The question "Th is a suffix or an ending of a verb?" for more than a dozen years, both ordinary people and eminent philologists have been asking themselves. The modern approach to the study of the Russian language allows for the existence of two points of view, each of which has its own pros and cons.
Th is a suffix or an ending?
For a long time, school grammar considered "t" and "ti" as an ending or a formal indicator of an infinitive. To this day, the majority of textbooks intended for higher educational institutions adhere to the same position. Among linguists, the opinion that "t" is the ending is shared by N. M. Shansky, M. T. Baranov, G. S. Kuznetsov.
Defending their version, scientists argue as follows: the infinitive means that it can have an ending. Such an explanation cannot be called satisfactory; moreover, it leads to the appearance of contradictions. This is due to the fact that the infinitive in modern linguistics is considered an unchangeable word, and, accordingly, cannot have an ending.
Th - suffix or ending for verbs?
New school textbooks support a different point of view, according to which "t" and "ti" are suffixes for verbs. This theory was developed by such linguists as Babaytseva V.V., Valgina N.S. Answering the question: “Th is a suffix or an ending?”, Scientists, first of all, tried to prove the inconsistency of another position that reveals this problem. They argued that "t" in a verb cannot be inflection, since it does not express the grammatical meaning of the word and is not preserved in forms derived from the infinitive.
This approach seems convincing, but it also caused a lot of controversy in linguistic circles. “If“ t ”is a suffix, then why is it not included in the base of the word?” - this question became one of the main questions for everyone who got acquainted with the new theory. The answer is easy if you remember the basics of morphemics. In modern Russian, suffixes are divided into form-building and word-building. Morphemes of the first type are not included in the stem. That is what we see in the infinitive.
What about "who"?
Do not forget that in the Russian language there are examples of the initial form of the verb that end in "chi". How to deal with such cases? What is "whose" in such words: an ending or a suffix?
There are also several answers to these questions:
- Is a suffix.
- Represents inflection.
- Included in the root.
The first two points of view are outdated. "Whose" was defined as a suffix or ending by analogy with "t" and "ti".
Modern linguistics believes that this combination is part of the root. To prove that this opinion is correct, you can change the verb: bake-bake. In the forms formed from the infinitive, "whose" is preserved, it means that it is part of the root.
What is the bottom line?
It is impossible to unambiguously answer the question: "Th is a suffix or an ending?" Both points of view described above are considered valid in modern Russian. Each of them has its own supporters. However, at present, the school curriculum gives preference to the position according to which "t" is a formative suffix. In higher educational institutions, it is customary to consider both theories.
Spelling a verb is not as easy a topic as it seems at first glance, and many people understand this. Vowels and consonants in the root, endings, prefixes - all this requires special attention. The suffixes in indefinite are also far from easy. Conjugation, type of verb - they are influenced by a lot. But even this can be easily dealt with, if there is a desire. Let's try to understand what exactly the spelling of the suffixes of verbs depends on, and what these suffixes are, in general.
Foundation of the basics
Any lesson in the Russian language "The indefinite form of the verb" would begin with the definition of the corresponding concept. The infinitive (and this is how it is called scientifically) is the initial, zero form, given in dictionaries and having no morphological features. So, the indefinite form of the verb: she has no time, face, number and mood, but she has a perfect ( reply) or imperfect ( respond) view; category of collateral - valid ( pronounce) and passive ( should be pronounced); recurrence ( turn out) and irreversibility ( run away). This word form answers the questions what to do? and what to do? And one of its main features are suffixes in the indefinite form of the verb: - t, ti, whose-. Some linguists identify suffixes such as - st- and - sti-.
How do you know that this is an infinitive?
The definition seems to be sorted out. What's next? How is the verb form? Is it possible to somehow understand that we are dealing with an infinitive, and not something else? Easy! We take the verb we need, for example, to read, and look at it (those parts of the word of which it consists). In this case, we have our suffix - be-, in addition, we ask a question to the verb: to read - what to do? And the second sign is consistent. To be completely sure, you can try to determine the person, number and time - and this is impossible. But the view ( what to do? - imperfect), recurrence (no postfix -сa- - and pledge ( to read - I do it myself - valid) are found without difficulty.
Another example is the verb blinking... There is no necessary suffix here, and he answers an attempt to ask a question what am I doing? - again not what we need. It is already clear that in this example there is also a face (I blinking - the first), and the number (singular), and the time (present), as well as the form (imperfect), and recurrence (irrevocable), and the pledge (valid). That is, this word form is not an infinitive.
Before determining the indefinite form of the verb, you need to check it for the presence of basic morphological features. If they are not there, great, we have an infinitive in front of us, but if there is a person, number and time, then this is just a declined form of the verb.
Does the infinitive have an ending?
Another very difficult question for many is the spelling of verb endings, which depends on the conjugation. It's not a very easy question - first to determine which conjugation the verb belongs to, and for this you need to put the verb in our indefinite form, see what it ends at, based on this, if possible, decide on the conjugation and only then put the ending in personal form of the verb. The infinitive is much easier.
Endings of verbs in indefinite form are a topic that does not exist. Now many people frown in confusion: after all, somehow we define the same conjugation, we look at the ending for this? No no and one more time no. The same vowel before infinitive suffixes is another suffix, although some linguists define it as an ending. Mandatory for memorization: since there are no morphological signs, then the endings of verbs in an indefinite form cannot be. The infinitive is characterized by the presence of only suffixes.
Suffix, not ending
Let's go back to the final infinitive suffixes. What determines which one is the right one to choose for the verb? Of course, for a native speaker of Russian, this is not a problem at all - we intuitively sense what to use, but for those who study the great and mighty as a foreign language, such a choice can be very difficult.
Suffix - ty- usually under stress ( carry, carry), and it also occurs in words derived from these, when a prefix pulling on itself appears in them ( take out, take out) - most often this is a prefix - you-.
-be- in turn occurs where there is no stress ( talk, laugh).
Availability - st- and - sti- typical for verbs whose stem ends in - d, t- (uPADU - FALL, scourge - splash), the second suffix also exists in verbs whose stem in personal form ends in - b- (greBu - greet).
Of course, there are a number of cases where suffixes in the indefinite form of a verb do not obey basic rules, for example, i swear - I swear, I grow - grow, but in this situation we can say that these verbs are a kind of exceptions, so that, no matter how sad it is, you need to memorize them.
Complicating the task
In general, consider only standard ones - t, ti, wch, ti, ti- as suffixes in the indefinite form of the verb, speaking about the spelling of this part of speech is not very correct. There are also suffixes - ova, eva- and - willow, iva-, the choice of which is also associated with certain difficulties. They are found in words such as, for example, to confess, to talk, to pledge etc.
Spelling in this case requires the setting of this very verb in the first person singular (this is what corresponds to the pronoun i). If the required form ends in - yuyu, yuyu-, then suffixes should be selected - ova / eva- (chase-chase, fight-fight), if on - i am, I am-, then suffixes will go - willow, iva- (bury-bury, insist-insist).
Now let's complicate a little more
To continue the topic of spelling suffixes, you can use one more interesting rule. Those verbs that end in a stressed - vat-, keep the same vowel before the suffix in the infinitive without this ending, which comes before this suffix in the conjugated form of the verb ( fill-fill).
In addition, there are interesting words that do not quite obey the general rule. In the indefinite form of the verb, they write a compound suffix - go numb-: stunned, stunned etc.
A bit of a nightmare
Another "favorite" by almost all schoolchildren is the spelling of the suffix before - t, ti, wch, ti, ti-, which usually determines the choice of verb conjugation. Of course, sometimes it is obvious, but sometimes, in words like glue, everything is not as simple as we would like.
In this case, you have to go deeper into conjugations. As you know, verbs have first and second conjugation. Both of these affect the choice of ending in the personal forms of the verb. The problem is that sometimes the ending in personal form is obvious, but what to write before the infinitive suffix is \u200b\u200bnot always clear. In this case, we take the controversial verb and begin to conjugate it. If the endings in the conjugated forms match the endings of the first conjugation ( -Yu, -eat, -no, -em, -e, -yut / -ut), then write those suffixes by which the first conjugation is determined - - yat, yat-, if the second ( -y, -yu, -it, -it, -im, -it, -at / -at), then, respectively, -it. For example the same glue - glue, glue, glue - thus, since they correspond to the endings of the second conjugation, you need to write the suffix of this very second conjugation - go.
The home stretch: soft sign in the infinitive
Now let's move on to the last of the particularly important aspects concerning the infinitive. Certain difficulties are caused by a soft sign in the indefinite form of the verb - the hero of a huge number of Internet memes in the style of "the pain of any literate person." In general, it is very difficult to say why such a simple topic seems so difficult, but oh well, and we'll figure it out.
Whether it is worth writing a soft sign in the infinitive or not is very easy to determine. We take the verb, best of all in the third person singular (this is what corresponds to the pronouns he she it), and ask him a question. If the question what is he doing?, then there will be no soft sign either in this form or in the infinitive ( he learns - what is he doing? - LEARN), if the question what to do?, then, accordingly, the soft sign will appear in both forms ( he wants to learn - what to do? - to study). Of course, it all depends on the context. As you can see from the example, one and the same verb can be written with or without a soft sign. Let's try again?
I can not sleep.
Laughing during a serious conversation is stupid.
Why don't we take a walk?
He is too lazy to go out on the street once again.
He refuses, refusing in this situation is the only way out.
Conclusion
The verb is a multifaceted and difficult part of speech, working with it includes a huge number of nuances, little things that should always be taken into account. Verb suffixes are by far one of the hardest topics in spelling, but if you remember the basic rules, everything will become much easier.
Let us repeat once again everything that was said above. Firstly, infinitives have no endings, this is a suffix, and nothing more. Its choice depends on the stress (under stress - ty-, without him - be-) and from the consonant with which the stem of the verb ends (if - d, t, b-, then, most likely, the infinitive will be endowed with suffixes - st, st-). Further, about writing suffixes - willow / willow- and - ova / eva-. If the verb in the first person singular ends in - yu / yu-, then we write - ova / eva-, if this form contains - willow / willow-, then we save the corresponding suffix. The real war unfolded around the definition of the consonant preceding the infinitive suffix. Here we define conjugation by conjugating the verb, and already proceeding from it for the first conjugation with endings - eat it, eat it, eat it, eat it- we write - eat / eat / eat-, if the endings in the personal form of the verb - see, it, im, it, at / yat- - choose between - it / it-. One last thing: when the verb answers the question what to do?, we write a soft sign in the infinitive when the question what is he doing?, we do without it.
1. The spelling of personal endings for verbs of the present or future simple (if the verb is perfect) tense differs depending on the type of conjugation:
1) verbs of I conjugation have endings: -y (-y), -eh, -e, -em, -te, -ut (-yut):
carry, carry, carry, carry, carry, carry;
2) verbs of II conjugation have endings: -y (-y), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat):
sit, sit, sit, sit, sit, sit.
Verb conjugation is defined in two ways:
On a personal ending, if it is percussive:
sing - I ref. (sing - by yut); sit - II ref. (sit - sid it)
By an indefinite suffix (infinitive), if the personal ending is unstressed.
For ease of memorization and understanding, I propose to neglect the morphology a little and just list the verbs that are conjugated by I conjugation, and those that are conjugated by II.
So, according to the rules of II conjugation will change:
Verbs in indefinite form ending in it (is):
to dry, cook, ride, sting, mince, squander, mow, circle, feast on, beckon, measure, pray, dress up, unhealthy, like, nurse, foam.
Verb "Measure" and derivatives from it (measure, measure, measure, etc.):
measure, measure, measure, measure, measure, measure;
The forms “measure, measure, measure, measure, measure, measure” are formed from the verb verb “measure” and are considered non-literary.
According to the rules of I, conjugations will change:
Exceptions:
shave (shave, shave, shave, shave, shave, shave);
to be built (used only in two forms: builds - builds up;
four verbs naat (yat): drive, hold, breathe, hear;
seven verbs in et (etsya): see, twirl, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure.
- Other verbs indefinite ending on "at, on, on" as well as verbs in "Ot" with unstressed personal endings.
Here are some of them:
mutter, recover, warm, enslave, temper, click, shake (s), stab, shake (s), blush, babble, babble, grind, adore, darken, solder, cry, flog, count, pour, melt, trample, pull, whisper.
Verbs "Lay" and "lay" and derivatives from them (cover - cover, cover - cover, cover - cover, pereplat - remake):
stele, lay, stele, lay, lay.
Type verbs "Get well, freeze, become disgusted, disgusted, moldy" :
get well, get well, get well, get well, get well.
In indefinite and past tense of verbs "Bayat, bleat, blow, repent, bark, pour, toil, hope, howl, sow, melt (not to be confused with the verb conceal), find fault, tea, smell" suffix -at, therefore:
melt, melt, melt, melt, melt.
!!! But: you hide from concealing.
Offtopic
Vaevsky will personally kill everyone who will “hide the snow” or “melt the riddle”
Verbs want, run, dawn are multi-conjugate,
those. they are have endings of I and II conjugations .
So, the verb “to want” in the singular changes according to I conjugation (you want it, you want it), and in the plural - according to II (you want it, you want it, you want it);
the verb to run in the 3rd person plural has the ending -out (run), in the rest - the end of the II conjugation: you run, run, run, run;
the verb to dawn has only two forms: the 3rd person singular - dawns (II conjugation) and the 3rd person plural - dawns (I conjugation).
From the verb "Torment" forms are used both I and II conjugations :
i torment, torment, torment, torment, torment, torment and torment, torment, torment, torment, torment.
Form II conjugation is preferred, and forms I of conjugation are considered colloquial, they go back to the obsolete verb "torment".
Many verbs prefix you- takes on stress, resulting in a spelling difficulty. In these cases, a questionable ending is recommended check with an unprecedented word :
they will say - they say (say - talk), get enough sleep - sleep (sleep - sleep), cut - cut (cut - cut).
2. A distinction is made between the close-sounding forms of the 2nd person plural of the imperative mood (defined by "do it lively!") And the 2nd person plural forms of the present or future (in perfective verbs) of the indicative mood (defined by "you will do it ")
For example: knock (first option) and knock(second option)
The imperative mood is formed with the suffix - and the ending -te : sit-those, write-those, jump-those;
in the indicative mood, the verb ends depending on the conjugation: -te or -ite. Compare:
Conjugation I write more carefully! (imperative) - you write neatly, so the work is easy to read (indicative)
II conjugation hold the handle correctly! (imperative) - If you hold the pen correctly, the handwriting is beautiful (indicative).
The letter "ь" in verb forms
B is written:1) in the indefinite form of the verb (everyone remembers what an infinitive is?):
burn - burn, entertain - have fun, read;
2) in the ending of the 2nd person singular present or future tense (that is, in those verbs that answer the question "what are you doing? What are you going to do?"):
you will burn - you will burn yourself, if you entertain - you will have fun;
3) in the imperative mood after consonants:
throw, throw, dress, leave, hide, cut;
When the imperative mood of the plural "b" is formed, the following is preserved:
throw, throw, dress, leave, hide, cut.
+ An exception: lie down - lie down - lie down.
"B" is not written:
In forms like "let's go, let's start, let's do it";
In personal forms, verbs with the root "yes-":
will be given (indefinite form - given), given out (given out), given (given), given up (surrendered), given (given), distributed (distributed);
But! in the infinitive of this group of verbs "b" is preserved.