"Mou Staro - Matakskaya Sosh" Alkeevsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan |
The uniqueness of Lake Baikal as the “pearl” of Siberia. |
Geography lesson in 8th grade. |
Geography and biology teacher, highest qualification category Nadezhda Mikhailovna Tikhonova. |
20.03.2009 |
Lesson topic : The uniqueness of Lake Baikal as the “pearl” of Siberia
Lesson type: lesson - research, learning new material.
Goals:
Educational: deepen knowledge about physical and geographical patterns using the example of Baikal.
Educational: formation of environmental consciousness of schoolchildren using the example of environmental problems of Lake Baikal and their causes.
Educational: development of skills in working with various reference and journalistic materials.
Means of education: presentation in the form of Power Point, wall maps “Physical Map of Russia”, “Economic Map of Central and North-Eastern Siberia”, atlases, audio recording “Sounds of Nature”, reference books, interactive whiteboard.
Basic knowledge and skills: tectonic fault, endemic, taiga, lake basin.
Methods and techniques of work: figurative story by the teacher, conversation, student reports, practical work, activation of background knowledge during the conversation.
Nomenclature: Barguzinsky Nature Reserve, Olkhon Island, Proval Bay.
Epigraph
"A miracle of nature in every way"
L. S. Berg
During the classes
Organizing time.
Preparing students to perceive a new topic (turning on an audio recording of the sounds of nature “The Sound of Water”).
Checking students' preparation for the lesson. Teacher's greeting
Updating knowledge
— What do you know about Baikal?
Message of the topic and purpose of the lesson (slides 1,2,3,4)
Filling out the first column of table 1 (slide 5)
Learning new material
Practical work of students.
— Using a physical map, determine the geographical location of Lake Baikal and prove that it is the “pearl” of Siberia.
Relief, tectonic structure (slides 6, 7)
Lake Baikal is located in the south of Eastern Siberia. In the shape of a nascent crescent, it stretched from southwest to northeast. Baikal ranks 8th in the world among lakes and is approximately equal to the area of Belgium. There are no lakes deeper than Baikal on the continents of our planet - 1637 m east of Olkhon Island was shown by an echo sounder in 1974. The bottom of the Baikal depression is 1200 m below ocean level - this is the lowest place on all land on the globe.
Climate, peculiarity of the nature of water.
In the world there are no open reservoirs with fresh water suitable for bottling drinking water, except for it. The waters of Lake Baikal have exceptionally high taste qualities. The climate of the lake and its coast has marine characteristics.
During the hot summer period, the huge water masses of Baikal warm up to a depth of 200-250 meters, but due to strong winds, the water in it is constantly mixed, and its upper layers do not have time to warm up. Therefore, even in July the water temperature in the lake is about +10°C. (slide 8)
The lake basin holds a fifth of all fresh water on Earth (23,000 cubic km). To carry it out to sea, all the rivers on the planet would have to work for eight months! In terms of volume of water, Baikal is almost 100 times larger than the Sea of Azov. In addition, Baikal is the cleanest natural reservoir of fresh drinking water on Earth. (slide 9)
Student messages (slide 10)
The huge lake noticeably affects the surrounding area: in summer it is 5-6 degrees cooler here, and in winter it is 10 degrees warmer than, for example, in Irkutsk. Therefore, the lake is covered with ice only at the end of December, and the only river flowing from it - the fast and wide Angara - does not freeze at all for the first thirty kilometers. Baikal refers not only to the lake, but also to the area around the lake, which includes the Irkutsk region and several districts of the Republic of Buryatia.
(slide 11)
The originality of the organic world (film screening (slide 12)).
Student report about the endemics of Baikal (slide 13,14).
Modern research on Lake Baikal (slide 15).
Scientists have completed the first stage of research work as part of a scientific expedition to study Baikal, the deepest freshwater lake on the planet, during which the deep-sea manned vehicles Mir-1 and Mir-2 made 52 dives, the vice-president of the Conservation Assistance Fund told RIA Novosti Lake Baikal Mikhail Borzin.
The deepest point of Lake Baikal, which Mira reached, is 1,608 thousand meters from the surface of the lake. The scientific expedition to Lake Baikal is designed for two years. During its second stage, planned for 2009, about 100 dives of the Mir-1 and
"Mir-2".
Protection of the lake and its use by humans. Completing the task (slide 16)
How are the resources of the lake and its basin used?
Name the protected sites on the shores of the lake (reserves, national parks, etc.).
Name typical animals for each of the reserves.
Which river brings the most water to the lake?
With which state is an international agreement necessary to preserve the purity of its waters?
List the natural resources of the lake. Which one matters the most?
Consolidation(slides 17-2).
— Explain the meaning of the following words: Uniqueness, 15-20 million years, Angara, transparency, endemics, seal, sarma, Olkhon, alarm, golomyanka.
- Using the text of the textbook, additional material and atlas maps, write 5 words in each column of Table 2.
Get to know me
It rises from the foot to a height of 600-800 m above lake level. And above there are dense thickets of dwarf cedar, ending with stone placers. It consists of cedar, pine, larch and shrub undergrowth. In the dense branches of slender cedars, bushy-tailed squirrels flash every now and then. Rarely, rarely does a bear, elk or any other animal make its way through this thicket. What is it about?
Its wood is not only durable, but also lightweight. The fruits are rich in oils. They replace sunflower seeds here. Its height is 30-40 m, it is soft, dark bluish in color. The closer the lake is to the water, the more moisture, and therefore the majestic, spreading of its crowns. Name it.
He's the biggest one here. Treeless. This is explained by constant strong winds that prevent trees from populating it. It has a fishing village with its own power plant, school and other cultural and economic institutions. Name it.
This animal is of very ancient origin. It was not found anywhere except Baikal, and the question of how it got here is still controversial. Its weight is from 50 to 100 kg. The color of its back is brownish-gray with a slight olive-bluish tint. The belly is lighter, slightly yellowish. Helpless on land and agile, swift, flexible in water. Who is he?
This is endemic to Lake Baikal. Its soft pink, almost transparent body has no scales. She lacks pelvic fins and swim bladder. She is supported in water by a large amount of fat, which makes up almost a third of her body weight. Who are we talking about?
— Using the economic map of Central and North-Eastern Siberia, express your assumptions about possible environmental problems of Lake Baikal
Summarizing (slide 21, 22) self-esteem .
Fill out the table given at the beginning of the lesson.
— Determine your place on the podium based on the results of your work in class.
Work results
Basic summary of the lesson (based on the results of the presentation and the results of independent work in class with a textbook and atlas maps).
Characteristics of Lake Baikal.
Homework
§ 39, task 2-4 p. 250.
Creative task: creation of a project to solve environmental problems of Lake Baikal
Algorithm for creating a project
Determining the topic of the project and its relevance
Setting the goals and objectives of the project
Choosing forms and methods of achieving the goal
Description of own activities
Work results
conclusions
Practical use
Materials used.
Internet resources:
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Geography lesson in 8th grade on the topic: “Baikal - the pearl of Russia” Lesson objectives: - To form an idea about the unique natural pearl of Russia - Lake Baikal; - determine the features of the geographical location, origin, climate, waters and fauna of the lake; - identify patterns of interrelations between the components of nature using Lake Baikal as an example; - develop the ability to work with various sources of information, the ability to highlight the main thing, systematize the material, and the ability to see cause-and-effect relationships; - develop independence in replenishing knowledge, nurturing environmental awareness. Equipment: physical map of Russia, textbook, atlas, contour maps, tables. During the classes. 1. Organizational moment. The words of A. Tvardovsky “Baikal is a priceless gift of nature - may it be on earth forever” are written on the board. Guys, everyone, the bell has rung! Let's sit down comfortably - Let's start the lesson soon! And before starting the lesson, I want to say: “I’m glad to see you, To look into your intelligent eyes, This is a reward for me!” - Today I want to invite you to take a trip to one of the most beautiful corners of Russia. Let's turn to each other, smile, tune in to search and creativity, and begin the lesson. - On the screen is a slide on which the topic of the lesson is written, but not completely: “...... - the pearl of Russia.” - To find out the topic of our lesson and determine what natural object can be the pearl of Russia, guess the riddle: Its genus is ancient in nature, People call it a lake, The waves of the sea splash in it. What will we call it? Questions: 1. What kind of geographical feature is this? (Lake Baikal) 2.What will the topic of our lesson sound like? (The entire topic of the lesson “Baikal - the pearl of Russia” appears on the slide. Children write the topic of the lesson in a notebook.) 2. Updating basic knowledge. - Today we will get acquainted with this miracle of nature. Baikal is a lake that is a world heritage site! One of the unique wonders of the planet, our pride. Let's get to know him in more detail. - What do you know about Baikal? Write down your information in a notebook in the form of a table: I know I want to know information that is new to me - Try to complete the phrases: Baikal is a “superlative” lake the most ... (deepest) the most ... (ancient) the most ... (a large number of endemics) the most ... (large reserves fresh water) - “Whoever has not seen Baikal has never been to Siberia,” say the Siberians. Our poets and composers have composed many songs and poems about Lake Baikal. And I want to read you the poem “Baikal” Wooded mountains are semi-ovals, The touch of blue patterns, And rocks cut by a shaft, And the sky that has fallen into Baikal, And he himself is majestic and eternal, In a carved granite frame, And all - to the bottom - is translucent , And every bit of it is dear. And the Hangars' obstinate flight, And the scream of the wind, and the hum of the turbines, And the birds - pine trees over the cliff, And the wild wind of the Barguzin - In this, without which you cannot be far and wide, And you are unthinkable, Russia, And you are unthinkable, Siberia. M. Sergeev. - During the lesson we will consider the main issues concerning the modern problems of Lake Baikal according to the plan: 1. Geographical location of the lake 2. History of the discovery. 3. Geological history of the origin of the lake basin. 4. Climate of Baikal. 5. The uniqueness of the lake water. 6. Organic world of the lake. 7. Ecological problems of the lake. 3.Formulation of lesson objectives. - Based on the plan, try to formulate the goals of our lesson. (children answer) - So, the main goal of our lesson: to form an idea of the uniqueness of the natural pearl of Siberia - Lake Baikal, because Baikal is included in the “World Heritage List”. Today, this list includes 506 objects from 105 countries. It is interesting that Baikal has always attracted attention with its beauty. In 1890, on his way to Sakhalin, A.P. passed through the lake. Chekhov. The lake struck him with its beauty. “Baikal is amazing,” he wrote to his family, “and it’s not for nothing that Siberians call it a lake and not a sea. The water is incredibly transparent, so that you can see through it as if through air: its color is soft turquoise, pleasant to the eye. The shores are mountainous and covered with forest.” Baikal is a unique wonder of the world, the pride of our country. And we know so little about him. And the first thing we should start with is to characterize the features of the geographical location of Lake Baikal. To do this, using the atlas map and the textbook text, answer the questions: 1. In what part of Russia is the lake located? 2. How is the lake located in relation to the oceans? 3. What is the direction of the length of Lake Baikal? 4. Calculate the length of Lake Baikal? (620 km) 4. Working with the topic of the lesson: The class is divided into groups to work with Internet resources. Group 1 - History of discovery. Group 2 - Relief, geology and tectonics http://www.baikaltravel.info/ Group 3 - Climatic conditions Group 4 - Lake water Group 5 - Organisms of Lake Baikal http://www.erudition.ru/referat/ref/id.2287_1 .html http://www.ecosystema.ru/07referats/baikal.htm Group 6 - Ecological problems of the lake. 5. Children's performance. Answers to clarifying questions from the teacher and classmates. 6. Conclusion: - The uniqueness of Lake Baikal lies in the origin and modern development of the basin, the quality of water and the microclimate of the lake, as well as the endemic flora and fauna. 7. Lesson summary: so, today in the lesson we were able to form a deeper understanding of the uniqueness of the natural pearl of Siberia - Lake Baikal. Reflection. Teacher: Guys, I suggest you write a letter to your best friend with a story about how today’s lesson went. To do this, I will ask you to tell me 11 adjectives in turn that reflect your opinion about the lesson (students name the adjectives, and the teacher writes them instead of spaces in the text of the letter, then the finished letter is read aloud) Letter to a friend. Hello Friend. I’ll tell you about how ________________________ lesson went at our _______________________ school today. _________________________ the teacher led _________________ trip around ________________________ Lake Baikal. During the lesson we solved ______________________ riddles and solved __________________________ puzzles. ___________________ The students in our class behaved well, listened carefully, and answered all the questions correctly. I really hope that such ________________________ lessons will be held more often. This concludes my __________________________ letter. Waiting for an answer. - I conclude the lesson with the words of M. Prishvin: “...we are the masters of nature, and for us it is a storehouse of the sun with great treasures of life. Not only do these treasures need to be preserved, they must be opened and shown. Fish need clean water - we will protect water bodies. There are various valuable animals in the forests, steppes, and mountains - we will protect the forests, steppes, and mountains. For fish - water, for birds - air, for animals - forest, steppe, mountains. But a person needs a homeland! And protecting nature means protecting the Motherland!” Let's imagine that Lake Baikal is our friend. We wish our friends health, happiness, and prosperity. Let's wish the lake what we would wish our friends. (Reading a poem about Baikal (background - slide presentation). Baikal is the pearl of Siberia. It is unique, our Baikal. Everyone, old and young, strives for it, the most beautiful in the world. Its waters are clean, transparent, It has no equal in depth. Such a monument, nature, brought into the world. And three hundred rivers, noisy, fast, Rapids and mischievous, Carry streams of frantic waters, From ledges, falling steeply. But only one has the right to waste goodness. Originates from Baikal, the Swift Angara. 8. D/z. – Create an image of Baikal from a photograph using Internet resources
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
– Continue the formation of ideas and knowledge about the features and main features of the nature of large natural regions of Russia;
– Introduce students to new terms and concepts;
– Form a figurative idea of the unique natural pearl of Russia and the entire planet – Lake Baikal;
– To give students an idea of the peculiarities of the geographical location of origin and the size of Lake Baikal;
– To acquaint students with the history of the discovery and study of Lake Baikal by Russian travelers and scientists;
– Expand and deepen students’ knowledge about the main components of the nature of Lake Baikal;
– Discuss with students the patterns of interconnection between the components of nature and their distribution using Lake Baikal as an example;
– To give students an idea of the significance of Lake Baikal and the possibilities of its use by humans;
– Consider the peculiarities of Baikal’s environmental problems and possible ways to solve them;
– Continue to develop the ability to work with various sources of geographic information.
Board design:
“Baikal – the pearl of Russia”
Answer the questions:
1. Who is the powerful cleaner of Lake Baikal?
2. Why were there survivors in Baikal?
organisms of times long gone?
3. Why is Lake Baikal so old?
Terms and concepts:
– rift zone
– barguzin
– verkhovik
– kultuk
– endemic species
– hydrochemical properties of water
- rubbish
Educational and visual complex:
– Physical map of Russia
– Map of Lake Baikal
During the classes
Lesson objectives: check the natural areas of Eastern Siberia in the form
game “Geographic Lotto”, and the new topic of the lesson will be another natural region of Eastern Siberia - Lake Baikal.
Before the game, repeat the definitions that you will encounter in the game.
Oturyahi - grassy rivers.
Taryn - water, compressed by ice in the riverbed, breaks through cracks near the banks and, as it overflows, immediately freezes.
Loess is a coarse-grained sedimentary rock that consists of quartz and feldspar.
“Geographic Lotto”
Game conditions:
On the desks there are cards with numbers and colored squares. After the question, cover the corresponding number with a specific color.
Tundra - blue
Taiga – green
Yakutia – red
Minusinsk Basin – yellow
Altai – brown
1. Which natural area did Roerich consider to be the pearl of Siberia and all of Asia?
2. Where are the Byrranga Mountains?
3. What area did Maria Pronchishcheva study?
4. In which area, due to the harsh climate and the deadening cold wind, from 30 to 80% of the soil surface is completely exposed?
5. The southern border of which region stretches from Tyumen to Krasnoyarsk?
6. The average temperature in January is 40.
7. In the summer, is it covered with a blooming green carpet of forget-me-nots and daisies?
8. Winter is 7 months and summer is short.
9. Where do the following animals live: white hare, arctic fox, fox, wolf, reindeer?
10. Which natural area has the most lush meadows, rich taiga, and mountain pastures?
11. In which area did Obruchev identify the newest stage in the development of relief - neotectonic?
12. In what area is the “pole of cold” located?
13. “Unbroken silence reigns everywhere...”
14. Winter is the only time of year when country forest roads become passable for cars, since the ground is frozen.
15. In which region is the river system dense and the rivers are full all year round?
16. What natural area did Chekhov say: “The strength and charm is not in giant trees and not in deathly silence, but in the fact that only migratory birds know where it ends?
17.Which region is called “Northern Italy”?
18.Where are such natural phenomena as turyakhs and taryns found?
19.Where, besides Yakutia, are temperature inversions observed?
20.Where is the altitudinal zone very well expressed?
21.Where is the golden lake – “Altynkol”?
22.Where are watermelons grown?
23.Where are chernozems common?
24. In which area is a large area covered with loess?
25. In which area do the following animals live: wolf, lynx, wolverine, sable, marten, etc.
The answer field should look like this
2. Learning new material :
– Problematic issues
– Divide the class into groups (ecologists, industrialists, energy workers, travel agency), which must complete the following tasks:
– answer the questions written on the board;
– answer the question “what does Baikal mean to you”?
- decipher the numbers on the board
– make as many words as possible from the word “golomyanka” (interdisciplinary connections)
What does the word “Baikal” mean? (advanced task)
“Baikal” is a Turkic word, comes from Bai-Kul, which means “rich lake” (similarly to Issyk-Kul - “warm lake”, Kara-Kul - “black lake”). Some believe that this word comes from the Mongolian “Baigal” - “rich fire” or “Baigal-Dalai” - “big lake” (sea).
The peoples living in the Baikal region probably each called the lake in their own way: the Evenks called it Lamu, i.e. “sea”, and the Buryats “Baygal-Nuur” - “Lake Baikal”.
Baikal was first named Baikal in the second century BC in one of the prehistoric Chinese chronicles. And the first relatively reliable map of Baikal was prepared in 1773 by navigator Alexei Pushkarev.
Characteristics of Lake Baikal. (Teacher, working in a notebook)
Area – 31.5 thousand sq. km. (8th place in the world) – = the area of Belgium or Denmark.
Length – 636 km.
Width – 24-79 km.
Water volume – 23000 cubic meters. km. (20% of the world's surface water reserves)
The volume of fresh water is 1/10 of the fresh water of the entire planet.
The height of the Baikla water level is 456m.
The greatest depth is 1637 m (1st place in the world).
The bottom of Lake Baikal lies below the level of M.O. – at 1181 m.
A complete change of water in Lake Baikal takes 332 years.
336 rivers flow into the lake (Selenga, Barguzin, Turka, Upper Angara...)
One Angara leaks out.
water temperature in the open part is +9…+12 C, near the coast up to +20 C.
The lake freezes in January and opens in May.
Transparency level – 40m.
Flora of Baikal – 1085 plant species.
Fauna of Baikal – 1550 species of animals.
The main winds are: NW Sarma, NE Barguzin, SE Kultuk, SE Shelonnik.
Baikal water: – chemically very pure
– slightly mineralized (0.1%)
– rich in oxygen
Baikal has more water than:
– in the Baltic Sea;
– in five North American lakes combined
– twice as much as in Lake Tanganyika
– 23 times more than in Lake Ladoga;
– 90 times more than in the Sea of Azov;
To fill the lake basin with water, all the rivers of the Earth would have to flow into it for 300 days!
And the Angara would “devastate” the lake in 400 years (even though not a drop of water would fall into the lake).
The main value of Baikal water is its hydrochemical properties and quality. It can be used both for domestic purposes and in a number of industries.
3/4 species of living organisms are endemic, i.e. are not found anywhere else. The most interesting are: golomyanka, omul, sculpin gobies.
Golomyanka is a pink and white translucent fish that has no scales. it is a viviparous fish
those. she does not spawn, but gives birth to live young.
The lake has very valuable commercial fish and animals: omul, whitefish, sturgeon, grayling.
Among the mammals, the lake is home to the Baikal seal.
Features of nature. (Advanced task, working with a map)
The lake and the surrounding mountains are located in a seismically active zone. The most powerful earthquake occurred at the end of 1861, when Proval Bay was formed. Of 27 islands
The largest of Lake Baikal is Olkhon (length – 73 km, width – 11 km)
Baikal is calm and gentle in calm weather, but harsh and dangerous in storms. The Sarma wind is especially fierce. It flies from the north-west at a speed of 60 m/s and sweeps away everything that gets in its way.
The narrow and elongated basin of Lake Baikal, sandwiched between high mountains, river valleys in the coastal ranges influence the direction of the wind over the lake. Local winds include
Also barguzin, verkhovik, kultuk.
In terms of duration of sunshine, the Baikal region surpasses resorts such as Zheleznovodsk, Davos, etc. and is not inferior to the Mediterranean countries.
The mountain taiga of Lake Baikal is known for its valuable tree species and wealth of fur-bearing animals.
Baikal sable produces the most valuable fur in Siberia.
History of the development of Baikal. (Working with the textbook)
Russian explorers reached Lake Baikal in the 17th century. The first Russian reports about Baikal appear in 1640. Interesting information about him is contained in the “Life of Archpriest Avvakum,” who was exiled to Transbaikalia and visited the lake in 1656. Exploring Baikal
Many prominent scientists (I.D. Chersky) and academicians of the Russian Academy were engaged in
(I.G. Gmelin, P.S. Pallas, V.A. Obruchev, L.S. Berg). There is still no single point of view on the origin of Baikal. Some argue that it arose as a result of deep faults and the subsequent subsidence of the earth's crust.
Others believe that the Baikal depression is a consequence of the slow subsidence of the earth’s crust.
Baikal is an emerging ocean. (advanced task, work with a map)
Perhaps it is not so surprising to find yourself at the bottom of a former sea, the waters of which subsided millions of years ago. It is much more difficult to imagine yourself at the bottom of the future ocean.
If you look closely at the brown-yellow tone of the map of Eastern Siberia, you can see a line wriggling, like an elongated letter S. It strings on itself depressions cut into mountain systems. In the south, in the Sayan Mountains, - Tunguska, in the northeast - Nizhne-
Angarskaya, Shuiskaya, Charskaya. And everywhere there are lakes, lakes... The lake chain girds the Asian
continent. Its total length from southwest to northeast is more than 2 thousand km. The earth's crust is broken here by deep cracks like the crust of a loaf of bread. Approximately in the middle is the giant depression of Lake Baikal. 25-30 million years ago, a fault in the earth’s crust appeared. And since then, now accelerating, now slowing down, it has been steadily expanding and deepening. The Siberian and Transbaikal tectonic plates are gradually moving away from each other. Slowly diverging, these two giant “pieces” of the earth’s crust free up space for the ocean basin. The plates are moving
on average by 2-3 mm per year. It seems like an insignificant amount. But multiply it, say, by 300 million years - you get 600 km. This is already an ocean. Sometimes the process speeds up 5 or even 10 times. Earthquakes are signals that “ocean time” is approaching. Of course, on our human scale it is approaching very, very slowly, completely imperceptibly. But in the geological understanding of time, where the count is in the billions, this is fast.
Baikal - Atlantis. (teacher)
The history of Baikal had its own Atlantis. This happened 144 years ago, before the eyes of the Buryat nomads, on the New Year of 1862, the northern part of the delta of the Selenga River, the largest river flowing into Baikal from the east, went under water. It was the Gypsy steppe with an area of about 200 square meters. km. Five Buryat villages and hundreds of heads of livestock went under water. Why not Atlantis?
Baikal Atlantis is one of the initial events in the history of the Great Siberian Ocean.
In fact, you can call the whole of Baikal Atlantis. Currently, the entire basin containing the grandiose lake is slowly sinking. And the real bottom of Lake Baikal is located another 5-7 kilometers below the lake. Is it possible for the bottom to be lower than the bottom? Here's the thing.
In the southeastern part of Lake Baikal, a thickness of 5-7 km of silt has accumulated at the bottom. Annual layer of 1 mm
In a million years it will be 1 km thick. If the depression had not deepened, lake sediments would have filled the lake long ago. Let us mentally remove these loose remains - the depth of Baikal will become oceanic. Bottom silt is formed from the material that rivers bring with them to Baikal, and from the remains of Baikal animals that have completed their lives. Over millions of years, all this slowly sank to the bottom.
Ecological problems. (advance task)
In recent years, a number of government resolutions have been adopted on the rational use of
natural resources and nature conservation in the Baikal basin - on regulating the use of forest resources in its basin, on the purification of industrial and municipal wastewater entering Baikal, on the organization of national parks on the shores and slopes of the mountain ranges surrounding Baikal.
In 1996, Baikal was given international status - the lake was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, which includes only 107 natural complexes in the world.
In 1998, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee was forced to reprimand Russia for its neglectful attitude towards Baikal and recommended that the Russian government immediately repurpose the BPPM to reduce pollution entering the lake along the Selenga River. At this stage, timber rafting along the rivers has been stopped. The area of forests where industrial logging is located has been reduced. Wood harvesting is prohibited
On the slopes of the ridges facing Lake Baikal. Methods of cutting forests and transporting wood have been changed, wastewater treatment plants have been built and are being built at factories and in populated areas. But the severity of the problem has not yet been resolved. Baikal and its neighboring ridges are increasingly being used for recreation by the population. Tourist centers and holiday homes are being created along the shores of the lake. In the future, the use of these areas for recreational purposes increases.
It is planned to create natural parks in the most picturesque places. In the Baikal basin there are nature reserves: Barguzinsky and Baikalsky.
Human intervention. (Teacher)
The Baikal basin is a complex natural complex in which all its components interact. The slightest disruption of relationships can affect the entire complex. With the construction of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, the level of Lake Baikal rose by 1 meter. This caused turbidity in the waters, which immediately affected the plankton. The decrease in the total mass of plankton caused a drop in the number of omul. The rafting of timber along the rivers flowing into Baikal also had an effect. In this case, some of the logs inevitably sink. As they decompose, they pollute the lake water.
Epishura (advanced task)
A special role belongs to the copepod, which scientists call Epishura Baikalensis. This species is found in only one other place on Earth - in the deep Kronotsky Lake in Kamchatka.
Each liter of Baikal water contains from 30 to 50 thousand crustaceans. Throughout Baikal their mass is 4 million tons.
It is epishura that is the favorite food of Baikal fish, but it is also the main filter of Baikal water. It is estimated that billions of crustaceans, consuming the microscopic algae of the reservoir, “recycle” 7.5 times more water per year than all the rivers flowing into the lake bring. So this is the powerful cleaner of Lake Baikal!
However, epishura can only purify such unique water as Baikal; in polluted water it suffocates. Heating the water is detrimental to it: just above 12 degrees – and the crustacean dies. That is why it is so important to protect Baikal water from the slightest change in its properties, to proceed carefully with any kind of construction on the shores of Lake Baikal, to protect its water from the penetration of all kinds of industrial and domestic wastewater, carrying with it, albeit barely noticeable, but undoubtedly harmful chemical and thermal pollution.
The meaning of Baikal. (The students themselves draw the conclusion)
The unique beauty of Lake Baikal and its picturesque shores and islands have attracted and continue to attract tourists. The healing air, numerous thermal and mineral springs are a good basis for creating resorts and recreation areas. Unique animal and plant
the world of the lake makes it a “museum of living antiquities.” Some scientists propose declaring Baikal a state reserve. However, it is clear that Baikal is not only a unique natural phenomenon and a natural shrine of Russia, but also a powerful economic complex. Nature reserves have been created on the lakes and islands of Baikal. The oldest of them is Barguzinsky.
Negative impact on Baikal:
– construction of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station;
– Selenga Cardboard Mill;
– various industrial enterprises in Ulan-Ude and Irkutsk.
Only reasonable development of Baikal’s natural resources, based on modern technologies, will help both to obtain economic benefits and to preserve this natural shrine for our descendants.
Consolidating new material
– answer the questions written on the board;
– decipher the numbers on the board;
- groups of ecologists, industrialists, energy workers, travel agencies answer the question: - what does Baikal mean to you?
– who will make up the most new words from the word “Golomyanka”?
Lesson topic:“Baikal is the pearl of Siberia.”
Grade: 8th grade
The purpose of the lesson
: To form an idea of the unique natural pearl of Siberia - Lake Baikal.
Lesson Objectives
: 1. Determine the features of the geographical location, origin, climate, waters, fauna of the lake; to identify patterns of interrelations between the components of nature using Lake Baikal as an example.
2. To develop the ability to work with various sources of information, the ability to highlight the main thing, systematize the material, and the ability to draw logical conclusions.
3. Fostering patriotism, environmental consciousness, and interest in the subject.
During the lesson, students will acquire knowledge about the geographical location, origin, climate, waters and living organisms of Lake Baikal.
Equipment: physical map of Russia and the world, atlas, textbook “Geography: the nature of Russia. 8th grade”, sheets with modules for students, crossword puzzles for students, video about Lake Baikal, multimedia.
Plan - lesson summary
During the classes.
Organizing time.
Psychological moment - 2 min.
Guys, everyone's attention
After all, the bell rang!
Let's sit down more comfortably -
Let's start the lesson soon!
Appeal to the guys:
And before we start the lesson
I want to say: “I’m glad to see you,
Look into the intelligent eyes
This is my reward!”
Today I want to invite you to take a trip to one of the most beautiful corners of Siberia. Let's turn to each other, smile, tune in to search and creativity, and begin the lesson.
Slide No.____
2. On the screen is a slide on which the topic of the lesson is written, but not completely: “…… - the pearl of Siberia.”
teacher
b: To find out the topic of our lesson and determine which natural object may be the pearl of Siberia, guess the riddle:
His family is ancient in nature,
People call it the lake,
The waves of the sea splash in it -
What should we call it?
Questions
: 1. What kind of geographical feature is this? (Lake Baikal
)
2.What will the topic of our lesson be?
Slide No.____
The entire topic of the lesson appears on the slide “Baikal - the pearl of Siberia ». –
Children write the topic of the lesson in a notebook.
3. Updating of basic knowledge.
1. What do you know about Baikal? (children's answers)
2. Video series about Baikal . Words in the background of the videoteachers : “Baikal was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996. Object number 754. Today, 962 objects from different countries of the world are included in it. Baikal is a unique wonder of the world, the pride of our country. In the summer of 2008, based on voting results, Baikal was included in the list of 7 wonders of Russia. The origin of the name of the lake itself is varied:In the distant past, the peoples inhabiting the shores of Baikal each called the lake in their own way.
The Chinese in ancient chronicles called it “Beihai - "northern sea"
Evenki – “Lamu" - "sea"»
Buryats and Mongols - "Baigal - dalai" - "rich sea".
The origin of the name is not precisely established. The most common version is that the word Baikal is Turkic. Derived from the words “bai” = “rich” and “kul” = “lake”, which means “rich lake."
The first Russian explorers used the Evenki name Lamu. After releaseKurbat Ivanov's detachment to the lake shore in 1643,Russians switched to the Buryat name Baigal. At the same time, they linguistically adapted the word to their pronunciation and called it Baikal. Replacing the typical Buryat “g” with the Russian “k”.
(After watching the video)
Teacher
: Here the question arises - how much do we know about Baikal? (No
)
3. What information would you like to learn in class today?
4. Components of nature: (students name them randomly, and the teacher writes them on the board or opens the cards in a certain order
):
1
.
Geographical position
2. Origin
3. Climate
4. Water
5. Living organisms.
6. The meaning of Baikal
Based on what we got on the board, try to formulate the goals of our lesson. (children answer )
So, the main goal of our lesson: to form an idea of the uniqueness of the natural pearl of Siberia - Lake Baikal.
Writing on the board is our lesson plan.
In nature, everything is interconnected and all components depend on geographical location.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
You have instruction sheets and individual cards on your desks that will serve as your guide throughout the lesson. In individual maps you will need to enter basic data about Lake Baikal. Prepare them. So let's get started.
And the first thing we have to start with ischaracteristics of the geographic location of Lake Baikal.
To do this, using the atlas map page _________ and the text of the textbook page 217 1 paragraph, answer the questions:
4. Calculate the length of Lake Baikal? (620 km)
Slide No.____with facts on the screen.
area: 5,500,000 km 2
;
length 636 km;
width 25 – 79 km;
average depth - 730 m;
maximum depth – 1637 m (in 2008 – 1680 m)
5. What is the name of the island in the center of Baikal? (Olkhon)
Slide No. ______Video series about Olkhon. Words in the background of the video: “There are 22 islands on Lake Baikal, the largest of them is Olkhon (73 km long, 11 km wide). Olkhon means “dry”. And, indeed, rain on the island is very rare. According to the legends of local residents, the formidable spirits of Lake Baikal live on Olkhon.”
They also say that after the burial of the bloody conqueror Genghis Khan, a herd of horses was driven over his grave so that nothing could indicate the burial place. Where is Genghis Khan's grave? Where is it? The search for Genghis Khan's grave began almost immediately after his death.
There is a version that the real grave of Genghis Khan is located deep in a cave on Olkhon Island. As you know, a real grave contains not only the ashes of the conqueror and countless treasures. They say that the so-called “living blood” is also found there. Ancient sources report that Genghis Khan knew the secret of artificial blood, which prolongs human life to almost 1000 years. This blood does not clot and instantly heals wounds. Silver vessels with “living blood” were allegedly taken by Genghis Khan from Siberia. It was here in eastern Siberia that the conqueror bequeathed to bury himself. According to legend, on the appointed day and hour this blood will fall into the ashes of Genghis Khan and he will come to life. True or false, this prophecy has not yet come true. The good spirits of Baikal did not want to bring the bloody khan back to life.
So, on the island of Olkhon on Baikal, it has been safely stored for many centuries.secretGenghis Khan's graves. Will it be revealed? Who knows…
ORIGIN
Ah, we continue our journey around Lake Baikal. Now, we have to find out what are the features of the origin of this amazing lake, a miracle of nature.
Watch video #____Answer the questions.
Slide No.____
1. Using the map, indicate the maximum depth of the lake.1637 m (in 2008 – 1680 m)
2. Name the reason for the great depth of the lake. –origin of the lake basin
.
3. Type of lake basin? (tectonic basin
)
4. How was the Baikal lake basin formed? (crustal fault
–
graben
).
Slide No.____
4. What processes do you think occur in the fault zone of the earth’s crust? (strong earthquakes, Baikal shores rise and fall
).
Video about Baikal No._______________________________________
Teacher (after watching ): Baikal is the oldest lake in the world. Its age is 15 - 20 million years. If other lakeslive 10-15,000 years, then fill with sediments,over time they grow old and overgrownand disappear, then Baikal, on the contrary, still retains its youth - its water area and depth continue to increase.Research in recent years shows that Baikal is an emerging ocean. This is confirmed by the fact that its banks diverge at a rate of 0.5 cm per year. It is believed that in 50 million years Baikal will turn into a real ocean. Both the bottom and shores of the lake are constantly changing. Baikal is located in a rift zone, in a fault in the earth's crust. The process of formation of the Baikal rift, the active stage of which began 3-4 million years ago, continues today. This is evidenced by numerous earthquakes.
When people talk about Baikal earthquakes, they usually remember the Tsagan earthquake of 1861, which led to the formation of one of the largest bays of Baikal -Proval Bay. The epicenter of the Tsagan earthquake was in the northeastern part. It was not just a strong shaking of the soil, it was an earthquake-lesson, an earthquake-warning.
On December 31, 1861 (old style) at about 2 o'clock in the afternoon, “after a strong underground rumble, there were such vibrations of the ground that people and livestock could not stand on their feet, and 20-pound barrels of fish rolled in the courtyards from one end to the other. Cracks formed in the ground, from which water and silt flowed; silty water was thrown out from the wells to a fathom height,” the Irkutsk Chronicle describes the beginning of the Tsagan element.
The shaking was so strong that the ice on Lake Baikal broke, a tsunami was formed, the wave of which overcame the coastal rampart more than 3 meters high and passed 2 kilometers deep into the Tsaganskaya steppe. The earthquake was felt over an area of about 2 million km 2 , damage to buildings was observed at a distance of up to 600 km from the epicenter. A section of the Tsaganskaya steppe with an area of about 230 km sank several meters and became the bottom of Lake Baikal. 2 together with the Buryat uluses located on it. Fortunately, the land subsided gradually, over the course of a day, which made it possible to avoid significant casualties. Three people died, 1,300 people were left homeless, household property and livestock. Gradually fading ground shaking continued for more than a year. Strong earthquakes, accompanied by the subsidence of land and the Baikal bottom, are not uncommon. Every year their number reaches 2000 or more. Approximately once every 10-12 years there are earthquakes of 5-6 points, and once every 20-23 years - 7-9 points.
They are associated with vertical movements of the lake bottom and changes in depth. In different years its depth was determined in different ways - 1741, 1620........
In 2008, during the expedition, the maximum depth of Baikal was recorded - 1680 m, which makes it the deepest lake on the planet.
CLIMATE
On the screen is the “Climate” slide.Using climate maps pp. 61,62,64 of the textbook or in the atlas1. Fill out the table:
Why is the climate of the lake harsh, although the territory receives solar radiation at the level of the Mediterranean? (children's answers)Slide No._____ (Baikal in summer), then Baikal in winter, then Baikal in spring
(
The huge water mass of the lake slowly warms up in summer (
on the screen - Baikal in summer
) and slowly cools in the fall, Baikal does not freeze for a long time (
on the screen - Baikal in winter
). In December, the lake begins to become encased in a shell, and only in May is the ice released (slide - Baikal in spring). Winter on the shores of Lake Baikal is much warmer (by 6 - 10°C), and summer is cooler than in neighboring areas.
Slide____ (wind on Baikal)
Significant differences in temperature and air pressure over the lake and surrounding mountain ranges lead to strong winds. (n
and the screen is the wind on Lake Baikal
).
Slide No.____ (Storm on Lake Baikal)
According to the number of storm days (picture of a storm on Lake Baikal
) Baikal is superior to the Black Sea. Each area of the lake has its own local winds, which have their own name.
(
verkhovik, sarma, barguzin, kultuk)
In the notebook the names of the winds:
Sarma
Barguzin
– northeast wind;
Verkhovik
Kultuk - wind,
But, nevertheless, the Baikal region is distinguished by an abundance of solar heat. In terms of the number of sunny days, it surpasses many southern resorts on the Black Sea coast and the Mediterranean Sea, for example Nice. The number of hours of sunshine per year is 2583, while in Kislovodsk it is 2007. The annual values of total solar radiation correspond to the south of Ukraine.
Baikal has a moderating effect on the climate of the coastal zone. In winter it is 5-7 degrees warmer here, and in summer it is cooler.
In summer, water masses warm up to a depth of 200-250 meters, and like a battery, they accumulate a huge amount of heat. Therefore, despite the harsh Siberian winters, the lake does not freeze for a long time.
The special features of the climate are due toBaikal windsthat you named to me - Barguzin, Sarma, Verkhovik, Kultuk and others. Why are the winds all so different?
They arise as a result of sharp differences in air temperatures over the lake and the surrounding coastal areas; changes in atmospheric pressure often occur, accompanied by strong winds either from lake to shore or from shore to lake .
All winds cause strong horizontal currents, promoting strong mixing of waters, enriching them with oxygen. This creates favorable conditions for the life of organisms.
PHYSICAL MINUTE
And we have a physical education minute,
They leaned over, come on, come on!
Straightened up, stretched,
And now they’ve bent over backwards.
(bending forward and backward)
My head is tired too.
So let's help her!
Right and left, one and two.
Think, think, head.
(head rotation)
Even though the charge is short,
We rested a little.
And we continue our journey
WATER
Slide No._____
The slide on the screen is “Water”.Textbook page 217 paragraphs 2,3,4,5, .1. Baikal is unique due to its huge volume of water - the volume of water is equal to the Baltic Sea.
(5 American lakes, 92 times the Sea of Azov, 23 times the Aral Sea) - comparative diagram.
2. All people can live on the water of Lake Baikal for 40-50 years.
3. Baikal contains 20% of all fresh water on the planet.
4. Has unique clean transparent water (up to a depth of 40 m.)
5. The chemical composition of the lake water is very close to distilled water (salinity 0.1 ‰) and is rich in oxygen.
Concentrated in Baikal– 1/5 of world and 4/5 of Russian reservesfresh water.
This water is enough to feed humanity for 40 - 50 years.
This is the largest fresh water storage facility on the planet. 23 thousand sq. km. This is more than the volume of water contained in the 5 Great Lakes of North America combined. If all the rivers on Earth flowed into Baikal, they would fill it in a year.
The basin of the lake can contain all the water of the Baltic Sea, or 92 Azov Seas, or 23 Aral Seas.
Baikal is the cleanest natural reservoir of fresh drinking water on Earth. The rare purity and exceptional properties of Baikal water are due to the vital activity of the animal and plant world. For a year, an armada of crustaceansepishura capable of purifying the top fifty-meter layer of water three times. Baikal water contains very few dissolved and suspended minerals, few organic impurities, and a lot of oxygen. Low mineralized water is ideal for the human body.
There are no open reservoirs of fresh water in the world suitable for bottling drinking water. Since 1992, the industrial bottling of Baikal water into plastic bottles began. The water is taken from a depth of 400 meters, where a constant temperature of 4.2 degrees is maintained and where it is protected from pollution by the water column.
The white Seki disk, used to determine water transparency, is visible on Lake Baikal at a depth of 40 meters.
The color of the water depends on the presence of suspended particles, on the depth, the state of the sky, cloudiness, sun height, etc. In open Baikal the water is blue, near the shores it is bluish-gray or greenish.
The clearest water is in the southern and middle basins. Not in the surface layer, but at depths of 250-300 meters to 1000-1200m.
To Baikalmore than 336 rivers flow in (together with small rivers 544 rivers), and one single Angara flows out. And there is a beautiful legend associated with this river:
A long time ago, there lived in this region one mighty gray-haired hero, Baikal. There was no one in the whole country equal to him in strength and wealth. He was a stern old man. As soon as he gets angry, the waves will roll in mountains, and the rocks will crack. He had many rivers and rivulets on his premises.
The old man had one and only daughter - Angara. She was known as the first beauty in the whole world. The old man loved her very much. But he was strict with her. He kept her locked up in inaccessible depths. He didn’t even let me show up. The beauty often yearned for freedom and freedom.
A seagull from the Yenisei once flew to the shore, sat down on a cliff and began to talk about life in the free Yenisei steppes. About the beautiful Yenisei, the glorious descendant of the Sayan. Having accidentally overheard the conversation, Angara became sad.
She also heard about the Yenisei from mountain streams. She decided to see Yenisei. But how to get out of the dungeon, from the high walls of the palace?
Angara begged:
Oh, you Tangerin gods,
Have pity on the captive soul.
Don't be harsh and strict
To me, surrounded by rock.
Understand that youth goes to the grave
Baikal is pushing a ban...
Oh give me courage and strength
Uncover these rock walls.
I found out about the thoughts of my beloved daughter Baikal, locked it even tighter and began to look for a groom from the neighbors. I didn’t want to send my daughter far away. The old man's choice settled on the rich and brave handsome Irkut. He sent for Irkut. Angara found out about this and cried bitterly. She begged the old man - her father, asked not to give her up for Irkut. She didn't like him. But Baikal didn’t want to listen and hid her even deeper. And closed the top with crystal locks.
Angara cried out for help more than ever. And the streams and rivers decided to help her. They began to lift the coastal rocks.
The wedding night was approaching. Baikal slept soundly. Angara broke the locks and left the dungeon. Streams dug a passage for her. With a noise she burst out of the stone walls and rushed to her desired Yenisei. Suddenly the old man woke up from the noise. He jumped off and got scared. I realized what happened. He became furious. He ran out of the palace, grabbed an entire rock from the shore and threw it at the fugitive daughter with a curse.
But... it's too late. Missed. The hangar was already far away. And the stone still lies in the place where the Angara broke through the cliffs. It's called shamanic.
Answer the questions:
1. So how many rivers flow from Baikal? (1- Angara)
Look at the map and name:
2. The largest river flowing into Baikal? (Selenga)
Slide No._____
Video series about rivers.
ALIVE ORGANISMS
Slide No._____
On the screen is a slide “Organic world”.
The organic world of Lake Baikal is unique and inimitable.There are 1,550 species of animals and 1,085 species of plant organisms, most of them, more than ¾, live only in Lake Baikal. This circumstance was the reason why Baikal is considered a “museum of living antiquities.” There are freshwater sponges, amphipods, and epishura copepods. The lake is home to 56 species of fish: Baikal sturgeon, taimen, lenok, black and white grayling, about 30 species of sculpin gobies and the main commercial fish - the delicious omul. Perhaps the most exotic fish of Lake Baikal is the golomyanka. Pale pink, with a pearlescent tint, translucent fish contain up to 30% healing fat. This is the only viviparous fish in our latitudes.
Unique animals of Lake Baikal:
The only mammal that lives in Baikal isBaikal seal . The appearance of the seal on Lake Baikal is still a mystery to scientists. Some believe that the seal appeared here on its own, regardless of any migrations from the seas and oceans. Others say that this species entered here during the Ice Age through the Lena, or Angara and Yenisei.Adult seals reach a length of 1.8 m and a weight of 130 kg. The seal lives up to 55 - 56 years. The body shape of the seal is fusiform, without a pronounced neck. The limbs of the seal are flippers. The front flippers are very developed, with powerful claws. When Baikal is covered with ice, the powerful front flippers are the tool with which the seal makes an outlet in the ice to emerge and inhale air. The seal has a thick layer of subcutaneous fat, from 2 to 14 cm thick. The fat saves the seal from hypothermia, determines its high buoyancy and is a reserve of nutrients. The seal is a good diver. She can dive to a depth of 400 m and stay under water for up to 40 minutes. Its speed of movement under water is 7 – 8 km. per hour, maximum speed – 20 - 25 km/h.
The seal is widespread throughout the lake, especially in its middle and northern basins. At the end of winter - beginning of spring, animals go out onto the ice to molt and give birth to their young. It is at this time that the seal is most defenseless against hunters and poachers, but observing it at this moment is very easy. 4,000 seals are caught annually. Their fur and skin are prized.
The ice on Lake Baikal is being destroyed from south to north, following the ice, seals are migrating from south to north.
In the summer, the seal feeds intensively in open Baikal. In sunny, windless weather, the seal goes out onto coastal stones to moult and rest. The most famous place where you can see dozens and even hundreds of seals on large rocks near the shore is the Ushkany Islands.
Play video . Ushkany Islands
The seal gives birth to its young on the ice in a snowy lair. Most seals are born in mid-March. The cubs have white fur, which allows them to remain almost unnoticed in the snow in the first weeks of life. The Buryats call a young seal calf a khubunk.
No one knows the exact number of seals living in Baikal, because the error in the counting methods is quite large. We can only talk about the approximate number of seals; it varies from 60 to 120 thousand heads.
Commercial hunting is carried out for seals; about 6 thousand seals are shot annually. Arctic foxes are fed seal meat, fur is used to make hats, and is used to line hunting skis. Seal meat is eaten, and seal fins, boiled in water, are considered a delicacy. The meat of young seals - khubunks - is especially tender, the meat of which does not smell of fish and tastes like chicken. The seal's liver contains a lot of vitamins. In ancient times, seal oil was used in tanning and soap making. In 1895-1897 seal lard was mainly used in the Lena gold mines for lighting the mines. Local residents consider seal fat to be medicinal and use it to treat pulmonary diseases and stomach ulcers.
The life of many animals characteristic of Lake Baikal is inextricably linked not only with the lake itself, but alsowith its coast . Gulls, mergansers, goldeneyes, scoters, scorched eagles, white-tailed eagles, ospreys andmany otherbird species nest on the shores of the lake and on its islands. Unfortunately, some bird species have disappeared as a result of human activity - these arecormorant, greylag goose, taiga bean goose, swan-nose and bustard.They disappeared within 50 years.
Another integral component of the great lake and a wonderful Baikal phenomenon ismass landing on the shores brown bears , entirely determined by the nature of the lake. In the mountain taiga of the Baikal region it is foundmusk deer -the smallest deer. It is extremely rare to findsable –it is a cautious and secretive predator.
1
2
3
Moose antlers, bear head, seal body, bird legs
Head of a lynx, body and fins of a fish, body of a bird, legs of a bear
Sable head, elk body, bird wing, seal tail
THE IMPORTANCE OF BAIKAL
Baikal... Glorious Sea... Sacred Lake... So why was this unique body of water chosen as the base for the construction of a pulp and paper mill, which, according to the plan, was supposed to discharge 200,000 cubic meters of wastewater into the lake per day, which would create a dead zone of several square kilometers ? There are other environmental problems of Lake Baikal. Check them out using the textbook on page 220, identify the main problems and suggest ways to solve them. (Discussion about the impact of the Baikal pulp and paper mill and the Selenga pulp and paper mill on the ecology of the lake).
ATTACHMENT:
And now I offer you
“There is no Baikal without...” About whom?omul
6. Baikal commercial fishgrayling
7. The only daughter of Baikal.Angara
We live in a unique corner of our planet, where there is an object of world significance - Lake Baikal. Each of us sees Baikal in our own way, loves it, and is proud of it. Its future, its pristineness, its purity depend on us, people.
I would like to end the lesson with the following poetic lines:
Baikal
Clean, unique, transparent water,
Silent but full of life taiga.
The furious wave is noisy and agitated -
This is how I remember ancient Baikal.
Beautiful daughter - Angara daring
It begins its journey from this region,
And with her three hundred rivulets and rivers,
Everyone rushed towards Baikal.
I look to tomorrow with anxiety:
Will omul and seal live there?
So that his water doesn’t “cellulose”?
So that it becomes the property of the people
Is the glorious sea sacred Baikal?
Lesson summary: So, today in the lesson we were able to form a deeper understanding of the uniqueness of the natural pearl of Siberia - Lake Baikal.
Reflection .
Teacher : Guys, I suggest you write a letter to your best friend telling him how today’s lesson went. To do this, I will ask you to tell me 11 adjectives in turn that reflect your opinion about the lesson.(students name adjectives, and the teacher writes them instead of spaces in the text of the letter, then the finished letter is read aloud).
A letter to a friend.
Hello Friend. I’ll tell you about how ________________________ lesson went at our _______________________ school today. _________________________ the teacher led _________________ trip around ________________________ Lake Baikal. During the lesson we solved ______________________ riddles and solved __________________________ puzzles. ___________________ The students in our class behaved well, listened carefully, and answered all the questions correctly. I really hope that such ________________________ lessons will be held more often. This concludes my __________________________ letter. Waiting for an answer.
Homework : open your diaries and write down your homework, paragraph 39, and an additional task to choose from: - write a mini-essay on the topic “A man came to Baikal...”
This concludes our lesson. Thank you for your attention and active work in class. You can go.
Applications
Student worksheet
FULL NAME______________________________________
Lesson topic «___________________________________________________________»
1. Baikal is located ________________________________________________________________
Included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in ______,
to the list of 7 wonders of Russia in _______.
2. Origin of the name _________________________________________________
3. The first of the Russian people _______________ came to the shore of Lake Baikal in 1643.
4. General parameters of the lake
Square - __________________
Length - _____________________
Width - ___________________
Volume of water - ________cubic km.______% of the planet’s fresh waters
The height of the water level of Lake Baikal is _____________
Greatest depth – _________
Average depth - __________
Lake age - ___________
Transparency - ____________
The largest island of Baikal _____________
There are more than _________species of plants and animals on Lake Baikal
5. Features of the origin of the lake ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Climatic features
7. Waters of Baikal.A complete water change occurs in ____________
________ rivers flow into the lake, only one _____________ flows out.
The largest river flowing into the lake is ____________________.
8.Organic world.
Animals ________ species
Plants ________ species
Examples ______________________________________________________________________________
9. Problems of Lake Baikal and ways to solve them
Crossword “What do we know about Baikal”
“There is no Baikal without...” About whom?
6.Commercial fish of Baikal
7.The only daughter of Baikal.
The vertical line should show the name of the crustacean that purifies Baikal water.
Instruction sheet
| Geographical location of Lake Baikal. |
||||
| 1. Give a description of the features of the geographical location of Lake Baikal. | Using the atlas map page ______ answer the questions: |
|||
| Origin of Baikal. |
||||
| 2. What is the origin of the lake basin. | Watch video #1.Answer the questions.On the screen is a geological map. 3. Type of lake basin? How was the Baikal lake basin formed?.
|
|||
| Climate |
||||
| 3. Give a description of the climatic features of Lake Baikal. | On the screen is the “Climate” slide.Using the textbook pages 61,62,64 of the textbook and the climate map of the atlas 1. Fill out the table: | Wed t Jan | precipitation | climate type |
2. Why is the climate of the lake harsh, although the territory receives solar radiation at the level of the Mediterranean?
3.
Textbook p. 219, 1 paragraph – what are the winds on Lake Baikal called?
In the notebook the names of the winds:
Sarma– hurricane wind, raising storm waves on Lake Baikal, speed – 60 m/s;
Barguzin– northeast wind;
Verkhovik– a fresh wind blows along the lake.
Kultuk - wind,blowing from the lower extremity (southern) of Baikal, from the Kultuk Bay of the same name
physical education break.
Water
4. What are the features of the waters of Baikal.
The slide on the screen is “Water”.Textbook p. 217, paragraphs 2,3,4,5.Answer the questions:
1. How many rivers flow from Baikal?
2. The largest river flowing into Baikal?
Alive organisms
5. What is the uniqueness of the living organisms of the lake.
1.game “Miracle Yudo” beast
Answers to the task “Miracle Yudo” beast: (Annex 1)
The meaning of Baikal
6. What are the problems of Baikal and ways to solve these problems
Using the textbook on page 220, identify the main problems of Lake Baikal and suggest ways to solve them.
Problems of Baikal :
Solutions:
Consolidation
6. Crossword
Crossword. “What do we know about Baikal?” If you answered correctly, then in the highlighted cells you will read the name of the crustacean, thanks to which the purity of Baikal is maintained.
Lesson summary
7. Answer the questions.
1. Have we answered all your questions today?
2. With the help of what sources of information did you achieve your goals?
3. What did you learn about Baikal in the lesson?
Reflection
A letter to a friend
Name 11 adjectives that reflect your opinion about the lesson
Homework
1.Paragraph 39
2.optional:
- write a mini-essay on the topic “A man came to Baikal...”
Draw a poster on the topic: “Let's protect Baikal!”
I suggest youguess what parts and what animals the beast depicted in the “Miracle Yudo” picture has.
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Lesson topic: Lake Baikal - the Pearl of Siberia.
"A miracle of nature in every way"
Purpose of the lesson: Show the uniqueness of nature. Reveal the reasons for uniqueness. Introduce the history of the discovery and study of the lake. Consider environmental problems and ways to solve them.
Lesson plan.
1. Geographical location.
2. History of discovery.
3.Geological history.
4. Climate.
6.Organic world.
7. Environmental problems.
Introduction.
Wooded mountains semi-ovals,
The touch of blue patterns,
And the rocks cut by the shaft,
And the sky that fell into Baikal,
And he himself is majestic and eternal,
In granite carved frame
And every bit of it is dear.
Baikal is called sacred and is dear to every Russian. If you look at it from space, it resembles a slightly open blue eye. In 1890 A.P. Chekhov, during a trip to Sakhalin, wrote: “Baikal is amazing, and it’s not for nothing that Siberians call it not a lake, but a sea. The water is incredibly transparent, so you can see through it as if through air; its color is soft turquoise, pleasing to the eye. The shores are mountainous, covered with forests, there is impenetrable game all around, an endless abundance of bears, sables, wild goats and all sorts of things.”
Baikal is one of the greatest lakes on the globe, the largest freshwater lake in Russia. Its length is 636 kilometers, its water surface area is 31,500 square kilometers. Baikal is 1.7 times larger than Lake Ladoga, the largest in Europe. Among the freshwater lakes of the world, it ranks sixth.
Baikal was mentioned in ancient manuscripts and stories of early travelers and was known to Europeans even before the beginning of our era.
Write down the topic of the lesson in your notebook.
1.Geographical location. ( Write it down in your notebook)
In the Asian part of the country.
In the south of Eastern Siberia.
In the mountains of Southern Siberia.
51 -55 nsh 121 -127 vd
Length more than 600, maximum width 80 km.
2. History of discovery. (Write it down in your notebook)
Brief message from a student. What does the name of the lake mean?
Evenks – Lamu (sea), Buryats – Baigal-Nuur, even the Chinese had a name for Baikal – Beihai (“North Sea”). The Evenki name Lamu (“sea”) was used for several years by the first Russian explorers in the 17th century, then they switched to the Buryat Baigal, slightly softening the letter “g” by phonetic replacement.
The first of the Russian people to go to the shore of Lake Baikal was the Tobolsk Cossack Kurbat Ivanov (in 1643), 11 years after the Russian Cossacks reached the shore of the Pacific Ocean, as historians write, the explorers first “slipped through” it.
Many prominent scientists have studied Baikal: I. D. Chersky, academicians I. G. Gmelin, P. S. Pallas, V. A. Obruchev, L. S. Berg, but there is still no single point of view on the origin of the Baikal depression .
3.Geological history.
Brief student message
The lake lies in the Baikal depression - a bottomless stone bowl, surrounded on all sides by mountains. According to geologist N.A. Florensov, the “roots” of the depression cut through the entire earth’s crust and go into the upper mantle to a depth of 50-60 kilometers. He figuratively called the Baikal depression a window into the bowels of the Earth, helping to understand the essence of its deep processes
The most remarkable feature of Baikal is its antiquity. From what time, from what geological period of the Earth's history does the Glorious Sea begin its chronology? “This mystery is great” - this is how a strict learned man should answer this question. Nevertheless, speaking about the age of Baikal, it is possible with a high degree of probability to adhere to a certain order of magnitude. Considering the deep relict endemism of the lake’s fauna, most researchers estimate its age at 20-30 million years! This length of existence of the lake may seem implausible. After all, the vast majority of lakes, especially those of glacial and oxbow origin, live for 10-15 thousand years, then they are filled with sediments, covered with driftwood, and sooner or later they first turn into swamps, and then dry up completely. Baikal is one of the oldest and, apparently, most reliable long-livers among the lakes of the whole world. Baikal arose as a result of the action of tectonic forces. The lake basin was formed as a result of a break in the earth's crust (graben), i.e. has a tectonic structure. The shore rocks are crystalline, the shores are mountainous. Earthquakes up to magnitude 9 frequently occur in this area.
Write it down in your notebook
Age 20-30 million years
The lake basin was formed as a result of a break in the earth's crust (graben), i.e. has a tectonic structure.
Baikal is not only the largest freshwater lake in Russia, but also the deepest lake on our planet. Its greatest depth is 1637 meters. The maximum depth of Tanganyika is 1435 meters, Issyk-Kul is 702. According to limnologist L. Rossolimo, only eight lakes on Earth have a depth of more than 500 meters and about 30 - more than 300.
4. Climate.
Brief student message
The lake has a moderating effect on the climate. In summer, the huge water masses of the lake warm up to a depth of 200-250 meters and, like a battery, accumulate a large amount of heat. Therefore, winters on Lake Baikal are milder and summers are cooler than in the rest of Siberia. The difference in air temperature between Irkutsk and the coast of Lake Baikal during the daytime can reach 8-10°C.
The climate in Eastern Siberia is sharply continental, but the huge mass of water contained in Baikal and its mountainous surroundings create an extraordinary microclimate. Baikal works as a large thermal stabilizer: in winter it is warmer on Baikal (January temperatures -14...-17ºС), and in summer it is a little cooler (July temperatures +15...+18 ºС).
The influence of Baikal is not limited to temperature regulation. Due to the fact that the evaporation of cold water from the surface of the lake is very small, clouds cannot form over Baikal. In addition, the air masses that bring clouds from land heat up when passing over the coastal mountains, and the clouds dissipate. As a result, the sky over Baikal is almost always clear. Baikal is covered in ice for 4-4.5 months a year, in the northern part - up to 6.5 months. Baikal ice can reach a thickness of 2.3 m. The wind on Baikal almost always blows. More than thirty local names of winds are known. The peculiarity of the Baikal winds is that they almost always blow along the coast and there are not as many shelters from them as we would like. Prevailing winds: north-west, often called mountain, north-east (Barguzin and Verkhovik, also known as Angara), south-west (kultuk) south-east (shelonnik). Sarma is a hurricane wind reaching a speed of 40 m/s.
Storms
Stormy winds on Lake Baikal are common in late summer and autumn. The maximum wind speed on the lake is observed in April, May and November, the minimum in February and July. 80% of summer storms are observed in the second half of August and September, while the wave height in the middle basin of Lake Baikal reaches 4.5 meters with a steepness of 22°.
periodfrequency of stormwave height
August - September 70-80% 4.5 meters
November - December 80-90% 5.5-6.0 meters
Baikal winds
The diversity of Baikal winds is reflected in their local names (more than 30). Centuries-old observations of local residents have made it possible to identify a number of patterns for each wind.
Verkhovik (Angara) is the name given to the north wind, blowing along the entire Lake Baikal from north to south. Verkhovik is a dry wind; in clear, sunny weather it blows calmly, without sharp gusts. Often such wind persists continuously for more than 10 days. The first long-lasting wetlands have been observed on Lake Baikal since mid-August. At the end of November - beginning of December, the verkhovik rocks Baikal with heavy, steep waves up to 4-6 meters. Barguzin - a mighty wind, sung in the song "The Glorious Sea - Sacred Baikal", blows from the Barguzin Valley across and along Lake Baikal. This wind blows evenly, with gradually increasing power, but its duration is noticeably shorter than the Verkhovik wind. This wind brings with it sunny, stable weather.
Kultuk is a wind blowing from the southern tip of Baikal along the entire lake. Kultuk brings with it severe storms and bad rainy weather. This wind does not last as long as the high wind.
Gornaya - a northwestern side Baikal wind that suddenly breaks down from the mountains. This is the most treacherous and gusty wind. It starts unexpectedly and quickly gains strength.
Sarma is a type of mountain wind, the strongest and most terrible of the winds on Lake Baikal. The wind breaks out from the valley of the Sarma River, which flows into the Small Sea. Its speed exceeds 40 m/s. In summer, the wind can suddenly begin and also suddenly end; in autumn, sarma sometimes blows for a whole day. The harbinger of sarma is the clouds above the Three-headed Char of the Baikal Range.
Write it down in your notebook.
Temperate zone
Sharply continental
twinter-14;-17;-24
winds - Sarma, Barguzin, Kultuk, Verkhovik….
5. Water.
Brief student message
Lakes are studied by the science of limnology. Baikal has uniquely clean, transparent water. Its transparency reaches a depth of 40 meters. The chemical composition of the water is close to distilled (1 liter contains less than 0.1 g of salts). Water is rich in oxygen. Baikal contains 1/10 of the planet's fresh water. “Holy Sea”, “holy lake”, “holy water” - this is what Baikal has been called since time immemorial. 336 rivers and streams flow into Baikal, and the only river that flows out is the Angara.
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Its transparency reaches a depth of 40 meters. The chemical composition of the water is close to distilled (there is less than 0.1 g of salts in 1 liter). Water is rich in oxygen.
The average depth of the lake is also very large - 730 meters. It exceeds the maximum depths of many very deep lakes. This is what ultimately determines the water reserves in Lake Baikal. This is the largest freshwater lake on Earth in terms of water resources. Its volume is 23,600 cubic kilometers, which is about 20% of the planet's fresh lake waters - all fresh. In order to imagine the enormity of the lake’s water body, let us recall that the Angara River, which annually carries out 60.9 cubic kilometers of water, needs 387 years of continuous work to drain its bowl, provided, of course, that during this time no water will fall into it. and water will not evaporate from its surface.
6.Organic world.
The abundance of living organisms is explained by the high oxygen content in the entire thickness of Baikal water. From time to time, new species of living organisms are discovered. The epishura crustacean, endemic to Lake Baikal, makes up up to 80% of the lake’s zooplankton biomass and is the most important link in the food chain of the reservoir. It performs the function of a filter: it passes water through itself, purifying it. Epishura can rightfully be called the janitor of Lake Baikal. The crustacean is only 15 mm long. Fish readily feed on it. Each little one like this purifies 15 m³ of water per year, and the more crustaceans, the cleaner the water .
There are 58 species of fish in the lake
The famous Baikal omul. Golomyanka is a transparent fish without scales or swim bladder. Almost a quarter of the golomyanka’s body is the head with a huge mouth and teeth that fill it and grow, starting from the chin. It lives at great depths in Lake Baikal and belongs to the viviparous class. Golomyanka is capable of producing up to 2000 small fish. This method of reproduction is unknown in any fish in the world. Golomyanka can withstand water pressure of 125 bars and therefore can live at the bottom of this deep lake. Vertical or inclined “hovering” is achieved in the golomyanka due to neutral buoyancy due to the high fat content (over 40%) in the muscles.
The Baikal seal is the only seal species in the world that lives in fresh water. Lives in Lake Baikal. The seal gives birth to its cubs on the shore, in a snowy lair. Most seals are born in mid-March. The cubs have white fur, which allows them to be invisible in the snow in the first weeks of life.
200 species of birds nest on the banks.
The eagle, the bird of Baikal legends, is especially revered by the Buryat population. The cult of the eagle has roots in very ancient myths, according to which the first person to receive the shamanic gift was the son of the formidable spirit of Olkhon Island, who lived in the form of a bald eagle. Therefore, the Buryats still firmly believe that a person who kills or wounds an eagle will certainly soon die. Perhaps the belief in the holiness of the bird has helped preserve the rare species, which is rapidly declining in other places on the planet. The only place on Lake Baikal where the eagle population has not changed significantly over the last decade is Olkhon Island.
The banks are occupied by taiga of cedar, pine, and larch.
Presentation. Organic world of Baikal.
Write it down in your notebook
The epishura crustacean is endemic to Lake Baikal, the Baikal omul, the golomyanka…….the Baikal seal,……the eagle.
7. Environmental problems.
Cities and factories grew on its banks, a railway ran along the southern coast from the port of Baikal to Posolsky Sor, and a wide asphalt highway nearby. Concrete dams, breakwaters and breakwaters stretch for many tens of kilometers. About 30 kilometers of the northern coast were recently cut by the Baikal-Amur Mainline. In Peschanaya Bay, Utulik, on the banks of the Posolsky Sor and in many other places, the noise at tourist centers does not stop all summer. The waters of the lake are plied day and night by rumbling motor ships, boats and self-propelled barges. The rapid and ubiquitous “mosquito fleet” - all kinds of “progress” “Obi” and “Kazanka” made the most remote bays and islands easily accessible. If at the end of the fifties, along the entire northeastern coast, one single fishing boat was equipped with an antediluvian stationary "L-6", but now near each settlement you can see dozens, hundreds of boats with outboard motors.
At the height of the tourist season, the Small Sea area welcomes many thousands of cars with fans of outdoor recreation and fishermen. Even at the northern tip of Olkhon you can see cars and tents of vacationers. Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Angarsk and many other cities send here whole crowds of motorized messengers.
This turbulent flow of civilization serves as a striking example of the spontaneous onslaught on nature.
Will the nature of Lake Baikal be able to withstand such an unprecedented influx of equipment and people? What should be done to prevent or at least mitigate the rapidly progressing anthropogenic erosion of local landscapes?
In order to answer these questions, you need to look into the past of the lake and try to see the changes in its nature that have occurred in recent centuries.
Depletion of the nature of Baikal
The opinion that the depletion of Baikal’s nature began recently and that until the advent of mechanized means of transport and modern technology the lake remained a natural reserve is deeply erroneous. Already by the time the first Russian explorers appeared on Baikal, noticeable changes had occurred in its nature: almost all species of ungulates had disappeared in the Baikal steppes, and the seal was exterminated in Lake Oron north of Baikal.
The first more or less detailed information about the nature of Baikal was reported by academician I.G. Georgi, a participant in the famous academic expedition of the “great northern naturalist” Peter Simon Pallas
“In the strait called the Thin Sea,” wrote Georgi, “there are 9 cormorant islands, so named because of the extraordinary number of cormorants found on them. The rocks of these islands are so completely covered with the caustic droppings of cormorants and seagulls that at first glance they seem plastered and bleached. "
At the beginning of this century, after the appearance of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the impoverishment of Baikal nature sharply accelerated. Massive logging took place, sable was almost completely destroyed, and the number of elk, deer and many other valuable animals sharply decreased. In the thirties, gray geese and taiga bean gooses stopped nesting on Lake Baikal. The dry-nosed goose, which lived in large numbers in the Selenga delta, has completely disappeared. By the early sixties, great cormorants had disappeared. Whooper swans are disappearing, the number of white-tailed eagle has decreased several times, osprey and black kite have become very rare. Broods of goldeneye, great and long-nosed merganser are becoming less and less common off the coast. Only a few red duck nests can be found off the coast and islands of the Small Sea and on southern Baikal. In the northwest of the lake, the range of humpbacked scoters is rapidly shrinking.
The fauna of the islands, and in particular Olkhon, has become especially noticeably impoverished. By the time of Pallas’s academic expedition, there was no sable left on it that had been caught by the aborigines. Then the deer, roe deer, bustards, and great cormorants gradually disappeared.
These are some of the sad results of the spontaneous onslaught of civilization on the wild nature of the Baikal region.
NATURE CONSERVATION OF LAKE BAIKAL
3.Build treatment facilities.
4.Creation and support of nature reserves.
5. Increasing the ecological culture of the population.
Lake Baikal is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
“We are the masters of our nature, and for us it is a storehouse of the sun with great treasures of life. Not only do these treasures need to be preserved, they must be opened and shown.
Fish need clean water - we will protect water bodies. There are various valuable animals in the forests, steppes, and mountains - we will protect our forests, steppes, and mountains.
For fish - water, for birds - air, for animals - forest, steppe, mountains. But a person needs a homeland. And protecting nature means protecting the Motherland.”