Alcohol and drug addiction are perhaps the most serious and dangerous scourges of our time. This is not the problem of one person and those around him, but the problem of the whole society, the nation, since every person is a part of society.
Alcohol hostages
These negative habits shorten a person's life, thereby increasing mortality, entail the birth of defective offspring with congenital anomalies.
By leaps and bounds, the figure that reflects the worldwide amount of alcohol consumed is growing. Both young and old suffer from this. An incredible number of people are becoming hostages of alcohol.
The problem of drug addiction has reached no less catastrophic proportions. Illegal trade, drug abuse, increased mortality from overdose - such headlines can be found in press reports of any country, from an underdeveloped one to a giant of an economic and political scale.
As a serious illness that destroys the body from the inside, drug addiction and alcoholism, in addition to health, destroy a person's life, become the cause of troubles and failures, where they begin to persecute on the path of life. The insidiousness also lies in the fact that these diseases subjugate not only the person himself, but bring suffering and torment to his family, close environment. Often the life of most of these people is reduced to the fight against alcohol and drugs, but, unfortunately, this struggle does not always bring a positive result.
It has been repeatedly noted that in a family with an alcoholic father, the most negative consequences are reflected in children. Not every woman has enough love, strength, patience to fight her husband's illness. Often the wife gives up and, succumbing to the influence of alcohol, begins to drink herself. It is easy to imagine that children, deprived of parental attention and care, are left to themselves.
This free space, lack of control, freedom of action in most cases leads to the fact that children of alcoholics begin to rampage, become offenders. Drinking parents, whose children are minors, can be deprived of parental rights. This is a very unpleasant process, but, unfortunately, there are much worse options when a child, looking at the parental example, also begins to abuse alcohol. Often he gets drunk, ruins his body and has a much more terrible chance of dying young.
There are families who do not have the strength and patience to deal with these terrible ailments. As a result, the closest people refuse to suffer from alcoholism, in order to avoid life in constant fear and stress. Family members of those who have not escaped this disease simply give up in the fight against this evil.
Drug addiction and alcoholism
A parallel can be drawn between drug addiction and alcoholism. Both the first and second are elementary dependence on chemicals. Drug addiction - dependence on a substance contained in a drug. Although these substances themselves can be drugs. The main constituent of alcohol is ethyl alcohol, which causes the habit. Unfortunately, this addiction is the work of the person himself.
Science has proven that getting inside the body, alcohol gets through the blood to every human organ, harming and destroying it. You should not exclude the content of carcinogenic and toxic substances in low-quality alcohol. Alcohol helps them easily get into the human body.
It irreversibly and destructively affects the cells of the brain, weakening the genital centers located in the spinal cord. In abusive women, the work of the mammary glands is disrupted, and subsequently, in general, it may stop.
To provide assistance to alcohol or drug addicted person, it is necessary to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe causes and consequences that they are fraught with.
There is such a concept "dependent behavior". It is characteristic of those people who are predisposed to habits of one kind or another. An important imprint on this is heredity. Those people who had drug addicts or alcoholics in their family can be safely attributed to a rather dangerous category. This in no way prejudges the fate of a person, you just need to know about such a predisposition and control your actions.
Biochemical characteristics of a person under the influence of alcohol
Each organism is individual, and each has its own biochemical characteristics.
In the human body there is an enzyme that breaks down ethyl alcohol - alcohol dehydrogenase. But in different quantities. For example, women are more deprived of it than the male part of the population. From which we can conclude that alcohol dependence will overcome the fair sex faster. One of the reasons for the emergence of addiction in women is a psychological background - their excessive emotionality and sensitivity. But in contrast, you can call the instinct of self-preservation, which by nature is more inherent in women. This may be one of the reasons why more men than women are in drug treatment clinics.
Society, habitat, family traditions, upbringing, in which the formation of a personality takes place, has two opposite properties - to protect a person, and to push to any form of dependence. Elementary frivolous curiosity or a dysfunctional environment can be fertile ground for the first acquaintance with drugs or alcohol. Further, the substance itself performs its dark "work", interfering with the biochemical processes of the body. People with a predisposition to alcoholism and drug addiction already have a need for this substance, even despite the knowledge of the harm they bring.
Drugs have their roots in ancient times. The Greek translation of this word is numbness, madness, passion. Abnormal, crazy fun after consuming substances of plant origin accompanied more than one religious holiday of different tribes of the jungle, orgy in Greece and Rome ...
Drug addiction is a continuous process of using toxic substances, which are very similar in one of their features - they create in people the illusion of temporary support and pleasure.
The most acute process of a lot of pleasure, for the sake of which drug addicts are ready for any wrongdoing, lasts no more than a few minutes. Then comes the stage of a kind of amorphousness, complete indifference to the surrounding reality. The person is half asleep, delusional, relaxed.
The reason for the prevailing opinion about the greater evil of drug addiction than alcohol is unclear. Drinking alcohol in huge doses is not as shameful as becoming a drug addict. Some countries are striking in their loyalty in this regard. People who use drugs will be punished according to the Criminal Code, and anyone can buy alcohol both in terms of cost, as well as availability, which leads to complete national degradation, the soldering of a huge number of the population.
Although in fact it makes no sense to compare whose appearance is more pathetic and depressing - alcoholics with shaking hands or thin drug addicts with sunken gaze. And with that, and with the other you need to radically fight.
The fight against alcoholism
The first outbreak of widespread drug use was an attempt to exterminate mass alcoholism.
In the most banal way, one evil was replaced by another - they began to replace alcohol with drugs.
Thomas de Quincey, a poet who lived in 19th century England, suffered from alcoholism. In his works, he colorfully described the sensations he experienced while using the drug. He got a crazy idea how to cure one addiction with another. Thanks to a large fan base, this idea has grown at a tremendous rate. Communities, clubs of opiate smokers appeared, which were attended by many people, consoled by the thought that they were fighting alcoholism. For several decades, one generation after another in England fought evil in the most absurd way, using no less harmful means.
The cause of drug addiction can be a number of reasons:
- curiosity;
- stressful situation;
- serious illness;
- elementary imitation.
A negative example is set by celebrities, some of whom are not easy to use drugs, but in a peculiar way advertise such an impartial lifestyle.
Not only is it not hidden, but becomes public, some describe in paints the feelings they experience, thereby warming up interest and awakening the desire to try.
There are some kind of youth drugs that allow you to have fun in clubs without getting tired. A large percentage of young people, swallowing these pills, do not even bother to think that this is not a harmless drug that produces energy, but in fact the same drug.
Unfortunately, there are circumstances when, for health reasons, a person is forced to take painkillers, sleeping pills, psychotropic drugs, one of which is a drug. Such situations are quite risky, since the systematic use of drugs containing drugs can lead to addiction. As a result, the patient needs a dose of medicine not for the purpose of treatment, but to combat the breakage and discomfort that accompany it.
Quite often you can hear the opinion that alcohol is less of a problem than drug addiction. The person himself chooses what to face and his choice does not depend on the "lightness" or "severity" of the problem. He is comfortable with it, unfortunately he likes it, in the end, it suits him and matches his personality.
Negative addiction functions
Alcoholism and addiction cause irreparable harm to the human body, destroy its personality. The only difference is that drugs get better at their terrible goal faster.
The life expectancy of people who use drugs is very short. Only a few survive to old age. Often, drug addicts do not die by their own death, but by accident or from an overdose. Drug overdose is a process that only takes a few seconds. In the human brain, the respiratory center is blocked and the person dies due to respiratory arrest. Since this process is practically instantaneous, there is simply not enough time to save the life of a dying person, and doctors remain powerless.
Alcohol also cannot be written off, only it, unlike drugs, acts more slowly. Many people who consume alcoholic beverages believe that this is not a problem and that vodka with wine, unlike drugs, does not cause withdrawal symptoms.
Doctors - narcologists dealing with the problem of alcoholism, believe that addiction has already appeared in those people who consume alcoholic beverages more often than once a week. Of course, stronger drinks do their job faster due to the higher percentage of alcohol they contain. But the same beer is ahead of other, stronger alcohol in its negative qualities. It has a negative effect on the endocrine and cardiovascular systems of the human body.
You can often observe how people after a working day allow themselves to drink a couple of bottles of beer. For no reason, simply believing that beer is relaxing and stress-relieving after work. If we have the ability to relax by nature, is it worth resorting to such an artificial deceptive relaxation due to chemicals? The production of endorphins, the so-called pleasure hormones, is inherent in the human body by nature, so you must safely avoid artificial and far from harmless substitutes.
Unfortunately, alcohol and drug addictions are getting younger every day. Drug addiction is very widespread among adolescents and young people. Many children get to know the potion on school grounds.
First of all, parents themselves have no right to set a bad example for their children - to use alcohol or drugs.
But unfortunately, even in prosperous families, no one is insured that a child will take the path of alcoholism or drug addiction.
Often, parents do not notice what is happening with their child. Mild suspicion can turn into conviction when the situation is already on the brink. There is a category of parents who, like snails, hide in their shell, rejecting even the slightest idea that the child has taken the wrong path.
But only the mother and father have every chance not to let the maturing problem take its course. Who, if not they, will notice the slightest nuances:
- in the behavior and mood swings of your child;
- a new company or individuals with whom he began to communicate more often;
- hear unusual, suspicious music;
- catch the notes of deceit;
- resourcefulness.
High teenagers behave differently from normal and usual behavior. An attentive parent will notice the difference.
Signs of addiction
A person under the influence of a drug has dilated pupils. This is one of the clear signs. But experienced drug addicts solve this problem with the help of special drops. In addition to the pupils, at first, there is an increased and not quite adequate to the situation hysterical giggle, or vice versa:
- excessive calmness;
- complete indifference to what is happening.
Another alarm bell may be an unusual smell emanating from a teenager, strange objects that parents did not notice before:
- tubes;
- plastic bottles with cut holes;
- spoons burnt over the fire.
Along with the habit of using drugs, children develop the habit of lying, dodging. And to do it with special pleasure and excitement. This painful need to lie and get out can be safely considered one of the signs of impending disaster.
There is an opinion - in order to prevent, you need to warn. But this is controversial enough. Each person is individual, and the personality of a teenager is even more vulnerable and may not be fully formed, therefore it is necessary to take into account all the subtleties of his character and capabilities in order to correctly convey the idea of \u200b\u200bthe dangers of alcohol and drugs.
Strong teen curiosity
Excessive curiosity inherent in a child can play a cruel joke and only push him to want to experience it on himself. Conversely, a suspicious, fearful child will forever leave the thought of acquaintance with alcoholic beverages or drugs.
This is not the easiest task for parents, but who, if not they, will pick up the key to their child and will not let him stumble.
If, nevertheless, alarming suspicions led to disappointing conclusions, then there is an easy way to be sure - to conduct a urine test.
In the pharmacy, along with other tests, there are devices that check for the presence of several types of drugs. You can carry out this procedure at home and the result will not be long in coming.
There is a flip side of the coin in observing the younger generation - excessive suspicion. If several family members begin to simultaneously look for the unusual in the appearance and behavior of the younger in the family, then this can aggravate the situation. To avoid exacerbating the relationship and undermining the child's trust in you, carefully but firmly make sure that the suspicions are not unfounded.
The harmful effects of alcohol and drugs
In addition to the fact that alcoholism and drug addiction bring great harm to the person who uses them, the life of society as a whole depends on them.
A large percentage of illegal actions occurs under the influence of alcohol and drugs:
- hooliganism;
- violence against the person.
There comes a kind of stage of aggressive excitement, when drunken people commit unpredictable and often wrong actions.
Narcotic substances are quite expensive and drug addicts commit a lot of crimes in search of funds for a new dose.
The number of accidents is much higher in those people who use alcohol and drugs:
- their concentration of attention decreases;
- working capacity decreases;
- labor discipline begins to "lame".
A huge number of road accidents occur most often at the moment when a drunk driver or pedestrian is on the road.
Studies show that drug addiction and alcoholism in most cases are characteristic of people who have no social prospects, are unsettled in family, work, and everyday life. These problems come from the country as a whole:
- economic crisis;
- social injustice;
- unemployment;
- lack of opportunities for cultural development.
The radiation of the country in relation to alcohol is of great importance. Naturally, where the use does not rise to the level of permissibility, the percentage of alcoholics and drug addicts is much lower.
How to get rid of addiction?
Getting rid of addiction is not an easy and rather lengthy process. One has only to imagine how difficult it will be to fight, change one's habits, completely abandon what was almost the first place in a person's life.
There are several ways to help you fight addiction. But one of the most important components is the desire of the person himself to part with the addiction.
One of the most effective methods is coding, long-term treatment in a system with psychological and drug therapy.
There is a category of addicts who visit anonymous groups of drug addicts or alcoholics, where psychotherapists work with them. As a result, many of them achieve a state of stable remission and, upon termination of their treatment, try to help those who have become addicted.
Unfortunately, there are often patients who need to be brought to the doctor or clinic with great efforts. They show denial of the disease. To be left alone, they can repeatedly promise that they themselves will cope with their addiction. But desire alone is not enough, and a doctor should guide the process. You should not look for specialists in narcology by an advertisement in a newspaper. It is recommended to go to a specialized clinic to find a competent doctor.
It is not easy in this situation for the patient's relatives. It is quite natural that one wants to understand, regret, make concessions. But this is a kind of "disservice". It is necessary to separate the person from the disease. The daily mention of the disease, poking your nose will be wrong. But it is not worth allowing to postpone treatment indefinitely. It is necessary to make every effort to ensure that the addicted person gives the go-ahead to visit a specialist. After all, a competent narcologist will be able to assess the scale of the problem, establish the correct diagnosis, give recommendations not only to the patient, but also help his loved ones find the right approach to getting rid of the addiction.
Addiction treatment
Treatment is accompanied by considerable psychological difficulties, because it is physically insufficient to cope with the problem. There are enough techniques in the world that are used in the fight against addiction:
- hypnosis;
- coding;
- ampoule sewing;
- drug treatment;
- psychotherapy.
And the possibilities do not end yet, but develop every day.
Medicines help to cope with physical cravings, reduce sensations that cause discomfort. These are just the first steps in the fight against the disease.
An alcoholic or a drug addict who is worried that the withdrawal process will be very difficult, his whole life will be broken by treatment, it is worth thinking, a life full of healthy human joys is worth fighting.
Medicine and scientific discoveries do not stand still. There are drugs that can help you cope with addiction without causing the withdrawal thrill or reducing it to a tolerable level. In addition to coding, there are a large number of treatment regimens, according to which it is not always necessary to go to a hospital or a closed clinic. Often, a person can continue to lead their usual way of life, study, work, travel, but at the same time wage the most important struggle with their addiction.
Psychological restructuring of the worldview
The most difficult is the psychological restructuring of the worldview. A drug addict or an alcoholic with experience is used to living differently, not thinking about others, not thinking about relatives and friends, not caring about anything, except how to get a new portion of funds that help achieve euphoria. The man has acquired new acquaintances, where people think like him. And as we think, so we live.
If possible, it is necessary to change the social circle of the addicted person, to protect from contacts with past harm, acquaintances, to be torn away from the harmful environment where he previously lived.
In this situation, it is the organizations that fight against drug or alcohol addicts that can help. There people are in contact with the same people who are stuck in addiction, together they are looking for a way out of a difficult situation, they support each other. Under the influence of the above factors, old negative habits gradually fade away, a person's view of the surrounding reality changes, he sees other life examples, a change in stereotypes, and, accordingly, he himself can change.
Summing up, alcohol and drugs can be safely called a virus that hovers in society. Everyone should remember that this very society is not abstract, not somewhere outside the window, on a TV screen, on another street ... It is nearby and surrounds us every day. You, neighbors, shop assistants, passers-by on the next street, people on the other side of the city, this is the whole society, one big organism. And everyone knows what can happen if a dangerous destructive virus enters the body.
A radical change in life
Wanting to live a happy life, achieve success, solve emerging problems and change your life for the better, you need to be able to be aware of what is happening, not hide from problems and look for possible ways to solve them. Drugs and alcohol often make people indifferent, unable to be aware of anything. It is unlikely that drug addicts think about the fact that their body is falling apart by leaps and bounds and they are moving with leaps and bounds to the edge of the abyss. Homeless alcoholics do not realize how impartial, repulsive they will look and how unpleasant the smell coming from them is.
With each dose of the drug, with a new sip of alcohol, the ability of people to realize the negative changes taking place in their lives decreases. As a result, the last awareness will be the thought of how to get more. And before that, the person will pass by the realization that he lies a lot, commits illegal actions, causes suffering and pain to the people around him.
This problem needs to be addressed at the level of each person. There are countries in which prohibitions are practiced, but as you know, the forbidden fruit is always sweet, and may entail not a recession, but an even greater wave of addiction. While it is not late, it is necessary to educate the younger generation, to give a correct understanding of these diseases, to show the true "face" of alcoholism and drug addiction. After all, if humanity does not stop, does not begin to think about the future, not only of its own, but also of future children, then it will doom itself to a slow, but sure extinction.
MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
KRASNODAR UNIVERSITY
I approve
Head of the Department of Criminalistics
police colonel
K.V. Vishnevetsky
"___" _______________ 200__
Discipline: Forensic medicine and forensic psychiatry
Specialty: 030501.65 - jurisprudence
LECTURE
Topic number 7. Alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse
PLAN
Introduction
Main questions:1. Violation of the psyche in alcoholism
2. Forensic psychiatric assessment of alcoholism
3. Violation of the psyche in drug addiction. Forensic Psychiatric Assessment of Addiction
4. Violation of the psyche during substance abuse. Forensic Psychiatric Assessment for Substance Abuse
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
The steady increase in the incidence of alcoholism in many countries of the world, economic and social damage, and the medical consequences of alcohol dependence contribute to a deterioration in the health of the population and indicate that this disease is one of the most important socio-biological problems of our time.
One of the most tragic components of this situation is violent mortality as a result of auto-aggressive and aggressive actions, poisoning and accidents, as well as the importance of manifestations of alcoholism in mortality, with alcohol-associated somatic pathology, road traffic accidents, domestic and industrial alcoholism.
Alcoholism in the social sense is the steady consumption of alcoholic beverages that have a harmful effect on health, life, work and the state of society. Alcoholism in the medical sense is a chronic disease that occurs as a result of frequent, excessive use of alcoholic beverages and a morbid addiction to them.
Substance abuse is a chronic substance abuse disease resulting from the use of psychoactive drugs that are not included in the official list of drugs, and characterized by the development of mental and, in some cases, physical dependence and changes in tolerance towards the intoxicating substance consumed. Substance abuse is often formed in persons with mental disorders receiving long-term treatment with psychotropic drugs.
The definition of drug addiction includes a complex of clinical manifestations combined with legal and social aspects.
The prevalence of drug addiction in our country over the past decade shows a clear upward trend. So, if in 1986 the prevalence of drug addiction was 11.3 cases per 100 thousand people, then in subsequent years it doubled or more.
This lecture is devoted to the mental changes that occur with a person who uses these or those potent narcological substances.
goal of this lecture is to get acquainted with the causes and stages of alcoholism, substance abuse, drug addiction, their forensic psychiatric assessment. To achieve this goal in the process of studying the topic, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks: to master theoretical knowledge, be able to use special literature, develop the skills and abilities necessary to apply the acquired knowledge in practical activities,
As a result of studying this topic, students should:
have an idea:
On the causes of alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse;
About the stages of these diseases;
About alcoholic psychoses;
know:
Forensic psychiatric assessment of alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses;
Forensic psychiatric assessment of drug addiction;
Forensic psychiatric assessment of substance abuse;
be able to:
Distinguish the symptoms of alcoholic psychoses;
Distinguish between the symptoms of narcotic and toxicological poisoning.
1. Violation of the psyche in alcoholism
18.1. Concept, prevalence and classification of drug addiction
Drug addiction is a chronic progressive exogenous organic disease, which is characterized by the presence of physical and (or) mental dependence on psychoactive substances recognized as narcotic, the formation of characteristic personality changes, reaching the extreme degree of degradation, somato-neurological complications and social consequences.
According to the assessment of the United Nations at the end of the 90s. XX century in the world there were about 180 million people, which is 4.2% of the number of people aged 15 years and older who used drugs, incl. cannabis (144 million), amphetamine-type stimulants (29 million), cocaine (14 million) and opiates (13.5 million, including 9 million heroin addicts).
According to law enforcement and health authorities, at the beginning of 1999, the total number of Russian citizens who use drugs exceeded 2 million. The legal foundations of the state policy of our country in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and in the field of combating their illicit trafficking are established by the Federal Law of January 8, 1998 No. 3-FZ "On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances" (as amended on July 25, 2002 ).
Narcotic substances are different in their chemical composition and effect on the human body. Features of action onpsyche allow us to conditionally distinguish their main groups:
acting sedatively (from Lat. sedation - "sedation");
acting exciting;
creating fantastic experiences, transferring the intoxicated from the world of reality to the world of distorted perceptions and assessments.
Political substance abuse is the simultaneous abuse of two or more non-narcotic psychoactive substances with addiction.
In the presence of abuse with symptoms of dependence of two or more drugs in combination with several psychoactive substances, they speak of polydrug abuse.
In accordance with the definition of the International Classification of Diseases of the last 10th revision (ICD-10), acute intoxication with psychoactive substances is a transient state that arises in connection with their use, accompanied by a disorder of consciousness, cognitive functions, perception, emotions, behavior or other psychophysiological functions and reactions ...
Most psychoactive substances are included in the List of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors subject to control in the Russian Federation (approved by the RF Government Decree of June 30, 1998 No. 681).
Acute alcohol intoxication
Ethyl alcohol (alcohol) is the most common substance with narcotic properties.
The main property of alcohol is its effect as a narcotic poison on the psyche.
With simple alcoholic intoxication, three phases (degrees) of this effect are distinguished:
excitation;
oppression of the higher parts of the central nervous system;
sleep and drug paralysis of central functions.
A characteristic sign of the influence of alcohol on mental function is a change in mood, which is already detected in the initial stage. During the first and second stages of intoxication, the mood usually changes in the direction of its increase, often to the point of euphoria, with a feeling of unreasonable fun and complete well-being. Real reality and relationships with others are presented in a peculiarly distorted form ("through rose-colored glasses") -
The present and the future are drawn in a rainbow light. All troubles and difficulties seem trivial, easily surmountable, not worthy of serious attention. A pleasant sensual background corresponds to the feeling of comfort, health and vitality. Where the condition of the so-called. "Tension", the latter weakens, a kind of relaxation sets in, pain sensations decrease.
The intoxicated usually become "extremely complacent", playful, experience a surge of warm feelings towards unfamiliar and even strangers who seem unusually sweet, to whom they "open their souls" by talking about events and experiences, often of an intimate nature, hidden at ordinary times ("drunk outpouring ").
Along with sympathy, feelings of enmity can suddenly flare up. Drunk people stop reckoning with others, lose their sense of tact and shame, there are well-known signs of intoxication, such as carelessness, swagger, a tendency to flat jokes, boastfulness, increased self-confidence and self-esteem. Sometimes there is even an omission of their exclusiveness, omnipotence.
In a number of persons, the mood turns out to be lowered, with a tendency to faintheartedness, the intoxicated at the same time tearfully complain about their fate, their relatives, and their "broken life." Less often, the mood has a distinctly depressive coloring with ideas of self-accusation, suicidal thoughts and attempts to commit suicide (however, the latter kind of attempts can also be demonstratively hysterical in nature). Many in a state of intoxication become annoying, annoying, suspicious and touchy.
Sometimes the entire period of alcohol poisoning is even less typical: with dysphoria, tension, malice and aggression, or with asthenia, apathy, lethargy, drowsiness.
As a rule, with simple intoxication, positive and negative emotional reactions are not only exaggerated, but also unstable; they quickly transform and replace each other. From complacency, affection and forgiveness, drunken people, for the most insignificant reasons, can move on to anger, hostile actions, starting scandals and fights. At the same time, there are also “mixed states”, where features of explosiveness, anger, weak-heartedness, etc. are interspersed into the picture, for example, of cheerful excitement.
The ability to distinguish what is desired from what is possible and what is acceptable is significantly weakened. The drunk man is persistently trying, like a capricious child, to immediately achieve the satisfaction of his desires, regardless of the objections of others.
Elementary drives and instincts, in particular sexual ones, are sharply increased. Intoxicated are often hypererotic.
In behavior, foolishness is often revealed, from the side it resembles a clownery and causes laughter of others. Drunken people "play the fool", "play the fool."
Motor and speech activity intensifies, facial expressions become more lively and expressive, the intoxicated are mobile, noisy. They cannot stay in one place, they are attracted to people, they are voluminous, looking for interlocutors.
The speech of drunks is often colored with a kind of humor, sometimes quite juicy, but more often flat and rude.
The influence of alcohol on intellectual and mnestic functionstion,on the processes of perception and attention is negative. The consistency of thought, the ability to concentrate and to remember is weakened. Distraction increases, the course of associative processes changes, associations by external similarity, consonance, etc. become more frequent. Criticism to their actions is violated, there is an overestimation of their own capabilities.
The intoxicated lose their ability to cover the whole situation as a whole, misunderstand and interpret the words of others, actions are dictated by random ideas and impressions. The latter do not undergo sufficient intrapsychic processing and have an instant effect on behavior, are realized in motor acts. This determines the impulsive, sometimes incomprehensible nature of the actions of drunks.
Despite the subjectively felt burst of energy, the ability to perform intellectual operations and performance are inhibited after a transient short-term period of amplification.
Deep intoxication is accompanied by even more incorrect behavior, ridiculous actions, qualitative disorders of thinking are increasing, gait and coordination acts are grossly disturbed. Speech becomes more and more incomprehensible, interrupted by shouts, threats, curses, meaningless laughter or crying. The drunk is striving somewhere, running, defending himself. Such states are accompanied by a deeper disorder of thinking, judgments, and conclusions. Mental experiences can take on a fantastic character. Sometimes during this period there are bouts of rage and aggressive actions (more often, however, this is characteristic of complicated and pathological intoxication). Heavy intoxication ends with deep stunning, lethargy and drowsiness.
Consciousness with simple intoxication, which occurred in a healthy person after taking a moderate dose of alcohol, is not grossly upset. Orientation and internal connections are preserved, as well as memories of what happened. With deeper intoxication (the second and third stages), consciousness changes quantitatively more clearly. The orientation in time and place is violated (while maintaining one's own orientation). The environment is perceived indistinctly. A drunk person does not understand well the speech addressed to him, he answers inappropriately not so much to the interlocutor as to the thoughts that pop up in him.
The behavior of an intoxicated person is largely influenced by individual personality traits, habits, upbringing and the environment. In a state of intoxication, promiscuity is often noted, a desire to impress others, surprise them, and attract attention.
With an increase in alcohol intoxication, gait and coordinating acts are grossly disturbed, speech becomes more and more incomprehensible, interrupted by shouts, threats, swearing, meaningless laughter or crying.
Pathological intoxicationis a short-term acute psychosis caused by alcohol, lasting from several minutes to one hour or more, but not more than a day.
Pathological intoxication usually occurs suddenly, without any precursors. The quantity and quality of alcohol does not play a significant role; moreover, pathological intoxication often occurs after relatively small doses (150-250 g). Unlike idleness, there is no euphoria in pathological cases, there is no unsteady gait, speech does not change.
Clinical picture pathological intoxication is expressed insevere clouding of consciousness like a twilight "state, with a loss of orientation in the environment. Against this background, the patient develops the affects of fear, anger, rage.
Illusions, visual and auditory hallucinations are common. The patient sees various animals, monsters, birds, insects, reptiles, freaks, etc. They hear whispers, abuse, threats; it seems to him that they are watching him, sneaking up on him, accusing him of serious crimes, attacking him. The patient takes his friends for enemies and begins to fiercely defend himself against them. Sometimes the delusional ideas of relationship and persecution come to the fore.
In most cases, there is complete amnesia during the period of intoxication, and only a fraction of patients retain fragmentary memories of it. Motor excitement is almost always observed. Behavior is adequate to the experienced affect. There is a tendency to aggressive behavior. The patient swears, shouts, enters into a fight, insults by word and action, uses knives, weapons, commits socially dangerous acts that are striking in their cruelty. Often, under the influence of frightening affects, he inflicts damage on himself, makes attempts to commit suicide, while showing great dexterity and the ability to overcome obstacles.
Pathological intoxication ends with prolonged sleep. Waking up, the patient does not remember what happened to him in a state of intoxication.
Every twentieth Russian is a chronic alcoholic or drug addict. Moreover, if the share of the former is decreasing, the level of drug addicts is growing every year. Over the past 10 years, alcoholism and drug addiction have become the leading cause of death among people under 40.
During its long history, humanity has discovered many ways to escape reality. Opiates, ethylenes, glucoids are substances known since antiquity. But only in the 21st century did the problem take on such a threatening scale. There are billions of lives in danger.
The development of science has given us many great discoveries, and has pushed the development of pharmacology. Making synthesized drugs has become an easy way to make money. Today, the economies of entire countries are formed with the money of drug cartels.
The criminal way of life has acquired a tinge of romanticism, recklessness. A child growing up in such an environment will consider drug use and distribution the norm. Form the wrong social experience, pass it on to his children.
In order to form a plan to combat alcoholism and drug addiction, society must study it. And if 20 years ago the main problem was systematic, widespread smoking. Today drug addiction and alcoholism are considered such.
The modern drug addict is often quite respectable, drunkenness is not his strong point. His psychological profile does not betray an addiction, he rather creates a little adventurism for him.
Drug addiction and alcoholism concepts
Drug addiction is a mental neurosis, a metabolic disorder, expressed as an irresistible craving for drugs. It is customary to refer to narcotic substances: opiates, psychostimulants, psychomimetrics, etc. That is, all substances that can cause euphoria, hallucinations, excitement or relieve pain (by influencing the central nervous system).
For a long time, ethanol has been classified as a drug. But, in the middle of the XIX, for the first time it was found that alcohol-containing substances are addictive due to another action. Therefore, science has established a separate concept for alcohol dependence. Today alcoholism is accepted as one of the forms of substance abuse. From which the psyche primarily suffers.
According to the decision of the WHO, alcoholism is the systemic or periodic use of alcohol-containing products in order to constantly maintain a single level of ethanol in the body. That is why alcoholics can go through clean periods quite calmly - sometimes up to several months.
Today science is inclined to believe that alcoholism is one of the types of drug addiction, characterized by the frequency of administration of ethanol preparations for euphoria or sleep.
Alcohol, like any drug addiction, causes characteristic signs of changes in the body or personality degradation. And if physiological changes can be cured, then social decay, neuroses of alcoholics lead to the complete impossibility of family and social life.
Alcoholism, drug addiction, tobacco smoking have led to the fact that in many countries a whole generation has grown up that does not know healthy family values. Young people who have no idea about a healthy lifestyle form their own understandable system of values. In their world, drug addicts are not sick, and consumption and distribution are considered to be the norm. Often the personality of these people is formed by a pirate system of opportunities - they stole, sold, got high. The criminality of acting in such an environment is considered a heroic act.
But without taking into account such lower strata, doctors believe that drug withdrawal psychosis is caused by many completely legal products, such as chocolate, tea, coffee, energy drinks, food with monosodium glutamate.
Why is it tempting to drink or inject drugs: addiction patterns
Among the main causes of addiction, two are distinguished - personal predisposition and the influence of the environment. But often the factors pushing to drink or smoke are: personal experiences, heredity, pathology of body cells, self-medication.
Studies among drug addicts have shown that, as a rule, each of them had a drug addict or alcoholic in their family. Less than a hundredth percent of the billion registered drug addicts began using the substance without knowing it from friends or family.
Every third adult is considered an alcoholic. But the significant difference between an everyday drunkard and a chronic alcoholic allows us to say that about 0.8-1 billion people on the planet are considered systemically dependent.
Most drug addicts live in their metropolitan areas, rarely influencing the quieter sections of society. We encounter alcoholics every day, drinking is considered not a shame, rarely anyone hides this habit. Few people think that this disease requires treatment.
Movies, books, social networks form false ideas about the received relief from 100 grams of drunk or excessive euphoria from heroin. In the youth environment, data on the real state of affairs are practically not disseminated. Children, young people do not see the obvious consequences of alcohol or drug exposure. For them, a degrading person simply disappears, as if becoming an invisible hero, trapped in a world where everything is fine.
It is the desire to live a calm, dry life that most often pushes on the path of drug addiction or alcoholism. This also becomes the main reason why former drug addicts consume alcohol. One drug is simply replaced by another.
Mechanism and stages of addiction formation
Like any disease, drug addiction and alcoholism go through a series of stages of formation, to develop the persistence of the effect. Many drugs are addictive the first time - spice, ecstasy, marijuana.
An alcoholic drink can be perceived for a long time as a relaxing, pain reliever, addiction developed over the years. But if the parents had one of the types of addiction, the child will be born at a very high risk.
Both alcohol and drugs, with constant (and sometimes one-time) use, can change the human genome. In this case, experts talk about congenital alcoholism or drug addiction.
How drug addiction is formed
The mechanism of the formation of drug addiction began to be studied since 1975, when opioid neuropeptides were found in the human brain - substances responsible for the system of pleasure and punishment.
These peptides, when mixed with drug-containing drugs, are capable of destroying the physiological line between the do's and don'ts. Therefore, people who take any drugs believe that they are omnipotent. They have a dull or no feeling of anxiety, fear.
Getting out of this elevated state is almost impossible. Drugs almost immediately react in the tissues of the brain, and it, using such reserves, stops producing the necessary substances.
Any drug addiction goes through three stages: mental attraction, drug addiction and the stage of development of somatic pathology. The use of drugs in the first two brings pleasure, in the third stage there is no effect from the usual dose, and an increase in the amount causes death.
How alcoholism is formed
Alcoholism is also formed on the basis of the activity of opioid neuropeptides. However, ethanol enters into a physiological relationship with other systems. At a certain stage, without his participation, the functioning of the body is impossible. Moreover, if the drug forms a psychoemotional image, it is accepted, injected and good. That alcohol for a long time requires very little, which more actively causes heavy addiction.
Just like drug addiction, alcoholism goes through three stages, while the formation of physiological dependence is completed already at the first stage.
Ethanol can inhibit the action of opioid neuropeptides. Together with other drugs, it can cause severe forms of phobias and psychosis. Therefore, drug addicts usually do not consume alcohol.
Alcoholism and drug addiction in children and adolescents
The danger of drug addiction and alcoholism is especially pronounced at an early age. If, during the formation of the body, the establishment of the hormonal and endocrine systems, any artificial substance is introduced into the mechanism familiar to a person - most likely, such a person will not live up to 40 years.
The problem is that as each person goes through certain stages of adulthood, each person experiences the natural process of producing the necessary opioid neuropeptides. By interfering with this, drugs or alcohol can completely destroy the necessary basic level of instinct.
In addition to the development of many degenerative diseases, the consequences of alcoholism and drug addiction among the younger generation can lead to a lack of fertility, and, as a result, to extinction. When the genes of children of alcoholics or drug addicts are formed, it is the reproductive function that suffers first. Few understand the social consequences of the spread of alcoholism and drug addiction among adolescents.
Recent studies have shown that the cause of infertility in many women over 35 is alcoholism of one of the parents. Moreover, it can often have a non-systematic character that does not affect social life.
Often adolescent nihilism pushes the first dose. A mental disorder can be caused by the environment, habitat. The main physiological sign is that the child has withdrawn into himself and does not want to live in reality.
Systemic treatment as a way to beat addiction
The factor stopping the treatment of drug addiction and chronic alcoholism is indifference. Public opinion polls have shown that 85% of people consider any addiction to be a personal matter for everyone.
Approximately the same opinion was shown by the answers to the questions about drug addicts. If this is a 13-17 year old teenager, then a rare adult will even just enter into a conversation with him. Many are ready to help only those who have not reached the end of childhood - up to 12 years.
Today, any disorder caused by alcoholism or drug addiction is jointly treated by a psychiatrist and a narcologist. For a full recovery of the patient, it is necessary to undergo not only drug treatment. The stage of mental health care is required.
Medications are needed at the initial stage of treatment, they allow not to break down, not to start taking again. After removing physical addiction. The only therapy is through conversation. At this stage, it is important to change the environment, the participation and support of loved ones is required.
And if the narcological method is quite simple, the stage of psychological restructuring of the worldview becomes difficult for the patient. Synthetic or herbal, narcotic or alcohol-containing substances produce such a powerful euphoric effect that a patient with a withdrawal syndrome is not even able to just smile.
Psychiatry today does not know effective solutions for the treatment of such people. Therefore, most often they are treated with antidepressants. This helps to control behavior, helps in the formation of an acceptable model of behavior. A person can adequately assess reality without entering into an ethical conflict with the imposed foundations.
Former drug addicts and alcoholics are not happy about anything. For a long time, they are not able to experience positive emotions, they have too developed a sense of anxiety and fear (often bordering on panic), they often lack rational, systemic thinking. The only pleasure for them is the support of loved ones.
Rehabilitation of former drug addicts or alcoholics involves preventing their return to the criminal world. Education, student life and impulse, the adult world of science, technology, travel - it is important to show addicts that the world does not get better with a dose.
Healing a drug addict - healing society
The medical and social harm of addictions can be observed in all countries of the world, regardless of the standard of living or the form of government. The only way out is in a systematic approach. School, family, society, culture, politics - everyone must be aware of the negative consequences.
Prevention of alcoholism and drug addiction should consist in the complete abolition of double standards. You cannot, having alcohol or cigarettes on the free sale, talk about how terrible heroin is. It is necessary to consolidate the concept of a criminal not only for those who produce or take drugs. But also for those who advertise them.
The best health promotion that works is the story of former addicts about how alcohol or drugs took a part of their life.
In the terminology of the World Health Organization (WHO): drugs are drugs that cause mental or physical (or both types) addiction.
Substances that cause alcoholism, drug addiction and substance abuse, in the aggregate, can be called narcogenic substances, since, despite the difference in the mechanism of action, the course of the disease is rather similar.
A healthy person who first becomes involved with a drug intoxication usually does not have euphoria. There is a violent rejection reaction and signs of poisoning: headache, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness. In addition, other reactions occur, depending both on the specific characteristics of the drug and on individual tolerance. Coughing, increased heart rate, cold sweats, hallucinations, anxiety and even fear of death may appear, which often turn into oblivion and sleep. However, with subsequent drug use, these phenomena disappear and the first stage of the disease begins.
Alcohol, nicotine and other narcotic substances have different effects on the nervous system. Nicotine disrupts the functioning of the nerve nodes of the autonomic nervous system, alcohol affects the brain, a number of drugs disrupt the nerve conduction of the diencephalon, etc. But all these substances are capable of disrupting the work of emotional centers. In some cases, they cause a state of detachment, tranquility, in others - a state of fun, euphoria, and this state later becomes a human need.
The second feature of alcohol, drugs and substances that cause substance abuse is that, with repeated consumption, they can be included in the metabolism. The metabolism is disrupted in this case. That is why in the advanced stages of the disease, deprivation of alcohol, drugs or substances that led to substance abuse causes severe disorders in the patient, and not only mental, but also bodily intolerable headaches, pain in the lower back, spine, joints. For each substance, these sensations are different, the common thing is that they arise when a person is deprived of a familiar potion.
Alcoholism is a form of chemical addiction that differs from drug addiction in that alcohol is a legal substance. The most important feature of alcoholism is that a sick person cannot come to the conclusion that he needs to completely stop drinking alcohol and never return to it.
Alcoholism is a disease of chemical dependence with the same traits as drug addiction and affects all areas of the human being.
Alcoholism is a disease:
- 1) primary, i.e. not a symptom or consequence of another disease;
- 2) progressive;
- 3) chronic (long-term);
- 4) incurable;
- 5) deadly.
The "prelude" of alcoholism is drunkenness - at first moderate, then chronic. At the same time, ethyl alcohol is constantly present in the human body, it is converted in the process of metabolism. Alcohol entering through the digestive tract breaks down to poisonous acetaldehyde and has a destructive effect on cells and organs.
One of the main symptoms of the disease is its denial (denied by both the patient and loved ones). The disease is incurable, but it is possible to delay its development and improve the condition if the patient is ready to take responsibility for his recovery and change himself.
Alcoholism is caused by the abuse of beverages containing ethyl alcohol. Usually alcohol acts in fairly large doses, amounting to tens of grams. Alcohol is primarily a nerve poison, but it also affects other organ systems. It disrupts the permeability of cell membranes, causes a restructuring of enzyme systems, excites or inhibits whole ensembles of nerve cells, disrupts the liver and kidneys. At the level of the whole organism, alcohol affects the function of the heart and blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, disrupts the regulation of organs and human behavior. Under the influence of alcohol, energy metabolism is also significantly rebuilt. In patients with alcoholism, ethyl alcohol is used as an energy substance, and glucose is converted into fat. Hence the obesity of the heart and adjacent vessels. The heart of alcoholics can be large in size, but poor performance.
Alcohol destroys liver cells, and in fact it produces ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid - the main source of energy in the body), detoxification (neutralization) of poisons and much more.
Alcohol is especially harmful to a growing body. Those doses that are acceptable for an adult can be fatal for young people. Alcohol intoxication occurs more often and faster. When the brain is damaged, irreversible phenomena can occur that can lead to disability and death.
Alcohol abuse leads to personality degradation, makes a person mentally unbalanced. 70% of crimes against the person are committed while intoxicated. These are the most severe social consequences of alcohol addiction.
In recent years, the consumption of low alcohol drinks and beer has increased significantly. But beer craze can also lead to dire consequences for a number of reasons. Firstly, beer is made using so-called artificial (cultured) yeast. And the components of this yeast cause damage to the human brain, lead to oncological diseases - this has been proven by research by scientists from the USA, Canada, Germany. Secondly, frequent and excessive drinking of beer leads to fatty liver (doctors have an expression - "beer liver"), then there is an accumulation of fat throughout the body, i.e. obesity occurs. These processes are intensified when leading a sedentary lifestyle, in an urban environment.
Addiction is a serious illness caused by drug abuse and the acquired pathological dependence of the body on sedative, intoxicating, vision-immersing substances (drugs). Moreover, having appeared once, the mechanism of drug dependence operates constantly.
After the collapse of the USSR, many of Russia's borders with the former fraternal republics became transparent and conditional. As a result, a stream of drugs poured into Russia from Afghanistan through Kazakhstan (the border with Russia is 7500 km). As a result, the mass distribution and use of drugs of all kinds began, taking on the scale of a national disaster.
Addiction is a disease. Children of alcoholics are 4 times more likely than other people to fall ill with alcoholism and drug addiction. The presence of heredity proves that a sick person undergoes changes at the biological level in the process of using alcohol or drugs. Drug addiction or alcoholism cannot be cured by simply replacing the drug or alcohol with a medicine. In the process of using drugs and alcohol, a person develops a mental defense that does not allow him to see and correctly explain what is happening to him.
The main defense against chemical addiction is denial. A sick person himself is unaware of what is happening to him, and, even if he wants to stop using drugs, he cannot change what he has no idea about. The main change in the spiritual sphere is the loss of the meaning of life, the emergence of a feeling of one's own worthlessness. The drug addicts themselves note that drug use in itself becomes the only meaning of life. For them, this is more important than study, work, sex, relationships with loved ones and much more.
Most people suffering from drug use problems believe that it is enough to stop using them and life will be better. This is where the main paradox of chemical addiction manifests itself: in order to regain your life and recover, you need to stay clean and sober, and the damage caused by drug use itself does not allow you to lead such a lifestyle. The most frequent consequences of drug use for physical health are diseases of the cardiovascular system and respiratory tract, hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver, psychosis, epilepsy, etc. Depression, feelings of guilt, powerlessness, hopelessness, resentment and resentment develop. Spiritual qualities are violated: apathy appears, the loss of the meaning of life, a person begins to feel the hostility of the world around him.
The social consequences of drug addiction are the addict's dependence on the drug dealer, earning money not through labor, and sometimes even by criminal means. Treatment of drug addicts and the maintenance of their sick children is a heavy social burden. Moreover, drug addiction treatment is a long and expensive process.
Substance abuse - a disease characterized by a pathological addiction to substances that are not considered drugs.
According to the definition of the World Health Organization, substance abuse (drug addiction) means a state of periodic or chronic intoxication caused by a natural or synthetic substance, dangerous for the individual and society. This condition is characterized by an attraction to a given substance, a tendency to increase the dose of this substance, and also a mental (and sometimes physical) dependence on the effect of this substance.
Addictions and substance abuse develop very quickly, growing out of the short-term habit of using mind-altering substances.
There are three main types of consciousness changes:
- 1) illusion. A person begins to perceive reality in a changed way;
- 2) hallucination. A person begins to receive sensations from something that does not really exist. There are visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory hallucinations;
- 3) rave. This is a wrong explanation of the real events taking place, while false ideas about the structure of the world arise.
According to the type of effect, substances that alter consciousness are divided into three main groups:
- 1) stimulants. These are cocaine and amphetamines, a number of medicines, derivatives of ephedrine, caffeine and nicotine, substances used to reduce appetite;
- 2) antidepressants. These include sedatives and sleeping pills, all substances of the opium group (opiates and opioids) and alcohol;
- 3) hallucinogens... These are LSD (used in the United States to test for "lie detector"), marijuana, "ecstasy", ketamine, some medications with hallucinogenic side effects, hallucinogens are also found in some mushrooms and cacti.
The use of any of these substances leads a person to addiction. One of the main reasons for drug use and substance abuse, despite the harmful consequences, is the development of chemical dependence.
Chemical dependence (alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, tobacco smoking) is a primary, chronic, progressive and often fatal disease with hereditary, psychological and social factors that affect its development.
Substances that change consciousness affect the functioning of the systems of the human body, giving it a level of sensations that does not correspond to reality; when a person falls ill (drug addiction), the use of drugs becomes not just a desire, but a need, since the required level of comfort is not felt without drugs.
The negative phenomena generated by the consumption of alcoholic beverages are fraught with great danger to society. Alcohol consumption is primarily harmful to people's health. Alcohol abuse contributes to the development of somatic and mental illnesses, and this is one of the causes of mortality in the population.
The incidence of accidents and injuries among men who drink alcohol is higher than among the entire male population of the country. Alcoholics have a decline in their ability to work, a deterioration in labor discipline. Drunkenness also contributes to high crime rates. Drunk drivers and pedestrians are responsible for most road accidents.
Drug addiction is not less, but rather the opposite, than drunkenness accompanies crime, because, firstly, with the aim of taking possession of drugs or means for their acquisition, drug addicts commit grave and especially grave mercenary and selfish violent crimes. Secondly, drug addicts often commit crimes under the direct influence of drugs on the psyche.
The relationship between drug addiction and crime is also manifested in the commission of illegal actions related to illegal operations with drugs (production, storage, sale, purchase).
The study of the medical aspects of drug addiction, substance abuse, alcoholism allows us to speak about their common legal nature, and, as a result, about the unity of measures to combat these phenomena and their prevention.
Anti-drug propaganda in schools and other educational institutions should be carried out regularly and purposefully. Its main tasks are to warn young people about the harmful effects of drugs and to create drug resistance. At the same time, one should take into account the fact that recently drug dealers have been striving to accustom young people to drugs through smoking ordinary cigarettes filled with narcotic substances. Thus, addiction to drugs goes on imperceptibly to complete drug addiction.
Tutaevsky branch
GOU. HPE "Rybinsk State Aviation Technological Academy named after P. A. Solovyov"
abstract
Social studies
On the topic: Deviant behavior and its types. The danger of drug addiction and alcoholism for a person in society.
Student of group PSN-09:
Belyakov Nikita
Teacher:
Kubay Natalia Alexandrovna
THE MENTAL BASIS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Evaluating any behavior implies comparing it with some norm. Abnormal, abnormal behavior is often called deviant.
The main types of deviant behavior
Deviant behavior is divided into two groups
1. Behavior that deviates from the norm of mental health, i.e. whether a person has an explicit or latent psychopathology, this group is made up of persons: asthenics, schizoids, epileptoids and persons with an accentuated character.
2. Behavior that deviates from the moral and ethical norms of human society and manifests itself in various forms of social pathology - drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution, etc. This behavior is expressed in the form of misdeeds or crimes.
The main subjects of deviant behavior include persons suffering from certain forms of mental pathology and prone on this basis to immoral behavior, attempts at self-harm and suicide.
Thus, mental disorders manifest themselves in two forms:
Accentuated characters, i.e. extreme variants of the norm. People with severe "hard" personality traits are often clients of social, medical and law enforcement services.
Mental disorders in the form of accentuations occur in young people for a number of reasons:
1. Often, mental disorders are due to the fact that society makes high demands on a young person. If painful negative experiences are superimposed on congenital deviations in character, then an inferiority complex is formed, and there is a need for artificial compensators - alcohol, drugs, aggressive behavior.
It especially provokes the appearance of a previously hidden accentuation or pathology, puberty, i.e. puberty.
2. The difficulties of adolescence, i.e. transition to "adult" life, it is accompanied by a restructuring of the psyche. Such important processes as thinking, sensations, perception are being rebuilt, the world of illusions and feelings is changing, the features of temperament, abilities, inclinations are fully manifested.
3. Reorganization of the “I-concept”. “I-concept” is a stable and unique system of ideas of the individual about himself, on the basis of which he builds his relationship with the environment and himself. one
Personality disorders
Alienation - manifested in the fact that a person, finding himself in a conflict situation, cannot get out of it on his own. To get away from the conflict, he must break the connection between his “I” and the traumatic environment. This gap creates a distance between the person and the environment, and later it develops into alienation.
Depersonalization - takes place when the “I” itself is alienated, the feeling of one's own body is lost, any activity loses its meaning, emotions are dulled, indifference prevails in everything.
Depression is a negative emotional state. Depression is understood as a strong melancholy, accompanied by despair and a crisis of the spirit. In a state of depression, time seems to slow down, rapid fatigability sets in, and efficiency decreases. Thoughts about their own insignificance come, suicide attempts are possible. Depression can take many forms:
Locus of control - a person ascribes to himself or to others responsibility for the most important events, or vice versa, a person believes that his life depends on external forces. Hence the feeling of powerlessness and hopelessness. In severe forms of depression, imaginary guilt, stressful situations as a result of the loss of loved ones, criticism from authority figures can lead to suicidal attempts;
Delirium of physical disability, which occurs during puberty, mainly in girls. These experiences are usually
1 P.D. Pavlenok Basis of social work: Textbook M: 1998 - 265 p.
They are associated with appearance and vary widely from freckles to fullness or thinness of legs, waist, etc. Sometimes dissatisfaction with their bodies reaches the level of paranoia, and young people become angry and unhappy.
Syndrome of philosophical intoxication. The interest of young people in the problems of life is quite normal. However, among some young people this interest takes on ugly forms: universal laws of the universe are invented, plans for rebuilding the world are hatched. Often they are carried away by such mysterious sciences as parapsychology, occult sciences, as well as contacts with UFOs.
Educational neuroses or phobias are manifested in a persistent unwillingness to attend school, college, institute. Neurosis is expressed in conflicting relationships with teachers and classmates, in unwillingness to delve into individual subjects or all subjects at once. Schoolchildren especially often suffer from neuroses. The trouble with our school is that sometimes the order of the barracks is implanted in it, and teachers perform the function of overseers in it.1
The difficulty in recognizing youthful pathologies lies in their latent manifestation and for the most part concern normal young people. Psychology is needed by everyone, especially educators, social educators and social workers, in order to notice negative character traits in time and respond to them with pedagogical methods.
ADDICTION
Drugs have been known to mankind since time immemorial. Ancient sources indicate that drugs were used in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China for one and a half thousand years before our era. The first drugs were opium poppy and Indian hemp products. The use of drugs, as a general rule, was the lot of the “lower strata”.
A type of drug addiction is substance abuse. Common drugs include:
1.Morphium and heroin - opium alcohol;
2.Sleeping drugs, including so-called barbiturates;
3.Hashish (anasha, plan, marijuana);
4. Stimulating agents with the effect of stimulating the nervous system.
5. Cocaine is an alkaloid of the coca plant.
Drug addiction is a disease that manifests itself in physical or psychological dependence on drugs, an irresistible attraction to them, which gradually leads the body to physical and psychological exhaustion.
Addiction has social consequences. This is an easy way for criminals to make money. Drug abuse leads to an increase in mortality, especially among young people and the development of a whole “bunch” of somatic and mental illnesses.
Crimes are committed on the basis of drug addiction, since in a state of "withdrawal" a drug addict is capable of any crime. The acquisition of drugs becomes the background for the commission of a number of crimes against the person: theft, robbery, robbery. Drug addiction negatively affects offspring. Children are born with serious physical and psychological disabilities, which in turn leads to family breakdown. The addict degrades as a person, as slave addiction to drugs makes him commit immoral acts.
One of the psychological subjective reasons for drug addiction is dissatisfaction with life due to a variety of circumstances:
personal difficulties, shortcomings in the socio-cultural sphere, unsettled leisure, social injustice, unsettled life, failures in school or at work, disappointment in people.
An important place in the ethnology of the causes of drug addiction is occupied by the personality of the drug addict. This refers to demographic, age and socio-medical aspects. Men prevail among drug addicts. Another important circumstance is that mainly young people are affected by this disease.
Motives for drug addiction and substance abuse:
Satisfaction of curiosity about the action of the drug;
Testing a sense of belonging in order to be accepted by a specific group;
Expression of independence and sometimes hostility towards others;
Learning new, exciting or dangerous experiences that bring pleasure;
Achievement of “clarity of thought” or “creative inspiration”;
Achieving a feeling of complete relaxation; Avoiding something oppressive.
The microenvironment is a breeding ground for drug addiction. Family and outdoor environment are of great importance. The appearance of at least one drug addict in the yard, on the street, at school at work has a detrimental effect on others. Initially, drugs are given as a treat, free of charge, then on loan, then they demand money.
Substance abuse is a disease caused by the consumption of toxic substances, i.e. tranquilizer tablets, caffeine obtained from strong tea - chigir, inhalation of aromatic substances from household chemicals. In a state of intoxication, in addition to euphoria, visual hallucinations occur.1
1 P.D. Pavlenok Basis of social work: Textbook M: 1998 - 270 p.
DRUNKING AND ALCOHOLISM
There are differences between these concepts. Alcoholism is a pathological craving for alcohol and subsequent social and moral degradation of the personality. Drunkenness is an excessive use of alcohol, which, along with a threat to the health of an individual, disrupts his social adaptation.1
Sample surveys showed that 99% of men and 97% of women consume alcohol in large industrial enterprises. Most often, the motive of drunkenness is: entertainment, the influence of the immediate environment, adherence to drinking traditions, celebrating memorable dates, marital, family troubles, troubles at work.
Alcohol dependence is formed gradually and is determined by complex measurements that occur in the body of the drinker. Craving for alcohol is manifested in human behavior: increased fussiness in preparation for drinking, “rubbing hands”, emotional elation. The more "alcoholic experience" the less pleasure the drinking brings.
Several factors affect the formation of alcoholism: hereditary factors, character, individual personality traits and characteristics of the environment. The factors contributing to alcoholism include a low level of financial situation and education.
The development of alcoholism in adolescents is promoted by earlier exposure to alcohol and the formation of "alcoholic thinking". In Tyumen, a survey of kindergartens found that 30% of girls and 40% of boys have already tasted beer, and every fifth girl and every fourth boy have tried wine.1
If a person suffers from some form of olegophrenia, congenital physical or mental illness, then in this case, alcohol acts as a compensating factor that supposedly allows to smooth out personality defects.
For young people, alcohol is a means to liberate and overcome the shyness that many teenagers suffer from.
1 Social deviations - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. –M .: Jurid. lit. 1989 - 275 p.
Alcoholism is a progressive disease, it starts with domestic drunkenness and ends in a clinical bed. For a drunk with experience, in order to “get high”, the dose of alcohol is increased 2 or 3 times compared to the previous norm. In the future, the attraction to alcohol acquires the features of physiological dependence, tolerance (tolerance) reaches a maximum, the passion for alcohol acquires a pathological character. An irreversible process occurs in the human body, the body needs alcohol for metabolic processes. At the last stage of alcoholism, the threshold of tolerance decreases, a person just needs to drink a glass of beer for hops.
Alcohol is becoming the main thing in life. A person does not care what to drink, with whom to drink and how much.
PROSTITUTION
For a long time, prostitution was surrounded by myths and mystery, but these myths have two sides: one external - pleasant, the other - hidden, impartial. Myths about the prestige of prostitution, about noble "gentlemen", about violence and the inevitability of prostitution remain myths. Nice rooms in hotels usually end with dirty rooms in brothels, car cabins, etc., sexually transmitted diseases, drug treatment hospitals or psychiatric hospitals.
The term "prostitution" comes from the Latin word prostitution - defilement, dishonor. Scientists identify the following essential features in prostitution:
1.kind of occupation - satisfaction of the sexual needs of clients;
2. the nature of the occupation - systematic fishing in the form of sexual intercourse with different persons, without sensual attraction and aimed at satisfying the sexual desire of clients in any form;
3. The motive of the classes is a pre-agreed remuneration in the form of money or material values, which are the main or additional source of the prostitute's existence.
The causes of prostitution as well as many other social deviations are socio-economic and moral-ethical factors. However, there are also specific reasons. So some women have a strong libido and their needs are above average, hence the access to sports sex. Another reason for prostitution in the environment that surrounds the prostitute. These are racketeers, pimps, raspberry keepers, etc., who establish their own norms of relationships with prostitutes and subordinate them to their “charter”.
The overwhelming majority of experts believe that prostitution is inevitable, since the need for reproduction is the strongest physiological need. Prostitution is the same social problem as crime, alcoholism and other forms of deviant behavior.
Is the fight against prostitution advisable? Most experts answer in the negative. Currently, the state reproduces conditions that encourage deviant behavior and the state has no moral reason to criminalize prostitution.
The elimination of prostitution is a hopeless business, since sexual needs are the primary needs of a person. Therefore, we should not talk about the eradication of prostitution, but about its targeted regulation.
The involvement of minors in prostitution is especially dangerous. In our time, prostitution has expanded its business of “selling love”. Meanwhile, the growth of prostitution and sexual disharmony inevitably leads to the spread of AIDS. Scientists predict that this epidemic will become problem number 1 in 10-15 years.
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR ON THE SOIL OF SEXUAL DISEASES
Modern sexopathology identifies pathological and other deviations in the sexual behavior of a person. Pathological deviations in the form of all kinds of sexual perversions are the subject of research in medicine and psychiatry. Non-pathological deviants i.e. deviations within the normal range are the subject of socio-psychological research, since it includes deviations from social and moral norms in the sexual behavior of a healthy person.
Sexual deviations are divided into the following main groups:
deviations in relation to the object of sexual satisfaction (bestiality);
deviations in the ways of realizing sexual passion (sadism, masochism, etc.);
atypical deviations in the form of sexual passion for persons of the same sex or close relatives (homosexuality, lisbianism, incest);
deviations associated with a violation of sexual identity (transsexuality);
deviations associated with a change in the stereotype of sexual behavior (masculinity) .1
Consider some forms of sexual deviation.
Hypermasculinity - manifests itself in exaggerated masculinity, deliberate rudeness, cynicism, which in adolescents is often accompanied by aggressiveness and special cruelty. Such adolescents are embarrassed by affection, avoid everything that concerns purely “female” affairs and interests. The main feature of this behavior is a disdainful, boorish attitude towards women and sadistic tendencies in contacts with sexual partners.
1 P.D. Pavlenok Basis of social work: Textbook M: 1998 - 274 p.
Sexual fetishism - manifests itself in a sexual attraction to certain objects or parts of the body that symbolize a sexual partner. For young men, beautiful legs, bare breasts, and women's underwear act as such a “talisman”. The sight of these parts of the body or objects of the toilet enhances the brightness of sexual experiences and causes sexual arousal. A variety of sexual fetishism is dressing up in clothes of the opposite sex, which also leads to increased libido.
Youthful narcissism is self-admiration, sexual attraction to one's own body. Such adolescents like to look at themselves for a long time in the mirror, caress their bodies, give free rein to their sexual fantasies. Often such narcissism ends in masturbation. Narcissism is sometimes combined with a desire to flaunt your naked body. Such young people join the ranks of nuddists, as they love to sunbathe on the beach naked, ask their peers to take a picture of themselves wearing an “Adam” costume.
Exhibitionism is the desire to bare your body, especially the genitals in front of people of the opposite sex. Young people with a similar orientation love to spy on the undressing of the opposite sex, they can watch films with scenes of natural sex for a long time. But they get special pleasure from the secret contemplation of sexual intercourse or bare genitals. Such adolescents can watch couples in love for hours, stand at the windows of baths or peep into the cracks of toilets. What he sees arouses sexual fantasies, an erection follows, then masturbation, and everything ends with fleeting ejaculation.
Zoophilia (bestiality, sodomy) - Sexual attraction to animals. In adolescents and adults, it is substitutional. People with this orientation can have sexual intercourse with any pets, even a bird.
Homosexuality is sexual attraction to people of the same sex. Distinguish between homosexuality in the form of pederasty and lesbianism. Such inclinations can be formed in adolescents and adults who, due to life circumstances, are deprived of the opportunity to satisfy sexual needs with persons of the opposite sex. Especially often they enter into homosexual contacts while serving their sentences in places of deprivation of liberty, as well as while serving in the army. As a rule, in adolescents, homosexuality is substitutional, and in adults it can acquire features of a persistent sexual orientation.
CONCLUSION
To reveal the nature and causes of social deviations, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that they, like social norms, are an expression of the relations of people that are developing in society. Social norm and social deviation are two poles on the same axis of socially significant behavior of individuals, social groups and other social communities.
Many actions do not fall within the norms and, at the same time, are not deviations from them, simply because they lie in the sphere of relations that are not regulated by specific norms (the process of artistic or scientific creativity.
Social deviations are as diverse as social norms themselves. Moreover, the variety of deviations exceeds the variety of norms, for the norm is typical, and deviations can be highly individualized.
An immoral act of one person may be completely different from the act of another, even to a crime, the signs that are clearly fixed in the criminal code are as diverse as the people themselves who commit them.
Deviations from social norms, despite their great diversity, have some common reasons that support their existence, and sometimes lead to their growth and prevalence. In their essence, they are reduced to objective and subjective contradictions of social development that disrupt the interaction of the individual with the social environment and lead to forms of behavior of individuals that are not consistent with the existing normative system. Moreover, the same contradiction “can underlie both socially undesirable forms of behavior (crime, alcoholism, suicide, etc.) and socially approved forms (cognitive activity, creativity, everyday activity, etc.).
During the transition to a market economy, the material situation of many strata of the population has changed. The majority live below the poverty line, the number of unemployed has increased. All this creates conflict situations, and they lead to deviations. Who is forgotten in a bottle, who is forgotten in a narcotic intoxication, and who is weaker taking suicide. The only way to somehow change the current situation is to improve life, help people overcome their problems for this, and now social services and other organizations are being created. But if their activity is not supported by the state, the growth of crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, etc. will only grow.
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