What should be the lighting of the adjacent territory of apartment buildings. Let there be light: the law on lighting the adjacent territory of an apartment building Lighting of stairwells in an apartment building norms

1. Overview of general lighting systems

As shown by numerous observations, the collective lighting system in multi-storey residential buildings is represented by incandescent lamps with an average power of 60 watts. Lamps, as a rule, are installed without shades, which is a violation of fire safety requirements. The fire hazard of incandescent lamps is usually considered in two aspects:

The possibility of a fire from contact between the lamp and combustible material;
the possibility of a fire from falling on the surrounding combustible materials of incandescent lamp elements formed during its destruction.

The first aspect is connected, firstly, with the fact that the temperature of the glass bulb of an incandescent lamp after 60 minutes of burning is from 110 to 360 ° C (with a lamp power of 40 to 100 W). This explains the presence of dark sooty circles on the ceiling above the installed lamp.

Secondly, it is associated with improper operation, when another violation is imposed on one violation (using an open lamp without a diffuser (heat-resistant shade), which many residents remove so that the "lamp shines brighter") - non-observance of the permissible approach distance of combustible materials. This phenomenon, very often, is found in cramped apartment lobbies, which residents use as makeshift storage rooms.

Even the presence of a sufficient distance does not guarantee safety - a fire can occur (second aspect) from incandescent metal particles formed during emergency modes (lamp burnout) in defective lamps (reflow of electrodes or inputs by arc discharges) and scattering from the lamp at a distance of about three meters. Vertically falling particles retain their incendiary ability even when falling from 8-10 m.

There is a widespread violation when aluminum wires are extended with copper wires using twists. As a result, a galvanic pair is formed, leading to electrochemical corrosion (destruction of the contact) and an increase in contact resistance, which ultimately can also become a source of fire due to heating of the wire junction.
Among the main options for power supply, the following main ones can be distinguished:

The whole system is switched on without diodes;
the whole system is switched on using diodes (centrally, in the switchboard);
combined solutions (diodes are installed partially in lamps and switches).

Diode- an electronic component with different conductivity depending on the direction of the current. In homes, it is used to reduce the effective voltage on incandescent lamps in order to reduce energy consumption and increase the service life of incandescent lamps.

The installed diodes in the power supply circuit of the lighting system of the house lead to the fact that the incandescent lamps begin to flicker noticeably, which gives additional discomfort to the residents.
The operating voltage decreases from 220 to 156 V, but it should be noted that due to the fact that the incandescent lamp is a non-linear element and its real energy consumption decreases only by 42% and the luminous flux, depending on the square of the normal voltage, decreases to 27%.

Light flow- a physical quantity characterizing the amount of "light" power in the corresponding radiation flux. It is the main characteristic of a light source for evaluating the illumination generated by a given light source.

As a result, the lamps become less energy efficient: if the original version has a luminous flux of 800
lm at a power of 60 W (light output 13.3 lm / W), then at
using a diode, the luminous flux is 216 lm
at a power of 34.8 W (light output 6.2 lm / W).

Energy efficiency- efficient (rational) use of energy resources. In the case of lighting, this is the use of less electricity to provide the same level of illumination.
Luminous efficacy of the light source- the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by the source to the power consumed by it. It is an indicator of the efficiency and economy of light sources.

To compensate for the reduced luminous flux, residents install lamps with a higher power, reaching up to 200 W, which leads to an increase in electricity for the needs of general lighting.

Ultimately, the illumination of entrances and vestibules does not comply with the norms of SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 (the average illumination on staircases, floor corridors, etc. should be at least 20 lux).

2. Review of energy efficient light sources

Figure 1 - KLE device, where 1 - tube thickening; 2 - inner lining of the flask; 3 - electronic ballast; 4 - ventilation hole; 5 - base

The following energy-efficient light sources (EIS) suitable for use in residential buildings are widely available on the market: fluorescent lamps (including CLE (compact fluorescent with built-in electronic ballasts (electronic ballasts))), LED lamps and lamps.

A significant disadvantage of fluorescent lamps is the presence of mercury vapor in their composition, which requires special disposal measures and the presence of a switch-on delay (the lamp reaches the nominal luminous flux of operation after a noticeable period of time). The stated service life of 25,000 hours is usually not met due to frequent burnout of the tungsten electrodes. During operation, the lamp heats up to 60 ° C, and if they are used as part of any closed luminaires, then the heat release leads to overheating of the electronics and premature lamp failure. These lamps do not have a warranty period. When used in cold rooms, their luminous efficacy and service life are reduced. Also, the human factor cannot be discarded - the lamps can be stolen by residents in order to use them to illuminate the apartment.
The only and significant disadvantage of lamps with LED light source is their high market price. But this price is paid off by their significantly lower energy consumption, even in comparison with KLE. But when using this lamp in a standard luminaire, the light distribution on the illuminated surface may deteriorate, because this lamp gives a narrow beam of light. Thus, these lamps are effectively used only when they are installed vertically towards the floor (for example, in a chandelier).

Figure 2 - The device of an LED lamp, where 1 is a diffuser; 2 - LEDs; 3 - circuit board; 4 - radiator; 5 - driver; 6 - ventilation holes; 7 - base

Figure 3 - LED luminaire SLG-HL8

When choosing between an LED lamp and a LED lamp, it is advisable to make a choice in the direction of an LED lamp, since a LED lamp has a similar human factor and the possibility of overheating of the electronics (as in KLE).
At the moment, there are two types of LED lamps on the market that are suitable for use in the housing sector - based on a driverless scheme and using a driver. The price range of the lamps is in the range of 500-700 rubles. without using a driver and 700-1600 rubles. for luminaires with a driver.

The main purpose of the driver is to convert AC and high voltage of the primary circuit into constant constant current and low voltage acceptable for powering LEDs. In addition to this main function, the driver provides protection against short circuits, protection against overheating of the driver and the luminaire as a whole, as well as stable operation of the luminaire in a wide range of input voltage. The undervoltage of the secondary circuit ensures safety during electrical work and maintenance of the luminaire.

The essence of the driverless circuit is that a large number (2070) low-power LEDs (0.1-0.3 W) are used in the luminaire, connected in series to supply them with high voltage (> 70 V). But the reliability of any technical system is inversely proportional to the number of elements used, and the burnout of any of the LEDs (when using cheap LEDs of dubious quality) leads to the failure of the luminaire. There are no protection systems.

As a result of the absence of a driver (switching power supply), the LEDs are powered incorrectly, which leads to their rapid aging (the service life is reduced from 50,000 to 30,000 hours). Also, the main disadvantages of these luminaires include a large ripple coefficient, which can be conditionally tolerated due to the short-term stay of residents at the entrance.

3. Automation tools

To control the lighting system in an apartment building, in addition to standard switches, various motion sensors can be used as an automation tool.

A motion sensor (DD) is a sensor that monitors the movement of any objects. As a rule, a motion sensor is understood as an electronic infrared (IR) sensor that detects the presence and movement of a person and switches the load - an alarm if it is used as a security system, or a lighting system when it is used as a means of reducing energy consumption (by reducing time work) of these systems. After holding a certain period of time (as a rule, adjustable), the DD is switched off the load (in this case, the luminaire).

A very useful built-in function in most DD is the presence of light sensors (DD will not work if the illumination in the room exceeds a certain level). Due to this, the lighting system does not turn on during the daytime.

Figure 4 - The principle of operation of the infrared motion sensor

The disadvantages of IR DD are

Limited coverage (survey) sector;
decrease in sensitivity when installed at a height of more than 2 meters;
the inability to install near strong heat sources (for example, heating batteries).

For example, when a motion sensor is installed in a long corridor (about 6-8 meters), it is triggered only when a person reaches approximately the middle of it, which causes certain inconveniences (the first third of the corridor has to be passed in the dark). Their viewing range (about 6 meters) is quite enough for use in the entrance.

The solution to the limited coverage sector can be the installation of 2 DD, using the following installation schemes:

At the beginning and at the end of the corridor, on the walls, the DDs are directed towards each other;
even distribution of DD on the ceiling.

In both cases, the DD must be connected in parallel so that the triggering of any of the sensors turns on the luminaire. The disadvantage of this solution is the increased consumption of the DDs themselves, which, given their high market price (about 250 rubles), will lead to significant financial costs with dubious savings in the case of using energy-efficient light sources. For example, 2 DDs constantly consume more than 10% of the power of a working LED lamp. Also, one should not forget that a significant complication of the switching system is also taking place - it is necessary to lay a wire to each of the sensors in both directions.

There are also cheaper versions of DD - sound (photoacoustic). These sensors are often found already in certain luminaires (see figure 1.5). The presence of the word "energy saving" in their names and a low market value of about 250 rubles. bribes many homeowners associations and UK, but their serious drawback is the problem of setting the sensitivity to the sound level. Setting the sensitivity too high leads, for example, to the fact that a resident wearing sneakers can walk past such a sensor, and it will not work. Setting a low sensitivity leads to a lack of signal selectivity - DDs are triggered by almost any sound.

Figure 5 - Energy-saving lamp ZhKKH-03

A common disadvantage of any motion sensors is that the luminaire undergoes a significantly greater number of on-off cycles during operation, which reduces its service life of the installed light source. For example, incandescent lamps burn out in 90% of cases at the moment of switching on with a concomitant surge of current. In the case of CLE, the interval between switching on, established by the warranty conditions to achieve the prescribed operating time, can be more than two minutes (this is due to the operation of simple pre-heating circuits). The use of soft starters in their composition does not allow the use of KLE and LED lamps.

The cost of the electricity saved will only justify the premature failure of light sources if incandescent lamps are used, which have a relatively low market value. Also, motion sensors deliver some discomfort to residents, especially if installed incorrectly.

The only area where the use of DD in a residential building is economically viable are places of rare use, for example, an emergency fire escape.

Observations have shown that no more than 1 person per week uses the fire escape. Taking into account the number of storeys of houses where this staircase is present, it is possible to determine the energy savings in the case of using incandescent lamps and EIS.

In the case of using incandescent lamps, the energy savings in terms of power consumption is 60-0.5 = 59.5 W, where 60 is the power of the LON-60 incandescent lamp, W; 0.5 - power consumption of DD in standby mode, W. In a month, when operating around the clock, the savings will be: 0.0595 24 29.4-42 kWh (here 0.0595 is the released power, kW; 24 is the number of hours in a day; 29.4 is the average number of days in a month ). At a price for electricity of 2.367 rubles / kWh, the established DD at the price of 250 rubles. and the cost of installation is about 150 rubles. each project for the equipment of DD will pay off within (250 + 150) / (42x2.367) -4 months.

In the case of using an EIS (see clause 1.2) with an average power of about 8-15 W, the released power is (15 ... 8) -0.5 = 14.5 ... 7.5 W (here 15 is the power of the CLE, analogue of 60 W incandescent lamp; 8 - power of LED lamp SLG-HL8, also analogue of LON-60). In this case, the average monthly energy savings will be (0.0145.,. 0.0075) -24-29.4 = 10.2 ... 5.6 kWh. The payback period is (250 + 150) / ((10.2 ... 5.6) x2.367) ~ 17 ... 30 months, or one and a half to three years.

Thus, it is economically impractical to install motion sensors complete with EIS - an incandescent lamp is enough. The only drawback of this solution is the ban on the production and sale of incandescent lamps in Russia in 2014.

A non-standard (wall-mounted) installation scheme for DD installation in emergency staircases is recommended, since it provides coverage of two flights of stairs at once (see Figure 1.6). As practice shows, DD with this scheme is triggered only when a person approaches in the middle of the staircase (in front of the staircase itself), which, with a low intensity of use of the fire escape, can be attributed to an insignificant disadvantage.

Figure 6 - Application of motion sensors on the emergency staircase

4. Characteristics of the SLG-HL8 luminaire

LED luminaires of the SLG-HL8 series (Silen-LED Group, for House Light 8 W- “Silen-Led luminaire for house lighting with a nominal power of 8 W) are intended for general illumination of housing and communal services. They are specially designed according to lighting calculations for energy-saving lighting of technical and public premises provided for housing and communal services: entrances of residential buildings, staircases and staircases, elevator shafts, corridors, vestibules, areas of residential buildings and other public premises.
Luminaires of this series can be used for emergency and emergency lighting of any non-residential premises of public and private buildings, in addition, they are suitable for outdoor lighting under a canopy - under the canopies of porches (there is a special version for outdoor use with increased characteristics of anti-vandal protection and resistance to temperature extremes).
The luminaire in a classic economical version is produced in an airbag 1301 housing with an IP54 degree of protection, which can be installed on walls and ceilings. The body is made of aluminum alloy, which helps to dissipate heat from the luminaire, and is covered with borosilicate frosted glass to limit the glare from the LEDs. At the request of the customer, it is possible to design and manufacture the luminaire in other housings.
Luminaires are manufactured in Barnaul, passing comprehensive quality control. In the manufacture, various machine-building templates and conductors are used.
All luminaires are covered by a 3-year warranty, during which defective luminaires are replaced free of charge. It should be noted that this period exceeds the maximum payback period of the fixtures.

Table 1 - Characteristics of the SLG-HL8

5. Installation of LED lamps

Since LED luminaires have a certain directionality, installing LED luminaires in the places where incandescent lamps were installed is not the right solution. This is due to the fact that the main "working surface" in the entrance is the floor, and if the luminaire is installed on a wall, the main luminous flux will fall on the opposite wall. As a result, the floor will only be illuminated by indirect lighting, which will reduce the required illumination. For this reason, the luminaires are installed on the ceiling (exceptions are cases when the installation of the luminaire on the ceiling is not possible).

Despite the fact that installation becomes more complicated, since you have to lay a long connecting cord from the connection point to the luminaire, this method, in addition to increasing the average illumination, improves light distribution, and also reduces the human factor - the luminaire is located at the maximum height, which makes easy access difficult to him, reduces the glare and the possibility of accidental damage.

Figure 7 - Scheme of a typical installation of LED lamps at the entrance of a house of 97 and 121 series

Luminaires are installed on weekdays. In exceptional cases, installation can be carried out on Saturday. The day of installation is notified at least one day in advance. Preparatory work for residents who installed doors in the vestibules boils down to cleaning things that are afraid of dust and providing access to the vestibule on a specified day.
The work is carried out by a specially trained, installer, who knows the device and the rules for installing LED lamps, who also conducts explanatory work with residents. The house is connected to the power grid through the communal lighting line without the need to open electrical panels. It is imperative that work is carried out to identify and eliminate the installed diodes, which can reduce the service life of LED lamps.

Electrical installation is reduced to the following operations:

Removing the old lamp;
installation of a new junction box;
installation of an LED lamp on the ceiling;
laying the cable to the luminaire;
connection (depending on the type of wire) through specialized clamps for lighting equipment to the wires.

Figure 8 - Typical LED luminaire installation

The average installation speed is about 30 lamps per day, which corresponds to 1 entrance of a 9-storey building.

6. Economic calculations

The payback period in the case of lighting systems is the period of time that has passed after the purchase and installation of more efficient light sources, during which the price of the saved energy will exceed the price of the luminaire, taking into account its installation.

Payback = Investment / Annual Savings (1.1)

The initial version is a working lamp LON-60 in 2 main versions (see clause 1.1) - with and without a diode in the power supply circuit. It is necessary to determine how much it costs to operate a given light source in both versions
We will carry out calculations for the following replacement options (through a dash - the abbreviation adopted in the future):

Compact fluorescent lamp SPIRAL-econom with a power of 12 W, 600 lm (manufactured by ASD) - KLL12.
LED lamp with a power of LED-A60-standard with a power of 7 W, 600 lm (ASD) - LL7.
LED lamp SPP-2101 with a power of 8 W, 640 lm (ASD) - LED8
LED luminaire SLG-HL8 with a power of 8 W, 660 lm (Silen-Led) - SLG-HL8.

The light sources were selected according to the principle of equality of the luminous flux to an incandescent lamp of 60 W (600 lm).
To assess the payback period, it is necessary to have initial data for calculations, which include the price for electricity (from 2015 for houses equipped in the prescribed manner with stationary electric stoves - 2.5 rubles) and the average daily operating time - 14 hours;

6.1 Operating costs of incandescent lamps

The consumed electricity per year P el can be calculated using the following formula:

R el = R light / T day * 365 (1.2)

Where P light is the power of the lamp, W; T day - average daily operating time, h; 365 is the number of days in a year.

According to clause 1.1, if an incandescent lamp is switched on through a diode, then its energy consumption is reduced by 42%. Accordingly, for LON-60, connected through a diode, this power will be 60 - 42% = 35 W.

In further calculations, we will designate this calculated case as a variant of using an incandescent lamp with a power of 35 W (LON35). A lamp switched on without using a diode will be denoted as LON60.

R el LON35 = 35 * 14 * 365 = 178.85 kW * h (1.3)
R el LON60 = 60 * 14 * 365 = 306.6 kW * h (1.4)

In monetary terms, the cost of consumed energy can be calculated using the following formula:

C el = R el * C kW * h (1.5)

Where C kW * h is the cost of a kilowatt-hour, rubles / kW * h.

According to this formula, for the given design cases, the cost of consumed electricity will be:

With el LON35 = 178.85 * 2.5 = 447.12 rubles (1.6)
With el LON60 = 306.6 * 2.5 = 766.5 rubles (1.7)

It should be noted that lamps switched on without a diode work in the nominal mode, and they burn out during operation, and lamps switched on using a diode practically do not burn out.

So it is necessary to determine how much is spent per year to replace burned out lamps. This cost of C deputy is made up of the cost of the lamp multiplied by the number of replacements.

C deputy = Ts l * n s (1.8)

Where Ts l is the cost of the lamp, rubles; n s is the number of replacements, pcs / year;

The number of replacements n s for can be determined based on the average daily operating time of the light source T day and the average service life of the light source T cl.

N s = (T day * 365) / T w (1.9)

Where T day is the average daily operating time h, T sl is the average service life of the light source, h.
The average service life for an incandescent lamp with a rated power of 60 W (for example, B220-230-60-1) is given in GOST 2239-79 and is 1300 hours.
For llama LON-60, the number of replacements is:

N s LON60 = (14 * 365) / 1300 = 3.9pcs (1.10)

For this lamp, the average price in the city of Barnaul in 2014 was 13.3 rubles. Therefore, the annual cost of replacing lamps is:

With deputy LON60 = 3.93 * 13.3 = 52.28 rubles (1.11)

In total, we find that the annual operating costs of a 60 W incandescent lamp are:

RUB 485.45 - in the case of using diodes;
766.5 + 52.28 = 818.78 rubles. - without using them. At the same time, these calculations do not take into account the cost of the work itself to replace them.

6.2 Payback periods of replacement options

To determine the payback period for various options for replacing LON-60 with EIS, according to formula 1.1, two main parameters are determined - the cost of the purchase (investment) and the annual savings.

C s = C EIS + C mon (1.12)

Where TS EIS is the cost of EIS, rubles; Ts mon - the cost of dismantling old lamps and installing new ones, rubles. This cost relates to capital expenditures.

Annual energy savings C econ can be calculated using the following formula:

S econ = Ts el LON + Ts el EIS (1.13)

Where Ts el LON is the annual energy consumption of the incandescent lamp in (in both calculated versions), kWh; Ts el EIS - annual energy consumption of EIS, kWh.

If the purchase cost (see Formula 1.12) is divided by the annual savings (see Formula 1.13), then the payback period can be determined in years:

T payoff = C s / S econ (1.14)

To convert the resulting value from the resulting fraction, you need to subtract the whole part - these will be whole years - and multiply the remainder by 12 to get months.
It should be noted that the calculations do not take into account inflation and the annual increase in the electricity tariff, which lead to an additional reduction in the payback period.

Replacement option for CFL 12 W:

S s KLL12 = 130 + 100 + 100 = 330 rubles

Here 130 is the cost of a 15 W CLE with an E27 base, rubles; 100 - the cost of the most popular lamp NBB 64-60 with a diffuser RPA-85-001, rubles; 100 - the cost of replacement work, rubles.

R el KLL12 = 12 * 14 * 365 = 61.32 kW * h
Ts el KLL12 = 61.32 * 2.5 = 153.3 rubles
n s KLL12 = (14 * 365) / 8000 = 0.64pcs
With deputy KLL12 = 0.64 * 130 = 83.2 rubles

Also, it is necessary to add to this cost the cost for the disposal of a failed mercury-containing lamp (12 rubles), which, taking into account the delivery, will cost about 20 rubles.

In case of violation in accordance with Article 8.2. Of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, citizens will need from 1 to 2 thousand rubles, officials - from 10 to 30 thousand rubles, entrepreneurs - from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days), and legal entities - from 100 thousand to 250 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days).

With deputy + util KLL12 = 83.2 + 20 * 0.64 = 96 rubles
C explo KLL12 = 153.3 + 96 = 249.3 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 249.3 = 569.48 rubles
With ekon diode = 485.45 - 249.3 = 236.15 rubles
T payback = 330 / 569.48 = 0.58 = 7 months
T payback diode = 330/236 15 = 1.4 = 1 year 5 months

Replacement option for a 7 W LED lamp:

C z LL7 = 200 +100 +100 = 400 rubles

Here 200 is the cost of a 7 W LED lamp with an E27 base, rubles; 100 - the cost of the NBB 64-60 lamp with RPA-85-001 diffuser, rubles; 100 - the cost of replacement work, rubles.

R el LL7 = 7 * 14 * 365 = 35.77 kW * h
C el LL7 = 35.77 * 2.5 = 89.43 rubles
n s LL7 = (14 * 365) / 30,000 = 0.17pcs
With deputy LL7 = 0.17 * 200 = 34 rubles
C explo LL7 = 89.43 + 34 = 123.43 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 123.43 = 695.35 rubles
With ekon diode = 485.45 - 123.43 = 362.02 rubles
T payback = 400 / 695.35 = 0.58 = 7 months
T payback diode = 400 / 362.02 = 1.1 = 1 year 1 month

Replacement option for SPP-2101 lamp:

C w LED8 = 500 + 200 = 700 rubles
here 500 is the cost of the SPP-2101 LED lamp, rubles; 200- cost of replacement work, rub. The increase in the cost of installation is due to the fact that the luminaire is not installed in the same place, but on the ceiling (see Figure 8)

P el LED8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 40.88 kW * h
Ts el LED8 = 40.88 * 2.5 = 102.2 rubles
n s LED8 = (14 * 365) / 30,000 = 0.17 pcs
With deputy LED8 = 0.17 * 500 = 85 rubles

Here it is more appropriate to use the term not "replacement cost" but "amortization deductions", since the luminaire is an integral part of the light source and the whole complex has to be replaced.

Ts explol LED8 = 102.2 + 85 = 187.2 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 187.2 = 631.58 rubles
With econ diode = 485.45 - 187.2 = 298.25 rubles
T payback = 700 / 631.58 = 1.11 = 1 year 1 month
T payback diode = 700 / 298.25 = 2.35 = 2 years 4 months

Replacement option for SHG-HL8:

From s SG-HL8 = 750 + 200 = 950 rubles

Here 750 is the cost of the SLG-HL8, rubles; 200- cost of replacement work, rub.

P el SG-HL8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 4 °, 88 kW * h
Ts el SG-HL8 = 4 °, 88 * 2.5 = 1 ° 2.2 rubles
n s SG-HL8 = (14 * 365) / 50,000 = 0.1 pcs

In the case of the SLG-HL8 LED luminaire, at the end of its service life of 50,000 hours with the expected good condition of the plafond, it is possible to replace the light module without replacing the plafond itself and the cooling systems. The price of these works is 500 rubles.

With deputy SG-HL8 = 0.1 * 500 = 50 rubles
C explo SG-HL8 = 102.2 + 50 = 152.2 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 152.2 = 666.58 rubles
With ekon diode = 485.45 - 152.2 = 333.25 rubles
T payback = 950 / 666.58 = 1.43 = 1 year 5 months
T payback diode = 950/333 25 = 2.85 = 2 years 10 months

7. Conclusions

Let's summarize all the technical characteristics and the obtained economic data on the considered lamps in a single table. Luminaires are listed in the order in which they are described.

Table 2 - Characteristics of light sources

Based on the study, we will give a brief description of each light source, indicating its main advantages and disadvantages.
Incandescent lamp with a power of 60 watts. Typical lighting system for the entrances of apartment buildings. Has the highest energy consumption and lowest luminous efficacy and service life. Fire hazardous. When used with diodes, it does not provide standardized illumination. The main advantage is the low price of the lamp.

12W compact fluorescent lamp. It contains mercury, which requires special measures for its disposal (and, as it should be, disposal costs). The main advantages are improved luminous efficiency and service life at a reasonable cost and ease of replacement.

7W LED lamp. Provides the lowest power consumption. The cheapest option for an LED light source. But at the same time, the likelihood of theft is maximum (or the installation of a special lamp is required). The main advantage is the shortest payback period and ease of replacement.

LED lamp SPP-2101 (8 W). A variant of the LED lamp in the luminaire body. Due to the high price, the payback period is 2 times longer. The main advantage is the reduced likelihood of theft compared to an LED lamp.

LED lamp SLG-HL8 (8W). The most expensive replacement option. A variant of the LED luminaire in a metal case. The longest payback period. Repairable, while repairs are being carried out in the city of Barnaul. The main advantage is the payback period in all cases is less than the warranty period (3 years).

8. An example of the modernization of lighting systems in an apartment building in the city of Barnaul

The object of modernization was a panel residential apartment building of the 97th series for 205 apartments.

Average illumination index 8.7 ± 0.1 lux

Illumination measurement results according to GOST R 54944

The house has been managed by the Altai Homeowners Association (HOA) since 1997. At a meeting of the Board on April 7, 2011, it was decided to replace the collective lighting system, presented in the form of 170 incandescent lamps installed in entrances and vestibules, with energy efficient light sources. All lamps were centrally (in the electrical room) switched on through power diodes. The ceiling height is 2.63 m. The walls are half painted with light paint, the upper part of the walls and the ceiling are whitewashed. The results of measuring the illumination in the floor corridor are presented below.

An SLG-HL8 LED luminaire was chosen as the EIS light. The cost of the work is 170,000 rubles. The term of work execution is 2 months.

According to the calculated data, the payback period was 2 years. After carrying out the work, to check the calculation data, a log was taken for registering the readings of electric meters, based on the results of which the graph is plotted, shown in the figure below. For improved visualization, a stepwise approximation of the obtained data was carried out.

Figure 9 - Household energy consumption for 2010-2013

The graph shows that after November 2011, when the work was completed, the cost of lighting from 45005500 kWh decreased to 1000-1200 kWh, and the total energy consumption decreased by 2 times (from 8000 to 4000 kWh). The energy consumption of the elevators has remained unchanged, but in the future, plans have been developed to carry out energy saving work in the elevators.
Another option for data visualization designed to represent the structure of total energy consumption is Figure 10.

Figure 10 - The structure of energy consumption at home for 2010-2014

It can be seen from the above diagram that before the modernization, the lighting costs were 2/3 of the ONE, after the modernization - less than 1/3. At the same time, the average annual energy saving is about 4000-12 = 48,000 kWh, which in monetary terms in electricity prices for 2011 is 48,000 1.79 = 85,920 rubles. With the cost of energy saving, the payback period was 1 year and 10 months. A decrease in the payback period is justified by bringing all lamps to a single nominal value - many residents, to improve illumination, installed a power of up to 200 watts instead of the standard 60 watt lamps. Lighting control systems - switches were also restored. The introduction of automation equipment played a role in part - motion sensors were installed on the emergency staircase.
A prerequisite was to bring the level of illumination in the entrances to the standard. The results of measuring the illumination after the upgrade are shown in the figure and table below.

Average illumination index 25.3 ± 0.1 lux. Illumination measurement results after modernization

An important feature of the measurements carried out is that they were carried out in 24-hour increments at the same time and with the same camera settings.

The figures show that the average in both cases is over 20 lux and averages 22 lux. These indications fully comply with SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10. This confirms the correctness of the choice of LED luminaires.

In 2014, incandescent lamps were replaced with LED lamps in elevator charges and in elevator cabins. It also reduced the energy consumption of the home, bringing it to 25% of the original value (from ~ 8000 to ~ 2000 kWh).

Many of us have had to return home more than once at night. At such moments, a person realizes how important lighting is inside and around an apartment building. But what if there is no light either in the entrance or in the yard? Who to contact and who is responsible for this? Let's look at this issue.

In this article:

Entrance lighting

With the onset of darkness in the entrance and on the stairwells of a residential building, the light must be turned on. This is primarily necessary for the safety of residents. Lighting at the entrance of an apartment building must meet the following requirements:

• in public areas, a general lighting system is used;
• if the house has more than 6 floors and more than 50 people live, then the building must be equipped with evacuation lighting;
• evacuation lamps are installed in the main aisles and in front of elevators;
• it is allowed to use incandescent lamps, halogen and LED lamps;
• it is recommended to cover the lamp with anti-vandal, shock-resistant glass or metal mesh;
• the light intensity must comply with the established standards.

Illumination standards are regulated by special regulatory documents, SNiP and GOST and are standardized according to VSN 59-88. The lux values ​​for common areas are shown in the table:

Residents have the right to complain to the management company not only that there are no lamps, but also that their light is not intense enough.

Basement lighting

Special requirements are put forward for the organization of the basement lighting due to the special microclimate inside the room. As a rule, it is always humid there, dampness can be observed, therefore the lamps must meet the standards of electrical safety and fire safety.

The power supply must be reduced to 42 W using a step-down transformer. The luminaire body must be grounded. It is not recommended to connect copper and aluminum wires when laying cables, which react under the influence of moisture. The wiring is placed in special corrugated pipes called sleeves.

Lighting of the local area

Before figuring out what standards the lighting of the adjoining territory and the courtyard of an apartment building should meet, you need to figure out what is included in this concept - "adjoining territory". According to the legislation, these are:

• the land plot on which the house is built, its dimensions are determined by the cadastre;
• improvement elements (this includes, among other things, lamps);
• objects intended for the operation of the house (heating points, transformer, children's and sports grounds, car parks).

Directly lighting the courtyard of an apartment building can be carried out in three ways:

1. Lantern under the visor above the entrance door. This is convenient, because you can take a low-power lamp, you don't need a lot of light. The disadvantage is that only a small area in front of the door will be illuminated.
2. A lantern above the porch canopy. It is advisable to take a lamp with a luminous flux of at least 3500 lm and a circular luminous intensity. Placed at a height of 5 meters at an angle of 25 degrees to the horizon. But, despite the fact that the entire courtyard is illuminated in this way, the area next to the door remains in the dark.
3. Combining the two previous options. The most optimal way to illuminate the yard, but it consumes a lot of electricity.

To illuminate the adjacent territory, standards have also been developed, which are presented in the table:

Some residents insist on installing motion-sensor lighting in order to save energy. It makes sense to install such lamps inside the entrances, while on the streets they will not work quite correctly. On the street, the sensor can be triggered by the movement of the animal, and the light will turn on when it is not required.

Who is responsible for lighting the home?

According to Federal Law No. 131, local governments are responsible for the illumination of streets, roads and courtyards. But maintaining the performance of the lamps is the responsibility of the residents of the house.

According to the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, responsibility for light inside residential buildings and on the adjacent territory lies with the management company with which the tenants have entered into an agreement. In the text of the agreement it is spelled out what services the Criminal Code provides, for which it is responsible and what is the order of actions in case of emerging problems or controversial issues.

What to do if residents find that there is no light in the entrance, common areas, basement or adjacent territory? They need to take the following steps:

1. An act is drawn up, which describes the problem.
2. The act is signed by at least 3 people. These can be neighbors, the head of the porch, or the chairperson of the house.
3. Proof of the problem is attached to the act. For example, a photo of the lack of light in the evening.
4. The documents are transferred to the management company.
5. Within seven days, the employees of the Criminal Code check and analyze the information, fix problems and draw up their own statement of the problem.
6. The document, which contains all the actions taken to eliminate the problem, is handed over to the applicants.

If the management company does not cope with its responsibilities, refuses to fulfill what is prescribed in the contract, the tenants have the right to terminate the agreement with it and conclude an agreement with another organization.

Who pays for the lighting of the courtyard and entrances of an apartment building? According to the Federal Law, the area around the house, like the entrances, is a common property. Lighting and troubleshooting costs are borne directly by the occupants. Moreover, the costs are divided for each owner, depending on the area of ​​his apartment.

You should pay attention to whether it is documented that this particular adjoining territory is the common property of this particular house. If there are no such marks, then the inclusion of payment for it in the receipt is illegal.

Lighting in multi-storey buildings is strictly regulated by laws and sanitary standards. If one of the important parameters is not observed - there is no light at all, it is not bright enough, the lighting is organized without taking into account the safety of the residents, then the residents of the house have the right to apply to the management company, the local administration or even to the court.

Finding yourself in a dark courtyard or the entrance of your house late in the evening, you feel, to put it mildly, uncomfortable. Immediately two thoughts flashed through my head: "I would like to run home as soon as possible" and "Who is generally responsible for the lighting of the apartment building and the courtyard?" Answers to the second question can be found in this article.

Who is responsible for the light in and around the entrance

Each apartment owner needs to know that in addition to residential square meters, he also owns part of the local area and all non-residential property that is located on it (playgrounds, parking lots, lawns, as well as barriers, lanterns, staircases, electrical panels, elevator shafts).

The owner is responsible for maintaining the common property in order. This responsibility is expressed in the form of a monthly payment prescribed in the receipt. The amount of electricity spent on lighting the local area and the entrance is recorded on the general house electricity meter.

Lighting standards

At the entrance of each house, the common property (corridors, vestibules, attics, staircase space, basements) should be illuminated. The method and scale of lighting depends on the type and size of the building itself.

Certain lighting characteristics are enshrined in regulatory documents:

Each main entrance to the staircase is illuminated with a lamp from 6 to 11 lux. They should be the same in the basement and in the attic.

The illumination of the corridors should not be lower than 20 lux. In corridors less than 10 m long, one luminaire is installed in the center. If the length of the corridor is more than 10 m - two or more lamps.

The light switch in communal areas should be located in a place accessible to every resident.

To reduce the cost of street lighting, modern light sources are used: gas-discharge, LED and fluorescent bulbs. In some courtyards, special motion sensors are installed to save energy.

Energy-saving lamps are preferred in choosing a light source for the entrance. For an hour of uninterrupted operation, they generate up to 12 watts. For comparison, for the same period of time, a fast incandescent lamp consumes on average 50 watts.

The only drawback of using energy-saving lamps in porches is the likelihood that they can be damaged or unscrewed.

Who owns the lanterns in the yard

The illuminated house area is necessary to create a comfortable living, safety of the population and to prevent cases of theft and hooliganism.

Everything is clear with the common property in the house. But with the land adjacent to the building, some nuances arise.

First, you need to figure out whether the land on which the house stands is legalized, what its boundaries are and whether it has been assigned a cadastral number. To do this, any homeowner can apply for a request to the cadastral chamber.

If the land is not registered, it is still the property of LSG bodies. And this means that they are responsible for it and all the costs for its maintenance.

There is also an option in which the developer is still the tenant of the site. In such a situation, the developer must himself decide on the maintenance of the site.

And yet, in the case when the land is registered in the cadastral chamber, has boundaries, the land survey has been made, it can be considered the property of the owners of apartments in the house to which it belongs.

Controls are responsible for lighting

To figure out who should be responsible for the street lighting of the local area and inside the entrances, you need to find out who is responsible for organizing the proper condition of all common property.

Home control methods:

• Direct management of owners (if the number of apartments is not more than 30);
• Homeowners Association;
• Management Company.

The way to manage the house is determined at the general meeting of the tenants. The decision can be made or changed at any time.

In the first case, the owners independently conclude contracts with organizations involved in the maintenance of houses and the provision of utilities.

In the second and third cases, the responsibility for the maintenance of the common property of the house rests on the shoulders of the relevant governing bodies.

There is no light, where to complain

Now that it is dark in your yard or entrance, you know who will help solve the problem. And yet again, one cannot do without the personal initiative of the tenants themselves. If the lighting in the entrance or near it has disappeared, any of the tenants can draw up an act in any form. This document must also contain the signatures of your neighbors. For more reliable confirmation of the information, you can take photographs.

The entire assembled package should be in the hands of the board of the HOA, the management company, or an organization that provides lighting services for common property. It is better to draw up the act itself in duplicate. On one of them, ask to put a mark on receipt and take this copy with you. After that, all that remains is to wait for the light to turn on.

If you ask the question at whose expense the repair of the general lighting at the house is paid, it will become clear that at the expense of the tenants. By making payment for the general maintenance of the house, they make the amounts calculated for diagnostics and troubleshooting.

Not everyone has forgotten the good old Soviet times, when common property belonged not to apartment owners, but to the state. And today you have to sit in the dark until the light of truth indicates that you must replace a light bulb or fix a lantern.

When questions arise in the field of housing and communal services, it is so important to find reliable answers. You can do this on our website!

Comfortable living of residents in an apartment building is provided in different ways. One of them is the lighting in the entrance. Although many residents continue to use incandescent bulbs, alternative lighting sources are growing in popularity as they are more economical, durable and have a lower incandescent level.

High-quality lighting at the entrance is a prerequisite for the safe and comfortable living of residents.

Entrance lighting can be arranged in an economical way. The innovative light bulbs provide a softer light that is more intense and less expensive. This is not done in-house. It is necessary to contact the management company, which is obliged to respond if the lighting does not meet the established requirements.

Currently, an automatic system is being installed in many entrances. Thanks to this, it significantly reduces the cost of electricity. This also complies with the requirements set out in statutory acts.

Sample application for the modernization of lighting in the entrance.

Each entrance of the MKD must be equipped with lighting devices. The normative documents indicate what kind of illumination should be (in suites). There are no categorical indications for certain lighting devices in the rules.

However, there is an indication that lamps should be economical, with greater light output and longer life.

These conditions are met by both fluorescent and LED lamps, including LED strips.

Illumination standards for various parts of the entrance and utility rooms

Lighting in the entrances of different premises has its own standards and rules (GOSTs, construction SNiP). The main ones include the following:

• rationing is carried out according to the table VSN 59-88, which contains two types of standards: light from incandescent or fluorescent lamps;
• in elevators, lamps have an illumination capacity of 20 lux (for fluorescent lamps) and 7 lux (for incandescent bulbs);
• wheelchair spaces are illuminated with incandescent bulbs;
• elevator shafts - with incandescent bulbs of 5 lux;
• basements and attics, as well as electrical, waste collection and others are illuminated with incandescent bulbs with a power of 10 lux.

Incandescent lamps are gradually becoming a thing of the past. And the leading positions are more and more confidently occupied by LED devices, as the most economical and durable.

Norms for the control of staircase lighting

Automation is regularly upgraded. Regulatory documentation does not always have time to change due to emerging technologies. Therefore, lighting standards in the entrances of residential buildings are often advisory in nature. In this case, you need to remember the following points:

• the automatic system must be switched on and off manually;
• when installing a system that reacts in an automatic mode, the light should be turned on with varying degrees of illumination;
• if sensors are used, then emergency lighting is provided, which is turned on in the stairwells in automatic and manual mode;
• the apparatus illuminating the attic is outside this room.

Who pays for lighting in the entrances, and how is the amount determined

Lighting in the entrances refers to the general needs of the house. If earlier the consumption of electricity for general household needs was recorded separately in the receipt, then since the beginning of 2017 this item has been removed. Currently, the calculation is performed depending on the presence or absence of a common house meter.

If a general house meter is installed, then the indicators are determined by the employees of the supervisory authority together with representatives of the house. After that, the difference between the received amount and the accounting values ​​in each apartment is calculated.

The number of square meters not equipped with sensors also matters. The result is distributed among the homeowners depending on the area of ​​the premises. The more square meters in the apartment, the more you will have to pay for electric energy according to ONE.

If there is no meter, then payment is carried out in accordance with the current regulations established in the region.

Movement sensor in the entrance - reacts to the movement of objects in its "area of ​​responsibility".

Who is replacing lighting in the entrances

If there is no light at the entrance, then the cause can be determined independently. It may be as follows:

• burnout of a light bulb;
• malfunction of the plafond;
• closure;
• damage to switches;
• breakdown of the switchboard;
• crash;
• planned work.

After finding out the reason for the breakdown, they report to the management company or the homeowners' association. These organizations are responsible for providing light in the entrances of the apartment building (the obligation does not apply to balconies, the lighting of which is decided by the homeowner).

Expert opinion

Mironova Anna Sergeevna

General lawyer. Specializes in family matters, civil, criminal and housing law

The replacement of light bulbs is the responsibility of the management company. Troubleshooting and replacement is performed based on the results of routine inspections. They are held according to the established schedule.

Where to go if there is no lighting in the entrances

Residents can call or come to the Criminal Code and submit an application. The specialists of the management company must carry out the necessary work the next day after the request. In the event of a delay, residents have the right to contact the housing inspectorate or the prosecutor's office. In some cases, the period during which the work is carried out can be extended up to 7 days.

What are the possible consequences for the Criminal Code if there is no lighting in the entrances

Lighting in the entrance is very important, since in addition to its direct purpose, it ensures the safety of residents and protection against theft. Therefore, authorized organizations are obliged to respond urgently to these requests.

If, after 7 days after filing the application, the problem is not resolved, the management company may be held legally liable under the Code of Administrative Offenses. In accordance with article 7.22 of the code, officials are fined from 4 to 5 thousand rubles. And the fine for legal entities is from 40 to 50 thousand rubles.

Art. 7.22 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation. Violation of the rules for the maintenance and repair of residential buildings and (or) residential premises.

The rights and legitimate interests of citizens are controlled by the State Housing Inspectorate. The specialists of this organization and the administration have the right to draw up protocols in the event that appropriate violations are revealed.

Driveway lighting automation schemes

Lighting in the entrances of apartment buildings is carried out in different ways. Each scheme has its own characteristics. They can be combined or have similar characteristics. Below are the options that are most common.

Lighting control using push-button posts

The method is more suitable for low-rise buildings, the residents of which are distinguished by a conscientious attitude. With its help it is possible to save money, but it only depends on the tenants. The main advantage of this method is its affordable price.

Management is carried out in two ways.

The first one is a push-button post located at the entrance at the entrance and on each floor.

The second - makes it possible to turn on and off the light only on the staircase. Basements and attics have outdoor lighting in the form of a standard switch or a special sensor.

If the owners of the apartments do not show conscientiousness in general house issues, then the light can be turned off by means of a timer.

Using light sensors

In good natural light, a light-sensing system is a good option. This is not the most economical option, but it is used as an alternative to the standard switch.

The sensor is installed in a dark place. The device is triggered when darkening. In this case, the lighting can be turned on at the entrance or outside the room. In utility rooms, it is advisable to use standard switches.

Using motion sensors

This scheme appeared not so long ago, but its popularity is growing every year. Savings are achieved by using motion sensors. Moreover, attention from the tenants is not required.

In this case, sensors are installed on each floor, but sometimes - one at a time at the entrance to the staircase. After the device is triggered, the time until shutdown is counted down. In the presence of an elevator, the light is switched on in different ways. Most often, the sensor is triggered when leaving the elevator. It is better to equip the utility rooms of the entrance with standard switches.

Combined lighting schemes

Often, combined lighting schemes are used in the entrances. At the same time, they are guided by the type of premises and the tasks set. For example, a light sensor is installed as the main starter, which is triggered in low light and sends a signal to motion sensors mounted outside, in the lobby and in the elevator.

In another example, a motion sensor is used as the main one. Other rooms can be switched on by means of standard switches.