Northwest Economics - One of the 11 major economic areas. It covers an area of \u200b\u200b195 247 km 2, which is 1.14% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population living in the North-West Economic Area, in 2015 amounted to 8,237,041 people, which is 5.63% of the total population of Russia. Population density - 42 people / km 2. The area is characterized by an increased urbanization rate. About 87% of the population lives in cities, in this indicator the area ranks first in the country.
The economic district includes 4 subjects (region) of the Russian Federation.
- St. Petersburg (federal value)
St. Petersburg (city)
5 381.736 thousand people. (2019)
- Leningrad region
St. Petersburg (city)
1 846.913 thousand people. (2019)
- Pskov region
Pskov (city)
629,659 thousand people. (2019)
- Novgorod region
Veliky Novgorod (city)
600,382 thousand people. (2019)
Economics and geographical position
The North-West Economic region is located in the northern part of the non-sinnamine zone, in the Russian (Eastern European) plain. It has common external borders with Latvia, Estonia, Belorussia and Finland, has access to the Baltic Sea through the Gulf of Finland, borders with the central and northern economic regions of Russia.
In the territory and population of the population, the North-West Economic Area is inferior to most of the economic regions of the Russian Federation. The economic and geographical position of the district is determined primarily by the meaning as the largest seaport of Russia on the Baltic coast, the second largest city in the country, which focuses 62% of the total and about 70% of the urban population of the North-Western Economic Area. The average density of the region's population significantly exceeds the average density in Russia, the share of urban population exceeds 80%.
The national composition of the population is homogeneous, the share of Russian is about 90%. Veps live in the east, in the West - Izhorsians, Karelia and River (a few representatives of the peoples of the Finno-Ural family of the Ural family). The network lives - Orthodox Estonians.
The North-West Economic Area occupies one of the leading places in the country in terms of economic development.
Natural conditions and resources
The North-West Economic Area is located on the northern outskirts of the Eastern European Plain, this is mainly due to the plain nature of the relief. The climate is moderately continental with a warm moisturized summer and harsh multiserry winter. Soils are podzolic and (especially in the north) swamp, low-hummous, requiring land reclamation activities, a large number of fertilizers for agricultural work.
Forest resources
A significant part of the territory (about 30%) is located in the forest zone, forest science decreases from the northeast to the southwest. Coniferous forests are dominated by the most part of the district, the southwest is located in the zone of mixed forests.
Water resources
The North-West Economic Area is rich in water resources - about 7 thousand lakes (including Ladoga, Onega, Ilmeny, Chosnuals, Pskov), numerous rivers (including Neva, Volkhov, Svir). Ladoga lake with an area of \u200b\u200bwater area 17.7 thousand square meters. km from freshwater lakes is inferior only to Baikal. Lake Onega - 9.7 thousand square meters. km, the miracle and Pskov lake - 3.6 thousand square meters. km, Lake Ilmen - 1 thousand square meters. km. Despite the abundance of water resources, their uneven accommodation in the district limits the development in a number of cities of water-intensive industries. Intensive water consumption has created a shortage of water resources in many settlements. Household emissions and drains led to pollution of rivers and lakes. Currently, in the North-West Economic Area, great attention is paid to environmental protection issues, environmental events are held.
Minerals and nonmetallic resources
The reserves of minerals of the North-West Economic Area are relatively small.
Natural fuel and energy resources are practically absent, the area ensures its needs for oil, natural gas and angle due to the importation of them from other regions. The peat mining focuses mainly in. Peat is used as fuel for power plants, as well as in agriculture.
The North-West Economic District has large reserves of low-melting (deposits in and areas of the Novgorod region) and refractory clays (11 fields, including large deposits in the Borovich-Lyubitsky mining area and Vittsian deposits). Significant reserves of limestone (Pikalevskoye, Slatsevskoye, Volkhovskoe deposits in, Okulovskoe field in the Novgorod region) used in the chemical, pulp and paper, aluminum industry and agriculture. The area is mined by bauxites, which are an important raw material base of the aluminum industry. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Leningrad region, there is a major field of phosphorites (Kingisepp, phosphate ore deposit) with export value. In addition, in the North-West economic area there are significant reserves of granite, marble, quartzite (Kaarlahtinskoye deposit in the area), mineral paints - Ohry, Umbra, Berlin Lazuri (in the area), manganese, sand and other raw materials.
Economy
Agro-industrial complex
In the agro-industrial complex of the North-Western Economic district, a central place occupies a agriculture, which, first of all, is focused on meeting the needs of the urban population. A sufficiently long growing season (from 100 days in the east to 140 in the south) allows you to grow feed crops, grain, vegetables, potatoes, flax. The territory most mastered in agricultural relations is in the south-west with a softer climate and favorable soil conditions. Agricultural land occupy more than 1/3 of land territory. In agricultural land accounts for 1/5 lands, in - only 1/10. Dairy, pig-breeding, poultry and vegetable economies of the North-West Economic Area are concentrated near the cities.
Industry
The modern specialization of the North-West Economic Area is due primarily to the presence in the region of the largest industrial center -, in many respects defining the pace of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. Currently, due to the relatively low reserves of its own resources, the main role in the economy of the economic district belongs to the manufacturing industry, in particular two main directions:
- industries focused on highly qualified labor resources (electronics, instrument making, electrical engineering);
- industries that have been developed in the process of the formation of the country's economic complex (shipbuilding, including military, car market, energy engineering, including atomic, machine-tooling and others). The main part of machine-building enterprises is concentrated in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region.
An important place in the economy of the North-West Economic Area is occupied by:
- woodworking and pulp and paper industry;
- light industry (including textile, porcelain-faience, leather-shoe);
- food industry;
- fuel and energy complex;
- production of building materials.
Natural conditions and resources. It is characterized by moderately continental, normen, laminating fields. Podzolic and peat. The area is not common, there are combustible shale, phosphorites, clays, limestone. Kaliningrad region is famous for amanders. In the North-West, significant are significant: 7 thousand lakes (,), a thick network (Neva, Volkhov, to ride). Large areas are covered with juicy pastures.
Population. This is the area of \u200b\u200bthe ancient Russian settlement since the time of Kievan Rus. Currently, a small number is characterized, but the maximum population density. Northwest is called the area of \u200b\u200bone city: from 8 million. Man - 5 million living in St. Petersburg. In the area, the highest in Russia is 87%. Large oldest cities - Novgorod, Pskov, Great Luki, Old Russ. Along with Central Russia in the North-West, highly qualified are concentrated.
Due to the lack of their own resources, the role of the manufacturing industry is determining. Leading position occupies. Two main directions should be allocated: focused on highly qualified labor resources (electronics, instrument making, electrical engineering), and industries that have developed in the process of becoming the country's economic complex (shipbuilding, including military, car market, energy engineering, including atomic, machine-tool construction and other similar industries). Plants that smell non-ferrous metals (St. Petersburg, Volkhov, Pikalevo, Boksitogorsk), oil refining in Kirishi are distinguished. Enterprises for the production of fertilizers are available in (nitrogen and complex) and Kingisepp (phosphoric and complex).
The area is allocated by the complex use of forest raw materials. It contains all the stages of the cycle, and at the final stage there are much more product produced, that is, the raw materials have to be delivered. As the necessary industry, the electric power industry is to be allocated, based on both its own resources (Volkhovskaya HPP, Svir HPP, Narva HPP, Slatsevskaya GRES) and imported raw materials (Pskov, Lenigradskaya, Kirishkaya GRES, Lenigrad NPP).
Specialization sectors are:
Multi-sectoral engineering: shipbuilding (atomic icebreakers, dry cargoers), production of power equipment for power plants (turbines, geneticrafts, atomic reactors, etc.), precise high-tech industries (electronics, electrical engineering, instrument making, etc.).
Aluminum smelting on Volkhovsky and Boksitogorsk combine.
Chemical diversified industry, including pharmaceutical.
Light industry.
Scientific and technical support (in the area concentrated 20% of all scientists in Russia).
The North-West is a TPP on imported fuel, HPP (largest-Volkhovskaya), Leningrad NPP.
Agro-industrial complex. And diverse and, first of all, to ensure the urban population with food. Agriculture specializes in milk-meat cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, growing potatoes and vegetables, including in protected soil. In recent years, several largest food enterprises of foreign firms (Cadbury, Dirol) have been built in the Novgorod region.
The focus of the entire territory is St. Petersburg. All paths are converged to him (automobile, rail, power transmission). The role of the port complex is very large, as it translates a significant amount of all international marine goods in Russia. The loss of many ports after the collapse of the USSR requires additional construction of berths and new port complexes on the coast (Vyborg, Ust-, battery bay). It is intended to continue the oil pipeline from Kirish to the terminal on the shore.
North-West District, and first of all, St. Petersburg, - a large tourist area of \u200b\u200bthe country.
The capital of the northwestern economic district of the Russian Federation is, of course, St. Petersburg. There I visited in childhood in the mid-90s. I remember the city with great presence of foreigners, I first heard Finnish speech. This is not surprising: Historically, Peter has always been the outpost of trade relations with the West, which has greatly influenced its economic development.
History EGP North-West District
Historically, this area is pretty distant from the center and in its time the Tatar-Mongolian Igo touched only indirectly. Slavic tribes who inhabited this region were skillful artisans, so the light industry is so developed there. The abundance of forest land contributed to the development of a forestry complex and trade in woodworking products. But in my opinion, several features of the historical role of this territory, which occupies a relatively small area, can be allocated:
- The distance from the center saved from Mongol-Tatars and allowed to preserve the ancient Russian culture ("Novgorod - the cradle of the land of Russian").
- The area is steeply enters the borders of Europe, which allowed him to support foreign trade relations since ancient times (Novgorod was part of Banzu - the medieval trade union of the Baltov).
- The presence of a large number of ports on the Baltic Sea, as well as a developed river network, helped navigable freight transportation.
Developed economic sectors of the North-West District
The area itself has received his present borders as part of the USSR in the 80s. Then there began to develop mechanical engineering, and many relevant educational institutions have created qualified personnel to ensure this industry. The historical value of the light industry was also not forgotten: the well-known "Skoroshod" factory still exists and keeps the brand.
Ingredients: Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod region, the city of federal significance St. Petersburg.
Area-196,5 thousand. km 2.
Population - 7 million855 thousand people.
The area is characterized by advantageous EGP, as it is located on the border between Eastern Europe and Russia; According to rivers, and the lakes of this wetland, the northern part of the "From Varyag in Greeks" took place. The emergence and flourishing of Mr. Veliky Novgorod and the foundation of the new capital - St. Petersburg are associated with a favorable transport and geographical position. There are ancient centers of the Russian Orthodox Church in the district.
Within 2 centuries, St. Petersburg was the official capital of the Russian Empire, which strengthened the development of the entire area. Currently, the North-West District is located between the East European states - Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central and Northern Economic Area of \u200b\u200bRussia. This situation between the territories and resource-raw material base of the Northern District has developed in the territories and resource-raw material base of the Northern District has large benefits. It is also important and its way out to the Baltic.
Natural conditions and resources
In the territory of the North-Western district, repeated impaired glaciation was enormous. On its low-lying plains, crossed marine-glacial relief was distinctly expressed with a variety of moraine hills, lake hollows and hollows of the flow of melted glacial waters. The area is very wettering, here about seven thousand lakes of various sizes. The largest - Ladoga, Onega, moon, Ilmen. The river network is thick, but the rivers are relatively short, young; Among them is distinguished by Neva - one of the most centuries rivers in the European part of the country.
The climate of the district is characterized by high humidity, varies from the marine moderate on the coast to moderately-con-tyntal. The soil is mostly podzolic, peat-marshs are also found everywhere. Natural vegetation (spruce-pine forests with the participation of birch and others) is strongly cut down (by 50%) and changed. In the northeast of the forest preserved better.
Refractory clays, quartz sands, combustible shale, phosphorites, limestone, salt springs, bauxites are significant from minerals.
Population
The population of the district is about 6% of the population of the Russian Federation, the average density is about 40 people. 1 km 2, but in the peripheral areas only about 2-4 people. 1 km 2. In the countryside of the Pskov and Novgorod regions - the most old population in all of Russia, therefore the average family size here is only 2.8-2.9 people (on average in Russia - 3.2 people).
Most of the population are Russian. Urbanization coefficient is 87%. In the Northern capital of Russia, about 5 million people live.
Farm
North-West is an industrial area with a powerful manufacturing complex that is mainly oriented on imported raw materials and fuel.
Specialization branches - engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, easy.
Machine-building complex is characterized by the development of industries requiring qualified labor. Energy, electrical engineering, shipbuilding instrument making, machine-tool construction, tractor construction is also produced modern automation and turbines.
Basic Mechanical Engineering Centers - St. Petersburg (Generators and Turbines for HPP, GRES, NPP, Shipbuilding, Instrument Engineering, Radio Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics), as well as Novgorod, Pskov, Great Luki, Old Russ, Vyborg, Kaliningrad.
In the north-western district, the first in Russia, the production of al! ") The Mine-Metallurgical Plants are also in the Volkhov (Aluminum Plant), Bauxito Gorski and Pikalevier (alumina plants) originated in Russian at the local Tikhvin Boxites.
The chemical industry is developed primarily in St. Petersburg, which has become a pioneer to release polymers, plastics, and is also a large pharmaceutical center.
In Kingisepp (Sovr. - Kureaare) produced mineral fertilizers from local phosphorites.
Light industry - historically highly highlands. Eliminated shoe, textile industry.
The agro-industrial complex area specializes in dairy farming, pig breeding, poultry farming, vegetable and potatoes. In the south and southwest, flax is grown, which serves as raw materials for plants and Pskov and Great Loons.
The fuel and energy complex of the area works mainly on imported fuel (oil, gas, coal). Electricity produces powerful thermal power plants in St. Petersburg and Kirishi.
HPES of small and medium power was built on numerous rivers of the district.
In the area there is one of the largest Leningrad NPPs in Russia (with a capacity of 4 million kW).
Transport. The transport assembly of the agglomeration of St. Petersburg is inferior to the size of cargo turnover and passenger turnover only Moscow. St. Petersburg is the largest foreign trade seaport Rossi. The Volga Baltic Channel provides the connection between the district with other regions of the country, and the White Sea Baltic Channel provides access to the White and Barents Sea.
In the Finnish bay, the construction of three new Russian ports is being done, which is due to the need to restore their positions. On the Baltic after the leisure and military bases in the sovereign states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.