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Equipment: tables from the series "Insects - plant pests and methods of their control", collections of harmful insects, presentation.
Lesson type: combined.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Homework check (test).
1. Social insects include:
A) ants
C) butterflies
2. Adaptation to collecting pollen from a honey bee -
A) gnawing-licking mouth apparatus
B) heels and baskets
B) streamlined body shape
D) wings
3. A bee that finds nectar informs other bees about its location:
A) sounds
B) singing
C) dancing
D) buzzing
4. The ants are guarded because they:
A) destroy forest pests and their larvae
B) eat seeds
B) are good plant pollinators
D) eat aphids
5. Silkworm gren is:
A) chrysalis
B) caterpillar
C) an adult
D) a cocoon with silkworm eggs
(Answers: 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A, 5-D)
III. Learning a new topic.
The teacher announces the topic of the lesson. Viewing the presentation is offered. The study of the material takes place in the process of a conversation, a teacher's story or a speech by students who have previously prepared reports on the topic. In the course of work, students fill out a table in a notebook.
The negative meaning of insects for humans
The teacher suggests thinking about what methods can be used to combat harmful insects. In the course of the conversation, it turns out that the proposed options can be divided into four groups:
Methods of human control with insects that harm him
IV. Securing the material. Set correspondence:
(Answers: 1-D, 2-D, 3-E, 4-Z, 5-B, 6-A, 7-C, 8-F) V. Homework. § 29, questions after paragraph. Literature
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According to the modern classification of the animal world, the following orders of insects with complete transformation (metamorphosis) are distinguished: order Retinoptera, order Caddisflies, order Coleoptera, order Lepidoptera, order Diptera, order Fleas, order Hymenoptera, etc.
All types of these orders in the development cycle have stages: egg - larva - pupa - imago.
Order Retinoptera - 4 wings, long, narrow, with few longitudinal and numerous transverse veins. The head is extended downwards into the proboscis. The mouth apparatus is gnawing. Species: ant lion. Its larvae live in holes dug by them, where they catch ants that have fallen there. Adults are like small dragonflies.
Detachment Caddis flies - 4 wings, hind wings are larger and fold fan-shaped. The jaws form a proboscis. There are no mandibles. The larvae are similar to the caterpillars of butterflies and live in water, breathe with tracheal gills, and build tubular houses for themselves from grains of sand and plant parts. The species is a crib.
Coleoptera squad - 4 wings, the front ones are turned into elytra and do not serve for flight. The mouth apparatus is gnawing. Pupae are free (mobile). Species - bark beetles. Plant pests.
Squad Lepidoptera - 4 wings, they are covered with colored scales. Sucking oral apparatus. The larvae are equipped with false legs and are called caterpillars. Pupae are not free (motionless). Species - different types of butterflies, moths, silkworms. Most species (adults and caterpillars) are plant pests. The silkworm is used by humans to produce silk.
Squad Diptera - 2 wings, the hind ones are rudimentary and turned into a ground beetle. The oral apparatus is licking or piercing-sucking. The larvae are legless and headless. Pupae are free or barrel-shaped (motionless). Species - mosquitoes, flies, mosquitoes. They are pathogens or carriers of pathogens of human and animal diseases.
Flea Squad - no wings, the body is flattened from the sides. The oral apparatus is piercing and sucking. Species - dog flea, human flea. They are carriers of pathogens of human and animal diseases (plague, etc.).
Order Hymenoptera- 4 wings, the mouth apparatus is lapping. The larvae are often legless. Species - ants, bees, wasps, bumblebees. Meaning: give honey, propolis, wax (bees); ants are carriers of aphids, intermediate hosts in the development cycle of some helminths.
General characteristics of orders of insects with incomplete transformation
According to the modern classification of the animal world, the following orders of insects with incomplete transformation are distinguished: the Orthoptera detachment, the Termites detachment, the Dragonfly detachment, the Bedbugs detachment (Hemiptera), the Homoptera detachment, the Puff-eater detachment, the Lice detachment.
Order Orthoptera - the elytra are leathery, at rest they straighten along the back, the hind ones are of a delicate structure. Sometimes the wings are underdeveloped. The mouth apparatus is gnawing. Species - locusts, cockroaches, grasshoppers. Meaning: plant pests (economic damage - locusts); mechanical carriers of pathogens of human and animal diseases (cockroaches).
Squad Termites - front and rear fenders falling away, are available only in genital individuals (there are also workers and soldiers). They live in a community, build termite mounds taller than a person. The mouth apparatus is gnawing. Meaning: pests of wooden buildings, furniture, books.
Dragonfly Squad - 2 pairs of wings, with a continuous mesh of veins. The mouth apparatus is gnawing. There is a mobile nymph in the development cycle. The larvae live in the water. Meaning: they destroy insects (daytime predators).
Squad Bedbugs - 4 wings, the front ones are half rigid, and membranous towards the free end. The oral apparatus is piercing and sucking. Species - water striders (harmless), bed bug - a mechanical carrier of human pathogens.
Homoptera squad - 4 wings, all the same, with a rare network of veins. The mouth apparatus is piercing. Species: aphids, cicadas. Meaning: plant pests.
Lice squad- no wings (secondarily wingless). The oral apparatus is piercing and sucking. Types: head lice, body lice, pubic lice. Meaning: head and body lice are carriers of human pathogens, and they themselves are the causative agents of human disease - head lice.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
MOLLUSC TYPE
The Molluscs type belongs to the Multicellular sub-kingdom, the Animal kingdom, the Eukaryote super-kingdom, the Cellular empire. The type includes 7 classes, of which three are most common: the class Gastropods (small pond snail, bitinia), the class Bivalves (toothless, pearl barley), and the class Cephalopods (squids, octopuses). In total, there are about 100,000 species in the type (Fig. 60).
Molluscs live mainly in the seas and fresh water bodies, less often on land. Lead a free lifestyle. These are three-layer animals. Dimensions - a few cm.
The body is whole (non-segmented). Consists of head, torso and legs. In most species, it is enclosed in a calcareous shell of various shapes. The shell consists of 3 layers: outer - organic, horny; medium - lime; inner - mother of pearl.
On the inner side of the shell, the entire body is covered by a skin fold - the mantle, due to the activity of which the shell is formed. The space between the body and the mantle is called the mantle cavity. The respiratory organs, secretions, ducts of the sex glands and intestines open into it.
The organ of movement is the leg. This is a muscular unpaired outgrowth of the abdominal side of the body.
The secondary body cavity in most species is reduced and is represented by the pericardial sac and the cavity of the gonads. In the intervals between the organs there is a loose layer of connective tissue cells - the parenchyma.
The nervous system is of a scattered-nodal type or in the form of cords strewn with nerve cells. Nerves go to all organs. In species leading an active lifestyle, at the head end there are large nerve nodes - the "brain" and complex sense organs: touch (tentacles), vision (eyes).
The digestive system begins with the mouth opening, followed by the pharynx (in gastropods, a muscular grater tongue is placed in it). Next are the esophagus, stomach, intestines, into which the liver duct opens, and the digestive tube ends with the anus.
The excretory system is the kidneys of the metanephridial type, which are highly altered metanephridia. One end of the tubular kidney faces the pericardial sac (whole), and the other opens into the mantle cavity.
The circulatory system is not closed. The heart consists of one ventricle and one or more atria. The blood washes all the organs, then collects in the vessels going to the gills, and then oxygen-rich blood enters the heart.
Respiratory system - in most species, the respiratory organs are gills located in the mantle cavity. Terrestrial and freshwater molluscs have lungs.
Value: commercial (for food, for obtaining pearls); crushed shells - feeding birds; pests of agricultural plants; intermediate hosts of helminths; destroyers of timber structures.
General characteristics of the class Gastropods
The class Gastropods belongs to the Molluscs type, the Multicellular sub-kingdom, the Animal kingdom, the Eukaryote super-kingdom, the Cellular empire. There are about 90,000 species in the class (grape snail, slugs, small pond snail, etc.). By way of life, these are free-living organisms, they live in the seas and fresh water bodies, there are terrestrial species. The body of gastropods is three-layered, asymmetrical, ranging in size from 2-3 mm to 60 cm, oblong in shape, convex on the back.
The body is divided into head, torso and leg; covered with a mantle and enclosed in a shell. The shell is whole, sometimes reduced. The head on the ventral side bears the mouth, and on the dorsal side there are 1-2 pairs of tentacles and a pair of eyes. The front pair of tentacles is the organ of touch; the eyes are at the top of the second pair. The front of the head, carrying the mouth, is often extended into a long trunk. The leg is a muscular abdominal outgrowth with a flat crawling sole. The movements are carried out by contraction of the leg muscles. The trunk or viscera in most species protrudes above the leg in the form of a large swirling sac. A fold of integuments forms on the body in a downward direction - a mantle fold, under which there is a mantle cavity.
The nervous system is of the scattered-nodal type. There are 5 pairs of large nerve nodes located in different parts of the body and connected by cords. Nerves extend from the nodes to the organs. The sense organs - touch and sight - are located on the head.
The digestive system is represented by the intestinal tube, which is divided into sections: mouth, pharynx, esophagus (in some species it has an extension - goiter), stomach, middle intestine and hind intestine. In the pharynx there is a tongue with cuticular thickenings, the so-called jaws. The ducts of the salivary glands flow into the pharynx; their secret in some predatory species contains free sulfuric acid (up to 4% of the fortress). The liver duct flows into the saccular stomach. Liver secretion breaks down carbohydrates. In the liver, the process of absorption of nutrients occurs, the deposition of glycogen and fat. The hind gut opens outward with the powder.
The excretory system is a metanephridial type kidney that removes liquid metabolic products from the coelom into the mantle region.
The circulatory system is not closed. There is a heart, consisting of a ventricle and an atrium, and blood vessels. Arterial blood in the heart.
The respiratory system in most aquatic species is represented by gills, in terrestrial ones - by primitive lungs, and some species breathe throughout the body surface. The lungs are the special pockets of the mantle. Their walls are densely braided with a network of blood capillaries.
The reproductive system. Most species are hermaphrodites, but there are dioecious species as well. Fertilization is cross. Direct development. Meaning: harmful- pests of agricultural crops, intermediate hosts in the cycle of helminth development, useful - object of fishing (food, craft shells).
General characteristics of the class Bivalve
The class Bivalves belongs to the Molluscs type, the Multicellular sub-kingdom, the Animal kingdom, the Eukaryote super-kingdom, the Cellular empire. There are 16,000 species in the class - bezubka, sea and freshwater pearl mussels, oysters, mussels, shashen (ship worm), etc.
Bivalves live in sea and fresh waters, lead a free lifestyle. The body size of bivalves is from several cm to 2 m. The body of bivalve mollusks is three-layered, bilaterally symmetrical, consists of a trunk and a leg (the head is reduced), enclosed in a bivalve shell. The shell valves are connected to each other by an elastic ligament, which is located on the dorsal side of the animal. In addition, the doors are connected by a "lock". This connection is made by the dentate processes of the dorsal edge of one valve, entering the corresponding fossae of the dorsal edge of the other valve. There are articular muscles to slam the shell valves. The shell consists of three layers: a thin outer stratum corneum, a thick middle calcareous layer and the thinnest inner nacreous layer.
The body of bivalves is covered with a mantle, which forms two folds on the sides. There is a mantle cavity between the body and folds. In many species, mantle folds can grow together in places, forming holes (siphons), usually three or two small posterior ones and one large one. The upper posterior opening serves to remove water and excrement from the mantle cavity, the lower one - to introduce water into the mantle cavity, which serves for breathing and brings food. A leg protrudes out through a large hole. Tentacles and eyes can be located along the free edge of the mantle. Both shell valves are distinguished by the outer epithelium of the mantle.
The leg is a muscular outgrowth. In many species it is equipped with a flat crawling sole. In some species, it is flattened from the sides and sharpened like a knife blade, so it serves not so much for crawling as for digging sand or silt in which animals are hiding. In motionless forms (mussels, oysters), the leg is reduced or disappears. In a number of species, there is a special gland (byssus) on the sole of the foot, which secretes stringy threads of secretion, which quickly hardens in water. With the help of these threads, the animal is attached to underwater objects.
The nervous system is scattered and nodular. It usually consists of 3 pairs of ganglia: periopharyngeal, leg and lying under the hind gut. The ganglia are interconnected by nerve trunks. The sense organs are poorly developed: eyes, organs of balance, organs of chemical sense.
The digestive system begins with an oral opening surrounded by two pairs of tentacles, followed by a short esophagus that passes into a rounded stomach, followed by the midgut and hindgut, which opens with powder into the mantle cavity. In bivalves, the digestive system lacks the tongue, pharynx, jaws, salivary glands. Plankton serves as their food.
The excretory system consists of two kidneys of the metanephridial type - tubular sacs that carry liquid metabolic products from the coelom (pericardial space) to the outside.
The circulatory system is not closed. The heart consists of a ventricle and two atria, located on the dorsal side. The respiratory system is represented by gills. Reproductive system - most species are dioecious. Sex glands: the testes and ovaries are paired and open into the mantle cavity where insemination takes place. There is no sexual dimorphism. Outdoor development, with incomplete metamorphosis.
Meaning: useful - commercial (oysters, scallops, mussels are used for food; lime flour is prepared from shells, which is used for animal feed; pearls and nacre are obtained from pearls and pearl mussels); harmful- pests of wood structures (ships, piles, houses).
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
CHORD TYPE
The integument of the body is represented by the skin, consisting of stratified epithelium, the skin itself and their derivatives (scales, feathers, hair).
Despite the diversity of species, all chordates have a general structural plan and differ from representatives of other types in four main characteristics.
1. They have an internal axial skeleton, represented by a chord. It either remains in adult animals for life, or is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony skeleton - the vertebral column. The chord is a flexible elastic rod that develops from the endoderm and consists of highly vacuolated cells.
2. The central nervous system is located on the dorsal side above the notochord. It looks like a tube stretching along the body, and has an internal cavity - a neurocoel. The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and in vertebrates differentiates into the brain and spinal cord.
3. On the anterior part of the digestive tube (pharynx) of the embryos, the branchial apparatus develops. It is represented by the branchial slits, piercing the pharyngeal wall, and the skeleton (visceral arches). The branchial apparatus either persists throughout life, as an organ of water respiration, or is reduced during the development of the embryo.
4. The central organ of blood circulation - the heart or a vessel replacing it - is located on the abdominal side and is laid in the embryo under the digestive tube.
All chordate three-layered animals have bilateral symmetry of the body, have a secondary body cavity and a secondary mouth. They have the main organ systems: musculoskeletal, nervous, digestive, excretory, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive and endocrine systems.
3value: are a link in the general food chain, are used by humans (meat, eggs, fat, down, feathers, wool, skin, snake venom); are intermediate hosts or carriers of human pathogens, etc.
General characteristics of the class Lancelet
The class Lancelet belongs to the subtype Cranial, type Chordates, the sub-kingdom of the Multicellular, the kingdom of Animals, the super-kingdom of the Eukaryotes, the empire of Cellular. Modern lancelets have 20 species of small fish-like animals. They live in the seas in the zone of coastal sands. They lead a bottom life, burrowing in the sand. They feed passively on plankton.
The body of lancelet is narrow, elongated, laterally flattened. Sizes 8-10 cm. On the dorsal side there is a skin fold - the dorsal fin. The caudal end of the body is edged with an unpaired caudal fin, which continues on the ventral side only in the posterior part, and paired metapleural folds run along the sides of the body (Fig. 61).
The skin of the lancelet is formed by smooth skin, consisting of two layers: a single-layer epithelium and the skin itself, consisting of gelatinous tissue. Under the skin, striated muscles are located in the form of separate segments, between them there are connective tissue layers. The axial skeleton of the lancelet is notochord. It persists throughout the life of the animal. Supporting septa are located around the notochord and neural tube and between muscle segments. The skeleton of an unpaired fin consists of densely thickened rods. Similar rods form the skeleton of the branchial apparatus. The internal organs of the lancelet lie in the secondary cavity - the coelom.
The central nervous system is represented by a tube located above the notochord. It is not differentiated into the brain and spinal cord. Hesse's light-sensitive eyes are located in the neural tube. Peripheral nerves depart from the neural tube in the form of paired dorsal and abdominal roots, one pair for each segment.
The digestive system begins with the mouth, lying deep in the pre-oral funnel, followed by the pharynx, the midgut and the hind gut, which opens outward with the anus. The voluminous pharynx is half the entire length of the intestinal tube. Its walls are cut by 150 pairs of gill slits leading into the peri-occipital cavity, which opens outward with an opening - atrial pore. At the bottom of the pharynx there is a groove covered with ciliated epithelium. Food particles are introduced into the oral cavity by a stream of water, then along the groove of the pharynx, cilia of the epithelium move into the middle intestine. The duct of the intestinal outgrowth opens into it, which performs the functions of the digestive gland. The process of digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place in the midgut. In the hindgut, feces are formed, which are thrown out. At the same time, the pharynx performs the function of breathing. The branchial septa are densely braided with capillaries. Water, washing the gill septa, releases oxygen into the blood of the capillaries.
The circulatory system is closed, one circle of blood circulation, there is no mixed blood. There is no heart, its role is played by a pulsating abdominal aorta. Colorless blood.
The excretory system of the lancelet is represented by paired metameric nephridia located on the sides of the pharynx. Each nephridium is a tube, one end facing as a whole, the opposite end of the nephridium opens into the atrial cavity, from where the products of excretion are removed through the atrial pore.
The reproductive system is represented only by gonads: testes in males and ovaries in females. The gonads are located in a paired metameric row on the sides of the body. The reproductive system has no excretory ducts. After maturation, the sex cells, when the gonad wall ruptures, enter the atrial cavity and then are excreted into the external environment. Insemination and development in lancelet is external.
Value: are a link in a common food chain; are of great theoretical importance for understanding the origin of vertebrates.
General characteristics of the class Bony fish
The class Bony fishes belongs to the Pisces superclass, the Anamnia group, the embryo does not have a water membrane), the Vertebrates subtype, Chordate type, the Multicellular sub-kingdom, the Animal kingdom, the Eukaryote super-kingdom, the Cellular empire. There are about 20,000 species in the class. All of them live in water, lead a free lifestyle, many species are predators. Fish are three-layered, bilaterally symmetrical animals. Body sizes from several cm to several meters. The shape of the body is streamlined, flattened from the sides, which facilitates rapid movement in the water (Fig. 62).
The body is divided into head, torso, and tail. The integument of the body is the skin, consisting of two layers: stratified epithelium and the skin itself with its derivatives (scales). There are many glands in the skin that secrete mucus, which reduces friction when the fish moves. The movement is carried out by paired pectoral and pelvic fins, as well as unpaired dorsal, caudal and anal fins. The mobility of the fins, gill covers, and the curves of the body are provided by the striated muscles, which lie under the skin. The muscular system retains its metameric structure.
The skeleton of fish consists of the spine, ribs, fins and skull. The spine is divided into the trunk and tail sections, formed by numerous vertebrae, the upper arches of which limit the spinal canal, where the spinal cord is located. In the trunk of the spine, ribs join the vertebrae. There are no ribs in the caudal region. The skull is divided into the dorsal part (cerebral skull), where the brain, organs of sight, smell and taste are located, and the abdominal part, which forms the gill arches and jaws with conical teeth to hold food. The body cavity is secondary.
The nervous system is represented by the brain and spinal cord and nerves extending from them. The brain is divided into 5 sections: anterior, intermediate, middle, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The forebrain hemispheres are poorly developed and serve as the higher olfactory center. The midbrain reaches the largest size. Due to the complex coordination of movements, the cerebellum is well developed. The senses are well developed. The olfactory organ is represented by a pair of closed olfactory sacs. The eyes are equipped with eyelids, the lens is almost spherical, adapted for vision at close distances. The organ of hearing and balance is represented only by the paired inner ear. The organs of taste - microscopically small taste buds - are located not only in the mouth, but also on the surface of the body. The organs of the lateral line are peculiar sense organs in fish. They are located in a special channel running along the sides of the body from the head to the caudal fin. The channel communicates with the external environment by numerous small holes. The lateral line organs allow the fish to orient themselves in relation to the direction of water movement.
The digestive system begins with the oropharyngeal cavity, from which the esophagus departs. The stomach is not always separate from the midgut, but it has great extensibility, especially in predatory fish. Some of them can swallow prey of their size. The duodenum extending from the stomach sometimes forms several blind appendages. Secrets of the liver and pancreas enter it. The intestinal tube is differentiated into the small and large intestine. The latter opens with the anus outward.
Many bony fish species have a hydrostatic organ called the swim bladder. When the bubble is filled with gas, the specific gravity of the fish decreases, and it passively rises to the surface of the water, and when the amount of gas in the bubble decreases, it sinks to the bottom of the reservoir. Gas enters the swim bladder from the blood capillaries that surround the bladder wall.
The excretory system is represented by paired primary (trunk) kidneys. They lie on both sides of the spine in the form of ribbon-like bodies. From the kidneys there are ureters, which merge into one unpaired duct, which flows into the bladder. The latter opens to the outside with a special opening behind the anus.
The circulatory system of bony fish is closed, one circle of blood circulation. Either arterial or venous blood flows through the vessels. The heart is two-chambered, consists of one ventricle and one atrium. Blood in the heart is venous; it is collected from internal organs and tissues into a common vessel that flows into the atrium. From it, blood enters the ventricle, and then along the abdominal aorta is directed to the gills, where gas exchange takes place. Arterial blood from the gills is collected in the dorsal aorta, which, splitting into smaller arteries, delivers arterial blood to organs and tissues.
The respiratory system of bony fish is represented by the branchial apparatus - branchial arches, branchial lobes and gill covers. Water through the gill slits washes the gill petals, releases the oxygen dissolved in it into the blood, is enriched with carbon dioxide and comes out from under the gill cover. Each branchial septum bears a gill, which consists of two semi-gills.
The reproductive system is represented in males by paired testes, in females by paired ovaries. The vast majority of fish are dioecious animals, but there are also hermaphrodites (sea bass, sea carp). Insemination and external development.
Eggs (eggs) and seminal fluid with sperm are released into the external environment, where fertilization takes place. This process is called spawning. In a fertilized egg, the embryo develops, which then leaves the egg membrane and turns into a larva. The latter grows into a fry, which, upon reaching sexual maturity, turns into an adult.
General characteristics of the class Amphibians
The class Amphibians (Amphibians) belongs to the Anamnia group, to the Vertebrates subtype, Chordate type, the Multicellular sub-kingdom, the Animal kingdom, the Eukaryote super-kingdom, the Cellular empire. The class is divided into 3 squads: the Legless squad (worms), the Tailed squad (newts, salamanders); detachment Tailless (frogs, toads). In total, there are about 2000 species in the class. This is an endangered class (Fig. 63).
The distribution of amphibians is limited to areas with high temperature and humidity. Habitat: shores of fresh water bodies, damp soils. In tropical rainforests, some species have switched to an arboreal lifestyle. Most amphibians are inactive. Their movements are monotonous (due to unstable body temperature, poor development of the lungs and circulatory system).
By way of life, they are free-living insectivorous animals. In tailless amphibians, the body is short, flattened in the dorsal-abdominal direction. The hind legs are longer than the front. In tailed beasts, the body is elongated, laterally compressed, with a long tail and short legs.
The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis, with numerous mucus-secreting glands. The mucus covers the entire body, preventing the skin from drying out and helping to glide better in water. In some species, mucus is poisonous, that is, it performs a protective function. The skin of amphibians is permeated with a dense network of blood vessels and performs the function of respiration in water.
The skeleton of amphibians is bone, consists of the cerebral box, spine and limbs. The spine is divided into 4 sections: cervical, trunk, sacral and caudal. The cervical and sacral regions appear for the first time and have one vertebra each. In tailless, the vertebrae of the caudal region merge into one bone. The trunk vertebrae of the tailed amphibians have short ribs that do not reach the sternum. Tailless have no ribs. The free forelimbs include: shoulder, forearm, hand; hind - thigh, lower leg, foot. Typically, the limbs have five fingers. The forelimb girdle consists of paired crow bones, shoulder blades and collarbones. The hindlimb girdle consists of three paired pelvic bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubic. The brain box is small and flattened.
The musculature is striated, located segmentally and provides movement. The muscles of the limbs are more significantly developed. The body cavity is secondary.
Nervous system - consists of the brain and spinal cord and nerves extending from them. The brain consists of 5 sections: anterior, intermediate, middle, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The forebrain is better developed than in fish and is clearly divided into two hemispheres. The cerebellum is poorly developed. The visual hillocks are expressed in the midbrain. 10 pairs of cranial nerves branch off from the brain. From the spinal cord are spinal nerves that form the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses.
The sense organs of amphibians become more complex. Paired olfactory capsules communicate not only with the external environment (nostrils), but also with the oral cavity, where the choanas open. In this regard, the nasal cavity becomes a through path through which air enters the lungs. The eyes are equipped with three pairs of eyelids that protect them from drying out on land. The third eyelid is transparent, which allows you to see well in water, at the same time protects the eyeball from damage. The lens is flattened, which increases the distance at which the animal sees objects. The structure of the organ of hearing becomes much more complicated. It consists of two sections: the inner and middle ear, closed by the eardrum. In water, the middle ear is covered with a skin fold.
Digestive system - begins with the oropharyngeal cavity, passing into the esophagus. In the oral cavity there are tapered teeth, tongue. The ducts of the salivary glands also flow here. A short esophagus leads to a detached stomach. Then follows the duodenum, where the ducts of the liver and pancreas flow into. The large intestine takes in the ducts of the reproductive and urinary systems and forms a cloaca.
The excretory system is represented by two primary kidneys, two ureters and the bladder. The kidneys of amphibians in the form of ribbons are located along the spine and remove liquid metabolic products partly from the body cavity, and mostly from the blood through the ureter into the cloaca, where the bladder also opens.
Respiratory system: respiration in amphibians is skin-pulmonary. On land, the respiratory organs are the lungs - paired bags with a highly extensible cellular wall, densely penetrated with blood vessels. In water, the function of breathing is performed by the skin.
The circulatory system is closed. In connection with the appearance of lungs in amphibians, a second (pulmonary, small) circle of blood circulation develops, but the separation of the circles of blood circulation is incomplete and one ventricle, therefore, in most of the arteries of the large circle, the blood is mixed (with the exception of the carotid arteries that carry blood to the head).
The heart is three-chambered, consists of two atria and one ventricle. One large vessel departs from the heart - the arterial cone, which is divided into two aortic arches. The latter, bending around the heart on the right and left, merge into one large vessel - the dorsal aorta, from which smaller vessels extend to all organs and tissues.
Reproductive system - all amphibians are dioecious animals. The gonads are paired. The vas deferens opens into the ureter. Eggs from the ovary enter the body cavity, from there they are excreted through the oviducts into the cloaca. External insemination, external development with complex metamorphosis.
Limited value. Destroy harmful insects, their larvae, small rodents; are a link in a common food chain; used in some countries for human consumption; are the object of scientific research (frog). Aromorphoses of amphibians - a five-toed terrestrial limb; lungs - the organ of atmospheric respiration, the second (small, pulmonary) circle of blood circulation, 3-chambered heart; middle ear and complication of the organ of vision.
General characteristics of the class Reptiles
The class Reptiles (Reptiles) are real land animals. The class belongs to the Amniote group (their embryo has a water membrane - the amnion), to the Vertebrates subtype, Chordate type, the Multicellular sub-kingdom, the Animal kingdom, the Eukaryote super-kingdom, the Cell empire. Modern reptiles are divided into 4 orders: the beak-headed squad (tuatara), the Scaly squad (snakes, lizards, chameleons), the Turtle squad, the Crocodile squad. In total, there are about 6,000 species in the class (Fig. 64).
Reptiles are cold-blooded animals, therefore they adapted to live in tropical forests, deserts, waterless steppes. Reptiles living in water (crocodiles, turtles) are secondary aquatic, as their ancestors moved from a terrestrial lifestyle to life in water. Among the reptiles leading a free lifestyle, there are herbivores and carnivores. Body sizes from several cm to several meters.
The body of reptiles is divided into head, neck, trunk, tail, and limbs. It is covered with dry skin, devoid of glands, which gives appendages - scales, shields. Only a few species have preserved odor glands, the secret of which scares away or, conversely, attracts other animals. The skeleton is bony and is represented by the skull, spine, chest skeleton, girdles of the front and hind limbs, bones of the front and hind limbs. Skull with elongated snout jaws.
The spine is divided into 5 sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal. There are up to 8 vertebrae in the cervical spine. The ribs are attached to the thoracic vertebrae, which on the ventral side are attached to the sternum, forming the rib cage.
The lumbar vertebrae also bear ribs, the ends of which end freely.
The belt of the forelimbs is formed by the sternum, two crow bones, two collarbones, two shoulder blades. The free forelimbs consist of the shoulder, forearm and hand. The hind limb is formed by three pairs of fused pelvic bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubic. The free hind limbs consist of the thigh, lower leg and foot. The humerus and thigh bones are horizontal to the surface of the earth, so the body of the reptiles sags and drags along the ground. The body cavity is secondary.
The muscular system is represented by striated and smooth muscles. For the first time, intercostal muscles appear, taking part in the act of breathing. Powerful chewing and neck muscles develop.
Answers to questions of test control …………………………………………… .51.
Literature ………………………………………………………………………………… .52.
INTRODUCTION
Throughout their history, encountering insects in one way or another, people already have a great knowledge about these amazing creatures. Entomologists, chemists, biophysicists, design engineers, geneticists, architects, doctors of various fields study insects.
Unfortunately, within the framework of the course of general biology at the Medical University, students are limited to studying the section "Fundamentals of Medical Entomology", which includes a rather superficial overview of representatives of orders with epidemiological significance.
The purpose of our manual is to somewhat expand and deepen the information on this section in addition to the textbook material, which will allow students to save their scarce time by searching for material in various sources.
The tutorial "The medical importance of insects" is presented in three sections.
The first section gives a general description and classification of insects, morphology, biology, and epidemiological significance of the most important representatives of orders with complete and incomplete metamorphosis. Descriptions of some vector-borne diseases are provided.
The second section is devoted to poisonous insects, since this important material in textbooks is presented very briefly. Their toxicological classification is given and descriptions of insects with a stinging apparatus, with poisonous blood and tissues, with a poisonous mouth apparatus, a picture of poisoning and first aid are given.
For better perception, the theoretical material is provided with illustrations.
The third section is presented by questions of test control according to the studied material and the answers to them.
A list of references is provided at the end of the manual.
Section I. Morpho-biological characteristics. The epidemiological significance of insects
1. General characteristics of Insects.
Insects are the most numerous class of the arthropod type. It includes over 2 million species. Insects are characterized by a clear division of the body into head, chest, abdomen.
Head consists of four fused segments, respectively carrying four pairs of appendages, which are modified forelimbs.
The first pair - antennae, or ties - the organs of smell and touch. The second - the upper jaws - mandibles, the third and fourth pairs - the lower jaws - maxilla. The mouth apparatus of insects is formed by the upper lip (skin fold of the integument of the head), a pair of upper jaws, a pair of lower jaws and a lower lip, which is formed by the fusion of the second pair of lower jaws. In accordance with the variety of feeding methods, the mouthparts of different groups of insects differ significantly in structure. They can be gnawing, gnawing-sucking, licking, piercing-sucking, sucking type. However, all this diversity is the result of a change in one initial type - the gnawing mouth apparatus.
Abdomen consists of 4-11 segments. There are no limbs on the abdomen. Only in some species are modified remnants of the limbs sometimes preserved, for example, in the form of an ovipositor or forks at the end of the abdomen, which help to make jumps.
Insect covers formed by a single-layer epithelium - the hypodermis and the chitinized cuticle secreted by it, which plays the role of the external skeleton and protects it from the effects of various factors, incl. mechanical damage. In addition, the chitinous cover prevents the evaporation of moisture from the insect's body. During the growth period, insects molt several times - they shed their chitinous cover, under which a new one develops. The skin is rich in various glands (odorous, wax-separating), outgrowths in the form of spines, bristles or hairs.
Muscular system represented by bundles that are attached from the inside to the outer skeleton of insects.
Digestive system begins with the oral cavity, where the ducts of the salivary and spinning glands open, like in butterfly caterpillars. The anterior gut is differentiated into the pharynx and the esophagus, which often has an expansion - goiter. Some insects have a chewing stomach. The midgut contains numerous folds that appear to be homologous to the liver of other arthropods. The hind gut, in addition to removing digestion residues, takes part in the excretion of metabolic products.
Excretory system it is represented by malpighian vessels (of which there can be 100 or more) - long thin tubes, which, with their blind ends, lie in the body cavity, and at the other end they flow into the intestine, at the border of its middle and rear parts. Metabolic products also accumulate in the fatty body, which serves as the storage kidney.
Respiratory system insects are represented by the tracheal tubule system. They permeate the entire body and supply oxygen directly to the cells. Tracheas arise in the embryo as a protrusion of the ectoderm, have a chitinous lining that prevents the walls from collapsing. On the sides of the body there are up to 10 pairs of spiracles (stigmas), leading to the canals, from which the trachea originate.
In connection with the development of the trachea, open circulatory system simplified, hemolymph almost does not take part in the exchange of gases, but carries nutrients and hormones to the tissues of the body. The blood circulates in the heart, then moves along the aorta, and from it enters the body cavity, washing all organs.
Nervous system insects are represented by the brain, suboesophageal ganglion and segmental ganglia of the abdominal nerve chain. The brain consists of the anterior, middle, and posterior regions. The forebrain contains mushroom bodies, which are especially developed in insects with complex social behavior (bees, ants). Nerves extend from the brain to the antennae, eyes, to the upper lip and subpharyngeal ganglion.
Insect development complex. They are dioecious animals with pronounced sexual dimorphism. Postembryonic development occurs with complete and incomplete transformation.
In the first case (butterflies, beetles, bees, flies, etc.), a larva emerges from the egg, which is significantly different in structure and lifestyle from an adult. It feeds and grows intensively, and after several molts it turns into a motionless pupa. Under the cover of the pupa, a restructuring of the organs and tissues of the larva occurs, ending with the release of an adult insect - an imago.
In case of incomplete transformation (locusts, grasshoppers, cockroaches), the larva is basically similar in structure to an adult insect, but differs from it in small size, underdeveloped wings and the reproductive system. The larva grows, periodically molts and turns into an adult insect.
The class of insects includes more than 20 orders, the most important of which are as follows:
Class Insecta (Insects)
Superorder 1. Insects with incomplete metamorphosis (Hemimetabola)
Order Orthoptera (Orthoptera)
Detachment cockroach (Blattoidea)
Lice squad (Anoplura)
Order of hemiptera, or bugs (Heteroptera)
Superorder 2. Insects with complete metamorphosis (Holometabola)
Order beetles, or beetles (Coleoptera)
Order Lepidoptera, or butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Order Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Flea squad (Aphaniptera)
Order Diptera (Diptera)
We will focus on the representatives of the detachments that are of medical importance.
Kalieva Bibigul Serikovna biology teacher, certified teacher of II (basic) level, KSU "Gymnasium", Kostanay region, Zhitikara city
Lesson number 35 Class: 7 Date: ________________
TOPIC : Pests of forest and agricultural plants among the representatives of these orders. Domestication of insects by the example of the mulberry and oak silkworm. Insects are carriers of human diseases. Disease vector control.
Methodical goal: Development of cognitive interest in the subject, natural scientific literacy through the prism of seven program modules to improve the quality of education.
Lab.worker № 5 “Study of collections of garden pests. Study of insect pests ”.
Educational.
Find out the role of these insects in nature and human life.
Continue the formation of skills to work with a textbook, text.
Developing.
Develop an interest in entomology.
Develop visual memory.
Develop the ability to classify facts, draw generalizing conclusions.
To develop the skills of educational work, i.e. observation techniques.
Educating.
Foster a positive attitude towards educational work.
Education of environmental literacy.
Lesson type : combined
Pedagogical technologies : critical thinking, problem learning, student-centered learning
Techniques, methods: active methods in teaching, techniques, strategies for critical thinking.
Equipment : interactive equipment, presentation , tables from the series “Insects - plant pests and methods of controlling them”, collection of harmful insects.
DURING THE CLASSES
Lesson steps
Teacher activity
Student activities
Notes
Org. Moment
Calling stage
1.Group formation interactive game "Stickers".
2. Development of rules for working in groups
3. assessment sheets are distributed - with the stages of the lesson
4.select observers in the group
5.select evaluators in the group
To the music, students choose a sticker and are seated in groups according to the selected color
We repeat the rules of working in a group
4. riddles
Flies all day
Everybody gets bored
The night is coming
Then it stops.( fly)
We continue to study insects
The goal is to repeat the orders of insects
5 reception Zig-Zag
Listening and correcting answers.
Reception of the Zigzag (systematic position of orders of insects in the cellular empire)
Individual, pair work
Understanding
6. Repetition of material
Populating the table
Group work fill in the table - templates for each group
RIGHT-COVERED
TWO-WINGED
RIGID-COATED
SCALES-LYE
REPONCHA-LINGER
Working in groups
7. listening to the speakers' answers.
Speeches by speakers
Speeches by speakers
Application
8. Create a Scheme for the types of development of insects, enter the orders, representatives.
Group work
Listening to speakers
Work in pairs, groups
Physical education
See the butterfly flies
You see, the butterfly flies, (We wave our wings-arms.)
Counts flowers in the meadow. (Counting with a finger)
One, two, three, four, five. (Claps of your hands.)
In a day, in two, and in a month ... (We walk in place.)
Six seven eight nine ten. (Claps of your hands.)
Even a wise bee (We wave our winged hands.)
(G. Vieru)
Students perform exercises to music.
All students at the same time
9.demonstration of pictures of insects
Purpose: to get to the topic of the lesson
10.Take Think Together - Share
Create a table about insect pests and pathogens
Write down the topic of the lesson. Registration L.R.№5
The negative meaning of insects for humans
Representatives
Meaning, examples
Orthoptera
Asian locust destroys crops in large areas
Aphids
Suppress plant development, can carry viral plant diseases
Bedbugs
Harmful turtle sucks out the contents of unripe grains.Bed bug is a carrier of disease, causes anxiety
Beetles
Beet weevil larvae feed on beet roots,colorado potato beetle and its larvae reduce the yield of potatoes.Weevil larvae - apple blossom beetle - destroy the ovaries of apple trees.Larvae of bark beetles and longhorn beetles - tree pests
Butterflies
Caterpillars of Cabbage White damage the leaves of cabbage;apple moth - spoil the fruits of apple trees;gypsy moth - Harm the plants of the garden and forest.Pine Silkworm Caterpillars harm the pine; clothes moth - spoil wool products
Hymenoptera
Sawfly larvae eat the needles of trees;horntail - feed on wood by damaging trees
Diptera
Cockroaches
Black cockroaches and prussians contaminate food with excrement, can carry pathogens and worm eggs. Sometimes their secretions cause allergies
Lice
Carriers of typhus and relapsing fever
Fleas
Carriers of plague, tularemia, typhus
Group work
11.Listening to speakers
12. Fulfillment of tasks of PIZ
13. from the proposed text, select ways to combat insects.
14. Test execution
Speaker protection
Solve a biological problem.
A. If you disturb the caterpillar of the cabbage whitefish, then it begins to secrete a caustic liquid from the mouth. What is the significance of this behavior of the caterpillar?
(
B. The most common species on Earth is the housefly. It has been proven that originally this insect lived in tropical latitudes, and the best temperature for fly breeding is +25 degrees. What features of house fly biology allowed the insect to spread widely on Earth, including in northern latitudes?
Q. Quite often you can hear the opinion: "Is it possible that modern science cannot find means to destroy mosquitoes, because they bring so much trouble to people and animals?" Imagine that such a remedy has been found. Will the person do the right thing if they use it? Why?
Disease vectors:
A - Flies.
B - Malaria mosquitoes.
B - Blind.
D - Gadflies.
D - Lice.
Human biological assistants:
E - Ladybugs.
F - Ground beetles.
H - Ants.
Blood-sucking insects living on the skin of birds, mammals, humans.
Flies, the larvae of which harm various ungulates.
Variegated small beetles with a semicircular body, destroying aphids in large numbers.
Public hymenoptera insects that exterminate forest pests.
Blood-sucking dipterans whose larvae develop in water.
Harmful to humans, because carries on the paws causative agents of dangerous diseases.
A family of insects of the order Diptera. The proboscis is piercing-licking, easily pierces the skin of vertebrates. The bites are painful, the larvae develop in water, soil. Predators.
The body is oblong, the antennae are filiform, the legs are long, running type. They destroy a huge number of harmful invertebrates.
(Answers: 1-D, 2-D, 3-E, 4-Z, 5-B, 6-A, 7-C, 8-F)
Reflection
Filling in reflective maps
Hearing observers,
Appraisers.
- What did you learn in the lesson?
- Where did you experience difficulties?
- What did you like in the lesson?
- What did you dislike in the lesson?
- Where will this knowledge come in handy?
Lesson summary
Delivery of assessment sheets.
5 4 3
Self-appreciation.
Observer Analysis
Filling in reflective maps
Sources, equipment and equipment:
Paper, pens, etc. interactive equipment, markers, ready-made micropreparations, workbooks, textbooks, internet resources if possible.
Follow-up assignments and reading
A. Tutorial 7kl, §43, s168, synopsis Make a table on how to protect insect pests
C. Repeat the material on the studied topic, make up tasks of 10 questions;
Creative Work - Finding Interesting Facts About Insects;
Make a comparative table for the type of arthropods
Ahead assignments: Write 5 questions in order of difficulty.
Make a logical-semantic scheme ORDERS OF INSECTS? IN A NOTEBOOK AND ON SEPARATE SHEETS
Mini essay "I would love summer when ... not mosquitoes and flies ..."
Lesson analysis and evaluation
At each stage, carry out assessment, enter into the general table.
Self-assessment,
summative mutual assessment, formative - finger gestures (students), stickers, criterional, formative assessment by the teacher during the lesson, and summative after testing.
Changes to the lesson
Observe students A, B.C.
Applications Attachment 1
Key to insect orders
1) One pair of wings. Rear modified into halteres squad Diptera
Two pairs of wings ………………………………………………………………………… .2
2) The wings of both pairs are membranous ………………………………………………………… ..3
The front and rear pairs of wings differ from each other in structure ………………… 7
3) The wings are transparent …………………………………………………………………… ... 4
Wings are opaque, densely covered with scales; mouth organs in the form of a spirally twisting proboscis ………………………………squad Lepidoptera (butterflies)
4) Fore and hind wings of approximately the same length ………………………… 5
Front and rear fenders of various lengths ……………………………………………… 6
5) The wings are rich in venation; head with large eyes and short antennae; gnawing mouth apparatus; elongated thin abdomen (its length exceeds
width 5-10 times) …………………………………………………….dragonfly squad
The vein branches at the edge of the wings are clearly bifurcated; antennae located
between the eyes ………………………………………………………detachment Retinoptera
6) The rear pair of wings is linked to the front one and is smaller than it; at rest, the wings fold along the body, often have a sting …………………order Hymenoptera
The rear pair of wings is often much shorter than the front; elongated body with soft integuments; the mouth organs are reduced; the abdomen, in addition to a pair of long, multi-segmented churches, often has an unpaired caudal appendage similar to them; in an adult state lives from several hours to several days ………………………………………………………………………… ..mayfly squad
7) The anterior pair of wings has developed into opaque rigid elytra, devoid of distinct venation; at rest, the elytra are folded to form a longitudinal suture ………………………………………………………… ..squad Coleoptera (beetles)
The front pair of wings of a different structure ……………………………………………………… 8
8) The anterior pair of wings transformed into semi-elytra with a membranous apical part and a denser leathery rest; at rest, the wings are folded flat on the back ………………………………………………… ..detachment Hemiptera (bugs)
The wings are subdivided into denser leathery elongated elytra and a wide, fan-shaped rear pair of ……………………….orthoptera squad
Card number 1
Systematic position:
Kingdom: A type: Class: Detachment:
Card number 2
Insects of the order ________________________________?
Systematic position:
Kingdom: A type: Class: Detachment:
Card number 3
Insects of the order ________________________________?
Systematic position:
Kingdom: A type: Class: Detachment:
Card number 4
Insects of the order ________________________________?
Systematic position:
Kingdom:
A type:
Class:
Detachment:
Appendix # 2
Squads
Development type
Number of pairs of wings
Oral apparatus
Wing development feature
Some representatives
Homoptera
With incomplete transformation
Two pairs
Piercing-sucking
Mesh
Cicadas, aphids
Butterflies, or Lepidoptera
With complete transformation
Two pairs
Sucking
Mesh with scales
White cabbage, hawthorn, silkworm
Diptera
With complete transformation
1 pair
Prickly-sucking
Mesh
Mosquitoes, flies, gadflies, midges
Fleas
With complete transformation
Not
Prickly-sucking
Wingless
Human flea, rat flea
Appendix 3
Moved by the flower
All four petals.
I wanted to rip it off -
He fluttered and flew away.
Answer:
Butterfly
Flies, squeaks,
Long legs drag
Chance will not miss:
Will sit down and bite.
Answer:
Mosquito
On a large colored carpet
The squadron sat down -
It will open, then it will close
Painted wings.
Answer:
Butterflies
He does not mind sleeping all day.
But as soon as night falls
His bow will sing.
Call the musician ...
Answer:
Cricket
Housewife
Flies over the lawn
Will bother over a flower -
He will share the medic.
Answer:
Bee
Blue airplane
Sat on a white dandelion.
Answer:
Dragonfly
An insect crawled
Over a large chamomile.
But fluttered in a hurry
And got entangled in the networks.
Guess kids:
Who set up the nets?
Answer:
Spider
On a daisy at the gate
The helicopter went down -
Golden eyes.
Who is this? ...
Answer:
Dragonfly
Not motors, but noise,
Not pilots, but flying
Not snakes, but stings.
Answer:
Wasps
Spins a thread without a strand
Knits mesh without a needle;
The whole summer suffocates birds
Eats meat and dries feathers.
Answer:
Spider
Who wears his house on?
Answer:
Snail
Who are they? Where from? Whose?
Black streams are pouring:
Amicably small points
They are building a house for themselves on a bump.
Answer:
Ants
In the fall it will climb into the gap
And wake up in the spring.
Answer:
Fly
Eight legs.
Like eight hands
A circle is embroidered with silk.
The master in silk knows a lot.
Buy flies, silk!
Answer:
Spider
Not a bird, but flies
With a trunk, not an elephant,
Nobody teaches
And sits on the nose.
Answer:
Fly
Winged fashionista
The dress is striped.
Growth, albeit a tiny one,
If it bites, it will be bad.
Answer:
Wasp
Appendix 4
Check of knowledge.
Task number 1. Find an extra insect. Why exactly it does not fit into this company. Argument your answer.
A. Fragrant beauty, ladybug, Colorado beetle, head louse
B. Gladysh, bed bug, water strider, dragonfly large rocker.
Task number 2. Name the insects
Beetles damaging grains of cereals: rye, barley, wheat (bread beetles, or kuzki)
Beetles that destroy aphids, whitefly, spider mites in adult and larval state (ladybugs)
Beetles that destroy the forest pest gypsy moth (beetles are beautiful)
Daytime predatory insect, with a gnawing mouth apparatus, large eyes on the head, the larvae of which develop in water (dragonfly)
Bed bugs living on the surface of the water (water striders)
Task number 3 Give answers to questions.
1. Eyes of dragonflies are about the size of their heads. They provide these insects with excellent vision, which is not characteristic of many members of the insect class. How can you explain the good development of the organs of vision in a dragonfly?
(Dragonflies catch small insects in flight, their eyes are irreplaceable helpers in hunting. Good vision is a sign of the insect's adaptability to a predatory lifestyle.)
2. To clarify the method of orientation of the beetle larvae in the soil, the following experiment was performed. Carbon dioxide was injected into the soil with a syringe. The larvae began to move to the injection site. What hypothesis formed the basis for this experiment?
(The experiment is based on the assumption that the beetle larvae locate the roots of the plants they feed on, based on carbon dioxide released during respiration)
II .Learning new material
The task. Make a table
Unit name
Squad Signs
Representatives
Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Homoptera
Diptera
The task. Reproduction and development of butterflies.
Read the text on page 80, look at picture # 67, answer the questions
Why are butterflies classified as fully transformed insects?
What kind of life do caterpillars lead?
What is the external structure of the caterpillar (body shape, body color, mouth apparatus)
III. Consolidation of the studied material.
Task number 1
What orders do the following insects belong to?
Indoor fly (Diptera)
Human flea (fleas)
Malaria mosquito (Diptera)
Bovine horsefly (Diptera)
Task number 2. Choose the correct answer.
Butterflies have a mouth apparatus:
a) licking,
b) gnawing,
c) sucking,
d) piercing-sucking
2. Butterflies have:
3. Development of butterflies:
a) direct,
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
a) licking,
b) gnawing,
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
5.Homoptera have:
d) do not have wings
6. Homoptera development:
a) direct,
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
a) gnawing,
b) licking,
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
8. Diptera have:
c) one pair of webbed wings,
9. Diptera development:
a) direct;
b) with incomplete transformation;
c) with complete transformation.
10.Fleas have oral apparatus:
a) gnawing,
b) piercing - sucking,
c) licking,
d) gnawing licking
11. Flea development:
a) with complete transformation,
b) direct,
c) with incomplete transformation.
a) two webbed wings,
b) one pair of wings,
c) there are no wings,
d) two pairs of transparent wings
Task number 3.
Solve a biological problem.
A. If you disturb the caterpillar of the cabbage whitefish, then it begins to secrete a caustic liquid from the mouth. What is the significance of this behavior of the caterpillar?
(The release of caustic liquid is a protective device for the caterpillars of the cabbage whitebird)
B. The most common species on Earth is the housefly. It has been proven that originally this insect lived in tropical latitudes, and the best temperature for fly breeding is +25 degrees. What features of house fly biology allowed the insect to spread widely on Earth, including in northern latitudes?
(High fertility, settling in and around a person's dwelling, moving with people, falling into a state of hibernation during an unfavorable period (in winter)
Q. Quite often you can hear the opinion: "Is it possible that modern science cannot find means to destroy mosquitoes, because they bring so much trouble to people and animals?" Imagine that such a remedy has been found. Will the person do the right thing if they use it? Why?
(Wrong. Mosquitoes occupy a certain place in the community of organisms: adults feed, for example, birds, mosquito larvae and pupae - aquatic animals.)
Testing
Choose the correct answer.
Butterflies have a mouth apparatus:
a) licking,
b) gnawing,
c) sucking,
d) piercing-sucking
2. Butterflies have:
a) two pairs of membranous wings,
b) two pairs of wings covered with scales,
c) one pair of webbed wings,
d) two pairs of transparent wings
3. Development of butterflies:
a) direct,
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
4. In Homoptera, the oral apparatus:
a) licking,
b) gnawing,
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
5.Homoptera have:
a) two pairs of scaly wings,
b) two pairs of transparent wings,
c) two pairs of membranous wings.
d) do not have wings
6. Homoptera development:
a) direct,
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
7.In Diptera, the oral apparatus:
a) gnawing,
b) licking,
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
8. Diptera have:
a) two pairs of membranous wings;
b) two pairs of transparent wings;
c) one pair of webbed wings,
d) two pairs of flaked wings
9. Diptera development:
a) direct;
b) with incomplete transformation;
c) with complete transformation.
10.Fleas have oral apparatus:
a) gnawing,
b) piercing - sucking,
c) licking,
d) gnawing licking
11. Flea development:
a) with complete transformation,
b) direct,
c) with incomplete transformation.
a) two webbed wings,
b) one pair of wings,
c) there are no wings,
d) two pairs of transparent wings
Butterflies have a mouth apparatus:
a) licking,
b) gnawing,
c) sucking,
d) piercing-sucking
2. Butterflies have:
a) two pairs of membranous wings,
b) two pairs of wings covered with scales,
c) one pair of webbed wings,
d) two pairs of transparent wings
3. Development of butterflies:
a) direct,
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
4. In Homoptera, the oral apparatus:
a) licking,
b) gnawing,
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
5.Homoptera have:
a) two pairs of scaly wings,
b) two pairs of transparent wings,
c) two pairs of membranous wings.
d) do not have wings
6. Homoptera development:
a) direct,
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
7.In Diptera, the oral apparatus:
a) gnawing,
b) licking,
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
8. Diptera have:
a) two pairs of membranous wings;
b) two pairs of transparent wings;
c) one pair of webbed wings,
d) two pairs of flaked wings
9. Diptera development:
a) direct;
b) with incomplete transformation;
c) with complete transformation.
10.Fleas have oral apparatus:
a) gnawing,
b) piercing - sucking,
c) licking,
d) gnawing licking
11. Flea development:
a) with complete transformation,
b) direct,
c) with incomplete transformation.
a) two webbed wings,
b) one pair of wings,
c) there are no wings,
d) two pairs of transparent wings
Task number 3.
Indoor fly (Diptera)
Cabbage white (lepidoptera)
Cicada striped (isoptera)
Human flea (fleas)
Common aphid (isoptera)
Malaria mosquito (Diptera)
Silkworm (Lepidoptera)
Bovine horsefly (Diptera)
Citrus Whitefly (Homoptera)
Gooseberry moth (Lepidoptera)
The date ____________________
Activities
riddles
Cross
interview
jacksaw
Thin, fat questions
Riddles
Project defense
test
Outcome
Score
For the lesson I am: tired, not tired
Grade 7 grading sheet 34 lessons
Student F.I.________________________________________ class _____________________-
Lesson topic _____________________________________________________________________
The date ____________________
Activities
riddles
Cross
interview
jacksaw
Thin, fat questions
Riddles
Project defense
test
Outcome
Score
Reflection after the lesson
In the lesson I worked: actively, passively
With my work in the lesson I am: satisfied, unhappy
For the lesson I am: tired, not tired
The lesson seemed to me: short, long, ordinary
My mood: improved, got worse, remained the same
Lesson assignments for me: light, heavy
Assessment sheet Grade 7 Lesson 34
Student F.I.________________________________________ class _____________________-
Lesson topic _____________________________________________________________________
The date ____________________
Activities
riddles
Cross
interview
jacksaw
Thin, fat questions
Riddles
Project defense
test
Outcome
Score
Reflection after the lesson
In the lesson I worked: actively, passively
With my work in the lesson I am: satisfied, unhappy
For the lesson I am: tired, not tired
The lesson seemed to me: short, long, ordinary
My mood: improved, got worse, remained the same
Lesson assignments for me: light, heavy
Habitat, structure, lifestyle
Insects are the largest class of animals. It includes over 1 million species. Insects live everywhere: in forests, gardens, meadows, fields, vegetable gardens, on livestock farms, in human dwellings. They can be found in ponds and lakes, on the body of animals.
The body of insects consists of a head, chest and abdomen. On the head there are a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae, on the chest - three pairs of legs, and most have one or two pairs of wings, on the sides of the abdomen - spiracles.
Insects differ in the shape of the body parts, the size of the eyes, the length and shape of the antennae, and other characteristics. Their antennae, mouth organs, and legs are especially diverse. Some of the insects have lamellar antennae (many beetles), others are threadlike (grasshoppers), others are feathery or club-shaped (butterflies), etc. The mouth organs can be gnawing, like in May beetles, piercing-sucking, like in mosquitoes, sucking like in butterflies, etc. The hind legs of grasshoppers are jumping, swimming beetles are swimming; the front legs of the bear are digging. All these and other structural features have developed in insects in connection with adaptation to certain living conditions.
Figure: Bombardier (beetle). Family - ground beetles
The features of the internal structure of insects are mainly associated with the respiratory, excretory and nervous systems. Respiratory organs of insects - trachea - are highly branched. In small insects, gas exchange occurs by diffusion. Large insects ventilate the trachea (when the walls of the abdomen relax, air is sucked into the trachea, and when contracted, it goes out into the external environment). The excretory organs of insects are numerous tubes, the free ends of which are closed. The excretory products entering them drain into the posterior part of the intestine. Insects have fat cells with a supply of nutrients and water. In them, some substances unnecessary for the body are deposited.
Differences in the nervous system of insects are associated with the enlargement of the supraopharyngeal nerve node (it is often called the brain), a decrease in the number and enlargement of the nodes of the abdominal nerve chain. The more complex structure of the nervous system is manifested in the complexity of the behavior of insects. A bee, for example, having found flowering nectar-bearing plants, upon returning to the hive, crawls on combs, "dances", describing certain figures along which other bees establish the direction to the place of honey collection. Ants close the entrances to the anthill for the night, bring wet needles to the surface, and after drying, drag them into the depths of the anthill.
Types of insect development
Insects are dioecious animals. In some insects (locusts, bedbugs), larvae develop from fertilized eggs laid by females, outwardly similar to adults. Eating intensively, they grow, shed several times and become adult insects. In other insects (butterflies, beetles, flies), the larvae do not look like adults in appearance and nutrition. The larvae of a cabbage butterfly, for example, are worm-like and feed on nectar, like butterflies, but on cabbage leaves. Their mouth apparatus is not sucking, but gnawing. After a few molts, the caterpillars turn into pupae, which do not feed or move, but complex changes occur under their chitinous cover. After some time, the body cover of the pupa bursts and an adult insect emerges from it.
Development, which occurs in three phases, and the larvae of insects are similar to adults, is called incomplete transformation. The development of insects, which proceeds in four phases (including the pupal phase), and the larvae do not look like adults, is called complete transformation.
Development with transformation enables insects to survive under unfavorable living conditions (low temperature, lack of food) at one or another less vulnerable stage of development. Insects with complete transformation have the greatest advantages. Their larvae do not compete with adults: they usually use different food and develop in different habitats.
The main orders of insects
In the class of insects, from 30 to 40 orders are distinguished. The largest of them are the orders of Orthoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera.
Insect orders with incomplete transformation. The Orthoptera order includes locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, and bears. They are characterized by a gnawing mouth apparatus, two pairs of wings with longitudinally spaced veins, and (usually) a jumping hind pair of legs. Many Orthoptera produce and perceive sounds (in grasshoppers, the sound apparatus is on the front wings, and the auditory apparatus is on the tibia of the front legs). Their antennae are threadlike. Females of many species have an ovipositor. The order of isoptera includes aphids, cicadas, etc., which feed on plant sap, have a piercing-sucking proboscis and 2 pairs of transparent wings.
The order of hemiptera, or bugs, includes terrestrial and aquatic insects with a piercing-sucking mouth apparatus, two pairs of wings (semi-rigid upper and webbed lower ones), strongly developed odorous glands. Of the representatives of this order, the most common are green forest bugs, long-legged water striders. The same order includes a bed bug that feeds on the blood of people and animals that live in human housing.
Insect orders with complete transformation. The order of coleoptera, or beetles, includes insects with rigid front and webbed hind wings. In most beetles, at rest, rigid wings completely cover the membranous and protect them from damage. The mouth organs of beetles are gnawing. The order of beetles includes May beetles, ground beetles, ladybugs, weevils.
Papilio demoleus butterfly. Photo: Jeevan Jose
For the vast majority of insects of the order of Lepidoptera, or butterflies, two features are characteristic: a scaly cover on two pairs of wings and a sucking mouth apparatus, usually coiled. Antennae of diurnal butterflies are usually clavate, and of nocturnal ones are feathery. The worm-like larvae of butterflies (caterpillars), in addition to three pairs of articulated legs, have false legs - outgrowths of the body. In caterpillars, the mouth apparatus is gnawing.
Diptera - flies, mosquitoes, horseflies, etc. - have one pair of membranous wings. The hind wings are transformed into flask-shaped organs - halteres. The mouth organs of dipterans are piercing-sucking or licking. The larvae have no legs. They develop in water, soil, rotting plant debris, live animals and corpses.
Insects are the most numerous class of animals, there are more than 1 million species. There are about 40 orders of insects, which are divided into two groups - insects with incomplete transformation and insects with complete transformation.
Examples of orders of insects with incomplete transformation are Orthoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera. Examples of orders with complete transformation are Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Re-capoptera.
Features of the Orthoptera squad
Representatives: grasshoppers, locusts, crickets.
- Gnawing mouth apparatus.
- The wings of the first pair are narrow with longitudinal venation; the wings of the second pair are fan-shaped.
- Hind legs are jumping type (not all).
- Many can make sounds and perceive them (grasshoppers make sounds with their front wings, and the organ of hearing is on their feet).
Features of the Homoptera squad
Representatives: aphids, coppers, shititniks.
Aphids live on the shoots of trees, shrubs and grasses, forming clusters. There are usually many copperheads on the leaves of fruit trees.
- They feed on plant sap.
- A piercing-sucking oral apparatus with a proboscis.
- Two pairs of soft transparent wings (not all).
Features of the order Hemiptera (bugs)
Representatives: green forest bugs, water striders, bed bugs.
- They lead a terrestrial or aquatic lifestyle.
- The piercing-sucking mouth apparatus.
- A pair of semi-rigid upper wings and a pair of membranous lower wings.
- The scent glands are developed.
Features of the order Coleoptera (beetles)
Representatives: ladybugs, weevils, dung beetles, ground beetles, May beetles.
- Rigid front fenders protect the rear membranes from damage.
- The mouth apparatus is a gnawing type.
Features of the Diptera squad
Representatives: flies, mosquitoes.
- One pair of webbed wings. The hind ones are modified into halteres.
- The oral apparatus is piercing-sucking or licking.
Characteristics of the order of insects
- Legless larvae that develop in soil, water, plant and animal debris.
Features of the order Lepidoptera (butterflies)
- Scaly wing cover.
- The sucking oral apparatus is coiled spirally.
- Cirrus (in nocturnal) or clavate (in diurnal butterflies) antennae.
- Butterfly larvae are caterpillars.
They have outgrowths of the body - false legs. The mouth apparatus is a gnawing type.
Features of the order Hymenoptera
Representatives: bees, wasps, ants, wasps.
- Two pairs of membranous transparent wings.
- The mouth apparatus is gnawing or licking.
- At the end of the abdomen, females have an ovipositor, which in some species is turned into a sting and is connected with venom glands.
- Worm-like, most often legless, larvae.
Coleoptera squad, or beetles
The front wings, or elytra, are very tough and strong.
They cover the upper side of the abdomen and the membranous wings of the second pair located here. It is these webbed wings that serve for flight.
They are slightly longer than the elytra and are folded in a resting state and hidden under them.
Mouth organs of gnawing beetles. The main tools for grinding food are the upper jaws, often called mandibles, or mandibles. Sometimes they turn into jewelry, reaching extraordinary development in males ( bug—deer).
The elytra and wings of beetles are attached to the mesothorax and metathorax. The prothorax forms a wide ring, the upper part of which is called the pronotum.
From below, three pairs of legs are attached to the three thoracic segments, which are extremely diverse in beetles. Usually they are long, running, in aquatic forms - swimming, in those living in the soil - digging; sometimes the hind legs increase in size, their thighs thicken - the legs become bouncing. The legs end in paws, the segments of which bear pads from below, and in some species - suckers.
Beetles are insects with complete transformation, after mating they lay eggs.
The eggs hatch into larvae, the body of which consists of 3 thoracic and 10 abdominal segments. The development of larvae is completed in a few months, less often it stretches for three to five years. Further, the larva turns into a pupa, and from a pupa into an adult insect.
This order includes beetles that damage a wide variety of cultivated plants ( chafer, bread beetle, clickers, the larvae of which are called wireworms, colorado beetle, apple blossom beetle), forest plants ( beetles—bark beetles, beetles—woodcutters,); beetles destroy food ( barn weevil, bread fleas).
Predatory beetles destroy agricultural pests ( ground beetles, ladybugs), beetles eating animal excrement and dead plant parts are of great sanitary importance ( beetles—dung beetles) and animal corpses ( beetles—dead eaters). Some beetles have moved on to life in fresh water ( beetles—swimmers, beetles—water lovers).
Over 30 thousand species.
Order Lepidoptera, or butterflies
Of all insects, butterflies are the most famous. The most important feature of the order is that they are covered with scales, the structure and location of which determines the quirkiness and variety of color. Therefore, butterflies are called Lepidoptera.
Insects Dragonfly, Mayfly squads
The scales are altered hairs. On the edge of the wing there are very narrow scales, almost like hairs. Closer to the middle, they are widened, but their ends are sharp. And even closer to the base of the wing, there are wide scales in the form of a flattened, hollow pouch inside, attached to the wing by means of a short stalk.
The scales are located on the wing in regular rows across the wing: the edges of the scales are facing the lateral edge of the wing, and their bases are covered with tiled ends of the previous row.
Usually in Lepidoptera all four wings are developed; however, females of some species may have underdeveloped or no wings at all.
The front wings are always larger than the rear ones. In many species, both pairs of wings engage with each other using a special hook, or "bridle".
Sucking mouth limbs. They are represented by a soft proboscis that can roll and unfold like a clock spring. The basis of this oral apparatus is made up of highly elongated inner lobes of the lower jaws, which form the valves of the proboscis. The proboscis is elastic and mobile.
Lepidoptera are insects with complete metamorphosis.
Their larvae are very diverse in shape. The larvae of butterflies are called caterpillars, their body consists of a head, 3 pectoral and 10 abdominal rings. They use a silky thread to build a cocoon, inside which pupation takes place.
And only after a few weeks the butterflies fly out.
This squad includes silkworm, leaf rollers, glass cases, moths, scoops, bluebirds, cabbage, moths, hawk makers other. About 140 thousand species.
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All about insects
Insect - what does this name mean? It says that his torso is divided into parts. Insecta is a Latin word that literally means "divided, cut." The Russian word "insects" is also explained by the fact that the wasp's body is divided into three segments (parts of the body) - notches.
Class Insects, their orders, main features and meaning (Table)
The ancient Greek word entomon with a similar meaning "divided" has survived in the name of the science of insects - entomology. The scientific name of species is based on the principle of a binary nomenclature: genus name + species name. For example, the name of the honey bee is formed from the name of the genus Apis and the name of the species mellifera. Thus, the scientific name of the honey bee is Apis mellifera.
The tropics are home to many species of insects, however, in Europe, there are currently at least 30,000 species.
To somehow understand this diversity, biologists 200 years ago began to systematize knowledge about animals, relying on their typical characteristics. Similar to each other and capable of reproduction, they attributed to the same species. The species that had common ancestors and which are thus related were united into genera.
Many genera form a family, several families - a detachment, several detachments - a class, but classes are combined into types, which, in turn, belong to the animal kingdom. In this way, each species gets its own place in the natural system.
In 2002, scientists discovered an unknown insect in the rocky canyons of Namibia. It looked like a cross between a praying mantis, an Annaman stick insect and a grasshopper. Not long before this, similar insects were found in amber, frozen 45 million years ago; they were classified as long-extinct species.
Insect orders
Currently, the class of insects is subdivided into more than 30 orders.
At the same time, the orders of cockroach crickets, zoraptors and large-winged animals include less than a hundred species, hymenoptera, butterflies and coleoptera - more than a hundred thousand species. The first two orders are not found in Europe. Representatives of other, less well-known orders, although they are found in our area, live in secret, and their size is so small that a microscope is needed to see them.
The insects presented here can be found during an ordinary walk in the field and forest.
Fly - mayfly
Mayflies die a few hours after birth; the maximum lifespan of a fly is several days.
Adult mayflies do not eat. Their only task now is to find a partner and lay eggs. As a mayfly larva, they spend from one to three years at the bottom of streams, rivers and lakes. All this time they feed on algae, plant parts and small invertebrates (crustaceans).
Beetles
Coleoptera are the largest order of insects, which includes more than 300,000 species.
They have mastered all spheres of habitation - from land to fresh water. Among them there are herbivores and predators, some feed on dung and carrion. In beetles, rigid front wings (elytra) cover the flying hind wings. Usually, before taking off, beetles raise their rigid elytra and spread their hind wings.
Silverfish and fork-tails
In many orders of insects, there are wingless species that have lost their wings during evolution.
These are, in particular, forks and silverfish. Fork-tails are no more than 1-2 millimeters long, live in the ground, where they feed on rotting plant and animal remains. These insects owe their name to a special jumping fork on the underside of the abdomen. If disturbed, they can jump far away in an attempt to protect themselves.
The best known silverfish is the silverfish, Lepisma saccharina, which can sometimes be found in our kitchens and bathrooms.
Locusts and grasshoppers
Strong hind legs are needed by locusts and grasshoppers to quickly hide from the enemy.
When locusts use their wings, they are able to cover significant distances with lightning speed. By their long hind legs, powerful body, strong head and leathery wings, locusts and cicadas are easily distinguished from other insects.
The Italian locust feeds almost exclusively on plants; true grasshoppers and crickets are omnivorous. For them, animal food (insects and their larvae) can make up more than half of the diet.
Characteristics of orders of insects with various variations of the sucking mouth organs.
Order Diptera The external appearance of Diptera is characteristic, first of all, due to the reduction of the hind wings, which are transformed into short halteres.
However, these are not useless rudiments. Covered with a large number of sensory receptors, halteres stimulate the nervous system and ensure rapid engagement of the front wings and takeoff of dipterans, simultaneously serving as flight stabilizers.
Diptera usually have a large, often spherical head with large eyes, which may touch on the forehead in males.
The most common orders of insects
Antennae are of two types - multi-segmented in the suborder Long-wattled Diptera and three-segmented in the suborder Short-tailed Diptera. The mouth organs are transformed into various proboscis. In those who feed on liquid organic substances, these are sucking or licking-sucking organs, in bloodsuckers - piercing-sucking.
In connection with diptera, the mesothorax is especially developed.
There is a noticeable costalization of the wing, i.e. thickening of the anterior veins and their displacement to the anterior margin. The flight of Diptera is very perfect, especially in hoverflies, with a quick start and hovering in the air.
Mosquitoes can flap up to 1000 wings per second, although they fly relatively slowly.
Diptera larvae are legless, rarely have false abdominal limbs. In long-wattled animals with a separate head, however, in most fly larvae, the head capsule is reduced, and the oral appendages are represented by a pair of retractable hooks. Pupae are free, or in a false cocoon - puparia. When the fly leaves the puparium, its shell at the apex either breaks longitudinally (in longitudinal dipterans), or in a circle, and leans back in the form of a small cap (in circular seam dipterans).
Order Hymenoptera.This order includes both fairly primitive sawflies, whose caterpillars, similar to butterfly caterpillars, feed on plants, and insects with the most highly organized nervous system and extremely complex biology - ants, bees and wasps.
Adult insects have two pairs of membranous wings covered with relatively sparse veins, and small forms are usually almost or completely devoid of venation. The rear pair of wings is smaller and has a subordinate value during flight.
In living insects, both pairs of wings are usually attached with hooks to each other and work as one plane. Mouth parts gnawing or licking-gnawing. In the latter case, the lower lip and lower jaws are extended and form a proboscis with a tongue at the end.
Such a mouthpiece is used to suck nectar out of flowers. The mandibles are well developed in all species and are used not only for feeding, but also for building nests, digging soil, etc.
antennae are simple, club-shaped, comb-shaped, feathery, can be either straight or geniculate. The tibia and tarsus of the foreleg sometimes carry a special apparatus for cleaning the antennae and tarsi, formed by a comb spur at the end of the tibia and a notch on the first segment of the tarsus.
Lepidoptera, or butterflies (Lepidoptera) differ from other orders of insects in such features as sucking mouth organs that have the appearance of a thin coagulating proboscis, a colored scaly cover of the wings, as well as development with complete transformation, i.e.
the presence in their development of a caterpillar, which is a worm-like larva, and a pupa.
The smallest scales located on the wings of butterflies served as the basis for assigning the name to the order of these insects - "Lepidoptera", as they are their main distinguishing feature.
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