The Senate Tower is part of the Kremlin ensemble, the main attraction of Moscow. It is located on the eastern wall and goes to the Red Square. The Senate Tower of the Kremlin was built at the end of the 15th century, during Ivan III. It was erected by the project of the Italian master Pietro Solari.

Cremlin's appearance

In the plan, the architectural ensemble has a triangle shape, on top of which there are three rounds of round. The corners were once considered the most important and were intended for circular defense. In total, the Kremlin has 20 towers. Senatskaya is one of the oldest.

The total length of the Kremlin walls is more than two thousand meters at a height of five to twenty. From the outside, they are equipped with teeth in the form of a swallow tail.

The highest reaches in height without a small 80 meters. It is through her gate to the Kremlin on the bridge today visitors come across. The entrance has the lowest tower of the ensemble - Kutafia.

It is worth adding that the height of some of the Kremlin towers increased significantly at the beginning of the XVII century. Then the characteristic tents were prescribed above them.

The most famous from the towers is Spasskaya. Its height is 71 meters. In it is the main entrance to the territory of the Kremlin - the Spasskit Gate, named so in honor of the supremacy icon of Smolensky. In the past times, they were the parade - there were foreign ambassadors.

For the whole country, Kurats Spasskaya Tower are known. The first mention of them refers to the 16th century. True, then the clock was not at all like the current. The role of the arrows in them played the image of the sun with a long beam.

Deaf tower

In the eighties of the 15th century, large-scale construction began. The king wished to have a fortress in Moscow, which would symbolize the greatness and power of the Russian state, for which he discharged from abroad skillful masters.

The Russian capital is not in vain called white-named. Before in the city center there was a fortress from a red brick, there was a construction of white stone.

So, the Senate Tower was built at the end of the 15th century. But then she had no name. Some documents were as a "deaf tower." But more often it was called Unnamed. The modern name of the Senate Tower received in the 18th century.

The architect Pietro Solari led the construction of the whole Eastern Wall. This wall was built into the tower that did not have a gate - Senatskaya. The Moscow Kremlin was surrounded by the fortifications. For additional protection in its edges, gear walls were built.

On the territory of the Kremlin along the Senate Tower was located the house of the princes of Trubetsky. There were several churches and palace orders.

The article presents the photo of the Senate Tower. It is worthwhile that in the 16th century it looked quite differently. The Senate Tower was less elegant. The appearance was present something severe, gloomy. Inside there were three booster tiers, there were guns upstairs.

Modernization

In 1680, the 17th Senate Tower was rebuilt. Now it is height reached 34 meters. Four tent was attached to the lower fourth, after which the appearance of the structure has changed significantly.

In 1787, at the territory of the Kremlin, it was then that the tower received a modern name.

1812.

Moscow, as you know, suffered greatly from the fire, organized by the French. Leaving the Russian capital, the Napoleonic Army soldiers mined part of the Kremlin ensemble. Later there was a lot of legends, according to which, the French commander could not erase the Kremlin from the face of the earth only thanks to the miracle. Anyway, the Senate Tower as a result of a fire was not injured.

5 years after the end of the Patriotic War, the Russian emperor signed a plan for the reconstruction of the capital. Red square was restored. And in 1818, a monument to Minin and Pozharski was also installed on it.

The Senate Tower is located in the heart of the Eastern Wall. Fortification functions, of course, not performing many centuries. This tower once served as a sort of decoration during solemn events, primarily the coronation of monks. When Alexander III climbed to the throne, the state coat of arms was installed on the construction.

20th century

After the revolution, the Kremlin occupied the Bolsheviks. New objects appeared on the territory of the old fortress. So, on both sides of the Senate Tower, urns were laid with the rush of government officials. At the foot of the facility - the graves of Dzerzhinsky, Frunze, Kalinina, Zhdanov.

"Falling for peace and fraternity of peoples" is so called the bas-relief established at the Senate Tower in 1917. Before the formation of the Soviet state, another restoration of the Kremlin's towers was held. In 1922, the Senate Tower established a monument to the proletaria. In the forties in this construction, a passage was built in the mausoleum, which were exclusively members of the Central Committee.

In the middle of the 20th century, one of the sculptors offered to shorten the Senate Tower to establish a monument to Lenin on it. Fortunately, this idea was not supported. The last restoration was conducted in 2016.

Senate Square is depicted on the canvases of famous artists. For example, on the picture of Surikov "Morning Strelleskaya execution."

Every time brought something new to the Kremlin. So, under Peter, the construction of arsenal began, along the facade of which the trophy guns of Napoleon began. At the end of the 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century, the Kremlin was replenished with two palaces: Senatsky, in honor of which one of the towers, and the big Kremlin, built by Nicholas I. In 1840, there was a new building of the Kremlin Museum of the Kremlin - the Armory Chamber, the name of which occurs From the naming of one of the Kremlin treasury.

Senate Tower

The tower is located immediately for the Spasskaya Tower, behind Mausoleum V.I. Lenin. The tower was built in 1491 by the architect of Pietro Antonio Solari. The Senate Tower performed purely defensive functions - defended the Kremlin from the side of Red Square. For a long time she was nameless. The tower was received after the Kremlin in 1787 M. Cossacks built the building of the Senate, the dome of which is clearly visible from Red Square. Inside the main volume of the tower there are three jar of vaulted premises. Deaf, square in terms of the tower in 1860 was maintained by a stone tent, which was crowned with a gilded vane. In 1918, on the Tower in honor of the first anniversary of the October Revolution V.I. Lenin was opened a memorial plaque (Sculptor S. Konenkov). During the restoration of the Tower in 1950, the board was removed and transferred to the Museum of Revolution. Tower height - 34.3 m.

Spasskaya Tower (Frolovskaya)

To strengthen the northeastern part of the Kremlin, not protected by natural barriers, at the end of the 15th century, two more towers with a travel gate - Frolovskaya and Nikolskaya were erected. At the place where the main gates of the Kremlin were in ancient times, in 1491, the Frolov Tower was built.

The tower with the main gates of the Kremlin and in those days produced an indelible impression of the slightness of proportions, the richness of the white-name decorations of the facades, consisting of turrets, carved columns, columns, fiction figures. In the corners of the chime, there were pyramids with gilded fluges.

Until the XVII century, the tower was decorated with white-named reliefs of V.D. Yermolina. The tower had double walls laid out of a large brick (31x14x18 cm sizes), there was a staircase between the walls connecting all five tiers. The gate of this tower was protected by a toned shooter with two side bastions. The tower with a stallow wooden bridge connected.

The main gate of the Kremlin, i.e. The travel gate of the Frolovskaya Tower, especially revered in the people and were considered "saints". Through them, it was forbidden to pass on horseback and passing a covered head. Through them were also the shelves protruding. These gates met the kings and ambassadors.

Above the gates of the tower on the inside and the outside on the boards of white stone were cut out inscriptions in Latin and in Russian, telling about the history of its construction: "John Vasilyevich, God's Grand Prince Vladimirsky, Moscow, Novgorod, Tverskaya ... and other Russia The sovereign, in the summer of 30 of the state of its Sia Tower commanded to build, but did Peter Anthony Sollarri, the Medolyan, in the summer from the incarnation of the Lord 1491. " These were the first memorial boards of our capital.

From 1625, the Kremlin Tower began to put up. First of all, the main tower of the Kremlin was prescribed - Frolovskaya. The tower superstructure harmonized with its ancient array, with all the appearance of the Kremlin, with the temple of Basil Blessed, which was erected in the middle of the XVI century in honor of the victory of Russian troops over Kazan Khanate at Ivan Grozny.

In the 50s of the XVII century, the coat of arms of the Russian Emergency - a two-headed eagle watered on top of the Tent of the main tower of the Kremlin. Later, such emblems were established at the highest towers - Nikolskaya, Trinity and Borovitsky.

In April 1658, the royal decree was released on the renaming of all Kremlin towers. The Frolov Tower was renamed Spasskaya in honor of the Savior Sven of Smolensky, placed above the passing gates of the Tower from the Red Square, and in honor of the icon of the Savior of the Unclean, who was above the gate from the Kremlin.

In the XVII century through the ditch, held along the Kremlin wall, a stone bridge was built on which they began to trade books. Along with the books of spiritual content, the "Scriptures" of secular content were sold here, it was possible to buy and legends about miracles, a story from the "Grand Mental" or a handwritten "story about the mountain and Zlophatia", "Word about the regiment of Igor", Shemyakin Court and others . Here they were sold "printed sheets" - the front images of the saints and royal people. Book Trading on Stone (Spassky) Bridge lasted until 1812.

In the tents of the tower, built by the Russian master of Bazhenia Okurshov, posted the main hours of the state. According to archival documents, for the first time the clock on this tower was established much earlier, back in 1491, immediately after it is built.

I must say that the history of the tower hours of the Moscow Kremlin goes into the depths of the centuries. The first tower hours were installed in 1404 on the courtyard of the Grand Duke Vasily, the son of Dmitry Donskoy. In the Trinity Chronicle, it is written about the fact that "this private chaser will be set in Horsometer, for the same time he hits with a hammer about the bell, measuring and counting on the clock and daytime ...". Made the watch master Lazar Serbin. These hours on the time of their facilities were second in Europe, and only after decades, the tower clock appeared in Veliky Novgorod, and then in Pskov.

In 1625, under the leadership of Christopher head, the Russian blacksmith-watchmakers were waiting, and his son and grandson set the watches on the Spasskaya Tower, and thirty bells for reproving the castter Kirill Samoilov. The device of the clock of Christophore head was significantly different from modern. The clock had a huge rotating dial separated by 17 parts. The beating of the clock began from sunrise, and with the sunset clock was translated into a night account. At different times of the year, the duration of the night and daytime is different. On the days of the summer solstice, when there are the longest days, the clock has lost 17 times, and at night - 7 times.

But such a countdown was very uncomfortable. And at the beginning of the XVIII century, Peter I issues a decree on which the whole country has moved to one for all Russia a daily countdown of time. At the same time, Dutch clocks with music and a 12-hour dial were installed on the Spasskaya Tower. I installed these huge watches brought by 30 forks, Blacksmith Nikifor Yakovlev "Assistant". But soon these hours stopped, and after the fire, 1737 were unusable.

The clock that we see now on the Spasskaya Tower are installed by the Bathtop brothers in 1851-1852. They occupy three floors of the Tower - the 7th, 8th, 9th - and consist of three nodes: the mechanism of the course, the mechanism of the battleship of quarters and the battle mechanism of the clock. The clock is powered by three weights weighing from 160 to 224 kilograms. The accuracy of their stroke is ensured using a pendulum weighing 32 kilograms. The combat mechanism consists of 10 fourth bells and bells that knocks down one hour. The bells are cast in the XVII-XVIII centuries with Russian and foreign masters. The signature on one of the bells is reading: "This bell for whipping quarters of the Spasskaya Tower will pour in 1769, Maya 27 days. Weight 21 PUD. Lil Master Semen Mozzhukhin. All bells are placed on the 10th tower tier in open stalls under the tent.

The clocks that are usually called chimes have four dials, each - 6.12 meter diameter, the height of the digits is 72 centimeters, the length of the hour arrow is 2.97 meters, a minute - 3.28 meters. The total weight of the clock mechanism is about 25 tons.

During the October fighting of 1917, the Spasskaya Tower was damaged for the power of the councils during the artworks. The shell was disabled hours. After sightseeing Moscow Kremlin V.I. Lenin instructed the restoration of historical monuments. Then they started the repair of the Spasskaya Tower and the clock. The amount of work was considerable - it was necessary to make a new pendulum disk, restore the dial, make a minute arrow, restore the broken gears, straighten bent shafts.

Corrected the clock on the Spasskaya Tower Kremlin Slezer N.V. Berens, His two sons helped him - Vladimir and Vasily. And the artist and musician M.M. Cherems scored revolutionary melodies on a playing tree.

In August 1918, the watches on the Spasskaya Tower first performed new melodies - the party anthem "International" and the march "you are a victim of fallen".

During its existence, the chimes were repeatedly restored. The latter, the most serious restoration was carried out in 1974. Specialists disassembled and checked the whole mechanism. Designed and manufactured more than a thousand new details, created new automatic software installations. Complex work on updating the main hours of Moscow was held in a short time. The warranty period of repair is 30 years. This means that the chimes will have to show time and in the XXI century.

The Spasskaya Tower has 10 floors. Its height is up to a shining Ruby Star - 67.3 meters, with a star - 71 meters.

Senate Tower

But the Senate Tower next to the Spasskaya seems to be exaggerated by a modest, almost Cinderella. In addition, in our time, she is half hidden in front of her maquolem. But if you cut off the comparison and look at the Senate Tower of Non-Support, we will see that it is very good in its own way, and most importantly - after the Senate Tower in 1680 they had a stone tent, she had reached this day almost unchanged. According to the species of the Senate Tower reminds the violent, with which we have already managed to get acquainted, as well as the commandant and weapon tower, acquaintance with which we still have to be. Be that as it may, it is detailed to describe it quite typical of the small Kremlin towers architecture, it seems unnecessary. But it should be mentioned that this is one of the oldest towers of the Kremlin. It was intended for the defense line of the walls from the Red Square. In those days, the tower did not have a specific name and received it only after the construction near her the building of the Senate (1788, Architect M. F. Cossacks). The height of the Senate Tower is 34.3 m.

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The historic building of the Polytechnic Museum for many years was the place of attraction of all lovers of science and technology in the country. The Polytechnic Museum in Moscow was founded in 1872, and three years later began the construction of a special museum building for its placement. In 1877, according to the project of architect I.A. Monigretti completed the central part of the museum building (led by the construction of N.A. Shokhin). The southern wing of the Polytechnic Museum with Lubyansko-Ilinskaya retail premises was erected by the project of architect N.A. Shokhina in 1883 (construction was led by architect A.E. Weber, with the participation of architect I.P. Mashkova), and in 1896 the right wing of the museum was completed. The Northern Corps was built in 1903 - 1907 on the project G.I. Makayev architects V.I. Yeramishantsev and V.V. Wariech.

After the reorganization in 1935, the exhibition "our achievements" was based on the new exposition of the Polytechnic Museum, which was subjected to for these purposes of indigenous reorganization. On the basis of the exhibits of the exhibition by 1937, permanent departments were increased, reflecting the consistent development of a number of critical industries of the country's economy: energy, fuel industry, metallurgy, engineering, chemistry, agriculture, textile and light industry, construction, forestry and woodworking industry, communications, instrument making , food industry and water transport.

The Senate Tower is one of the buildings in the architectural complex of the Moscow Kremlin. It is located between Nikolskaya and Spasskaya tower and is one of the first Kremlin structures.

History

The Senate Tower of the Kremlin was erected at the beginning of the fifteenth century (in the Epoch of Ivan III). The works were led by architect Pietro Antonio Solari, specially arrived from Italy. And in 1680, when performing work on the modernization of the Kremlin, it was completed. Over the base, the machine was created - special braces intended for the shelling of the enemy from above. Parapet decorated them, and a through stone tent was erected over it. He ended up with a small four, decorated with gold-plated vane. After reconstruction, the tower height amounted to 34 meters. In the future, no improvements of this attraction of Moscow were produced - from the seventeenth century and until today's days, its appearance was not subject to change.

Description

The Senate Tower is deaf and square, consists of the following figures: three parallelepiped, truncated quadrangular and hexagonal pyramids. When restoration on the project M.F. Kazakov on the dome established the statue of George the Victorious, who favorably emphasized the compositional relationship with the Red Square. Externally, the tower is not much different from the curfew, violent and weapon towers. At the foot of the Mogiles of the Soviet states. Inside the tower has three tiers, each - rooms of a square shape. There is also a small one-storey house. It is believed that in it there was an entrance to the escalator, which was intended for the draggling L. Brezhnev.

Functions

From the first day of its existence, the Moscow Kremlin's Senate Tower had exceptionally defensive functions. From the side of the Red Square, she closed the approach to the Kremlin. Today, the tower is a historical object to which thousands of tourists coming out every year. You can get here by certain days, the time of visits is also regulated.

Senate Tower in the XX Century

During the 1917 revolution, the Senate Tower did not suffer. When the Bolsheviks came to power, it was subjected to minimal changes. A year later, a memorial plaque "fell in the struggle for peace and the fraternity of peoples" of the sculptor Konenkov was installed on this Kremlin Tower. In the future, during the restoration, she was removed and transferred to the museum of revolution.

In 1930, the walls of the tower built a famous mausoleum, and after eighteen years old they laid a special passage. A secret move was arranged in order for the government to have free access to the stands, which were used for performances at various celebrations and parades.

There is an Spasskaya Tower between the Tsarskaya and the Senate Tower - the main on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin.