-Moscow Highway, Mid-Russian Hills, Stavropol Highland, Timan Ridge.
Rivers Akhtuba, White, Volga, Volkhov, Executive, Vyatka, Dnipro, Don, Zap. Dvina, Kama, Klyazma, Kuban, Kuma, Mezen, Moscow, Neva, Oka, Pechora, Svir, North. Dvina, Sukhona, Terek, Yugozerbascunchak, White, Village, Ilmen, Caspian Sea, Ladoga, Manch-Gudilo, Onega, Pskov, Seliger, Church, Elton.
Large cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Ufa, Perm, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don.
Vintage Russian cities: Veliky Novgorod (859), Smolensk (862), Yaroslavl (1010), Vladimir (1108), Bryansk (1146), Tula (1146), Kostroma (1152), Tver (XII century), Kaluga (1371) ), Sergiev Posad (XIV century), Arkhangelsk (1584 g), Voronezh (1586).
2. What do you think, what signs are united by the Eastern European Plain with a huge variety of her landscapes?
The East European Plain combines a single tectonic basis (Russian platform), the equilment of the surface of the surface, distribution to most of the territory of the moderate climate of transitional from maritime to the continental.
3. What is the originality of the Russian plain as the territory most cursed by people? How has its appearance changed as a result of the interaction of nature and people?
The main characteristic feature of the Eastern European Plain is a well-pronounced zonality in the distribution of its landscapes. On the coast of the Barents Sea, occupied by cold, highly overwhelmed plains, a tundra zone is located, south of the stagnant Fondra. Sigor natural conditions do not allow farming in these landscapes. This is a zone of developed reindeer herding and a hunting and fishing economy. In the areas of mineral mining, where the villages arose and even small cities, the prevailing landscapes were industrial. The northern lane of the plain is the least transformed by human activity.
In the middle lane of the Eastern European Plain, a thousand years ago, a typical forest landscapes were prevailed - a dark taiga, mixed, and then broader oak and lime forests. On the extensive plain spaces to date, forest landscapes have been cut down to forests and forests - a combination of forests and fields. In the floodplains of many northern rivers there are the best pasture and haystacities of Russia. Forest arrays are often represented by secondary forests, in which small-scale - birch and aspen came to replace coniferous and wide breeds.
The south of the plains are limitless gave forest-steppe and steppes leaving the horizon with fertile black soil soils and the most favorable for agriculture by climatic conditions. Here the main agricultural zone of the country spread out with the most converted landscapes and the main fund of arable land of Russia.
4. Do you think whether a special role has played a special role in the economic development and development of the Russian plain that this is the historical center of the Russian state?
The role of the center of the Russian state was definitely influenced by the development and development of Russian plains. It is characterized by dense settlement, the greatest variety of types of economic activity, a high degree of landscape transformation.
5. In the works of which Russian artists, composers, poets are particularly pronounced and transferred to the nature of the nature of Central Russia? Give examples.
In the literature - K. Powesty "Meshcherskaya Side", the poem of Ryninkov "All in melting", E. Grig "Morning", Turgenev I.S. "Hunter's Notes", Aksakov S.T. "Children's Years of Bagrova-grandson", Svaren M.M.- Many stories, Sholokhov M.M. - Stories, "Quiet Don", Pushkin A.S. Many works, Tyutchev F.I. "Evening", "noon", "Spring water".
In the music - to the drama of Gibsen "Per Gynt", K. Bobescu, "Forest" from the suite "Forest Fairy Tale", "where the Motherland begins" (Music of V. Basner, the words Matusovsky).
Artists - I. N. Kramskaya, I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov, V. G. Perov, V. M. Vasnetsov, I. I. Levitan, I. I. Shishkin.
Eastern European Plain is one of the largest on the planet. Its area exceeds 4 million km 2. It is located on the mainland of Eurasia (in the eastern part of Europe). From the north-west side of her border under Scandinavian mining education, in the southeast - in Caucasian, in the south-west - in the central European arrays (Sudetes, etc.) in its territory there are more than 10 states, the Russian Federation occupies most of . It is for this reason that this plain is also called Russian.
Eastern European Plain: climate formation
On any geographic area, the climate is formed due to some factors. First of all, it is a geographical position, relief and neighboring regions with which a certain territory borders.
So, what exactly affects the climate of this plain? To begin with, it is worth allocating oceanic water areas: Northern Arctic and Atlantic. Due to their air masses, certain temperatures are installed and the amount of precipitation is formed. The latter are unevenly distributed, but it is easily explained by the large territory of such an object as an Eastern European Plain.
Mountains have no less influence than oceans. For the entire length of Nonodynakov: in the southern zone much more than in Northern. Throughout the year, it changes, depending on the change of seasons (in the summer more than in winter due to mountain snow vertices). In July, the highest level of radiation is achieved.
Considering the fact that the plain is located in high and moderate latitudes, it mainly prevails on its territory mainly in the eastern part.
Atlantic masses
Over the Eastern European Plain, the air masses of the Atlantic dominate throughout the year. In the winter season, they bring sediments and warm weather, and in summer-acting is saturated with coolness. Atlantic winds, moving from the west to the east, somewhat change. Being over the earth's surface, they in summer become warmer with a small amount of moisture, and in winter it is cold with a small amount of precipitation. It is in the cold period that the Eastern European Plain, the climate of which directly depends on the oceans, is influenced by the Atlantic cyclones. During this season, their number can reach 12. Moved in the eastern direction, they are able to change dramatically, and this, in turn, brings warming or cooling.
And when the Atlantic cyclones come from the southwest, the subtropical air masses are influenced by the southern part of the Russian plain, as a result of which the thaw and in winter the temperature may rise to + 5 ... 7 ° C.
Arctic air masses
When the Eastern European Plain is located under the action of North-Atlantic and South-Western Arctic cyclones, the climate here is significantly changing, even in the southern part. There is a sharp cooling on its territory. Arctic air, most often, move towards from the north to the west. Thanks to anti-klons, which lead to cooling, the snow lies for a long time, the weather is installed with low-temperature low temperatures. As a rule, they are common in the southeastern part of the plain.
Winter season
Considering how the Eastern European Plain is located, the climate in the winter season differs in different areas. In this regard, the following temperature statistics are observed:
- Northern areas - winter is not very cold, in January, thermometers are shown on average -4 ° C.
- In the Western zones of the Russian Federation, weather conditions are somewhat severe. The average temperature in January reaches -10 ° C.
- In the northeastern parts is the most colder. Here on thermometers can be seen -20 ° C and more.
- In the southern zones of Russia, there is a deviation of temperatures in the southeastern direction. The average indicator is retaling in -5 ° C.
Temperature season temperature
In the summer season under the influence of solar radiation there is an Eastern European Plain. The climate at this time depends directly from this factor. It does not have such an oceanic air masses here, and the temperature is distributed in accordance with the geographical latter.
So let's consider changes by region:
Precipitation
As stated above, in most of the Eastern European Plain there is a moderately continental climate. And for it, a certain amount of precipitation is characterized, constituting 600-800 mm / g. Their loss depends on some factors. For example, the movement of air masses from the western parts, the presence of cyclones, the location of the polar and the Arctic front. The greatest humidity indicator is observed between the Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow Hills. During the year in the West, precipitation drops around 800 mm, and in the east a little less - no more than 700 mm.
In addition, the relief of this territory has a great influence. On the hills located in the western parts, precipitation falls over 200 millimeters more than on lowlands. The rainy season in the southern zones falls for the first month of summer (June), and in the middle lane, as a rule, this is July.
In winter, snow falls in this region and sustainable covers forms. The level of height may vary, given the natural zones of the Eastern European Plain. For example, in the tundra the thickness of the snow reaches 600-700 mm. Here he lies about seven months. And in the forest zone and forest-steppe snow cover reaches a height of up to 500 mm and, as a rule, covers the ground for no more than two months.
Most of all moisturizing falls on the northern zone of the plain, and the evaporation is less. In the middle lane, these indicators are compared. As for the southern part, there is much less moisturizing here than evaporation, for this reason, a drought is often observed in this area.
Views and Quick Feature
Natural zones of Eastern European Plain are quite different. This is the maximum simple - large sizes of this area. 7 zones are present on its territory. Let's look at them.
Eastern European Plain and West Siberian Plain: Comparison
The Russian and West Siberian plains have a number of common features. For example, their geographical location. They both are on the mainland of Eurasia. The impact on them has the North Arctic Ocean. The territory of both plains has such natural zones as a forest, steppe and forest-steppe. The deserts and semi-deserts in the West Siberian Plain are absent. The dominant Arctic air masses have almost the same impact on both geographic areas. They also border the mountains that directly affect climate formation.
Eastern European Plain and West Siberian Plain also have differences. These include what though they are on one mainland, but are located in different parts: the first - in Europe, the second - in Asia. They also differ with relief - West Siberian is considered one of the lowest, so some of its sections are wetlands. If we take the territory of these plains as a whole, then in the last flora, somewhat poorer than the Eastern European.
Eastern European (Russian) Plain - One of the largest plains of the world. Among all the plains of our Motherland, only she goes to two oceans. Russia is located in the central and eastern parts of the plain. It extends from the coast of the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains, from Barents and White Seas to Azov and Caspian.
Features of the relief of the Russian Plain
Eastern European raised plain consists of elevations with heights of 200-300 m above sea level and lowlands, for which large rivers flow. The average height of the plain is 170 m, and the greatest - 479 m - on Bugulmino-Belebean Hills In the Ural part. Maximum mark Timan ridge Somewhat less (471 m).
According to the features of the orographic pattern within the Eastern European Plain, three bands are distinguished: the central, north and south. Through the central part of the plain, a band of alternating large elevations and lowlands passes: Midnesday, Volga, Bugulminsko-Belladeevskaya Elevation and Common crawl divided Okoc-Don lowland And the low voltage, which flows the Don and Volga rivers, carrying their waters south.
North of this band prevailing low plains. On this territory, large rivers - Onega, Northern Dvina, Pechora with numerous multi-water tributaries flow.
The southern part of the Eastern European Plain is occupied by lowlands, of which only Caspiani is located in Russia.
Climate of Russian plains
The climate of the Eastern European Plain is influenced by its position in moderate and high latitudes, as well as neighboring territories (Western Europe and Northern Asia) and the Atlantic and Northern Arctic Oceans. The climate is temperate in thermal regime and medium moisturgencies with increasing continentality to the south and east. The average monthly temperature of January varies from - 8 ° in the West to - 11 ° C in the East, the July temperature ranges from 18 ° to 20 ° C from the North-West to the southeast.
All year round over the Eastern European Plain dominates western transfer of air masses. The atlantic air in the summer brings coolness and precipitation, and in winter - warm and precipitation.
The differences in the climate of the Eastern European Plain affect the nature of vegetation and the presence of a fairly clearly pronounced soil and plant zonality. Deryno-podzolic soils are replaced by more fertile - a variety of chernozem. Natural and climatic conditions are favorable for active economic activities and residence of the population.
1. Geographical location.
2. Geological structure and relief.
3. Climate.
4. Internal waters.
5. Soil, vegetable and animal world.
6. Natural zones and their anthropogenic changes.
Geographical position
Eastern European Plain is one of the world's largest plains. Plain goes to the waters of the two oceans and extends from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains and from Barents and White Seas - to Azov, Black and Caspian. The plain lies on an ancient Eastern European platform, the climate is predominantly moderate-continental and natural zonality is clearly expressed on the plain.
Geological structure and relief
Eastern European Plain has a typical platform relief that is predetermined by the platform tectonics. In its foundation, a Russian slab with a Precambrian foundation and in the south, the northern outskirts of the Scythian slab with Paleozoic foundation are located. At the same time, the border between the plates in the relief is not expressed. On the uneven surface of the Precambrian foundation are the stratum of puerrozoic sedimentary rocks. Their power is not the same and due to the irregularities of the foundation. These include synisclises (areas of deep-running foundation) - Moscow, Pechersk, Caspian and anticlipses (protrusions of the foundation) - Voronezh, Volgo-Ural, as well as Austcogenets (deep tectonic Rips, on the site of which syneclizes arose) and the Baikal protrusion - Timan. In general, the plain consists of elevations with altitudes 200-300m and lowlands. The average height of the Russian plain is 170 m, and the greatest almost 480m - on the Bugulmino-Bellapendeevskaya elevation in the Ural region. In the north of the plains there are northern honors, Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow reservoirs, the Timan ridge (Baikal folding). In the center - Hills: Central Russian, Volga (reservoir-long-tier, stepped), Bugulminsko-Belladeevskaya, General crawling and lowlands: Occap-Don and Zavolzhskaya (reservoirs). In the south lies the accumulative Caspian lowland. The formation of the relief of the plain was influenced by glaciation. Three glaciations are distinguished: Okoy, Dniprovskoe from the Moscow stage, Valdai. Glaciers and fluvioglacial waters created the moraine relief shapes and climb plains. In the periglacial (predetermined) strip, cryogenic forms were formed (due to the permissal processes). The southern border of the maximum Dnipro glaciation crossed the Central Russian sublimation in the Tula area, then descended by the tongue along the dona valley to the mouth of the Hopra and Medoli rivers, crossed the Volga hill, the Volga in the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth of Sura, then the Ripos of Vyatka and Kama and the Urals in the 60˚С.Sh. The foundation of the platform is focused by the deposits of iron ores (CMA). A coal reserves are associated with a sedimentary case (the eastern part of Donbass, Pechersk and Moscow region), oil and gas (Ural Volzhsky and Timano-Pechersky pools), combustible shale (North-Western and middle Volga), building materials (widespread), Boxitites (Kola Peninsula), phosphorites (in a number of districts), salts (Caspian).
Climate
The plain climate is influenced by the geographical position, the Atlantic and Northern Arctic Oceans. Solar radiation changes dramatically for the seasons. In winter, more than 60% of radiation is reflected in snow cover. All year over Russian plains dominates Western transfer. Atlantic air when moving east is transformed. During the cold period, many cyclones comes from the Atlantic on the plain. In winter, they carry not only precipitation, but also warming. Especially warm are Mediterranean cyclones, when the temperature rises to + 5˚ + 7˚C. After cyclones from the Northern Atlantic, the cold Arctic air penetrates into the rear part, causing sharp cooling to the south. Anticyclones in winter provide frosty clear weather. In the warm period, cyclones are mixed to the north, especially by their influence of the North-West plains. Cyclones bring rain and cool in the summer. The hot and dry air is formed in the nuclei of the sorrow of the Azor maximum, which in the southeast of the plain often leads to droughts. January isotherms in the northern half of the Russian plain pass suberidianly from -4˚C in the Kaliningrad region to -20˚C in the north-east of the plain. In the southern part of Isotherm, deviates to the southeast, constituting in the lower reaches of the Volga -5˚C. In the summer, the isotherms pass subshir: + 8˚C in the north, + 20˚c along the line of Voronezh Cheboksary and + 24˚C in the south of the Caspiani. The distribution of precipitation depends on Western transfer and cyclonal activity. Especially many of them move in the 55˚-60 ° C.Sh., It is the most moistened part of the Russian plain (Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow Hills): the annual precipitation is from 800 mm in the west to 600 mm in the east. Moreover, on the Western slopes, the elevations falls 100-200 mm more than the lowlands under them. Maximum precipitation is to July (in the south for June). In winter, snow cover is formed. In the north-east of the plain, its height reaches 60-70 cm and it lies up to 220 days a year (more than 7 months). In the south, the height of the snow cover is 10-20 cm, and the duration of the occurrence is up to 2 months. The humidification coefficient varies from 0.3 in the Caspian lowland to 1.4 on the Pechersk lowland. In the north, the moisturizing is excessive, in the bandwidth of the Dniester rivers, don and the mouth of the kama - sufficient and k --1, in the south, insufficient moisture. In the north of the plain climate subarctic (coast of the Northern Ocean), on the rest of the territory, the climate is temperate with varying degrees of continentality. In this case, continentality increases to the southeast
Inland waters
Surface waters are closely related to climate, relief, geology. The direction of rivers (river flow) is predetermined by the orography and geostructures. Stock from Russian Plain takes place in the pools of the Northern Ice, Atlantic Oceans and in the Caspian Pool. The main watershed runs along the Northern Urea, Valdai, Central Russian and Volga hills. The largest river Volga (it is the largest in Europe), its length is more than 3530 km, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool - 1360 thousand kv.km. The source lies on the Valdai hill. After the Seličari River falling out (from Seliger Lake), the valley expands noticeably. From the mouth of Oka to Volgograd Volga proceeds with sharply asymmetric slopes. On the Caspian lowland from the Volga, the sleeves of the Akhtuba are separated and a wide range of floodplains is formed. Delta Volga begins 170 km from the Caspian coast. The main nutrition of the Volga snow, so the flood is observed since the beginning of April until the end of May. The height of water lifting is 5-10 m. In the territory of the Volga basin, 9 reserves were created. Don has a length of 1870 km, the pool area is 422 thousand k.km. The source of the ravine on the Middle Russian elevation. Blows into the Taganrog Bay of the Azov Sea. Mixed nutrition: 60% snow, more than 30% groundwater and almost 10% rain. Pechora has a length of 1810 km, begins in the Northern Urals and flows into the Barents Sea. Pool area 322 thousand km2. The nature of the flow in the upper reaches is mountainous, rock threaten. In the middle and low flow of the river proceeds through the moraine lowland and forms a broad understanding, and in the mouth of the sandy delta. Mixed nutrition: up to 55% falls on thah snowy water, 25% - on rain and 20% - to the ground. Northern Dvina has a length of about 750 km, it is formed from the confluence of the rivers Sukhona, South and Divine. Fits in Dvina's lip. The area of \u200b\u200bthe pool is almost 360 thousand k.km. Flood is wide. When the river is shifted, forms a delta. Food mixed. The lakes in the Russian plain differ primarily in the origin of the lake Kotlovin: 1) Mary lakes are common in the north of the plain in the areas of glacial accumulation; 2) Karst - in the basins of the rivers of the Northern Dvina and the Upper Volga; 3) thermocartam - in the extreme northeast, in the zone of the permafrost; 4) floodplain (old men) - in the floodplains of large and medium rivers; 5) Laughty lakes - in the Caspian lowland. Underground waters are distributed throughout the Russian Plain. There are three artesian first order artesian basin: Middle Russian, East-Russian and Caspiani. It is within their limits of the artesian basins of the second order: Moscow, Volgo-Kamsky, Pre-Ural and others. With the depth of the chemical composition of water and the water temperature changes. Freshwater is lowered at depths of no more than 250 m. Mineralization and temperature increase with depth. At a depth of 2-3 km, the water temperature can reach 70˚C.
Soil, vegetable and animal world
Soils like vegetation in Russian plain have a zonal nature of distribution. In the north of the plains there are tundra coarse gley soils, there are peat-gley soils, etc. South, under the forests lie podzolic soils. In the northern taiga, they are gossip-prolonged, in the middle - typical podzolic, and in southern - dend-podzolic soils, which are characteristic of mixed forests. Silent forest soils are formed under the broader forests and forest-steppe. In the steppes of the soil black epic (apodoline, typical, etc.). On the Caspian lowland, the soil is chestnut and brown desert, there are sollets and salt marshes.
The vegetation of Russian plains is different from the vegetation of the cover of other major regions of our country. In the Russian plain, broad-sized forests are common and only here semi-deserts. In general, the set of vegetation is very diverse from the tundra to the desert. In Tundra, Mai and lichens are dominated by the number of dwarf birch and willow. A fir tree with an admixture of birch is dominated in Fierotandra. A spruce is dominated in the taiga, east with admixtures of fir, and on the poorest soils - pine. Mixed forests include coniferous-wide breeds, in wide forests, where they preserved dominant Oak and Lipa. The same breeds are characteristic of forest-steppe. The steppe occupies the largest area in Russia, where cereals prevail. The semi-desert is represented by cereal-worn and hint-worm-solid communities.
In the animal world of Russian plains there are Western and oriental species. Forest animals are most widely represented and, to a lesser extent, steppe. Western types of mixed and large forests (curtain, black chorine, Sony, Mole, and some others). Eastern views are taiga and Lesothyndra (Burunduk, Wolverine, Obian Lemming, etc.) in the steppes and semi-deserts dominate rodents (gophers, surs, voles, etc.), Saiga penetrates from Asian steppes.
Natural zones
Natural zones on the East European Plain are expressed especially clearly. From the north to south they replace each other: Tundra, Forestandra, Taiga, Mixed and Broadstay Forests, Forest Spaws, Steppes, Semi-Dead and Desert. Tundra takes the coast of the Barents Sea, covers the entire canin peninsula and further to the east, to the Polar Urals. European tundra warmer and wetter asian, subarctic climate with marine features. The average temperature of January varies from -10˚C at the Canin Peninsula to -20˚C at the Ugra Peninsula. In summer, about + 5˚C. Precipitation 600-500 mm. Merzlota is small, many swamps. Typical tundra on the tundra-glying soils are common on the coast, with the predominance of moss and lichens, in addition, arctic blacklist, a pinch, alpine canilelek, and sources are growing here; From shrubs - Baguchik, DRIADA (partropery grass), blueberries, cranberries. Shrubs of dwarf birches and willows appear south. Latstundra stretches south tundra with a narrow strip of 30-40 km. Forests here are rare-resistant, height is not more than 5-8 m, a spruce is dominated with an admixture of birch, sometimes larch. Low places occupy the swamps, thickets of small IV or birch erynik. Many winegirls, blueberries, cranberries, blueberries, moss and various taiga herbs. According to the valleys of rivers, high-ranking forests from ate with an admixture of rowan are penetrated (here it falls on July 5) and cherry (blooms by June 30). From the animals of these zones are typical of the reindeer, sandy, polar wolf, Lemming, Zayak-Belyak, Ermine, Wolverine. In summer, a lot of birds: gaga, geese, ducks, swans, punch, eagle-Belohvost, Greet, Sapsan; Many bloodsowing insects. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish: salmon, Sig, Pike, Nalim, Perch, Halto, etc.
Taiga extends to the south of the Forestandra, the southern border passes through the St. Petersburg - Yaroslavl - Nizhny Novgorod - Kazan. In the West and in the center of Taiga, it is closed with mixed forests, and in the east with a forest-steppe. The climate of the European taiga is moderately continental. The rainfall on the plains drops around 600 mm, on the elevations up to 800 mm. Moisturizing excess. The growing season continues from 2 months in the north and almost up to 4 months in the south of the zone. The depth of the primer of the soil from 120 cm in the north is up to 30-60 cm in the south. Soil podzolic, in the north, peat-gley zone. There are many rivers, lakes in the taiga. The European taiga is characterized by a dark taiga from the erenel of European and Siberian. Fir is added to the east, closer to the Urals cedar and larch. Pine bors are formed on swamps and sands. On cuttings and garks - birch and aspen, according to the valleys of the rivers Olha, Iva. From animals are characterized by elk, reindeer, brown bear, wolverine, wolf, lynx, fox, hare-white, squirrel, mink, otter, chipmunk. Many birds: Ceremonary, Rybikchik, Owls, On the swamps and water bodies White partridge, Bekas, Waldshneps, Chibisats, Geese, Ducks, etc. Dissolves are common, especially three-pailed and black, bullfinch, Svistler, Shchur, Kush, Tits, Klezles, Rabbles And others. From reptiles and amphibians - Vijuk, lizards, Tritons, toads. In summer, a lot of bloodsowing insects. Mixed, and south of wide forests are located in the western part of the plain between the Taiga and the Forestry. The climate is moderately continental, but, unlike taiga, softer and warm. Winter is noticeably shorter, and summer is longer. The soil is ferrous-podzolic and gray forest. Many rivers begin here: Volga, Dnipro, Western Dvina, etc. Many lakes, there are swamps and meadows. The border between the forests is poorly pronounced. With progress to the east and north in mixed forests, the role of ate and even fir, and the role of broad rock is reduced. Lipa and oak occurs. In the direction of the southwest, maple, elm, ash, and coniferous breeds disappear. Only pine forests are found on poor soils. In these forests, underols are well developed (leschina, honeysuckle, bearer, etc.) and herbal cover from Sonya, coolery, star, some cereals, and where conifers grow, there is sourness, nickname, ferns, mosses, etc. Due to the economic mastering of these forests, the animal world has declined sharply. There are elk, a boar, very rare became a noble deer and roe, the bison only in the reserves. Practically disappeared bear, lynx. Still ordinary fox, squirrel, sony, forest chorine, beavers, badger, hedgehog, mole; The cunnic, mink, forest cat, exhaust, are preserved; Acclimated ondatra, raccoon dog, American mink. From reptiles and amphibians - already, viper, lizards, frogs, toads. Many birds, and settled and migrable. Characterized by Dyatli, Tits, Razzen, Drozda, Coyki, Owls, for the summer finished finches, foams, flies, fals, oatmeal, waterfowl. Radine steel of thermis, partridges, Berkut, Orlen-Belochvost et al. Compared to Taiga, the number of invertebrates significantly increases in the soil. The forest-steppe zone extends to the south of the forests and comes to the line Voronezh - Saratov - Samara. The climate is moderately continental with increasing the degree of continentality to the east, which affects the smallest floral composition in the east of the zone. Winter temperatures vary from -5˚C in the West, up to -15˚C in the East. In the same direction, the annual amount of precipitation decreases. Summer is very warm + 20˚ + 22˚C everywhere. The coefficient of moisturizing in the forest-steppe approach 1. Sometimes, especially in recent years, in the summer of drought. The relief of the zone is characterized by erosion dismembrance, which creates a certain variety of soil cover. The most typical gray forest soils on Ledsovid Suglinka. Speached black soils are developed on river terraces. Than south, the greater the leached and disappointed chernozem, and the gray forest soil disappear. Natural vegetation has a little preserved. Forests here are found only in small islands, mainly by dumbers, where you can meet Maple, Elm, ash. Pine bours have preserved on poor soils. Meadow dispersion has been preserved only on uncomfortable landscaps. The animal world consists of forest and steppe fauna, but recently the steppe fauna began to prevail in connection with the economic activity of man. The steppe zone extends from the southern border of the forest-steppe to the Kumo Manic Wpads and the Caspian Lowland in the south. The climate is moderately continental, but with a significant degree of continentality. Summer roast, average temperatures + 22˚ + 23˚C. Winter temperatures vary from -4˚C in the priazovsky steppes, up to -15˚C in the steppes of the Volga region. Annual precipitation decreases from 500 mm in the west to 400 mm in the east. The coefficient of moisture is less than 1, in the summer frequent drought and Sukhov. The northern steppes are less warm, but more wet than the southern one. Therefore, the northern steppes are drooping-nice on chernozem soils. Southern steppes dry on chestnut soils. They are characterized by salt mix. In the floodplains of large rivers (Don, etc.), floodplain forests of poplar, willow, alder, oak, elm and others are growing. Among the animals are dominated by rodents: gophers, earthying, hamsters, field mice, etc. From predators - ferrets, foxes, caress. From birds Lark, steppe eagle, Lun, a corner, falcons, droughts, etc. There are snakes, lizards. Most of the northern steppes are now plagued. A semi-desert and desert zone within Russia is located in the southwestern part of the Caspian lowland. This zone adjoins the Caspian coast and closes with the deserts of Kazakhstan. The climate is continental moderate. The precipitation falls about 300 mm. Winter temperatures are negative -5˚-10˚C. Snow cover is low-power, but lies up to 60 days. The soils are frozen up to 80 cm. Summer roast and long-term, average temperatures + 23˚ + 25˚C. A Volga flows through the area of \u200b\u200bthe zone, forming an extensive delta. Many lakes, but almost all of them are salty. The soil is light-chestnuts, brown deserted places. The content of humus does not exceed 1%. Solonitsa and solonts are common. In the vegetation cover, wormwood is prevailing white and black, tichak, tonkonog, xerophytic noodles; The number of soyankas increases to the south, Tamarisk shrub appears; In the spring, tulips bloom, buttercups, rhubarb. In the floodplain of Volga - Iva, the White Topol, Ocaw, Oak, Osin, etc. Animal world is represented mainly by rodents: tuccans, horses, gerbils, many reptiles - snakes and lizards. From predators typical Steppe ferret, Lisitsa - Corsaq, caress. In the Volga Delta, many birds, especially in the migration seasons. All natural zones of the Russian Plain experienced anthropogenic effects. Particularly highly modified person are forest-steppe zones and steppes, as well as mixed and large-scale forests.