The Kulikov Battle of 1380 is the most important event in the history of medieval Russia, in many respects identifying the further fate of the Russian state. The battle on the Kulikov field served as the beginning of the liberation of Russia from Iga Golden Horde. The growing power of the Moscow principality, the strengthening of his authority among the Russian principalities, the refusal of Moscow to pay tribute to Horde, defeat in the battle on the river. Now they became the main reasons for the design of the dark gold horde of Maama for the organization of a large hike on Russia.
Kulikovskaya battle - Battle of Russian regiments led by the Grand Duke Moscow and Vladimir Dmitry Ivanovich and the Ordinsky army under the start of Han Maama on September 8, 1380 on the Kulikov field (on the right bank of the Don, in the area of \u200b\u200bentry rivers in him, the River's River), a turning point in the fight of the Russian people With a Golden Horde.
After the defeat of the Goldenordan troops on the river, in 1378, the Ordini Domernna (military leader who commanded "Datuia", that is, 10,000 troops) chosen by Khan, named Mamai, decided to break the Russian princes and strengthen their dependence on the horde. In the summer of 1380, he collected the army, which counted ok. 100-150 thousand soldiers. In addition to Tatars and Mongols, there were detachments of Ossetians, Armenians who lived in the Crimea of \u200b\u200bGenoesers, Circassians, and a number of other peoples. The ally Mamaia agreed to be a great prince Lithuanian Yagaylo, whose army should have supported the orders, moving across the Oka. Another ally of Maama - according to a number of chronicles - was Ryazan Prince Oleg Ivanovich. According to other chronicles, Oleg Ivanovich only in words expressed his readiness to unconvent, promising Mama to fight on the side of the Tatars, he himself immediately warned the Russian military about the threatening compound Mamaia and Yagailo.
At the end of July 1380, having learned about the intentions of the Ordans and Lithuanians to fight with Russia, Moscow Prince Dmitry Ivanovich appealed to collect Russian military forces in the capital and Kolomna, and soon gathered a rail, a little less Maama troops. Basically, it was Muscovites and warriors from the land, who recognized the power of the Moscow Prince, although a number of landlocked land - Novogor, Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod - did not express their readiness to support Dmitry. Did not give his "voi" and the main rival of Prince Moskovsky - Prince Tverskaya. Military reform conducted by Dmitry, strengthens the core of Russian troops at the expense of the princely connies, gave access to the number of warriors with numerous artisans and citizens who made "heavy infantry". Hiking, by order of the commander, were armed with spears with narcotic tips of a triangular shape, tightly planted on long strong treks or metal spears with daggerheads. Against the hiking orders (which was a bit), the Russian warriors had a saber, and for long battle - are provided with bows, shishesheak helmets, metal science and chain barramines (fell collars), the breast of the Warrior was covered with scaly, lamellar or set-made armor combined with chalter . Old almond shields were replaced by round, triangular, rectangular and heart-shaped.
Dmitry's campaign plan was to, do not give Hanu Mama to connect with an ally or allies, force him to cross him through OKU or do it himself, suddenly coming out to meet the enemy. The blessing for execution of the design of Dmitry received from Hegumen Sergius from the Radonezh Monastery. Sergius predicted the victory and, according to the legend, he sent two inks to his monastery with him - to reboot and dock.
From Kolomna, where Dmitry's many thousands gathered, he at the end of August gave an order to move south. The rapid march of Russian troops (about 200 km. For 11 days) did not allow the enemy forces to connect.
On the night of August 7 to August 8, while moving the Don River from the left to the right bank on the surveillance bridges from the logs and destroying the crossing, the Russians went to the Kulikov field. The rear of the Russians was covered with the river - a tactical maneuver who opened a new page in Russian military tactics. Prince Dmitry rather risky cut off the way to a possible retreat, but at the same time she covered his army from the flannels by rivers and deep ravines, making it difficult to carry out bypass maneuvers of the Cabinet of Ordans. Dictuya Mama's terms of the battle, the prince placed the Russian troops echelonated: there was an advanced regiment in front (under the command of the princes of Vsevolzhsky Dmitry and Vladimir), behind him - a big one of the hiking (commander - Timofey Veliamenov), the right and left flanks were covered with horse shelves "right-hand "(Commander - Kolomna Mikul Mikula Veliamnova, Brother Timofey) and" Left Hand "(commander - Lithuanian Prince Andrei Olgersovich). Behind this main army stood up the reserve - Easy Connection (commander - Brother Andrei, Dmitry Olgeredovich). She had to meet Ordans arrows. In a thick Dubrav, Dmitry ordered to settle down by the reserve ambush floor under the command of Dmitry's cousin, Serpukhovsky Prince Vladimir Andreevich, after the battle of the nickname brave, as well as the experienced military governor Boyarin Dmitry Mikhailovich Bobrot-Volynsky. The Moscow Prince tried to force the Ordans, in the first line of which the cavalry always stood, and in the second - infantry, to the frontal attack.
The battle began in the morning of September 8, the duel of the war. From the Russian side, Alexander Peresvet was put on the fight - the monk Trinity-Sergius Monastery, before the Taze - Bryansk (eR. Version, Lishechsky) boyar. His opponent was the Tatar Bogatyr Temir-Murza (Helpius). Warriors simultaneously wondered in each other spears: it foreshadowed a large bloodshed and a long battle. As soon as a mother-in-law fell out of the saddle, the Orda cavalry moved into battle and quickly crushed the advanced regiment. Further Natisk Mongol-Tatars in the center was detained by the commissioning of the Russian reserve. Mamai suffered the main blow to the left flank and began to close the Russian shelves there. The position of Savior, who left Dubrava, an ambulance regiment of Serpukhovsky Prince Vladimir Andevich, hit the rear and flank of the Orda Connection and decided the outcome of the battle.
It is assumed that Mamaeva rhe was defeated in four hours (if the battle lasted from eleven to two o'clock in the afternoon). Russian warriors chased her remnants to the beautiful sword river (50 km above Kulikov Fields); There was also captured by the rate of the Ordans. Mamay managed to run; Yagailo, having learned about his defeat, also hastily turned back.
Losses of both sides in the Kulikovsky battle were huge. 8 days killed (both Russians and orders) were buried for 8 days. 12 Russian princes fell in battle, 483 Boyarin (60% of the team composition of Russian troops.). Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, who participated in the battle on the front line as part of the Big Regiment was injured during the battle, but survived and received in the future the nickname "Donskoy."
The Kulikovsky battle instilled confidence in the possibility of victory over the Ordans. The defeat on the culish field accelerated the process of political crushing of the Golden Horde on the uluses. Two years after the victory in the Kulikov, Russia did not pay the Ordans to the Ordanes, which marked the beginning of the liberation of the Russian people from the Ordane Iga, the growth of his identity and self-consciousness of other peoples under the IGA of the Ordanes, strengthened the role of Moscow as the center of the association of Russian lands into a single state.
The memory of the Kulikovsky battle was preserved in historical songs, epics, assumptions Zadonshchka, the tale of Mamaev's side and others). Created in the 90th 14 - the first half of the 15th century. Following the chronicles, the Tale of Mamaev is the most complete coverage of the events of September 1380. More than 100 lists of the legend are known, starting from 16 and 19th century, which reached the 4 main editions (the main, common, chronicle and Cyprian). The common contains a detailed presentation of the events of the Kulikov battle, which is not in other monuments, starting with the prehistory (Embassy of Zechariah Tyutchev in the Horde with gifts to prevent bloody events) and about the battle itself (participation in the Novgorod regiments, etc.). Only in the tale, information about the number of Maama troops, the description of the preparation for the campaign ("Stubbing") of the Russian regiments, the details of their route in Kulikovo field, the features of the dislocation of Russian troops, the transfer of princes and the governor who participated in the battle were preserved.
Cyprianovskiy Editorial Advanced to the fore the role of Metropolitan Cyprian, the ally Mamaama is named (as it really was) Lithuanian Prince Yagailo. In the tale, many of the didactic church literature: in the story about the trip of Dmitry and his brother Vladimir to St. Sergey Rodonigesky for the blessing, and about the prayers of the wife of Dmitry Evdokia, who "were saved" the prince himself and their children, and the fact that in the mouth of the governor Dmitry Bobrota - Volynz nested words that "the cross is the main weapon," and the fact that the Moscow Prince "performs a good deed," God managed, and Mamay - darkness and evil, followed by the Devil. This motive passes through all the legend lists in which the prince Dmitry is endowed with many positive characteristics (wisdom, courage, courage, colonical talent, courage, etc.).
The folk basis of the legend enhances the impression on the description of the battle, representing the episode of martial arts before the start of the battle of rebooting with the mistress, the picture of the dressing up of Dmitry to the clothes of a simple warrior with the transfer of its armor to the Voevod Mikhail Brenka, as well as the feats of the governor, boyars, simple warriors (Jurca Supozhnik, etc. ). Poetics are also present in the tale: a comparison of Russian soldiers with falcones and crechetami, a description of the paintings of nature, the episodes of farewell to the battle of warriors from Moscow.
In 1807, the legend used the Russian playwright V.A. Semers when writing the tragedy Dmitry Donskaya.
The first monument to the heroes of the Kulikov bits became the church on the Kulikov field, collected shortly after the battle of the oaks of the Green Dubrava, where the ambush is the regiment of Prince Vladimir Andreevich. In Moscow, in honor of the events of 1380, the Church of All Saints on Kulichiki was erected (now located next to the modern metro station "China-City"), as well as the Virgin Mary-Christmas Monastery, in those days the giving shelter to the widows and orphans of the warriors ranging in the Kulikovsky battle. On the Red Hill Kulikov Fields in 1848, a 28-meter cast-iron column was built - a monument in honor of the victory of Dmitry Donskoy over the Golden Ord (architect A.P. Brulylov, painting brother). In 1913-1918, the temple was built on the Kulikov field in the name of prep. Sergey Radonezhsky.
The Kulikovsky battle was reflected in the paintings of O. Kiprensky - Prince of Donskoy after the Kulikov battle, morning in the Kulikov Field, M.Avivova - a fight of the Redemption and Checky and others. The topic of the glory of Russian weapons in 14 V. Presented by Cantata Y.Saporin on the field Kulikov. The 600th anniversary of the Kulikovsky battle was widely noted. In 2002, the Order "For the Service of Fatherland" in memory of St. at. kn. Dmitry Don and Rev. Hegumen Sergius Radonezhsky. Attempts to impede the announcement of the Day of the Kulikovsky battle of the Day of the Glory of Russian Weapons, which came in the 1990s from the group of Tatar historians, motivating their actions by the desire to prevent the formation of the "enemy's image", were categorically rejected by the President of Tatarstan M.Shaimiev, stressed that the Russians and Tatars were long "Collected in a single fatherland and they must mutually respect for the pages of the history of the combat glory of peoples."
In the Russian church history, the victory in the Kulikov field began to cess over time simultaneously with the holiday of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, celebrated annually on September 21 (September 8 in the old style).
Lev Pushkarev, Natalia Pushkareva
On September 8, exactly 630 years ago, the Russian rhe was crushed early in the morning and reached the Kulikovo field to fight the orders.
A.P.Bubnov. "Morning on the Kulik Field". 1943-47.
Russians led the Moscow Prince, the grandson of Ivan Kalita, Dmitry Ivanovich, Ordanes - the darkness of Mamay.
V. Motorin. Grand Prince Dmitry Ivanovich
V. Motorin. Detaper Mamai 
There was a Russian "Storam" ahead - the guard regiment - his task was not allowed to fall asleep the main forces of the Russians in the archers. 
Prince Dmitry Ivanovich's army. Princely squad. Reconstruction of armor.
Next - an advanced regiment, who was to take on the first blow of the main forces of Mamia. For the forefront lined up a big hiking regiment.
Arm Dmitry Ivanovich. Infantry. Playing armor.
On the flanks stood the shelves of the right and left hand. A backup regiment was left in the rear.
The army of Prince DmitryIvanovich.Cavalery. Reconstruction of armor.
Mikhail Shakov, Zazade Polk, 1991
In Dubrava, a strong appearance regiment was covered. They were commanded by the cousin Dmitry Ivanovich Prince Vladimir Serpukhovsky and his son-in-law Dmitry Bobrok-Volynsky.
Prince Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky.
V. Motorin. Bobrock-Volynsky.
Before the battle of Dmitry, Moscow traveled all the troops lined on the field and appealed to stand Russian.
Passing from the St. Sergey Radonezh: "Go, Mr., go ahead. God and the Holy Trinity will help you!"
Horde equestrian army appeared on the horizon at about 10 am. Mamay was an experienced commander. He immediately realized that he would not be able to use his main advantage in Connection on the Kulik field.
Mama's army. Reconstruction of armor.
Thick oaks and robusts with light shores securely covered Russian flanks from bypass. One thing remained to attack the Moscow Raint in the forehead, from the front. Mamai ordered a dismantle of his riders to help the hired Italian infantry.
Mama's army. Reconstructionarmor.
The army of the golden horde. Allies - Genoese mercenaries. Reconstructionarmor.
On the flanks, he put a heavy connice, behind the Red Hill - a strong reserve.
The army of the golden horde. Reconstruction of armor.
The battle began at about 12 hours by the fight of the Russian warrior of the ISKOP and the Horde's Orda's hero. Two Vitya came up on a spear and both died. 
M. Avilov. "Battle of overwhelming with lubey"
After that, the Ordane Easy Connection attacked the guard horse regiment of the Russians. Tatar archers met the stubborn resistance of the princely warriors. Ordane army The beginning of the attack across the entire width of Kulikova Fields. The road regiment had to be moved to the best, but he could not stand the onslaught. Then a big walking regiment entered the battle. The fierce battle went within two hours, having broken into separate martial arts, each "his opponent Isaksha to win."
Mamay still found a way to break into the rear of the Russian position. On her left flank in front of the grove, there was a rather wide hollow, a smooth bottom of which allowed heavy riders to dial the taranne speed. Mamay and threw a backup horse toward. She broke through the Russian shelf of the left hand and was between Don and the rear of the battlely shelf. Ordans stopped the Russian reserve, immediately entered the battle.
Of the combat order of the Russian rati under the onslaught of the superior forces of the Ordans, only the regiment of the right hand was resulted.
V. Motorin. Attack of an ardent regiment.
At the critical moment, a Russian ambush regiment flew out of the Dubrav. He hit the rear and in the flank broken to the Don of the Orda Connection. This blow allowed Russian princes and voivodes to rebuild the shelves to continue the battle.
She lasted about another hour. Mamaevo army was defeated by the head and appealed.
Ally Maoy Great Lithuanian Prince Yagailo, who was 30-40 km from Kulikova fields, having learned about the terrible defeat of the troops of the Golden Horde turned back.
Allies Maama. The army of Lithuanian Prince Yagailo. Reconstruction of armor.
Russian cavalry pursued the enemy literally on the heels - from Kulikov Fields to the tributary of Don of the beautiful swords. The chase continued to darkness.
N.S. Site. Kulikovskaya battle
Victory went to the Russian expensive price. Losses of the sides were huge. Among the dead there were many Russian princes and boyars. The Grand Duke himself Dmitry Ivanovich courageously and stopped in the ranks of a large regiment.
For the great victory on September 8, 1380, Prince Dmitry received a name - Don, and his cousin Prince Vladimir Serpukhovaya became known as the brave.
Fragments of Article A. Shishov "Dmitry Donskoy" from the book "100 Great Commander", Wikipedia and Site materials:
http://www.excelion.ru/ turizmiputeshestviya / OtdexzaryBezom / visokosnye-gody-prinosjat-udachu- rossii.html? Page \u003d 2
He is also called Mamaevo or Donskoye - the battle of the Russian principalities's troops with the Ordans "in the summer 6888 from the creation of the world" in the territory of Kulikov fields between the rivers Don, notably and beautiful sword.
After the defeat of the Goldenordan troops on the river, in the 1378th year, the Ordini Domernna (that is, the commander who commanded the "church", in other words, ten thousand fighters) named Mamai decided to break the Russian princes. He gathered an army, which had about 100-150 thousand warriors. In addition to Tatars and Mongols, there were detachments of Ossetians, Armenians who lived in the Crimea of \u200b\u200bGenoesers, Circassians, and a number of other peoples.
The ally Mamai agreed to be the Grand Duke Lithuanian Yagailo. Another ally of Maama - according to a number of chronicles - was Ryazan Prince Oleg Ivanovich. According to other chronicles, Oleg Ivanovich only in words expressed his readiness to unjust, promising Mama to fight on the side of the Tatars, he himself immediately warned the Russian military of threatening danger.
Having learned about the intentions of the Ordans and Lithuanians to fight with Rus, Moscow Prince Dmitry Ivanovich appealed to collect Russian military forces in the capital and Kolomna, and soon he had a rail, a little inferior to Maima's army. Basically, it was Muscovites and warriors from the lands that recognized the power of the Moscow Prince, although a number of urban city of Novogor, Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod - did not express their readiness to support Dmitry.
On the night of August 7 to August 8, while moving the Don River from the left to the right bank on the surveillance bridges from the logs and destroying the crossing, the Russians went to the Kulikov field. Prince Dmitry quite risky cut off the way to a possible retreat, but at the same time she covered his army with rivers and deep ravines from the flannels.
The battle began a fight of hero. From the Russian side Alexander Peresvet - Monk Trinity-Sergius Monastery was exhibited. His opponent was the Tatar Bogatyr Temir-Murza (Helpius). Warriors simultaneously wondered in each other spears: it foreshadowed a large bloodshed and a long battle.
It is assumed that Mamaeva rhe was defeated in four hours. Mamay managed to run. Losses of both sides were huge. 8 days killed (both Russians and orders) were buried for 8 days. Prince Dmitry Ivanovich was injured during the battle, but survived and received in the future nickname "Donskaya".
In popular memory, the great battle has been preserved as the first attempt to unite Russian lands in the name of a common cause. Therefore, the Kulikov battle is often called the cradle of the modern Russian people. After the Kulikovskaya Victory of Prince Dmitry Power of the Horde shaken. The victory played an important role in the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow.
About other memorable dates
About the "label" by the great prince of Olgedu
Consistently conducting the idea of \u200b\u200bthe initial confrontation of Maths and Russia, historians try to "ledged" in parallel and the history of his union with another worst enemy of Northeast Russia - the Grand Durability Lithuanian. At the same time, the absence of facts is often supported by fictions - that is, modern myths, in which true information is simply shaken by certain indirect facts of sources or species of researchers. Earlier, we have already considered this historiographic phenomenon on the example of the accusations of Mamia in the Union of the Roman dad.
However, an equally striking example of such an approach is the assertion of a number of historians about the Union of Maama with Lithuania - not only with Yagailo, which in the "Monuments of the Kulikovsky Cycle" is represented by its ally, but even with his father of Olgere. It is interesting to note, however, that certain reasons for such statements are available. So, in several editions of the "Tale of Mamayaev Battle", as an ally, Mamay in the Kulikovsky battle appears not to Yagaylo, namely, Olgerd, who actually died in 1377, three years before that battle. The logical conclusion is suggested: the author of the XV century. It simply confused two Lithuanian monarchs. However, is it really?
In an effort to imagine the Maja Mother of Russia, medieval (and for them and modern) historians were ready to attribute him to him with anyone. And if his ally present another worst enemy of the Russian people, then it will only increase the impression of the created image!
The Grand Duke Lithuanian (and later the Polish king) of Yagailo did not suit the role of such an enemy: during his long, almost 70-year-old reign (1377-1434), he almost did not led large wars with Russian principalities, and individual raids of Lithuanian troops The Russian frontiers in his rule could not be regarded as a consistent hostile policy. Another thing is his father of Olgerd, which during the 1350-1370s. Regularly performed a devastating raid on the Moscow lands and even repeatedly reached the walls of Moscow. It is on the board of Olgere that three so-called "Lithuanians", which presented the horrific devastation of the Moscow lands of Lithuanian troops in 1368 (when almost the whole Moscow was burned), 1370 and 1372.
In addition, there are information about joint military actions of Olged with Ordans in the fight against Hungarians and Poles for Galico-Volyn lands - True, even on the Board of Khan Janibek (1350s). Thus, Olgend in medieval Russian historiography is represented as another more dangerous enemy of Russia, almost equivalent by Mama. And his former cooperation with the Horde gave the grounds to attribute to him the Union and with Mama himself. Therefore, it was not so important that the chronological compliance was - the main thing is that in the "Tale of Mamaev Boy" against Russia, together two figures, personified the main in the XIV century. Threat to Russia from the East and from the West!
However, for subsequent historians, this symbolic meaning of the imaginary Union of Mama with Olgere approached some reason, and they began to look for factual confirmations of the words of medieval publicists. As a result, the myth that the Union between Mama and Olgere was concluded in the 1360s, i.e., long before the Kulikovsky battle. Since in historical sources, this, of course, there is no word, modern historians, as a method of proving their position, elected a new interpretation of historical events of the 1360s., In particular, the circumstances associated with the battle on the river elected. Blue water.
As you know, in 1362, the troops of Olgere caused a crushing defeat on the blue waters - Coutlug-Buoga, Haji Beque and the Feodorite (Mangypan) Prince Dmitry. Historians who want to complete the formation of the image of Maama as an enemy of Russia, prefer to ignore numerous confirmations that these rulers were vassals and Maama allies. So, L.N. Gumilev declares that Olgend defeated these "princes" hardly with the consent of the Bectery Beka: allegedly they did not recognize the power of Mamaha, and therefore their defeat was beneficial to the Bectery Beck, because in the end he managed to regain control over the Crimea and the Black Sea. The fact that, as a result of the defeat on the blue waters, only one narrow coastal strip remained on the blue waters from the Black Sea possessions (which he and then he managed to return only a year later, leaving the shed), and the South Russian Steppes almost completely passed under the control of Lithuania, L.N. Gumilyov somehow forgets. As well as the fact that until 1362 in Kiev, Knyaz-Rurikovich Fedor, who recognized the power of Olgere, but who divided power with Ordane Basks, and after the blue battle, the city and formally, and actually passed under the authority of Lithuania, and Vladimir was established in it, Son Olgerda.
Even further went in his conclusions Modern Ukrainian historian F.M. Shabuldo. If L.N. Gumilev and his followers were limited only to their own interpretation of historical facts, then F.M. Shabuldo put forward a version that suspiciously resembles an attempt to historical falsification. For he not only supported the thesis L.N. Gumileva on the general purpose of Maths and Olgere, but also stated that Beklai-Beck issued a great prince Lithuanian label (on behalf of "his" Khan Abdallah) on the land captured by Lithuanians as a result of victory on the blue waters! According to F.M. Shabuldo, it was this label of Mamia (SIC!), Thus, the first of the labels with which Khana Golden Horde, and then the Crimean Khanate confirmed the right of Lithuanian princes (afterwards the Kings of the Commonwealth) for the ownership of South-Russian lands, subject to the payment of Khanam "Output "With them.
As a result, the union between Mama and Olgere, originally reflected in an inaccurate (or rather - symbolic) report of the author of "Tale of Mamaev Botthod", in historiography received a continuation in the form of an obvious falsification - "Maama label". Nevertheless, this version looks quite convincing and practically no doubt and as a result adds another, a very significant barcode to the image of Maama as "antihero in history".
However, no direct or even indirect indications of the Union of Mamay with Olgere are not found in the sources. But well-known facts that contradict the statements about such a union are well known. Reapply again that in 1359 Mamai could contribute to Metropolitan Alexy in liberation from Lithuanian captivity - which was unlikely to be a friendly step towards the Rule then in Lithuania. It was not a friendly gesture in relation to Lithuania and the fact of issuing Mama in 1372. The label of the Polish merchant of Krakow - to the detriment of Lithuanian merchants of Lviv, who had previously had broad connections with the Golden Horde. In 1374, Lithuania is defeated by the Horde "Prince Temir", causing another exacerbation with Mama. And in 1378 in the battle on r. Heads-Beck, who was, who was not an enemy, who was not an enemy, and Vassal Beklari-Bek, who was submitted by the Maama's troops.
Finally, none of the label of Maama (or may even "His" Hana Abdallah) do not refer to the Khans of the Golden Horde and the Crimea, who gave the labels to the Lithuanian princes on South Russian lands subsequently. FM Shabuldo is trying to explain this by the fact that the fact of issuing this label The following goldside khans "husinched", allegedly because Maymia was considered the usurper and tried not to mention. However, this is contrary to the principles of the Goldenopinian legal practice: Khan and the Golden Horde, and the Crimea in their confirming labels referred to previous labels, even if they were given predecessors, which new Khans themselves also overthrew.
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Author Sapozhnikova and Yu75. On the notice of the Great Prince Dimitry, the priestly wicked Mama goes to the war on Rus. Great Predit Prince Dimitri Ivanovich Moscow Hearing, Yako goes on him a godless king Tatar Mamay with many forces, steadily after the faith of Christ and the people of Christian,
From the book of the dream of Russian unity. Kiev Synopsis (1674) Author Sapozhnikova and Yu81. On the letter of Mamaeva to the Great Damage Dimitry. The gram of the king of Mama mama is written by the Beach: "From the East Tsar, from the Horde, from Widely Paul, from strong Tatars, king of the kings of Mamay and many hordes Sovereign: my hand has many kingdoms, and my hand is on
From the book of the dream of Russian unity. Kiev Synopsis (1674) Author Sapozhnikova and Yu88. On the coming of the two brothers Ollegovichev to help the Great Prince Dimitri. At the same time, the Sons of Olgradov, Andrei Prince Polotsk and Dimitri Prince Bryansk, are essential in the Orthodox faith by step by the pasta of their princess Anna (Caiden's father hated their father, but God hated
Kulikovskaya battle (Mamaevo Bow), the battle between the United Russian army led by the Moscow Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich and the Tomka Tomnik of the Golden Horde, held on September 8, 1380. On the Kulikov field (historical area between the Don Rivers, Upgrading and Beautiful Sword on Southeast East Tula region.
Strengthening the Moscow Principality in the 60s of the XIV century. And the union around him the remaining lands of Northeast Russia went almost simultaneously with the strengthening of the power of the Domnika Mama in the Golden Horde. Married to the daughter of the Goldenordinian Khan Berdibeques, he received the title of Emir and became a vertex of the fate of the part of the horde, which was located to the west of the Volga to the Dnieper and on the steppe spaces of the Crimea and the Pre-Bukcascia.
The militia of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich in 1380. Lubok XVII century.
In 1374, Moscow Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, who possessed the label and the Grand Duchy of Vladimir, refused to pay tribute to the Golden Horde. Then Khan in 1375 passed the label to the Grand Diction of Tver. But against Mikhail Tver, the entire North-Eastern Rus was actually made. The Moscow Prince organized a military campaign to the Tver Principality, to which Yaroslavl, Rostov, Suzdal and shelves of other principalities joined. Dmitry supported and Novgorod the Great. Tver capitulated. According to the concluded Agreement, the Vladimir table recognized the "secondary" of the Moscow Princes, and Mikhail Tver became Vassal Dmitry.
However, the ambitious Mamai continued to consider the defeat of the Moscow Principality who came out of the subordination as the main factor in strengthening his own positions in the Horde. In 1376, the Arab Shah Muzzaffar (Arapist of the Russian Chronicles), who had moved to the Mama Mamzoff (Arapist of the Russian Chronicles), went back to the Novosille Principality, but he returned back, avoiding battles with the Moscow army who came out for the Oksky turn. In 1377, he is on the river. Drunk defeated the Moscow-Suzdal army. The governors sent against the Ordans showed carelessness, for which they paid: "And the princes of them, and the boyars, and the venomazh, and the governors, comforting and having fun, punching and the fishing, which mounted is essential," and then ruined the Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan principality.
In 1378, Mamay, seeking to make the tribute to pay again, sent an army on Rus led by Murz Fun. The Russian regiments who spent towards meet themselves did Dmitry Ivanovich himself. The battle occurred on August 11, 1378 in Ryazan Earth, on the influx of Oki R. Same. Ordans were headlong broken and fled. The battle on the need has shown the increased power of the Russian state, folding around Moscow.
To participate in the new campaign Mamai attracted armed detachments from the conquered peoples of the Volga region and the North Caucasus, there were also heavy infantry from the Genoese colonies in Crimea in his army. The Great Lithuanian Prince Yagailo and Prince Ryazan Oleg Ivanovich acted allies of the hordes. However, these allies were on their mind: Yagailo did not want to strengthen the Ordane, nor the Russian side, and in the end, on the field of the battle of his troops did not appear; Oleg Ryazansky went to the Union with Mama, fearing for the fate of his border principality, but he was the first to tell Dmitry about the promotion of the Ordane troops and did not participate in the battle.
In the summer of 1380, Mamay began a campaign. Not far from the place of failure of the River Voronezh in Don Ordans, they broke their mills and, nomady, expected Westa from Yagaylo and Oleg.
In a terrible hour of danger, hung over Russian land, Prince Dmitry showed exceptional energy in organizing a removal of the Golden Horde. By his call, military detachments, militia of peasants and citizens began to gather. All Russia rose to fight the enemy. The collection of Russian troops was appointed in Kolomna, where the core of the Russian troops acted from Moscow. Along roads, Dmitry himself, the shelves of his cousin Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky and the shelves of Belozersky, Yaroslavl and Rostov princes. We moved to the connection with the troops of Dmitry Ivanovich and the shelves of the Soldarovich Brothers (Andrey Polotsky and Dmitry Bryansky, the Yagailo brothers). As part of the troops of the brothers were Lithuanians, Belarusians and Ukrainians; Citizens of Polotsk, Drutsk, Bryansk and Pskov.
After the arrival of the Rate in Kolomna, a review was held. The collected army on the maiden field was struck by its numerous. Rate collection in Kolomna had not only military, but also political importance. Ryazan Prince Oleg finally got rid of the vibrations and refused the thought to join the troops of Mamia and Yagailo. In Kolomna, a marching combat order was formed: Prince Dmitry headed the big regiment; Serpukhov Prince Vladimir Andreevich with Yaroslavl - Regiment of the right hand; In the regiment of the left hand was appointed commander Gleb Bryansky; The front regiment was Kolomnets.
Saint Sergius Radonezh bless the Holy Prince Dimitri Donskoy.
Artist S.B. Simakov. 1988
On August 20, the Russian army went out of Kolomna in a campaign: it was important to block the path of the Hordas of Mama as soon as possible. On the eve of the campaign, Dmitry Ivanovich visited Sergius Radonezh in the Trinity Monastery. After conversation, the Prince and Igumen went to the people. Outside the prince with a cross-country sign, Sergius exclaimed: "Go, Mr., on the dies of Polovtsy, calling God, and the Lord God will be a assistant and an intercession." Blessing the prince, Sergius predicted him a victory, albeit an expensive price, and let go to the campaign of his two inkom, reboot and dock.
The whole campaign of Russian rati to OK was carried out in a relatively short time. The distance from Moscow to Kolomna, about 100 km, the troops passed in 4 days. They arrived at the mouth of the estuary on August 26. There were ahead of the watchtown, which had the task to protect the main forces from the sudden attack of the enemy.
On August 30, Russian troops began crossing the OKU in the village of Priluki. Ocolnic Timofey Veljaminov with a detachment carried out control over the crossing, waiting for the approach of Wereti. September 4, 30 km from the Don River in the yocks, the Allied Shelves of Andrei and Dmitry Olghadovich joined the Russian troop. Once again, the location of the Ordia troops was specified, which, in anticipation of the Allied approach, Kuzmin Gati had to go.
The movement of the Russian troops from the mouth of the flap to the West was to not give the opportunity to connect to the Lithuanian troop Yagaylo with Mamay's forces. In turn, Yagailo, having learned about the route and the number of Russian troops, did not rush to the connection with Mongol-Tatars, trampled in the Oden region. Russian command, having received this information, resolutely sent troops to the Don, seeking to resolve the connection of opponents units and strike on the Mongol-Tatar Horde. On September 5, the root of the Russians came to the mouth of the Ustva, about what Mama learned only on the next day.
To develop a plan for further action on September 6, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich convened the Military Council. The voices of the participants of the Council were divided. Some offered to go for the Don and on the southern bank of the river to fight the opponent. Others advised to remain on the north bank of Don and wait for the attack of the enemy. The final decision depended on the Grand Duke. Dmitry Ivanovich uttered the following significant words: "Brothers! Better honest death than evil life. It was better not to go against the enemy than, having come and not doing anything, return back. We will turn around today everything for the Don and there they put our heads for the Orthodox faith and our brother. " The Grand Duke Vladimirsky preferred offensive actions that allowed the initiative that was important not only in the strategy (beat the enemy in parts), but also in tactics (the choice of the place of battle and the unexpected strike of the enemy's troop). After the Council in the evening, Prince Dmitry and Voevod Dmitry Mikhailovich Bobrok-Volynsky moved for the Don and examined the terrain.
The locality chosen by the prince Dmitry for battle was called Kulikova Fields. From three sides - the West, the North and the East, it was limited to the rivers Don and unscrewing, cut off with ravines and small river. The right wing in the combat order of Russian rati was covered by rivers, flowing into the upper case (upper, middle and lower dubbles); The left is a pretty shallow river of the resin, flowing into the Don, and dried streams of streams (beams with gentle slopes). But this lack of terrain is compensated - a forest has risen behind the resor, in which it was possible to put a common reserve, which guarded the brods through the Don and strengthened the wing's combat order. On the front, the Russian position had a length of more than eight kilometers (some authors are significantly reduced and then question the numerous of the troops). However, the terrain, convenient for the action of the enemy's cavalry, was limited to four kilometers and was in the center of the position - near the converging drowsings of the lower dubbish and fruit. Maama's army, having an advantage in deploying on the front of over 12 kilometers, could attack Russian combat orders only on this limited area, which excluded maneuver with horse masses.
On the night of September 7, 1380, it began to cross the main forces. Hiking troops and calls passed through the Don on the induced bridges, Konnie - Vyod. Crossing performed under the cover of strong guard squads.
Morning on the field of Kulikov. Artist A.P. Bubnov. 1943-1947.
According to Stores, the seeds of Melik and Peter Gorsky, who had a fight on the opponent's intelligence officer, became known that the main forces of Maama are at a distance of one transition and for the morning of the next day they should be expected from Don. Therefore, so that Mama does not estimate the Russian torture, in the morning of September 8, the army of Russia under the cover of the guardian shelf took a combat order. On the right flank, adjusted to the cluster shores of the Lower Dubyik, rose the regiment of the right hand, which was the squad of Andrei Olghadovich. The center was located a large regiment squad. They were commanded by the Moscow Occolty Timofey Veliamenov. On the left flank, bonded from the east by the River Small, the regiment of the left hand of Prince Vasily Yaroslavsky was built. Ahead of the large regiment was an advanced regiment. Behind the left flank of the Big Regiment was secretly located the reserve squad, which was commanded by Dmitry Olgersovich. For the left hand in the forest array, Green Dubrava Dmitry Ivanovich put the selected squad of the cavalry out of 10-16 thousand people - an ambulance regiment headed by Prince Vladimir Andreyevich Serpukhovsky and experienced governor Dmitry Mikhailovich Bobrokom-Volynsky.
Kulikovsky battle. Artist A. Ivon. 1850
Such a construction was elected taking into account the terrain and the method of struggle, which was used by the Gold Towns. Their favorite reception was the coverage of equestrian detachments of one or both enemy flannels, followed by way out of his rear. The Russian army took a position, reliably covered with flanks with natural obstacles. Under the conditions of the terrain, the enemy could attack the Russians only from the front, which deprived him of its ability to use its numerical superiority and apply the usual tactical tactical tactical. The number of Russian troops, built in combat order, reached 50-60 thousand people.
Maama's army, ranked in the morning of September 8 and stopped at 7-8 kilometers from the Russians, had about 90-100 thousand people. It consisted of an avant-garde (easy cavalry), the main forces (in the center there was a hired Genoese infantry, and in the flanks - a heavy cavalry, deployed in two lines) and a reserve. The lungs of intelligence and efforts were scattered in front of the Ordane camp. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe enemy was to cover Rus. Army with both flanks, and then surround it and destroy it. The main role in solving this task was given to powerful equestrian groups, focused on the flanks of the Ordane troops. However, Mamay was in no hurry to join the battle, still hoping for Yagailo's approach.
But Dmitry Ivanovich decided to pull the army of Mamay in the battle and commanded the shelves to speak. The Grand Duke removed his armor, handed him a boyarian Mikhail Brenka, and he himself had a simple armor, but did not give way to his protective properties to the prince. In the large shelf, a grand permanent dark-red (cherem) banner was delivered - a symbol of honor and glory of the united Russian troops. It was awarded the Brenka.
Combination match with lubel. Painter. V.M. Vasnetsov. 1914
The battle began about 12 hours. With the rapprochement of the main forces of the parties, there was a fight of the Russian warrior Inok Alexander Perevashta with Mongolian Bogatira Chelubey (Temir-Murz). As the people's legend says, Peresvet drove without protective armor, with one spear. Help was with full service. Warriors dispersed the horses and hit the spears. A powerful simultaneous blow - Helpius collapsed his head to the Horde troop, which was a bad admission. The re-light has held a few moments in the saddle and also fell on the ground, but head to the enemy. So the people's legend predetermined the outcome of the battle for the right thing. After the fight, a fierce singer was broken. As the chronicle writes: "The power is great Tatar Borzo with a fenderness of the coming and that pakas, not entering, the stas, for to bear the places where they are arcing; And Tacos Stas, a copy of the stack, the wall at the wall, each of them on the shoulders of the restor of their immuchet, the forefall, and the rear permanent. And the Prince of Great is hard with the great power of Russian from the other than a fender Podice against them. "
For three o'clock, the army, Mama, unsuccessfully tried to break through the center and the right wing of Russian rati. 3Dell on the Outline of the Orda troops was removed. Actively acted by the detachment of Andrei Olghadovich. He repeatedly passed into a counterattack, helping the shelves of the center to restrain the onslaught of the enemy.
Then the main efforts of Mamay focused against the shelf of the left hand. In a fierce battle with a superior opponent, the regiment suffered great losses and began to move. A reserve detachment Dmitry Olghadovich was introduced into the battle. The warriors settled into the place of the fallen, seeking to keep the Natik of the enemy, and only their death allowed the Mongolian Connection to move forward. The warriors of an appeal regiment, seeing the difficult position of their utteral twigs, rushed into battle. Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky, who commanded the regiment, decided to join the battle, but his adviser - the experienced Governor Bobrock kept Prince. Mamaeva cavalry, Tester the left wing and breaking through the combat order of Russian rati, began to go out in the rear of a large shelf. Ordans, supported by fresh forces from the reserve Maama, bypassing the Green Dubravu, pounced on the warriors of a large shelf.
The crucial moment of the battle occurred. In the flank and rear of the broken Golden Cornery rushed an ambulance regiment, the existence of which Mamai did not know. The impudent shelf punch was a complete surprise for the Tatars. "In the great fear and the horror of shockishness of dishusting ... and the rash, the verbous:" Alas to us! ... Christians pretended over us, Lutcia and remote princes and the governors of Vtayu leaves and treated treated for us; Our Oslabe handa, and the shoulders tired, and the length of the shooter, and the horses our tiredness is be the essence of the bearer, and our weapons are wounded; And who can against their statics? ... ". Using the emerging success, moved to the offensive and other shelves. The enemy appealed to flight. Russian squads pursued him for 30-40 kilometers - to the beautiful sword river, where the travels and rich trophies were captured. Moma's army was defeated completely. It almost ceased to exist.
Returning from the chase, Vladimir Andreevich began to collect the army. The Grand Duke itself was contused and hit the horse, but was able to get to the forest, where he was found after the battle under a fired birch in an unconscious state. But the Russian ruin suffered large losses, which was about 20 thousand people.
Eight days Russian army collected and buried the dead warriors, and then moved to Kolomna. On September 28, the winners joined Moscow, where they were awaited by the entire population of the city. The battle on the Kulikov field was of great importance in the struggle of the Russian people for liberation from a foreign yoke. She seriously undermined the Military Power of the Golden Horde and accelerated her subsequent decay. The news that "Rus the Great overwhelmed Mamay on the field of Kulikov," quickly spread throughout the country and far beyond its limits. For an outstanding victory, the people called the Great Prince Dmitry Ivanovich "Donskoy", and his cousin, Serpukhovsky Prince Vladimir Andreevich - Nickname "Brave".
Jagailo's squads, without reaching Kulikov fields 30-40 kilometers and learning about the victory of Russians, they returned to Lithuan soon. The ally Maama did not want to risk, because there were many Slavic detachments in his army. In Rati Dmitry Ivanovich was attended by prominent representatives of Lithuanian warriors who had supporters in Yagailo's troops, and they could move to the side of the Russian troops. All this forced Yagaylo to be as cautious in decision making.
Mama, throwing his broken army, with a handful of colleagues fled to Cafu (Feodosia), where he was killed. Power in the Horde captured Khan Tahtysh. He demanded that Rusi renewing the payment of Dani, arguing that in the Kulikovsky battle, the defeat was not the golden horde, but the usurper of power - the darkness of Mamay. Dmitry responded with refusal. Then in 1382 Tukhtysh made an punishable campaign on Russia, he captured cunning and burned Moscow. The largest cities of the Moscow Earth, Dmitrov, Mozhaisk and Pereyaslavl, were also treated with ruthless ruin, and then the Ordans went through fire and sword on Ryazan lands. As a result of this raid, the Ordane dominion over Rus has been restored.
Dmitry Donskoy on the sticker field. Artist V.K. Sazonov. 1824.
On its scale, the Kulikovsky battle is not equal in the Middle Ages and takes a prominent place in military art. The strategy and tactics applied in the Kulikov battle of Dmitry Donskoy, exceeded the strategy and tactics of the enemy, were distinguished by the offensive nature, activity and purposefulness of actions. Deep, well-organized intelligence allowed to make faithful solutions and make an exemplary march maneuver to Don. Dmitry Donskoy managed to correctly appreciate and use terrain conditions. He took into account the tactics of the enemy, revealed his design.
The burial of the fallen warriors after the Kulikov battle.
1380. The facial chronicle of the XVI century.
Based on the conditions of the terrain and the tactical techniques used by the Mama, Dmitry Ivanovich rationally arranged the force in the Kulikov field, created the general and private reserve, created the issues of the interaction of regiments. Received further development of the tactics of Russian troops. The presence of a common reserve (arms) and its skillful application, expressed in a successful choice of moment in force, predetermined the outcome of the battle in favor of Russians.
Evaluating the results of the Kulikovsky battle and the activities of Dmitry Donskoy, a number of modern scientists, the most fully studied this issue, do not believe that the Moscow Prince set itself the goal of heading the antiordin struggle in a wide concept of this word, but only opposed Maama, as the usurper of power in Golden Horde. So, A.A. Gorsky writes: "Open unoblordation of the Horde, which has grown into an armed struggle with it, occurred during the period when the power there fell into the hands of the illegitimate ruler (Mamaha). With the restoration of the "legitimate" authorities, an attempt was made to limit the purely nominal, without paying Dani, recognition of the supremacy of the "king", but the military defeat of 1382 was reduced. Nevertheless, the attitude towards foreign power has changed: it became obvious that under certain conditions it is possible its non-recognition and successful military confrontation of the Horde. " Therefore, as noted by other researchers, despite the fact that the speeches against the horde occur also within the framework of the previous ideas about the relationship between Russian princes - "ulusniki" and the Ordi "kings", "Kulikovskaya battle, undoubtedly, became a turning point in the formation of a new self-consciousness of Russian People ", and" The victory in the Kulikov field fastened the importance of the organizer and the ideological center of the reunification of East Slavic land, showing that the path to their state-political unity was the only way to their liberation from foreign domination. "
The monument to the column, manufactured by the project A. P. Bryullov at the C. Bird factory.
Mounted on the Kulikov field in 1852 at the initiative of the first researcher
battle of the Ober-Prosecutor of the Sacred Synod S. D. Nechaeva.
The times of the Ordane invasions went into the past. It became clear that there are strengths that can withstand Horde. Victory contributed to the further growth and strengthening of the Russian centralized state and raised the role of Moscow as the Center for the Association.
September 21 (September 8 for the Julian calendar) in accordance with the Federal Law of March 13, 1995 No. 32-FZ "On the Days of Military Fame and Memorial Dates of Russia" is the day of military glory of Russia - the day of the victory of Russian regiments led by the Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in the Kulikovsky battle.
The chronicle collection, referred to as Patriarchals or Nikonovsky Chronicles. PSRL. T. XI. St. Petersburg, 1897. P. 27.
Cyt. By: Borisov N.S. And the candle would not be faded ... Historic portrait of Sergius Radonezhsky. M., 1990. p.222.
Nikonovsky chronicle. PSRL. T. XI. P. 56.
Bricks A.N. Kulikovsky battle. L., 1980. P. 105.
This number is calculated by the Soviet Military Historik E.A. Distribution based on the total population of Russian land, taking into account the principles of the recruitment of troops for community trips. See: Razin E.A. History of military art. T. 2. SPB., 1994. P. 272. The same number of Russian troops determines A.N. Bricks. See: Bricks A.N. Decree. cit. P. 65. In the writings of historians of the XIX century. This number varies from 100 thousand to 200 thousand people. See: Karamzin N.M. History of Russian Goverment. T. V. M., 1993.S. 40; Ilovai D.I. Gatherers of Russia. M., 1996. P. 110; Solovyov S.M. History of Russia from ancient times. Book 2. M., 1993. P. 323. The Russian chronicles lead extremely exaggerated data on the number of Russian troops: the Resurrection Chronicle is about 200 thousand. See: Voskresenskaya Chronicle. PSRL. T. VIII. SPB., 1859. P. 35; Nikonovsky chronicle - 400 thousand. See: Nikonovsky chronicle. PSRL. T. XI. P. 56.
See: Skrynnikov R.G. Kulikovskaya battle // Kulikovskaya battle in the history of the culture of our Motherland. M., 1983. P. 53-54.
Nikonovsky chronicle. PSRL. T. XI. P. 60.
Ibid. P. 61.
"Zadonshchyna" speaks of the flight of Mama Mama-nine in the Crimea, that is, about the death of 8/9 of all troops in the battle. See: Zadonchina // Military Tale of Ancient Rus. L., 1986. P. 167.
See: The Tale of Mamaev is closer // Military Tale of Ancient Rus. L., 1986. P. 232.
Bricks A.N. Decree. cit. P. 67, 106. By E.A. Razuin the Ordans lost about 150 thousand, Russians killed and died from the Russian Academy of Sciences - about 45 thousand people (see: Razin E.A. Decree. Op. T. 2. P. 287-288). B. Urlanis speaks of 10 thousand killed (see: Urlanis B.TS. History of military loss. SPb., 1998. P. 39). In the "Tale of Mamaev Boy" says that 653 Boyarin was killed. See: Military Tale of Ancient Rus. Pp. 234. The number of the total numbers of the dead Russian warriors in 253 thousand is clearly overwhelmed there.
Gorsky A.A. Moscow and the Horde. M. 2000. P. 188.
Danilevsky I.N. Russian lands through the eyes of contemporaries and descendants (XII-XIV centuries). M. 2000. P. 312.
Shabuldo F.M. Lands of south-western Russia as part of the Grand Principality of Lithuania. Kiev, 1987. P. 131.