Types of abrasive circles. Types of grinding wheels and decoding their marking Grinding circles for metal processing

If you have 1A1 250x40x34 24a F30 L 5 V 35 b 3 on the grinding circle, then I think after reading you can easily decipher

Forms grindingly circle

250x40x34 24a F30 L 5 V 35 B 3
For round grinding, the circle should have a1a or 1v1 profile. The Soviet circles were the designation of PP or 1.

Geometry grinding circle

1A1 250x40x34. 24a F30 L 5 V 35 B 3

250 is the diameter of the grinding circle
40 is the thickness of the grinding circle
34-diameter of the hole in the grinding circle

Abrasive and grain grinding circle

1A1 250x40x34. 24A. F30 L 5 V 35 B 3

All grinding circles consist of two main components - these are grinding grains that actually cut the bunch, bonding and holding them during the cutting process. Grain ratio K. free space I.bundles in the circle characterizes the structure of the grinding wheel.

The perfect abrasive should remain sharp having a minimum number of acute edges, and when blunting the abrasive grinding, the circle is cleared, updating the fresh cutting edges.
Aluminum oxide - this abrasive is used for grinding carbon steel and alloys, high-speed steel, annealed forging cast iron, forged iron products, bronze. Happens white - 22A., 23A., 24A., 25A. (the greater the number, the higher the quality) and normal -12A., 13A., 14A., 15A., 16A.; chromium - 32A., 33A., 34A.; Titon - 37A.. In foreign manufacturers of grinding circles, the following

BUT Brown aluminum oxide, WA white aluminum oxide
WAB White aluminum oxide + blue bunch
WA. White aluminum oxide + special bunch
War White aluminum oxide + red bunch
Way. White aluminum oxide + yellow bunch
PA Pink aluminum oxide
RA Ruby oxide aluminum
DA White and brown aluminum oxide
SA Semi-slim oxide aluminum
HA Monocrystalline aluminum oxide
FROM Black silicon carbide

Zirconium aluminum oxide - this abrasive is used for grinding during rough grinding, is indicated 38A.or Z..
Silicon carbide - this abrasive is used to grind gray and bleached cast iron,soft bronze, brass and aluminum and non-metallic materials are denoted64С-62S.or GC..

Ceramic aluminum oxide - this abrasive is used for precision grinding of difficult steels and alloys, is indicated AS1-5The higher the number the greater the content of aluminum oxide, for example, 1 is 10%.

The grain size is the number of linearly located holes on one inch of the sieve used for the final resumes of grain. The greater the grains, the rougher grain. The smaller the grains size, the greater the circle is suitable for finishing grinding.

Grinding Circle Grain Size

1A1 250x40x34. 24a F. 30 L 5 V 35 b 3

Large 8 before 24 (F 180-80)
Average OT 30 before 60 (F 56-24)
Petty 80 before 180 (F 24-12)
Very small 220 before 600 (F 10-4)

Hardness of grinding circles

1A1 250x40x34 24a F30 L.5 V 35 b 3

The hardness of the bundle is measured in the degree of hardness of the grinding circle. For example, a bunch has a solid degree in case the bond of the abrasive grain grains of the grinding wheel is very strong, and it keeps the grain well from breaking under the action of cutting forces during grinding. Conversely, the bunch has a soft degree if enough small force applications for breaking grains from the circle.
Solid circles are used for work for processing with a small contact area. Soft grinding circles are used for fast and coarse material removal, and for processing solid materials.

Structure of grinding circle

1A1 250x40x34 24a F30 L 5 V 35 b 3

Under the structure structure, the percentage ratio of the abrasive material in a unit of the tool volume is usually understood. The greater the abrasive grain per unit volume of the circle, the denser the structure of the tool. The structure of the abrasive tool affects the magnitude of the free space between the grains.

With the mating of the grinding circle

1A1 250x40x34 24a F30 L.5 V. 35 b 3.

The bunch in the grinding circle is designed to hold abrasive grains together and should contribute to the process of self-sharing grains.
The choice of the type of ligament of the grinding circle affects the processing speed, its appearance and accuracy.

Ceramic bunch It is made of inorganic substances - clay, quartz, wild spheres and a number of others by grinding and mixing in certain proportions. Marking of grinding wheels with a ceramic ligament contains a letter ( V.). Old designation - ( TO)

The ceramic bunch gives the abrasive tool stiffness, heat resistance, stability of the form, but at the same time increased fragility, as a result of which circles with a ceramic ligament are undesirable to apply during the shock load, for example, with ridic grinding.

Bakelite bunch Basically consists of an artificial resin - Bakelite. Marking of circles with bakelite has a latin letter in the designation ( B.). Old designation - ( B.). In comparison with ceramic, circles with a baked bunch have greater elasticity and elasticity, less heat-processed metal, but have less chemical and temperature resistance.

Bakelite bunch can be with reinforcing elements ( BF., old designation - BOO), with graphite filler ( B4., old designation - B4.).

Vulcanite bunch - This is the vulcanization of synthetic rubber. The labeling of the abrasive circle has a letter ( R.). Old designation - ( IN)

Grinding Circle Precision Class

1A1 250x40x34 24a F30 L.5 V 35. B. 3

The accuracy of the size and geometric shape of abrasive instruments is determined by three classes. AA, BUT and B.. For less responsible abrasive processing operations use a class tool B.. More accurate and high quality is a class tool BUT. To work in automatic lines, high-precision and multi-earning machines applies a high-precision tool AA. It has a higher accuracy of geometric parameters, the homogeneity of the grain composition, the balance of abrasive mass, is made of the best grades of grinding materials.

Grinker grinding circle

The grain of the grinding wheel affects the quality of the surface grinding surface, for example, the smaller grain of the circle, the higher the surface roughness class.
The grain of the grinding circle is chosen depending on the type of grinding operation: rough, using or finishing, as well as the necessary requirements for cleanliness and accuracy of processing. When the operation of rough grinding, circles made from larger grains are used than with piston. The high demands on the purity of the surface and the processing accuracy in most cases are provided by applying circles with smaller grain. The tempered parts and solid alloys are grinding with more fine-grained circles than non-perk. For grinding parts from materials inclined to larger planting (brass, copper and a lot of dr.), Circles with larger grain are used. With large contact surfaces of the grinding wheel with the workpiece (for example, grinding the end of the circle) are used circles with a larger grain.

The grit grinding wheel characterizes the size of the grains of the circle in the diameter. The purity of the surface and the accuracy of treatment depend on the grains; The grain is determined by sifting abrasive grains through a series of sieves with different number of holes.

The grain of grinding circles is chosen depending on the type of work performed and the requirements for the roughness of the surface being processed.

The grit of the grinding wheel affects the quality of the surface surface; The smaller the grain of the circle, the more clean it turns out the surface. The grain of grinding circles is characterized by the size of its abrasive grains and is indicated by the corresponding number.

Grinding Circle Unceevality Class

1A1 250x40x34 24a F30 L.5 V 35 b 3
The impassional class of the grinding wheel characterizes the impassivity of the mass of a circle, which depends on the accuracy of the geometric shape, the uniformity of the abrasive mass, the quality of pressing and heat treatment of the tool in the process of its manufacture. There are four classes of permissible impassional mass of circles ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). Unbalanced classes are not related to accuracy of balancing circles assembled with flanges before installing them on a circular slide machine.

- Products for processing stone.

Grinding disk - one of the types of abrasive tools along with heads, segments, bars, abrasive ribbons and grinding, actively used for processing various kinds of surfaces. Abrasives used for the manufacture of grinders are durable, high-core substances: diamond, corundum, quartz, as well as artificial materials - electrocorundum, synthetic diamonds, silicon carbide and boron and others. The grains of these substances are subjected to machining the surface of other materials, in the assignment plan, they can be compared with the teeth of the ordinary saw, but located not at the edges, but along the perimeter of the disk. Grinding circles are used to treat many materials: carbon steel, glass, plastic, bronze, wrought iron and non-ferrous metals. In addition, they are used in brick cutting tools, stone, ceramic tiles, drywall.

Unprofessional classification, familiar to many, separate grinding circles into the following types:

• Discs with the so-called "velcro" - a special fabric that is applied to the shlifbumagu.
• Petal circles - have a surface of an abrasive material located in the form of fan layers. They are very durable, provide a smooth surface after processing, most often used for grinding of pipes or wooden surfaces.
• Fibre discs consisting of vulcanized paper with a multilayer structure. They are attached to the machine with a support plate with a necessary cross section. Applied fiber discs for stripping metal, wooden, steel products.
• Diamond circles used for final processing. As a rule, they have little strength.

Marking of grinding circles

The qualitative characteristics of abrasive circles are regulated by gtostas, standards and specifications. Each of the grinders has its markings on the following characteristics:

1. Grinding materials
2. Disc magnitude
3. Grain size
4. Disc type
5. Degree of hardness
6. Binder
7. Instant class
8. Structure
9. Segments
10. Optimal speed of rotation

To decrypt these items, it is necessary to consider the marking of grinding circles in more detail.

Type of grinding abrasive

The most often labeled abrasive circles by type of material is as follows:

• Electrocorundum

Marking 12a, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16a: electrocorundum normal (material with high heat resistance, good adhesion with a binder, mechanically durable grains). It is used to handle forged iron, cast iron, steel, bronze, chrome steel.

22a, 23a, 24a, 25a: Electrocorundage white (more homogeneous than type 14a, more solid, with sharp edges, has a self-fold property, provides a more homogeneous surface of the material being processed). It is used for sharpening and grinding of instrumental steel, thin-walled parts and tools, as well as finishing and finishing.

Marking abrasive circles

32a, 33a, 34a: Electro-equipped chromium.

37A: Electrocorund the titon.

38A: zirconium. The higher the marking, the higher the strength of the disks.

• Silicon carbide

Marking 52-55С: Silicon black carbide (has an increased hardness compared to the previous type of abrasive, and fragility). It is used to polish cast-iron, granite, porcelain, silicon, ceramic, glass surfaces, as well as viscous aluminum, copper, rubber materials, products from heat-resistant steel.

Marking 62C, 63C, 64C: Silicon carbide green. Differs from black greater fragility.

• Elbor.

Marking CBN, CNB, Cubone, Boron: has the strength of diamond, but more heat resistance.

• Diamond

Marking of diamond circles: AC2 (normal strength), AC4 (increased strength), AC6 (high strength), AC32 (single crystals), AC50, ARB1, ARK4, ARS3. They have the highest wear resistance, strength, low fragility. The use of diamond circles finds itself in the processing of fragile and high-end alloys (cast iron, ceramics, silicon, optical glass), as well as finishing grinding, cutting, sharpening carbide tools.

Grinding wheels, graininess (marking)

This characteristic, as a grain, determines the smoothness of the surface treated. The magnitude of the grain of the grinding disk determines its wear, the thickness of the removable metal layer in one pass, etc. The smaller the value of one grain, the more smooth and clean, the surface being processed.

Grain size determines the labeling of the disks:

• Schlifzerino: The size of the fraction ranges from No. 200 to №16
• Shlinospor: №№12-4
• Microshlyliforch: M63-M14
• Thin microblifallos: M10-M5.

The units of measurement of graininess are shown in the ICM. The labeling of diamond grinding circles, more precisely, the type of their grain, is indicated by another method (through the fraction of the upper and lower value).

Size of circles

Disk dimensions are regulated by GOST 2424-75. Marking D is a numerical designation of external diameter, D - internal diameter, H - height (width). The outer diameter may vary in the range of 3-1100 mm, internal - from 1.0 to 305 mm, and the height is from 0.18 mm to 250 mm.

Instant class (impassable)

There is a designation of four non-invality classes (from 1 to 4), i.e. Permissible values \u200b\u200bof disk deviation from static balance. The impassional class indicates the ratio of the mass of the abrasive disk to the accuracy of its geometric shape. Therefore, often marking of impassableness and accuracy are indicated by side. The accuracy class A is used to work on high-precision equipment, class B is more versatile, AAs of perfect shape and geometry from very high quality abrasive.

Structure

The density of the structure is denoted by the ratio of the amount of abrasive grains per disc. The more abrasive per unit volume of the grinding, the more denser its structure. If a sharpening of the tool is produced, the disk with a less dense structure is better to clean the surface from the material particles, creates less risk for the occurrence of deformation, is cooled faster.

Numeric design structure Next:

1,2,3,4 - dense structure;

5,6,7 - medium density;

8,9,10 - open;

11.12 - Porous.

Marking of grinding circles: old and new, Difference for GOST

Conditional discs until 2008 were regulated according to GOST 2424-83. Since 2008, the new edition of GOST 2424 has entered into operation. In 2009, the labeling of abrasive circles began in a new way: modern norms on the conditional designation of the processing tool hardness were entered into force (GOST 52587-2006, 19202, 21323), grain ( GOST 52381-2005 Instead of GOST 3647-80), ligaments (New GOST 52588-2006).

Also, modern indicators of types of grinders differ from those accepted in the USSR. The existing grinding designation is the following (in brackets the previously applied designation):

• - cross section of a direct profile (PP) circle. Suitable for universal use

5 - direct profile with one-sided latch (PV). Used for round grinding.

7 - with two plots (PVD)

10 - with a hub and double-sided latch

• - Ring Type (K)

6 - cylindrical cup shape (CHC). Apply to sharpening tools.
36 - with fasteners (PN)

11 - Conical Casual Form (CC)

41 - Cutting Disc Type

4 - with a conical profile of a double-sided type (2P)

• - Type with conical profile (3P)

12.14 - plate (T, 1T).

The marking of petal grinding wheels is made with an indication of the type, external diameter, internal diameter, height, grain and series of grinding.

Marking by type of bundle

The bunch fastens grinding grains with the basis and among themselves. Usually, three types of ligament marking are indicated on the disks: it is vulcanite, ceramic and bakelite.

The first type of bundle is indicated as R, or, out of use, the designation is "B". It consists of a synthetic rubber subjected to the vulcanization process.

Ceramic bunch is marked as V, the former name is "K". It includes the connection of inorganic substances (clay, quartz). Its advantages are wear resistance, thermo and chemical stability, but at the same time fragility.

Bakelite bundle is marked as in, previously known as "B4" and "bu". It includes artificial resins. This is an elastic bunch, but otherwise the parameters are lower than that of ceramic.

Hardness Indicators

The screaming hardness indicator indicates the strength of holding grains with a ligament on the surface when exposed to the abrasive processed disk.

Disk hardness designations start with very soft (VM1, VM2) to extremely solid (th), in the new designation, the marking is carried out by the letters of the English alphabet, starting with F (very soft) to Z (extremely solid).

Most often, medium hardness discs are used, but the selection of the type of degree depends on the type of work performed, the surface of the material, the tool itself.

Grain

According to the previously active GOST, the labeling of the degree of graininess was expressed in measuring the amount of grains in a volume of 10 μm, for microblipposhka, these values \u200b\u200bwere expressed by adding the letter "M". The new standard sets the designation of the letter "F" with the addition of a number that indicates the degree of grain. What it is more, the smaller the grain and the opposite.

Under the grinding of the surfaces of parts from all kinds of materials, the main initial operation for the removal of the scum, the jar, remaining after the operation of various metalworking machines, sharpening knives. For high-quality processing, you must select a grinding wheel with the characteristics corresponding to the type and size of the part passing this procedure.

General

Abrasive grinding tool actually represents a variety of incisive metalworking equipment. The cut is carried out using a large number of solid particles. The types of grinders are very much, about some have the concept of only those who come across them. For example, a special tool is used in the aircraft enterprise and space industry. However, he performs the same job as the rest of these devices.

For various coatings there is its own variety of grinding circle. With their help, steel, cast iron products, non-ferrous metals and forged accessories are amenable to processing. Special equipment is for working with glass, ceramics and bricks. The most common abrasive tools that are currently presented are:

• Circles.
• Heads.
• Mills, or shag.
• Segments.
• Bars devices.

After processing such equipment, the remaining roughness is determined by classes A, B and AA. The best quality of grinding, denoted by the letters AA, is achieved on high-precision machines.

Classification of elaborate instruments

The gradation of circles by type occurs in two ways. The first of them is determined by two official documents: the old Soviet Gose 2424-83 "Circles grinding: technical conditions" and a modern "grinding range: GOST R 52781- 007". However, what is contained in them, most unprepared users will be little clear.

For this, there is a second, People's Specification of the Grinding Tool:

Qualitative characteristics of products

Various parameters for which such products are classified, a lot. Even more types of labeling of abrasive circles due to the fact that there are a lot of different combinations of these properties. The main parameters of abrasive circles For grinding machines are considered:

To use, a circle is selected with the corresponding indicators, which are indicated in the marking on the product itself.

Grain adaptation

This is the most significant characteristic. It depends on its value how smoothly the sample will be polished. In addition, the size of wear, performance, the thickness of the removable layer for one cycle is also greater dependent on this indicator. The smaller the tool grain, the higher the purity of processing. However, the speed of work with such grainability is reduced. In addition, such fixtures more often causes art ausp.

The old standard determines the magnitude of the grain in the microns, is in a new way denoted by the letter F with the number. The higher the digital component, the less grain. All these indicators are reduced to the gritting table of grinding circles.

Materials for manufacture

Like all the characteristics, the requirements for the material from which grinding wheels are manufactured, correlated with GOST. Minimum conditions - wear resistance, low heat transfer, solid surface. Based on these conditions abrasive tool is made from such a material:

Application of binding materials

For dense layout and protection against destruction in grinding rugs, special substances are used. Their quality, type, even distribution affect all the characteristics of abrasive instruments. As well as the presence of these materials shows the ability to independent sharpening of the cut sections of the grinding stone. If the binder component does not correspond to the surface being processed, the tool loses its main property, wear is enhanced, the ingulation of the non-earned grain is increasing, burning and insolence appears.

As binding elements it is possible to use organic and inorganic ligaments. The first represent ceramic and silicate materials, the second - bakelite and volcanic.

In a bundle of ceramics, such materials are involved: refractory clay, quartz and spat. They are durable, durable, with stability of the cutting edge. A tool on this basis can be cooled with special emulsions. Circles of low thickness are destroyed with lateral exposure. Indicatically, K0, K1, K3, and so on. When they are manufactured, carbium is used - silicon or electrocorundum grain. They are well polished by all ways, except for cutting and use in narrow grooves.

Bakelite resin and varnish powder is a bunch, b1, b2 and others. Such circles are thin, durable and elastic. However, when heated, such a connection sails and the grain fell out. To increase the heat resistance in such a liga, a cryolite is added. Wetting when grinding with circles with bakelite ligament is prohibited.

A mixture of artificial rubber with gray gives a bunch of vulcanite. Its elasticity is higher than that of Bakelite, but the heat resistance is worse. Elasticity allows you to produce thin cutting discs with the designation of B, B1, B2.

High-strength metal communication is performed on copper, tin, aluminum and other basis. Used in the manufacture of diamond and elboronic grinding.

Hardness indicators

This property describes the disk ability to save the grain when external influence. What it is lower, the faster the abrasive destruction occurs. Decoding the solidness of grinding circles for machines looks like this:

This parameter is determined by the depth of the excavation from sandblasting or rockell solid. Most often used grinding discs of the average hardness. They are most produced and durable. Soft tools are suitable for internal and flat grinding. When sculpting threads, small in the diameter of the details are needed hard circles. As a rule, the harder workpiece, the silent the abrasive tool is needed.

The accuracy of the grinding circle

When determining this parameter, the existing cracks, sinks and the location of surfaces relative to each other are estimated. The most accurate accessories are characterized by minimal inconsistencies and are installed on precision machines of high precision processing and on high-speed equipment. Marked with letters aa.

The following abrasive adaptations are slightly inferior to the highest quality. Denotees, A. Samples of the lowest category of accuracy in one and a half - two times inferior to accessories, and class. We are marked with the letter B and are used for not the most accurate grinding operations.

Abrasive equipment size

This parameter is followed in accordance with GOS 2424-75. Disc disks are strictly observed. All grinding equipment is developed under these standards:

• The outer diameter of the circle is denoted by D, its dimensions from 3 to 1100 millimeters.
• The inner diameter, sizes from 1 to 305 mm, is marked with a literary d.
• Height, or thickness, it is H with a value of 0, 18-250 millimeters.

Tool instability

This characteristic shows the deviations of the sharpening circle for sharpened from the rest position - simply speaking, the beating during rotation. In the marking stamp, it is indicated next to the accuracy class and has the designations from 1 to 4. The unit speaks of a high quality equipment.

Surface structure

Its density is determined by the ratio of the number of green to the volume of the disk. Accordingly, the more their number and less coefficient, the more dense circle. The dense surface has a designation 1-4, the marking 5-7 guarantees the average. 8-10 is an open structure, and the coefficient 11 and 12 means a porous type of emitty.

Safety at work

Operations with equipment performing grinding and cutting works have several hazardous factors. This is the rotation of the device, the possibility of disk destruction on the go, the threat of touching the rotating equipment. To preserve health, you need to perform such requirements:

Modern grinding tools and machine tools greatly facilitate human labor. And the correct selection of equipment will allow you to perform operations on stripping with the maximum level of purity.

Removal of the layer of material parts or blanks by abrasive exposure to the instrument is one of the main processes in metalworking. It is made on special machines and with the help of electrical or pneumatic tools, while the main working element is grinding wheel . In this case, the possibility of details of one or another configuration depends on the type of grinding circle, the shape of its cutting surface.

Main types of grinding circles

The types of abrasive circles used in industry differ in constructive features and GOST R 52781-2007 are regulated. The document has 39 types of circles profiles, but if you get the most frequently used, then you can select the following types of tool having:

• direct profile;
• ring profile;
• conical profile;
• conical bilateral profile;
• shacks on one or two sides;
• profile having a recessed front part;
• conical and cylindrical shapes;
• two shackles.

Read more familiar with the profiles of abrasive circles you can on the video presented below.

Each of the above types of grinding circles is maximally adapted for certain operations - processing, grinding, polishing, sharpening. The main criterion of choice is the type of workpiece treated and the nature of processing. In addition to the smoothing of the surface, they are used to prepare the recesses, the grooves of various configurations and other operations with black and non-ferrous metals, concrete, stone and other materials.

Thus, abrasive circles Type 1 with a direct profile according to GOST R 52781-2007 are widely used for sharpening operations. The main working surface is the end of the circle. They are also widely used for round outdoor, internal and constant grinding, as well as flat processing of the periphery of the circle.

For similar operations, the abrasive circles type 2 are used with a ring profile, different from the type of one greater end of the end part. This allows you to significantly increase the processing zone when conducting round outdoor, internal and constricular grinding, as well as when sharpening.

Circles with a conical and bilateral conical profile can be used for all the above works. Due to its form, this type of circles can be used to perform various recesses. It is also used for the shave of the gear and thread processing.

Circuit circles of cylindrical and conical shape are widely used to sharpen the tool. Also, they are well suited for flat grinding to the end. In their configuration, they resemble circles with a direct profile and a conical lamination, but differ in the position of the end at a right angle to the side plane.

Another widely used type of grinding surface is plate circles. Thanks to their configuration and minimal outlet size, they received use in sharpening processes and finishing the front edges, teeth processing of slotting and other tools.

How to choose an abrasive circle

In addition to the above types of abrasive circle, when selecting the tool, other factors should be taken into account. First of all, this is the scope of application, industrial machines or hand tools. Next, you should decide on the grit tool.

The particle size of the circle can be from 12 to 4,000 μm, which is indicated by the index f in the marking. The coarse-grained is considered a circle with marking F16- F24, the range - F30-F60 and fine-grained - F70-F220. The larger the grain size, the faster the removal of the layers of metal and other materials occurs, but the worse the surface quality. Therefore, fine-grained circles are used for final, accurate grinding.

The best option is to match the material being processed. This can be judged by images on the surface (metal, stone, concrete, etc.). There are universal suitable for any surface. Also pay attention to the permissible rotation speed indicated on the product label and the additionally designated marking color is green to 100m / s, red - up to 80 m / s and yellow to 63 m / s. Only with the correct choice of form and characteristics of the circle can provide high quality and safety of work.