After the sizzling ones. Here are the rules for when you shouldn't and when you must do it.
These rules are based on what part of speech we are talking about, in what declension and in what part of the word.
Soft mark after sibilants - setting rule
We put a soft sign:
- The soft sign after sibilants must be written in feminine nouns if they are in the singular in the nominative and
Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, bald head.
Example in a sentence: In the night the queen gave birth to either a son or a daughter.
2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense at the endings after hissing.
An example in a word: you will, become, cook, remember, believe, do.
Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving.
- Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Example: you come back, you tense up, you intend.
3. In singular verbs in endings after sibilants.
An example in a word: Cut! Eat it up! Hide!
Addition: If you add an ending to these verbs - Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't be fooled!
Examples in sentences: Vadik, don't be fooled and don't hide!
4. In verbs in and imperative before endings - those - you.
Example: smear - smear - smear.
Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!
5. In verbs of an indefinite person, including before the end -sya.
Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.
Example in a sentence: These rivers flow for a long time.
6. In adverbs it is necessary to inscribe a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.
Example: Completely, gallop, swing, wide open.
Example in a sentence: He set his horse to gallop and slashed the air with his sword.
Exceptions: Already, unbearable, get married.
7. In particles with hissing endings: i mean, see, see, only.
Example words: that is, just.
In a sentence: Look what a bully!
Why is it sometimes not written after the hissing soft sign?
No need to write:
- In nouns of the nominative case.
Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.
Sentence: A swift flew up to our window.
2. In plural and genitive nouns.
Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grisha, between, puddles.
Example sentences: Unfortunately no pears were served for breakfast today.
3. B in short form.
Example: mighty, hot, good, flying, melodious, good-looking.
Sentence: He was good in soul and good in himself ...
4. In pronouns with sibilants at the end.
Examples: yours, ours.
Considering the above, the spelling of the soft sign after the sibilants differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.
Primary school teachers give their students rhymed versions of the rules - for easier memorization.
Rules in verse!
Nouns "many"
The nouns "mine"
We do not put any sign!
In verbs and adverbs
The sign is always written
And in short adjectives
We never write!
The soft sign is probably the most mysterious letter in the Russian language. It does not denote a sound; it does not belong to the category of vowels / consonants. What is it for then? It turns out that its role in our written language is great. In this article, we will figure out when "ь" is used after sibilants with nouns, adverbs and verbs.
Nouns. Soft mark after sibilant consonants
The exact spelling of the soft sign after these consonants causes the greatest difficulty, since it is not clear by ear whether it should be written or not.
It turns out that the rule is very simple: a soft sign after hissing in it. noun is written only in the words of wives. genus related to the 3rd declension.
The words "oven", "speech", "daughter", "night", "game" refer to the feminine gender, have a nominative case and are in the singular. Therefore, we must certainly write "b" in them.
But be careful: you should not confuse them with the words of the 1st declension, which are in indirect cases: "many clouds", "no tasks", "several heaps". All these words, it would seem, are feminine, and, probably, they should be attributed to the 3rd declension.
But let's take a closer look: they are in the genitive case. If we raise them to the initial form ("cloud", "task", "heap"), then we will make sure that they belong to the first declension, which means that they do not obey this rule.
There is also one more "trap" in the Russian language, where in no case a soft sign is used after hissing. Words ending in a hissing consonant, but referring to the second declension, are not written with "ь" ("rook", "doctor", "cloak" - 2nd word). Therefore, carefully ask the question to the noun. Do this before defining declension, since the genus also depends on it. noun and number.
When do we write "ь" in adverbs?
The adverb is one of the unchangeable parts of speech. He is not inclined, endings are not distinguished in him. Spelling "b" in adverbs lends itself to not at all difficult rules.
- In those adverbs that end in a consonant "sh" or "h", they always write a soft sign. For example: "gallop", "exactly".
In adverbs on "zh", it is never written. The exception is the word "wide open".
- Another rule that the adverb obeys: a soft sign after hissing is always used, with the exception of "already", "married", "unbearable". Undoubtedly, such a comic proposal is easily remembered by schoolchildren, especially girls.
It is not so important which rule you remember, the main thing is that both reflect the essence of the spelling of adverbs.
Verb and soft mark after sibilants
The verb is one of the most used parts of speech, without which our language would be very impoverished. Spelling "ь" with verbs causes a lot of difficulties not only for students, but also for adults.
- If a verb in an indefinite form (infinitive) ends in a hissing, then "b" in this case will always be written. And here, without any exceptions. "Protect", "oven", "burn". It will persist in a returnable form, before the postfix "-sya": "get carried away", "ignite", "beware".
- All singular 2nd person verbs use a soft sign. This applies both to the present time: ("you are now") "write", "draw", "walk", "sleep", and to the future: ("you tomorrow") "work", "think", "finish "," Redo ". The soft sign will remain in front of the postfix "-sya": "you like it", "use it", "touch", "type", "take shape". In verbs that are in the imperative mood and end in a hissing consonant, they always write a soft sign: "cut off", "eat", "smear", "hide". Before the plural postfix "-te", it must be preserved: "mark", "cut", "hide".
Before the postfix "-sya" it also does not disappear: "take comfort", "do not cut yourself."
And again, be careful not to fall into the "trap" of the insidious Russian language! The words “cry” and “cry” are completely different parts of speech, and therefore are spelled differently.
“Crying” without a soft sign is a noun of the 2nd declension, and, accordingly, a soft sign cannot be written in it. But "cry" with a soft sign is a verb of the imperative mood, and in them, as you know, we must write "b". All this is easily guessed from the proposed context, in which the meaning of the word will become clear.
Conclusion
The soft sign after hissing is used with many parts of speech. Knowing the simple rules, you will never face the problem of spelling it after these consonants. If you suddenly forget some of the nuances, then our article will remind you of them.
Evening (shift) school
Spelling soft mark
in various parts of speech
Teacher
russian language and literature
Kurtveisova E.N.
OPEN LESSON IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Subject: Spelling of the soft sign in different parts of speech.
Lesson objectives:
Educational: to repeat the theoretical material about the function b in different parts of speech; to consolidate the basic rules of spelling b in various parts of speech; improve the skills of competent writing; systematize knowledge about the conditions for using b in various parts of speech.
Developing: provide conditions for the development of skills to express thoughts competently, clearly and accurately, create conditions for the development of attentiveness, observation and the ability to highlight the main thing.
Educational: to provide conditions for fostering a positive interest in the subject being studied, to promote the mastery of the necessary skills of independent educational activity.
Equipment:textbook, handouts, computer presentation.
During the classes
Hello guys. Sit down. We begin the lesson.
Organizing time.
Explanation of the new material.
Teacher:In this lesson we will work with you on the topic "Spelling of the b sign in different parts of speech." (Slide number 1). Sounding out the goals of the lesson. (Slide number 2).
Open your notebooks. Write down the date, topic of the lesson.
Guys, pay attention to the screen. Read the entry (student reads slide number 3)
How can we be with this sign
Should I put it on or not?
It is necessary that parts of speech
They themselves gave the answer
B
Teacher: consider the table on the screen (pay attention to the table) (slide number 4), after which we write down examples in a notebook. See where it is put and where it is not. Now the parts of speech will tell you.
Spelling b in different parts of speech
Written b
Not written b
1.In feminine nouns of the 3rd declension: night, daughter, oven, youth, rye.
1.a) In masculine nouns of the 2nd declension: key, doctor, cloak, comrade, ray;
b) In genitive plural nouns: from behind the clouds, from the rooftops.
2.a) In infinitive verbs: guard, cut - cut;
b) In 2nd person singular verbs: you see, you read, you write, you wash yourself;
in) In imperative verbs: cut - cut, assign - assign, hide - hide.
2.In short adjectives: dense, seething, powerful, prickly, good.
3.In the indefinite form of the verb on be, be: what to do? what to do? teach - learn.
3.In the form of a third person verb on tsya: what is he doing? what will he do? Studying, getting ready.
4.In adverbs after Ч, Ш: gallop, completely, away. Exception: wide open.
4.In adverbs in F: already, married, unbearable.
5.In particles: see, just, see, that is.
6.In cardinal numbers at the end of a word: twenty, thirty, and in the middle of the word (after the first root): fifty - eighty, five hundred - eight hundred.
Let's clarify in what parts of speech b is put? (in different).
In which parts of speech is b written? (students list).
Write down a few examples of the spelling of words with b (complete with your own examples).
Guys, read the examples in which words are written b and in which not (give 2-3 examples).
After considering the second part of the table, the teacher invites students to write down several examples where b is not written in words.
Finished working with the table.
3.Vocabulary work(slide number 5)
Vocabulary work
Backwards - tipping over on his back, face up. For example: Fall backwards.
Backhand - swinging strongly. For example: Backhand.
Can't - the same as unbearable. For example: Can't endure anymore.
All over - without gaps, over the entire surface. For example: The board is covered with advertisements
Wide open - opening completely, to the end. For example: Open the window wide open.
Bliss - absurd quirk, nonsense. For example: Throw whim out of your head.
Deposit - accumulation of minerals. For example: Coal deposits.
Our topic is covered in the tutorial on page 26.
Repetition of spelling.
4.Work with the tutorial(2 students at the blackboard):
p. 26, task 6, exercise. 2;
p. 164, task 5, exercise. 2.
5.Give homework: (slide number 6).
p. 7, task 6, exercise. 2;
p. 10, task 6, exercise. 2;
p. 121, task 5, exercise. one.
6.Working with handouts(on students' desks):
Proverbs: Don't always say what you know, but always know what you say.
Teacher:How do you understand her? What can you say? (A person must first think and then say).
Handout:
Card number 1
1. Write proverbs by inserting verbs from brackets in the form of the 2nd person singular and underline:
The water that flows nearby is not ... (appreciate). (Uzbek).
When (to hurry), there are always many hills on the way. (Mongolian).
If (love) me, love my dog \u200b\u200btoo. (English).
When a new boot starts to press, (remember) the old one. (English).
(Want) to eat rolls, so don't sit on the stove. (Russian).
(Speak) truth, truth and do. (Russian).
In what people (live), that and the custom keep. (Russian).
2. Underline the particle with b at the end:
1) Some friends are fit only to drink tea. (Japanese).
2) I'm ready to call a donkey an uncle, if only he worked for him. (Armenian).
3) Only fools persist in their delusions. (German).
Card number 2.
1.Write down proverbs and sayings in which nouns of 3rd declension speech , mouse stand in I. p. units h.
1) Short speech is good speech. (German).
2) If the truth is not in your chest, do not go out to talk to people. (Kalmyk).
3) Good speech and good listening. (Russian).
4) If you want to know a person, listen to his speech. (Chinese).
5) Speech is the image of the soul. (Latin).
6) In its hole, the mouse is like a lion. (Lezghinskaya).
7) The mouse will not escape from the paws of a hungry cat. (Armenian).
8) I dug up a mountain, and I dug up a mouse. (Indian).
9) The mouse dug, snout and dug up to the cat. (Georgian).
Teacher: What is the theme of the proverbs?
Guys, we have to enrich our language.
Pay attention to the slide (Slide number 7) Kuzya. (1 student at the blackboard writes out the correct version).
Statement
I declare that as soon as the night is past midnight, all young people come to my house. Feet are all dirty from puddles. And you walk around here, wash, wipe, clean. In general, I can't live so much. Exactly - exactly from fatigue I will fall backwards, no doctor will help. So, I ask you to put a house phone on my house, otherwise I’m good, but I’ll leave here and go.
Brownie Kuzma.
Teacher: Guys, what style of speech does the statement refer to? (Official and business).
What styles of speech do you know?
What two groups are all speech styles subdivided into? (For conversational and book).
Name the book styles. (Scientific, official-business, artistic, journalistic).
What is the scope of the conversational style? In what cases and where is it used? (In a conversation with close people. It is appropriate in a home or other informal setting, in letters).
7. Consolidation of the studied material.
1. What topic did we repeat today?
2. When do we write b in nouns?
When do we write b in verbs?
When do we write b in adverbs?
When do we write b in numerals?
3.When don't we write?
4. Name the types of business papers.
8. Summing up. Lesson grades.
The purpose of the lesson:
- Review and summarize educational material on the topic.
- Check the level of assimilation of new material.
- Assimilation of algorithmic reasoning patterns.
Equipment:
- computer,
- projection equipment,
- visibility in the form of a presentation
I. Organizational moment
II. Frontal work (Option 1)
1. Generalizing conversation on the studied theoretical material.
List the cases when a soft mark is written after non-hissing consonants.
(-Ь is written at the end of words to indicate the softness of consonants, for example: stump, laziness [Н`])
What consonants are combined with a soft sign?
(- b is written in the middle of a word)
a) after a soft l in front of any consonant, for example: sick, boy, herring;
b) after a soft consonant in front of a hard consonant, for example: Kuzma, less, struggle).
What verbs are written in b?
(- In reflexive verbs, before, in an indefinite form, for example: smile (a verb in an indefinite form).
What do you remember about the spelling of adjectives?
(- In adjectives formed from the names of the months with a b at the end, words other than January (from January), for example: November (from November), October (from October).
How are complex numbers written?
(- In numbers denoting round tens from 50 to 80 and round hundreds from 500 to 900, after the first root, for example: seventy, six hundred).
In what consonant combinations is the soft sign not written?
(- b is not written in a combination of consonants chn, chk, thu, chsh, low, nsh, schn, rch, rsh, for example: reading, chick, tip).
What forms of the verb b is not written in?
(- b is not written in the reflexive verb 3l., Singular, plural nb tense).
Lesson option.
Pupils prepare the topic “Spelling b after consonants (except for sibilants)” with homework.
The class is divided into two teams, which include children with different levels of mastering the material. During the game, teams exchange tasks and solve them in the allotted time. Each question of the opposing team is answered by the member of the responding team chosen by the opponents. The team is interested in the knowledge of each of its students, which means that the strong pull up the weak. (Prepared questions are previewed by the teacher).
2. Performing exercises to consolidate the spelling b after consonants (except for sibilants).
Selective dictation. Select words with a spelling from the text and place them in two columns: one with b and the other without b.
Our homestead ... ba is especially beautiful in spring. Lilac branches cover the weight ... the house. June ... sky evening brushes of white flowers stand out ... on the dark greenery. If you hurt ... she got up ... you can go to meet ... dawn ... ku. Great ... I am glad ... I get from communication with nature. Each twig ... ka, familiar path ... ka pleases the heart.
3. Summing up the results of the repetition.
III. Repetition and generalization of educational material on the topic "Soft sign after hissing in different parts of speech"
1. Preparing students for active cognitive activity in order to generalize theoretical material.
Creative task. Guess the words of the metogram
(Greek meta- “transition” + gramma-letter) replacement in a word of one letter by another: gender - count - they say - ox –dol –gol.
From the third letter of the alphabet
I treat the sick.
And with the fourth
I'll fly in the spring.
In further work, we use small genres of literature: riddles, proverbs, word games.
Guess the riddles, divide the answers into two columns
- I'm very hot at work ...
Touch with your hand ... smiling -
Even crying ... - If you give her a job ... -
The pencil worked in vain ... - Low, but prickly ...
Sweet, but fragrant ...
Pick the berries ...
I'll strip my whole arm ... - Day and night ... - day and night ...
- To get married… to go - not to drink honey, but to shed tears.
How did you divide the words into two columns?
(Words are sorted by presence or absence after a hissing b at the end of a word)
| Without b | B touch rip off night away |
2. -And now, when we have found out that b is written after sibilants in some cases, and in some not, we will write down the topic of the lesson "Soft sign after sibilants"
3. Working with a table.(Sample table filling)
4. Summing up. Graphic scheme. Generalization of the rule
Oral formulation of the rule by the teacher:
- When working with a verb, always write b after the sibilants;
- If a noun, check right away: it must be in the nominative singular. numbers and belong to 3 ccl., i.e. to be f.- write b;
- If you have a short adjective in front of you (what is it?), Don't write b;
- If you have a sibilant adverb, write b, but remember the exceptions in which there is no b: married, unbearable.
IV. Introduction of the algorithm.
What is the first step to take?
(-determine which part of speech is a given word).
Second step?
(for a noun, find out which declension the given noun belongs to)
If the noun is 1 and 2 declension?
(-after a hissing b is not written, for example: clouds (noun 1 declension). Rook (noun 2 declension).
If the noun has 3 declensions?
(-after a hissing b we write, for example: night (noun 3 declensions).
If a word is a short adjective?
(-after the hissing b we do not write, for example: prickly (except for the adjective).
If it's a verb?
(-in any case in the verb after sibilants b).
If this is an adverb (except: already, married, unbearable)
(- after a hissing we write b, for example: away, backhand (adverb).
Generalized algorithm.
3. How can you formulate a pattern of reasoning?
Sample oral reasoning
Already ... the sky breathed in autumn, less often the sun shone, the day became shorter (A.S. Pushkin).
(-Al-adverb is an exception, therefore, after f b is not written.
Graphic justification: already (?) - adverb, excl., No
Barbed is a short adjective, therefore, after h
B is not written.
Graphic rationale: mighty (?) - cr., Adj., - no
V. Anchoring.
1. Vocabulary dictation with commentary on the algorithm
Daughter ..., vidish ..., creaky ..., wide open ..., yes ..., ray ..., puddles ..., stick ..., beach ..., pencil ..., married ..., supine ..., steer ...
2. Write down proverbs and sayings, find and graphically justify the spelling of words with the desired spelling.
- It is not worth it…
- Bread and salt yes ... but the truth is dir ...
- Good ... roll ... while hot ...
- What you wish to people ... you will get it yourself ...
3. Selective dictation
Fill in a table consisting of 4 columns (by type of spelling) with words from a dictionary dictation.
The class is divided into 2 groups:
4. Creative task
Form words with the desired spelling from these words by changing the form or choosing a single root word:
1 in: nouns; 2 in: adjectives; 3 in: verbs; 4 in: adverb.
6. Additional task:
make a logogrif with words
crying - crying;
ink - ink
Logogryph (Greek logos- “word” + griphos- “riddle”) - searches for a hidden word and the formation of new ones from it by rearranging or discarding individual syllables or letters: the whole is a part of a tree, without one letter - a river, without two - a pronoun, without three - a preposition (crown - Rona - she - on).
Summarizing
Vi. Homework:
- Write words to the table;
- Learn to reason with an algorithm.
The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of a paired consonant at the end of words, eg: pigeon, leave, notebook, dirt, sorry, seven, horse, kitchens, apple trees, embankment, beast, paint, drink, shipyard.
Letter b , which ends the first part of a compound or compound-abbreviated word, is written to indicate the softness of a consonant before any letter, vowel or consonant that begins the second part, for example: village executive committee, village council, utilities, kostutil, grabyarmy, quarter-century, quarter-finals, Dalenergo, Svyazinvest, Tyumen? oil.
To indicate the softness of a paired consonant before consonants, the letter "ь" is written in the following cases
1. After the letter l before any consonant other than l , eg: firing, lion, foil, ice floe, slide, several, no belmes, bedroom, attentively, scalpel, waltz, coat, flatter, April, alpha, alder, mirror, boy, more, flattered .
A soft sign is not written between two l, eg: boisterous .
? ck consonant l before the suffix is \u200b\u200bsoft, so after l written b e.g .: rural, Ural, Barnaul ... However, in some adjectives derived from non-Russian proper geographical names, a firm l , and therefore b not written, for example: kyzyl, Yamal (along with options kyzyl, Yamal).
2. After other consonants:
a) before letters that convey solid consonants, for example: carving, take, before, nanny, letter, request, very, to drive, witch, wedding, darkness, threshing, ugh;
Most adjectives with the suffix ? ck consonants n and r before the suffix - hard, therefore b they do not write, for example: horse, Kazan, Tyumen, knightly, January, jaeger ... However, in the following adjectives, these consonants before the suffix ? ck soft, in them after n and r written b : day? day, June, September, October, November, December , as well as in many adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names in ny, eg: tien Shan, Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun, Sichuan, Tianjin. Nouns formed with the suffix are written (and pronounced) similarly ? c from the same place names: residents of Kazan, Tyumen but taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun etc.
b) before letters conveying soft consonants, b is written only in cases when in other forms of the same word or in words of the same root, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant remains soft, for example: take (cf. take), eight (eighth), witch (witch), in the darkness (darkness), carving (thread), mowing (mowing), wedding (wedding), threshing (threshing), earrings (earrings), skates (skates), uncle (uncle).
3. In other cases, after the letter conveying a soft consonant, ь is not written, eg: unless, prisoner, gnaw, bones, bear, syndicate, review, early, pension, bow, if, song .
Letter b not written in consonant combinations low, low , in particular before suffixes ? chick,? cheek,? shin (a), for example: babysit, dandelion, glass, tip, chick; bricklayer, attendant, partisan, Ryazan.
The letter "b" as an indicator of grammatical form
Letter b is written (regardless of pronunciation) in the following grammatical forms:
and) in compound numbers front ? ten and ? hundred: fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred;
In numerals fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen front ? twelve b not written.
b) in the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) before? (same as infinitive of verbs without ? Xia), eg: swim, have, shower, split, put on shoes, wash, laugh;
in ) in the imperative forms of verbs front ? Xia and ?those (same as in forms without ? Xia and ?those), eg: go, weigh, five, sit, stand, drop, meet, check ;
d) in the form of instrumental plural nouns , eg: people, horses, doors, children , as well as in the form of the instrumental case of the numeral four .
After w, w, h, u letter b is written traditionally in the following grammatical forms:
and) at the end of the nominative / accusative singular forms of feminine nouns of the 3rd declension , eg: rye, whim, mouse, false, night, trifle, thing, help;
b ) in the ending of the 2nd person singular of present and future verbs (after w ), eg: carry, laugh, see, give, rush;
in) in the forms of the imperative mood of verbs , eg:smear, eat, hide, cut, comfort yourself, hide, do not frown;
d) in indefinite form of verbs (after h ), eg: bake, cut, crush, get carried away, burn yourself .
The letter ь after hissing is also written at the end of adverbs and particles , eg: wide open, completely, backhand, gallop, supine, unbearable, away, completely, see, only, see, that is. Exceptions: letter b not written in adverbs married, unbearable, already , in the particle already and also in the preposition between .
The letter after hissing is not written at the end of the following grammatical forms:
and) nominative / accusative singular of masculine nouns of the 2nd declension , eg: knife, ball, bucket, cloak;
b) genitive plural of feminine nouns of the 1st declension , eg: puddles (from puddle), clouds, galosh, grove ;
in) short forms of masculine adjectives , eg: fresh, eager, good, poor.