The average depth is 3988 m. The deepest point of the ocean (it is the deepest point in the world) is located in the Mariana Wpadin and is called the Abyss Challenger (11.022 m).
. The average temperature: 19-37 ° C. The wider part of the Pacific Ocean is located in equatorial-tropical latitudes, therefore the surface water temperature is significantly higher than in other oceans.
. Dimensions: Area - 179.7 million sq. Km, volume - 710.36 million sq.m.
To imagine how large the Pacific Ocean, quite a number: it ranks a third of our planet and is almost half of the oceans.
Saltness - 35-36.
Pacific flows
Alaskan- Washed the Western Coast of North America and comes to Bering Sea. Apply to great depths, up to the bottom. Flow rate: 0.2-0.5 m / s. Water temperature: 7-15 ° C.
East Australian - The biggest near the Australian shores. Starts at the equator (coral seas), passes along the east coast of Australia. The average speed is 2-3 nodes (reducing to 7). Temperature - 25 ° C.
Kurosio (or Japanese) - Isams the southern and eastern shores of Japan, carrying the warm water of the South China Sea to the northern latitudes. It has three branches: East Korean, Tsushimskoye and Soy. Speed: 6 km / h, temperature 18-28 ° C.
North-Pacific - Continuation of the flow of Kurosio. Crosses the ocean from the west to the east, near the shores of North America branches to Alaskan (goes to the north) and California (south). Near the banks of Mexico turns and crosses the ocean in the opposite direction (North-Passoy current) - up to Kurosio.
South Passatoe - proceeds in southern tropical latitudes, stretches from east to west: from the shores of South America (Galapogos Islands) to the shores of Australia and New Guinea. Temperature - 32 ° C. Gives rise to Australian flow.
Equatorial counterchange (or interpassate) - stretches from the west to the east between the North-General and South Trading Tests.
Cromwell flow - Sub-surface counterchange that takes place under the southern trade in. Speed \u200b\u200b70-150 cm / s.
Cool:
California - The western branch of the North-Pacific flow flows along the Western banks of the United States and Mexico. Speed \u200b\u200b- 1-2 km / h, temperature 15-26 ° C.
Antarctic circumpolar (or the flow of Western winds) - envelopes the whole globe between 40 ° and 50 ° Yu.Sh. Speed \u200b\u200b0.4-0.9 km / h, Temperature 12-15 ° C. This course is often called "roaring forties", as powerful storms are rampant here. From him in the Pacific, the Peruvian current is born.
Peruvian current (or course of Humboldt) - leaks from the south to the north from the shores of Antarctica along the western coast of Chile and Peru. Speed \u200b\u200b0.9 km / h, temperature 15-20 ° C.
Underwater World of Pacific
The flora and the fauna of the underwater world in the Pacific Ocean is the richest and most diverse. Almost 50% of all living organisms of the World Ocean live here. The most densely populated is the water area near the Great Baglery Reef.
The entire wildlife of the ocean is located according to climatic belts - in the north and south more meager than in the tropics, but the total number of each type of animals or plants here is more.
The Pacific Ocean gives more than half of the global seafood catch. Salmon (95% of world ulov), mackerel, anchovies, sardines, stavavids, haluses are most popular from commercial species. Limited whale fishery is underway: satuned and coushlots.
The richness of the underwater world is eloquently indicate the numbers:
- more than 850 species of algae;
- more than 100 thousand species of animals (of which over 3,800 species of fish);
- about 200 species of animals living at a depth of more than 7 thousand km.;
- more than 6 thousand types of mollusks.
In the Pacific Ocean inhabit the largest number of endemics (animals, which are found only here): Dujoni, sea seals, kalans, Syvuchi, dowry, polychate, leopard sharks.
The Nature of the Pacific Ocean has been studied only by interest on 10. Every year, scientists discover all new types of animals and plants. For example, only in 2005, more than 2500 new types of mollusks and more than 100 species of crustaceans were found.
Study of the Pacific Ocean
According to scientists, the Pacific Ocean is the most ancient on the planet. Its formation began in the chalk period of the Mesozoic, that is, more than 140 million years ago. The development of the ocean began long before the appearance of writing. People who lived on the shores of the greatest water area used the ocean gifts for the Millennium ago. Thus, the expedition of the Tour Heyerdal on Balz's raft Kon-Tika confirmed the theory of a scientist that the Islands of Polynesia could be seen from South America, who were able to cross the Pacific Ocean on the same rafts.
For Europeans, the development history of the ocean is officially calculated from September 15, 1513. On this day, the Vasco Nunies de Balboa traveler first saw the water surface, emitting to the horizon, and dubbed it with the southern sea.
According to the legend, the Ocean received its name from F. Magellan himself. During its round-the-world travel, the Great Portuguese reinforced South America first and found himself in the ocean. Blowing on it more than 17 thousand kilometers and not having experienced a single storm, Magellan dubbed the ocean tiche. And only later studies have proven that he became mistaken. The Pacific Ocean is actually one of the most restless. It is here that the largest tsunami, and typhoon, hurricanes of storms here are more often than in other oceans.
Since then, an active study of the largest ocean on the planet began. List only the most significant discoveries:
1589 - A. Vetelius publishes the world's first detailed map of the ocean.
1642-1644 - Ocean conquers A. Tasman and opens a new mainland - Australia.
1769-1779 - Three round-world swimming D. Cook and the study of the southern part of the ocean.
1785 - Swimming of J. Laperose, the study of the southern and northern parts of the ocean. The mysterious disappearance of the expedition in 1788 is still exploring the minds of researchers.
1787-1794 - Journey A. Malaspina, which made a detailed map of the West Coast of America.
1725-1741 - Two Kamchatka expeditions under the leadership of V.I. Bering and A. Chirikova, the study of the North and Northwest part of the ocean.
1819-1821 - World Travel F. Bellinshausen and M. Lazarev, Opening of Antarctica and Islands in the southern part of the ocean.
1872-1876 - The world's first scientific expedition to study the Pacific Ocean on Corway "Challenger" (England) is organized. The depth cards, the bottom relief were drawn up, the collection of flora and the ocean fauna was collected.
1949-1979 - 65 Scientific flights of the Vityaz ship under the flag of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Measuring the depths of the Mariana depression and detailed underwater relief cards).
1960 - the first dive on the bottom of the Mariana depression.
1973 - Creation of the Pacific Oceanological Institute (Vladivostok)
Since the 90s, a comprehensive study of the Pacific Ocean began, which combines and systematizes all the data obtained. Currently, priority are directions of geophysics, geochemistry, geology and commercial use of the ocean bottom.
From the date of the opening of the abyss of the Challenger in 1875, only three people descended at the most bottom of the Marianskaya Vpadina. Last dive took place on March 12, 2012. And there was no brave diver, as a famous film director James Cameron.
For many representatives of the fauna of the Pacific Ocean peculiar to giantism: giant mussels and oysters, thidakna mollusk (300 kg).
In the Pacific Ocean Over 25 thousand island, more than in all other oceans combined. Here is the most ancient island on the planet - Kauai, whose age is calculated with 6 million years.
In the Pacific Ocean "born" more than 80% of the tsunami. The reason for this is a large number of underwater volcanoes.
Pacific is full of secrets. There are many mystical places here: the Sea of \u200b\u200bDevil (near Japan), where ships and aircraft disappear; The bloodthirsty island of Palmyra, where everyone who remains there is dying; Easter Island with his mysterious idols; Laguna Truk, where is the largest Military Machine Cemetery. And in 2011, an island of Sandy was discovered not far from Australia. It appears, it disappears, as evidenced by numerous expeditions and satellite photos of Google.
In the north of the ocean, the so-called garbage continent was found. This is a large garbage bunch, containing over 100 million tons of plastic waste.
Sea Aki. - Open Sea connecting the East and West of the Japanese Sea. It is small in size - only 35 * 45 km. In Japan, this sea is called "Aki Nada" (in honor of the historical province of Aki), and his eastern part has its name - Izuki.
The sea of \u200b\u200baki is located in the monsoon zone in moderate latitudes - the rarest phenomenon that gave the sea with an unusual climate: in summer there is more precipitation than in winter. The sea of \u200b\u200baki is considered a seismically dangerous zone. During the monsoon period, powerful typhoons are born here, and the waves grow up to 12 meters. But the Japanese very much appreciate the sea of \u200b\u200bAki for his richest underwater world and an abundance of fish. Especially the sea is famous for the scumbers and marine crucians.
Sea Bali
Sea Bali. Between Bali, Lombok, Subava, Java and Madura spread out the Balinese sea. Its area is 40 thousand km. The subequatorial zone provides a soft and wet climate. The storms here are a rare phenomenon, and the water temperature is rarely descended below 28 ° C. It is for this that the Balinese Sea is very loved by divers. The underwater world is practically no inferior to the beauty of the Indian Ocean. There are such unusual fish as barracudes, crocodiles fish, angels, hammers and giant turtles in the sea. But it is not very convenient to swim here, as the coral thickets start almost at the edge of the sea.
- One of the deepest in the world (the average depth is 2744 m), located within the Malay archipelago. Great depth, low tides (up to 2 m) and warm water (average temperature of 26-28 ° C) made a sea of \u200b\u200bgangs one of the familiar meetings of divers.
The underwater world is extremely diverse here. One of the most interesting species of fish is the talking fish Umbreix. They make the sound similar to the grunt, and very loud. Local fishermen simply listen to water and easily determine the places of fish cluster. And extracted on the deck Ulbrin's catch rises a deafening concert.
The sea received its name in honor of the gang archipelago. These islands until the middle of the XIX century were the only place in the world where the nutmeg was grown - the most valuable spice, which the Arab merchants were sold for transcendental prices. And finding the islands was kept in the strictest secrecy.
- The largest (area is 2304 sq. Cm) and the deepest sea of \u200b\u200bRussia. Its average depth of 1640m, the largest - 4151m. This sea is also the northernmost, the ice is formed here in September, and only by the end of June. In winter, more than half of the sea turns under the ice, and in the Gulf of Lawrence, for example, the ice crust holds for years.
Bering Sea often refers to the "sea of \u200b\u200babundance", because This is one of the richest ecoregions in the world. There are over 450 species of fish, about 50 types of seabirds and more than 20 types of marine animals.
- Inland Sea, located between the Islands of the Philippine Archipelago. Transparent waters, snow-white beaches, cozy coves and magnificent weather conditions made the sea with a popular tourist destination. The sea is shallow (the average depth is only 80 m), but very warm, as it is located near the equator. The underwater world of the sea is, first of all, coral thickets that attract numerous views of fish and mollusks. Pearls mined in shallow water.
(Sea Sato-Nankai) is located between the Japanese Islands and through the strait of simonoski connects with the Japanese sea that wash these islands. Sea shallow - average depth of 22 meters. But in this water area there are over 1000 islands. The largest islands are interconnected by bridges.
From ancient times, this sea served as an essential transport artery. In the Middle Ages, the Pirates were captured by the Pirates that had a huge fleet and fully controlled maritime trade in this region. The most influential pirates from the family clan Murakami, who received the status of samurai for their activities.
The unique natural conditions caused the fact that it was the water area of \u200b\u200bthe inner Japanese sea that became the world's first marine reserve (since 1934).
Located between China's coast and Japanese Islands. Its area is 836 thousand square meters, the average depth is 309 m, the largest - 2718 m. This sea is very dangerous for navigaters, since there are still huge unexplored areas of the water area, and navigation equipment is installed only near the most important ports. Uneven Sea Day - the result of numerous earthquakes, as a result of which powerful tsunami is formed.
Washes the eastern coast of China and Korea. The area is 416 thousand square meters, the average depth - 40 m. It was called it from behind the color of water. The fact is that this sea flows the several largest Chinese rivers, which form sands from sand and sludge. And in the spring above the sea, the dust storms are often rake, which are so strong that you have to stop the walking of the courts.
The first European who visited the Yellow Sea was Marco Polo, although the ancient peoples of China and Korea from time immemorial traveled through this sea and conducted an active marine trade.
One of the most amazing natural phenomena occurs in the southwestern part of the sea. Here, between the Korean Islands of Chinko and Modo, during the sips, the sea is broken, exposing the bottom. For almost a whole, the "sea road" opens, on which you can walk from one island to another, practically not to sleep legs. It happens 1-3 times a year. In the people, such a phenomenon is called "Miracle Moses".
- Inland Sea, located between the Islands of the Philippine Archipelago. It received its name in honor of the group of islands of the islands, which rises almost in the very center of the water area.
Kozotase is located in the tropics zone, so the calm is observed in May, and from June to October, Typhoon dominates here.
Near the island Cebu in the sea of \u200b\u200bKozotase is one of the most unusual places on our planet - the Bay of Manoles. At the bottom of the bay, huge reserves of beryllium were found. Dissolving in seawater, beryllium makes this sweet to taste. Therefore, Kozotase in the people is called "Sweet Sea".
Discussed between Australia and the Islands of New Guinea and New Caledonia. Total area - 4791 square meters. km, the middle depth is 2194 m (the largest - 9140 m).
The sea received its name in honor of the corals, whose thickets form huge reefs and islands. It is here that the longest coral reef in the world is - a big barrier reef. All of the water area from 1964 belongs to Australia.
In the history of the sea there is a tragic page. In May 1942, one of the largest sea battles of World War II between the fleets of Japan and Allies (Great Britain, the United States and Australia) occurred in the coral sea. It was the first battle of aircraft carriers in the world, and the ships themselves did not make a single shot, and the battle was carried out exclusively in the air.
The Pacific Ocean (the world map makes it possible to visually understand where it is located) is the component of the world water area. He is the largest land on the planet. In terms of water and the area, the described object occupies half the volume of the entire water space. In addition, it is in the Pacific Ocean that the deepest depressions of the Earth are located. By the number of islands in the water area, he also ranks first. Washes the shores of all the continents of the Earth, except for Africa.
Characteristic
As mentioned earlier, the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean is due to the fact that it occupies most of the planet. Its area is 178 million km 2. In terms of water - 710 million km 2. From north to south, the ocean stretches for 16 thousand km, and from East to West - by 18 thousand km. The whole earth will have an area less than the Pacific Ocean by 30 million km 2.
Borders
Allows it to occupy an impressive area in both southern and in the northern hemisphere. However, due to the large number of sushi in the latter, the water area is noticeably narrowed to the north.
The boundaries of the Pacific Ocean are as follows:
- In the East: Washes the shores of two American mainland.
- In the north: borders with the southeastern part of Malaysia and Indonesia, the eastern edge of Australia.
- In the south: Ocean rests on Antarctica ice.
- In the north: through Bering Strait, separating American Alaska and Russian Chukotka, merges with the waters of the north-ice ocean.
- In the southeast: software connects with the Atlantic Ocean (the conditioned border from the Cape Drake to Cape Sterno).
- In the southwest: It is found with the Indian Ocean (the conditional boundary from about. Tasmania and to the shortest, meridionally located point off the coast of Antarctica).
Besleless Challenger
Features of the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean make it possible to talk about its unique mark, which characterizes the distance from the bottom to the surface of the water. The maximum depth of the Pacific Ocean, as well as the entire World Ocean as a whole - almost 11 km. There is this chute in the Mariana Wpadin, which, in turn, is located in the western part of the water area, not far from the islands of the same name.
For the first time try to extinct the depth of the depression tried in 1875 with the help of the English Corvette "Challenger". For this, a deep-water lot was used (a special device for measuring the distance to the bottom). The first recorded indicator during the study of the gutter was a mark of just over 8,000 m. In 1957, a Soviet expedition was taken for measuring the depth. According to its results, these studies have been changed. It is worth noting that our scientists got closer to the real meaning. The depth of the gutter, according to the measurement results, was 11,023 m. This figure was considered correct for a long time, and the reference books and textbooks were indicated as the deepest point of the planet. However, already in 2000, due to the emergence of new more accurate devices to help identify various values, the real, the most faithful gutter depth is 10,994 m (according to research 2011). This point of the Mariana depressure was called "the abyss of the Challenger." So unique and especially the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean.
The chute itself will be pulled along the islands of almost 1,500 km. It has sharp slopes and flat, stretching by 1.5 km, bottom. The pressure at the depth of Mariana gutter is a few tens of times higher than on small ocean depths. There is a wpadin at the junction of two tectonic plates - Filipino and Pacific.
Other areas
A number of transition areas from the mainland to the ocean: Aleuta, Japanese, Kurilo-Kamchatka, Tonga-Kermadec and others are held next to the Mariana Wpadina. All of them are located along the fault of the tectonic plates. This area is most seismically active. Together with the eastern transition areas (within the mountainous regions of Western outskirts of American mainland), they form the so-called Pacific volcanic fire ring. Most acting and extinct geological formations are located within its limits.
Seas
The description of the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean must concern the seas. In the outskirts of the ocean coast, they are located quite large quantity. They focused more in the northern hemisphere, off the coast of Eurasia. Their more than 20, with a total area (including straits and bays) at 31 million km 2. The largest Okhotsk, Barents, Yellow, South and East Chinese, Filipino and others. The coast of Antarctica has 5 Pacific reservoirs (Ross, Durville, Somov, etc.). The east coast of the ocean is uniform, the shore is a poorly cut, difficult to accessure and seas does not have. However, there are 3 bays - Panama, California and Alaskan.
Islands
Of course, the detailed characteristics of the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean includes such a feature as a huge amount of sushi located directly in the area of \u200b\u200bthe water area. There are more than 10 thousand islands and island archipelagos of different sizes and origin. Most of them are volcanic. They are located within subtropical and tropical climatic belts. Formed due to the volcanic eruption, many of the islands hurt corals. Subsequently, some of them again went under water, and only a coral layer remained on the surface. It usually has a circle or semicircular form. Such an island is called the atoll. The largest is located at the border of the Marshall Islands - Quadjlein.
In this area, except for the small islands of volcanic and coral origin, there are the largest areas of the planet's sushi. This is quite natural, if we take into account the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean. New Guinea and Kaliman islands in the western part of the water area. They occupy 2 and 3rd place in the area around the world. Also in the Pacific Ocean is located the largest archipelago of the planet - the Large Sunda Islands, consisting of 4 major sections of sushi and more than 1,000 small.
Ocean Square - 178.7 million kv.km;
Maximum depth - Marian chute, 11022 m;
The number of seas - 25;
The largest seas - the Philippine Sea, the Coral Sea, the Tasmann Sea, the Bering Sea;
The biggest bay is Alaska;
The biggest islands - New Zealand, New Guinea;
The strongest trends:
- Warm - Northern Passatoe, South Passatoe, Kurosio, East Australian;
- Cold - Western winds, Peruvian, California.
The Pacific Ocean takes the third part of the entire earth's surface and half of the World Ocean Square. Almost in the middle it crosses the equator. The Pacific Ocean washes the shore of five continents:
- Eurasia from the North-West;
- Australia from the southwest;
- Antarctica from the south;
- South and North America from the West.
In the north through the Bering Strait, it is connected to the North Arctic Ocean. In the southern part of the conditional boundaries between the three oceans - the quiet and Indian, quiet and atlantic - are carried out according to meridians, from the extreme southern mainland or island point to Antarctic coast.
The Pacific Ocean is the only one, which is almost completely located within the boundaries of one lithospheric plate - Pacific. In places of its interaction with other slabs, seismically active zones arise, which create a Pacific seismic belt, known as the "Fire Ring". At the edges of the ocean, its deepest parts are at the boundaries of lithospheric plates - oceanic chute. One of the main features of the Pacific Ocean are tsunami waves, which arise as a result of underwater eruptions and earthquakes.
The climate of the Pacific Ocean is due to its placement in all climatic belts, except the polar. The most precipitation is in the equator zone - up to 2000 mm. Due to the fact that the Pacific Ocean is protected by land from the influence of the Arctic Ocean, its northern is warmer South.
In the central part of the ocean, the Passat reigns. Destructive tropical hurricanes - typhoons that are peculiar to monsoon circulation of air are characterized by the western part of the Pacific Ocean. In the north and south frequent storms.
In the north of the Pacific Ocean, there is almost no floating ice, since the narrow band of the duke limits the connection with the North Arctic Ocean. And only the Okhotsk and the Bering Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Winter are covered with ice.
Flora and the fauna of the Pacific Ocean is characterized by wealth and diversity. Some of the richest in the species composition of organisms is the Japanese sea. Especially wealth of life forms are distinguished by coral reefs of tropical and equatorial latitudes. The biggest coral facility is a big barrier reef (large coral reef) near the east coast of Australia, where tropical species of fish, sea hedgehogs, stars, squid, octopuses ... Many fish species have fishing value: salmon, ket, pink salmon, tuna, herring Anchovies ...
In the Pacific Ocean, the Ssavtsi are also found: whales, dolphins, sea seals, sea beavers (found only in the Pacific). One of the features of the Pacific Ocean is the presence of animals of giants: blue whale, whale shark, Kamchatka crab, thidakna mollusk ...
The territories of the Pacific Ocean come out more than 50 countries in which almost half of the Earth's population lives.
The beginning of development by Europeans by Europeans was put in Fernan Magellan (1519 - 1521), James Cook, A. Tasman, V.Bering. In the XVIII - XIX centuries, the expedition of the English vessel "Challenger" and Russian "Vityaz" had particularly important results. In the second half of the twentieth century, interesting and versatile studies of the Pacific Ocean were held by Norwegian Tour Heyerdal and Frenchman Jacques Custo. At the present stage, specially created international organizations are engaged in the study of the nature of the Pacific Ocean.
Hi friends! Today I prepared a new article for you. Now we will consider the characteristic of the Pacific Ocean.
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of all oceans (about what is the ocean,). It is washes such continents (more about the mainland): in the East - North America (more about North America) and South America, in the West - Australia and Eurasia (more about Eurasia), and in the south of Antarctica (more about Antarctica).
The Pacific Ocean is 710 million km 3, the area along with the seas (about what the sea can be) - 178.6 million km 2. This is not only the largest, but also the deepest ocean, its maximum depth is 11022m (Mariana Horbon), the average depth - 3980 m.
In the Pacific Sea, mainly located on the Western and Northern Paints: Okhotsk, South China, East-Chinese, Bering, Yellow, Filipino, Japanese, inner Japanese. The Tasmanovo and Coral Sea belong to the inter-part or Australian Asian Mediterranean. The coast of Antarctica: Ross, Bellinshausen and Amundsen.
Also, the ocean is rich in the island: In the northern part there are Aleutian Islands, in the western part - Sakhalin Island, New Guinea Island, Kuril Islands, Phillip Islands, Japanese Islands, New Zealand Island, Big and Small Stern Islands, Tasmania Island and others. In the central part of the Pacific, there are numerous islands that are combined under the name of Oceania.
In the eastern part of the ocean, the Relief of the bottom is relatively smooth, in the central and western parts there are many underwater hills and boiling (the depth of which is more than 5000 m) separated by the underwater ridges, on which depths are declining to 2000-3000 m (South Pacific Range, East Pacific Range, etc.).
Deep-sea fools (depth 8000-10000 m), active volcanism and seismic activity are characteristic of peripheral areas.
The surface temperature of the water in the indoor regions to -0.5 ° C, and near the equator - from 26 to 29 ° C.
Fauna fish is about 800 species in the Far Eastern seas and at least 2000 species of fish and 6000 types of mollusks in tropical latitudes. In the ocean there are many coral reefs.
The flora seems to be flowering plants (29 species), about 4,000 species of algae live at the ocean day, as well as about 1300 species of single-celled algae (Peridine, diatoms).
More than 1/2 and the world's global seafood production and fish falls on the Pacific Ocean. Most of the most important: Herring, Mintai, Cod, Pacific Salo, Sea Perch, Sayra, Mackerel, Terropuga, etc. Oysters, shrimps and crabs are also extracted.
Also through the Pacific Ocean, there are vital air and sea paths that bind four continents.
Main ports: Los Angeles (USA, more about country), San Francisco (USA), Valparaiso (Chile), Vancouver (Canada), Vladivostok (Russia, More about country), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Russia), Nakhodka (Russia), Shanghai (China), Hong Kong (China), Tianzin (China), Guangzhotz (China), Busan (South Korea), Sydney (Australia), Yokohama (Japan), Tokyo (Japan), Singapore (Singapore).
On this, I have everything today, I think you liked the characteristic of the Pacific Ocean from me😉 To new meetings, go to the blog, read new articles, subscribe to updates, put like and comment🙂 Bye Bye!