Devices for moving between two planes located at different levels can be very different. These include stairs, elevators, and escalators. But the simplest, perhaps, are ramps, inclined surfaces connecting two horizontal platforms located at different heights. There is no need to say how valuable these structures are in creating what is known as a safe urban environment for the disabled.
Depending on the type of lifting trajectory There are similar devices:
- straight;
- screw.
Screw ones are more often used in warehouses, industrial, transport, retail and manufacturing premises, less often - as auxiliary communications in hospitals and hotels. To create conditions for comfortable and safe movement of people with disabilities in the urban environment, these structures are almost never used and are not discussed further in this article.
But straight ramps, in turn, are divided into fixed and removable structures.
Fixed ramps
They There are the following types:
- stationary wide single-track and consisting of two narrow tracks;
- folding (can also have varieties).
If stationary devices are more often found at entrances to buildings and in various public places (descents to underground passages and subways), then folding ones are typical for staircases of residential buildings. They, like stationary ones, are rigidly connected to the installation site and cannot move, but they can be folded against the wall and secured with a latch after use, so as not to interfere with the movement of other people. The same designs can be found in modern public urban transport.
Removable ramps
Unlike stationary and folding ramps, removable stored in a special place. If necessary, they are brought and installed for use by a wheelchair user. Then they are put back into the appropriate storage. Such devices can be of the following types:
- sliding telescopic;
- ramps;
- roll ramps.
The first type is universal and can be easily adjusted to different lengths.
The ramps are compact designs small in size, designed to overcome low obstacles, curbs, thresholds. Easy to transport.
Roll ramps are well suited for transportation in a car, as they can be rolled up.
Regulations
Since the use of ramps relates to the area of human safety, their design and use are regulated by relevant regulatory and technical documents and legislative acts.
SNiP 01/35/2001
Ramp option on columnar supports for people with limited mobility
Tactile road markings and hotel ramp
hotel hotel ramp
The permissible slope of the ramp is regulated by SP 59.13330.2012 “Accessibility of buildings and structures for people with limited mobility” - updated version of SNiP 35-01-2001, the document came into force on 01/01/2013.
The standard angle of inclination of the ramp for wheelchairs should be no more than 1:20 (5% or 2.86 degrees) and the length of one flight of the ramp should not be more than 8 m.
In some cases, it is possible to increase the maximum slope of the ramp:
up to 1:12 (8% or 4.76 degrees) - for temporary structures and infrastructure, provided that the height difference between horizontal platforms is less than 0.5 m and the length of one ramp flight is no more than 6.0 m;
up to 1:10 (10% or 5.71 degrees) - with a difference in floor heights of less than 0.2 m.
The slope of the ramp is calculated using the formula: slope of the ramp = H / L, where: H is the height difference that must be equipped with a ramp, and L is the length of the horizontal projection of the inclined section of the ramp.
The height of the porch is 0.4 m. In this case, it is necessary to use a ratio of 1:12:
L=12*0.4 m = 4.8 m.
Length of the inclined surface of the ramp = square root of (4.82 + 0.42) = 4.8 m.
The ramp can be constructed without horizontal platforms, since the length of its inclined surfaces is less than 6 m.
The slope of the ramp can be expressed in degrees, percentages and as a ratio of height to length:
E ramp slope units
Ramp slope according to SNiP 35-01-2001 and SP 59.13330.2016
In the above documents there are discrepancies regarding the standard slope of ramps: in SNiP 35-01-2001 the permissible ramp slope is 1:12 (or 8%), and according to SP 59.13330.2016 it is equal to 1:20 (or 5%).
SNiP 35-01-2001 is a national standard approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 21, 2010 No. 1047-r. If the customer does not require to design a ramp according to SP 59.13330.2012, then the design and manufacture of ramps can be done according to the standards specified in SNiP 35-01-2001, i.e.: permissible ramp slope - 1:12 (or 8%, or 4 .76 degrees).
For reference
Order of the Ministry of Construction on amendments to SP 59.13330.2012, new requirements for the slope angle of ramps
On October 21, 2015, the Russian Ministry of Construction issued an order approving changes to SP 59.13330.2016. In accordance with the changes, the slope angle of the ramp on reconstructed and adapted structures is allowed in the range from 1:20 to 1:12.
Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia No. 750/pr dated October 21, 2015 “On approval of amendment No. 1 to SP 59.13330.2016 “Accessibility of buildings and structures for people with limited mobility.” Amendment No. 1 to the set of rules SP 59.13330.2016 “Accessibility of buildings and structures for people with limited mobility.”
According to the change
1. "When designing reconstructed, subject to major repairs and adaptable existing buildings and structures, the width of entrance doors is taken from 0.9 to 1.2 m."
2. “When designing reconstructed, subject to major repairs and adaptable existing buildings and structures, the ramp slope is taken in the range from 1:20 (5%) to 1:12 (8%).”
The change came into force on October 26, 2015.
Minimum ramp length
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Legend
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Maximum dimensions (dimensions) of wheelchairs
GOST 30471-96 (GOST R 50602-93) Wheelchairs. Maximum overall dimensions
Excerpts
This standard applies to wheelchairs and specifies their maximum overall dimensions, which should be taken into account by architects, engineers, manufacturers and local authorities to ensure the user's movement in buildings, vehicles (buses, ships, aircraft, elevators) and for general maneuverability.
This standard is used by wheelchair manufacturers for new developments.
4 Maximum overall dimensions
4.1 Overall dimensions are established for wheelchairs not occupied by a user.
4.2 Overall dimensions are shown in Figure 1.
Picture 1
Overall length L - the horizontal dimension between the most protruding front and rear parts of wheelchairs,
L - 1200 mm
Overall width B - the horizontal dimension between the protruding side parts of wheelchairs when fully unfolded,
B - 700 mm
Overall height H - vertical dimension from the floor to the most protruding top point of the wheelchairs,
H-1090 mm
Overall dimensions are measured in accordance with GOST R 50605.
4.3 When manufacturing wheelchairs for particularly heavy users and amputees, the overall dimensions can be increased:
length - up to 1750 mm,
width - up to 810 mm.
4.4 When designing buildings and passages, to take into account the user’s legs, the overall length is increased by 50 mm.
4.5 For manual wheelchairs, a clearance to the wall is required to drive the rims of the main wheels; when designing buildings and driveways, the overall width is increased by 100 mm on each side.
GOST R 51261-99 "Stationary rehabilitation support devices. Types and technical requirements")
Excerpts
5.1.5 The minimum length of the free section of the support device in any position must be at least 100 mm to be grasped by the entire hand.
5.1.6 The shape and dimensions of the supporting devices must ensure maximum comfort of their grip and stable fixation of the hand for each specific situation during use. In this case, handrails installed in buildings and structures must be of a round cross-section with a diameter of at least 30 mm (handrails for children) and no more than 50 mm (handrails for adults) or a rectangular cross-section with a thickness of 25 to 30 mm.
5.1.9 Support devices used in low ambient temperature conditions should be made of materials or coated with materials that have low thermal conductivity.
5.1.13 Support devices must have a contrasting color that allows disabled people, including those with visual impairments, to easily and quickly find support devices and use them.
5.1.14 The supporting device must remain strong, must not rotate or move relative to the fastening reinforcement and must withstand a force of at least 500 N applied to any point in any direction without permanent deformation of the components of the supporting device and the structure to which it is attached.
5.2.5 The ends of ramp handrails must be either rounded or firmly attached to the floor, wall or racks, and if they are arranged in pairs, they must be connected to each other (Figure B.2).
5.3.4 The height of the male surface of the stair handrail above the overhang of the stair step should be, mm:
- for the upper pair of handrails - 900;
- for the lower paired handrail - no less than 700 and no more than 750.
Figure B.2
Note:
x ≥ 300 mm;
y ≥ 300 mm + tread width (A).
A ramp is a device designed to facilitate the ascent or descent of small vehicles on wheels, such as a baby stroller or wheelchair. Similar structures with special coating and markings are installed near stairs and replace them. Thanks to the ramp, people with limited mobility have the opportunity to go up or down to the site on their own, without the help of an accompanying person.
Main types of ramps
Ramps are installed in places where it is necessary to combine two platforms at different heights - at the entrance to the entrance, the entrance to an institution or a retail outlet. All public places must have ramps installed to provide access for disabled people to the premises.
The designs of ramps vary in purpose and appearance. These differences are due to their location and purpose. Main types of devices:
- stationary;
- folding;
- removable
Stationary structures are designed for a long service life. They are usually installed on the street in front of the entrance to shops, institutions, and residential apartment buildings. Such devices are provided at the building design stage and installed during construction.
A stationary ramp looks like a two-lane inclined plane with handrails, made of concrete or metal with an anti-slip coating. Drawings of such devices may include several rotating platforms.
The design of the folding ramp is similar in appearance to the stationary version and performs the same functions. Its main distinguishing feature is the presence of a folding mechanism. Using it, you can free up the stairs for pedestrian traffic. Such devices are usually used in the entrances of apartment buildings. The advantage of the device is that it does not interfere with movement on the stairs and, if necessary, helps to move the stroller onto the landing. A folding ramp consists of rails or a platform attached to the wall on one side. Its second side rises freely and is secured in a vertical surface with a locking mechanism.
A removable or portable ramp is a device designed to overcome small inclines and obstacles. They are easy to install and remove if necessary. Such structures are usually collapsible or foldable and are made of lightweight steel or duralumin.
Portable ramps come in three types:
- ramp;
- roll ramps;
- telescopic.
Telescopic devices can be extended twice or more in length. These ramps have an anti-slip surface. It is necessary to prevent accidental rolling down an inclined plane. Such designs are convenient not only for climbing stairs, but also for moving the stroller into vehicles. The load on such a device can be up to four hundred kilograms.
The ramp is designed for movement over high thresholds or curbs. This small-sized platform can be made of metal or thick rubber. Using a ramp, you can overcome obstacle heights of up to fifteen centimeters. The device consists of three parts: two wedge-shaped inserts and a platform that is installed between them. Wedge-shaped inserts are installed on both sides of the obstacle, and a horizontal platform is laid on top. After overcoming the obstacle, the coating can be easily disassembled.
Ramp roll is a product with complex manufacturing technology. It consists of many interconnected elements. This design is assembled for storage on a roll and can easily fit in the trunk of a passenger car. The roller ramp sections are removable, so its dimensions can be easily adjusted to any obstacle. Such structures are made of aluminum, a lightweight and durable material.
Technical parameters of ramps
Ramp structures are used by people with disabilities, so they are subject to increased safety requirements.
One of the most important technical parameters of the device is the angle of inclination of the surface. This indicator is measured as a percentage and the ratio of the length and height of the lift.
According to the standards, the maximum angle of inclination of the ramp structure is 8 percent. A larger tilt angle can become an insurmountable obstacle for a wheelchair. To calculate the optimal dimensions of the structure, use the formula 1:20. For example, to rise to a height of 60 centimeters, a ramp length of 0.6 x 20 = 12 meters will be required.
Important! If the ramp has a rail structure, it is important that the rails match the width of the wheels of the wheelchair.
Horizontal platforms are provided at the top and bottom points of the design drawing. The size of the platform should allow the stroller to be turned around. Typically, the depth of such a platform is one and a half meters, and the length is equal to twice the width of the flight. The platforms are also equipped with anti-slip coating.
For your information! If the angle of inclination of a flight of stairs is more than 8 percent, lifting the stroller must be carried out with the help of an accompanying person.
The optimal width of the ramp is ninety centimeters. These options are suitable for any wheelchair. Double railings are installed along the entire length of the ramp at a height of 60 and 80 centimeters. If a children's wheelchair will move along the ramp, then the railings are installed at a height of 50 centimeters. The length of the railing should be thirty centimeters longer than the length of the ramp.
The edges of the device must be limited by a side with a height of at least five centimeters, which will prevent the wheels from sliding off the inclined surface.
For your information! In world practice, it is customary to install ramps with height differences starting from one and a half centimeters. In Russia, the need to install ramp structures in places with a height difference of four centimeters has been established.
Examples of technologies for manufacturing ramp devices
The classic version of the ramp consists of three parts: two horizontal platforms and an inclined surface between them.
Concrete ramp
With a lift height of 60 centimeters, a ramp 12 meters long and 1 meter wide will be required. For convenience, it needs to be divided into two marches of six meters each. Between the inclined planes it is necessary to install a turning area measuring two square meters. From these calculations it follows that the surface area of the structure, taking into account the site, will be 14 square meters.
Volume of concrete required = 1/10 x 14 m2 (area) = 1.4 cubic meters
Wall volume = 0.6 (height) x 14 m2 (area) = 8.4 m2 x 0.5 brick thickness (0.125 m) = 1.05 cubic meters
Number of bricks = 1.05: 0.002 = 525 pieces.
Drawing of a concrete ramp structure
Work order:
- Marking the future structure using a tape measure and rope.
- Pouring the base.
- Installation of stretch and slope.
- Laying out the walls with bricks.
- Filling the ramp cavity.
- Reinforcement of an inclined surface.
- Concreting.
- Installation and fastening of railings.
- Covered with non-slip material.
For your information! To fill the ramp, it is better to use concrete grade M300. Filling is carried out from bottom to top.
Metal ramp
To make a folding metal device, you will need channels for the length of a flight of stairs. The metal on the rails must be thick enough so as not to bend under the weight of a person using a wheelchair. At the same time, the rails should not be too heavy, because they will have to be raised and lowered frequently.
Metal corners are used as load-bearing struts. For fastening, you need to prepare large door hinges (at least three pieces) and a locking device.
Metal ramp drawing:
Work order:
- Loops are welded or screwed to one of the channels. It is important that the bolt heads do not protrude into the rail, otherwise they will interfere with the movement of the stroller wheels.
- The distance between the wheels of the wheelchair should be accurately measured. This distance is strictly observed when securing spacers between two rails.
Important! When installing spacers for a folding ramp, you need to ensure that they are in close contact with the steps of the stairs when folded. In this case, the person helping the disabled person lift the stroller will not stumble.
- The lower part of the ramp is attached with hinges to the wall, and a lock is installed to secure the device in the raised state.
How to take correct measurements to design a ramp:
Wooden ramp
A wooden ramp is very similar in design to a metal one. You will need two wide strong boards, hinges, and pieces of wood for spacers. The manufacturing technology and drawing are similar to the previous version. A wooden device is lighter than a metal one and is more convenient to use.
Wood structure drawing
If you fix the ramp on the side of the railing and carefully treat its surface with sanding and varnish, when folded it will look like a flight of stairs. It should be remembered that the surface of the device on which the stroller will move should not be slippery.
Additional requirements for ramps
An anti-slip coating must be attached to the surface of the device. The best option is a rubber coating. It significantly increases friction and prevents emergency or accidental descent.
The design of the ramp should not interfere with the movement of pedestrians. Often, steps are made in the central part of a stationary structure so that a person accompanying a disabled person in a wheelchair can climb up behind them.
If the ramp structure will be used by one specific disabled person, the track width and distance between the rails are calculated taking into account the size of his wheelchair.
A folding ramp on a flight of stairs should not destroy the material of the stairs. It is recommended to equip it with a damping coating for silent operation.
The platform in front of the tilt should not only allow the wheelchair to turn around, but also open and close the door adjacent to the platform. It is better if the door opens away from the ramp.
Installation of stationary ramps must be carried out with the permission and under the supervision of the relevant authorities. Independent installation of structures without compliance with the norms and rules provided for by law is not allowed. A ramp that does not comply with GOST standards can be dismantled.
To install a ramp at the entrance of an apartment building, the consent of the residents is not required. It is necessary to contact the management company with an application on behalf of the disabled person. The organization must respond within one month. When drawing up an application, it is better to enlist the support of interested parties, for example, young mothers using strollers. An approximate drawing of the future design can be attached to the document.
It is important to understand that installing a ramp is not just compliance with legal regulations. For many people, this device is an important part of their life, giving them the opportunity to feel like full members of society.
In 2009, it was decided at the state level that it was necessary to remember the problems of people with disabilities. The regulatory documents stipulate that all buildings must be equipped so that they can be accessed by people who can be classified as low-mobility groups, including wheelchair users.
Relevance of the problem
Few people think about the fact that 10% of all people are disabled. Moreover, 1/3 of them can only move in a wheelchair. But such people are extremely rare on the street. One of the main reasons is the banal inability to leave the house, which is not designed with a wheelchair ramp.
Currently, these structures are not available everywhere, which significantly complicates the life of disabled people. But even in equipped buildings they do not always meet the standard. Some even call boards thrown onto steps a ramp, but this is unacceptable. The parameters of this design, or, as it is also called, accessibility devices, are regulated by documents that specify all the requirements for its appearance and equipment.
Established standards
At the legislative level, it was determined that houses and various buildings should have ramps for the disabled. The standards for their installation are described in special sets of rules. It follows from them that the ramp is a stationary large-sized structure with a set angle of inclination. According to the rules, it should not exceed 10%. This means that the specified accessibility device must be long and flat so that any wheelchair user can move independently along it.
Another difference between a ramp and other accessibility devices (which also include ramps and ramps) is that it is equipped with handrails on both sides. The width of this structure must be at least 1 m for one-way traffic.
It is only necessary to make ramps for disabled people from fireproof materials. The standards stipulate that the fire resistance period must be at least 2 hours. From this it becomes clear that wooden structures should never be called a ramp.
Installing Accessibility Devices
Speaking about the arrangement of structures intended for the disabled, first of all you should pay attention to the angle of inclination. It is defined as the ratio of the required lifting height to the length of the section along which the inclined surface will run. That is, in order to equip an entrance for strollers with a height of 10 cm, you need to mark a distance of 1 cm in length) and start making the structure from this section. In this case, the slope of the ramp for the disabled will be 10% (10 cm: 100 cm).
Accessibility devices must be installed in all places where there is a level difference of more than 4 cm. At the beginning of each lifting section, a platform must be equipped, the width of which must correspond to the ramp and be about 1.5 m long.
Each flight of the ramp allows you to rise to a height of no more than 0.8 m. Its slope should not exceed the ratio of height and length of 1:12, if it is necessary to rise to a height of up to 0.2 m - 1:10. The transverse slope of the structure is allowed at a level of up to 2% (1:50).
One of the requirements for the equipment of ramps is also the installation of sides. They should be in places where the structure is not adjacent to the wall. The sides are designed to prevent the stroller from slipping. They have a height of 5 cm. If this was not initially provided for by the design of the ramp, then you can attach a corner or pipe along the edge at a specified distance from the surface.
Also, ramps for the disabled must be equipped with handrails. The rules oblige them to be double. The top ones should go at a height of 0.9 m, the bottom ones - 0.7 m. For preschool children, they should be placed at a level of 0.5 m.
In addition, you need to remember that the handrails must exceed the length of the ramp on each side by at least 30 cm, be round, with a diameter of 3-5 cm (the ideal option is a cross-section of 4 cm for adults and 3 cm for children). It is also important that the handrails run continuously and parallel to the surface of the ramp, taking into account all its additional structures.
Possible installation variations
In each specific situation, the ramp design must be developed individually. In some cases, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of a turn, in others, rest areas are needed. There are situations where ramp fencing is not necessary. So, it can not be installed if the lift height does not exceed 15 cm, the slope angle is no more than 8%, and the length of the structure is up to 1.8 m.
When installing such accessibility devices, it must be remembered that for every 6-10 meters of the ramp, a rest area is required. If the length of the structure does not exceed 10 m, then it can be made whole.
The optimal width is considered to be 0.9-1 m. It is suitable for one-way traffic of strollers. If a structure is installed that requires two-way traffic, then its width should be about 1.8 m. If the project does not provide for the possibility of installing railings in the middle of the accessibility structure, then the angle at which the ramp should go changes. The standards stipulate that such a design is possible only if the slope is 1:15 (or 6.7%). After all, a wheelchair user can only hold on to one handrail. This means that the angle of inclination must be such that it can rise or descend without outside help.
Stairs in houses, shops, banks and other enterprises often become an insurmountable obstacle not only for wheelchair users, but also for mothers of small children using strollers, present some difficulties for cyclists, etc. To make life easier for these categories of citizens, stairs should be equipped with ramps. Of course, in an amicable way, the state should solve the problem of installing these structures, but, as is usually the case, sometimes it’s easier to do it yourself.
Stainless steel ramp
Application of ramps
As you can see in the photo, the structure is a steep, inclined deck that connects two levels of different heights, with the help of which you can climb up to the porch to the entrance to the room or down without using a ladder. The ramp is used in entrances, replicating flights of stairs and guarantees access to the required floor by various means of transportation equipped with wheels.
Apartment house
But first of all, ramps designated for people with disabilities. In accordance with new construction standards, the installation of such a structure is necessary for guaranteed, without difficult access for people in wheelchairs to residential, commercial premises and other establishments. In turn, ramps are very comfortable and are used for the movement of strollers, carts, bicycles and other various vehicles for transporting people and goods.
Foreigners, whether arriving for official purposes or as vacationers, are amazed at how small the number of people with disabilities is in our country. But there are a lot of them, the fact is that they are at home, because no public infrastructure has been provided or built for them. Only in privileged residential buildings and modern supermarkets is it possible to see comfortable ramps for the disabled.
In other places, even if they exist, it is not possible to move through them, since they were built without taking into account all the necessary rules and standards, just to have them.
Requirements for ramps
The aluminum ramp must be installed at the required angle and not exceed the permissible deviation. Qualified craftsmen equip the ramp in accordance with the rules and standards in accordance with GOST R 51261-99 “Foundation stationary rehabilitation devices. Types and conditions". One of the points of this GOST regulates the rules regarding fencing: “ramps of a certain lifting height and a certain length must have railings on both sides.”
In addition, we should not forget about an important parameter such as the slope, which must be no more than 8 degrees when descending, and -2 degrees when ascending. However, this GOST allows the use of ramps whose slope is greater than permitted. Ramps are necessary not only for people with disabilities, but also for women with small children living on high floors and walking with children in strollers around the yard. In spite of everything, in order to easily move with a stroller, you can make a ramp with your own hands, strength and diligence.
Safe and descent ascent
Design options
You can choose one of three options:
Steel
We will need:
- 2 beam strips, the duration of which is equal to the distance of the stairs. The thickness of the aluminum is such that it can easily support the weight of the stroller, and at the same time the structure is not too heavy.
- Spacers for connecting beams.
- Fastening, high-strength door hinges, extension strips.
Combined with stairs
The hinges are fastened with bolts. The beam strips are placed at a distance approximate to the distance of the wheels in the stroller. With all this said, the connecting struts are placed so close to the stairs so that the person pushing the stroller does not trip over them. The structure is secured to the handrails with loops, extension strips and fastening elements.
Made of wood
An excellent option for use in residential entrances where there are handrails on both sides or handrails and walls. The strips are made of wood, the duration of which is determined by the duration of the steps and the parameters of the stroller. In the raised position, the two sashes are attached to the handrails with hooks. When discarded, it will look like a barrier to the steps of a staircase.
- 1 Folding ramp
- 2 What to consider in the design
- 3 Where to start
- 4 Made of wood
- 5 Videos
Unfortunately, it sometimes happens that in a family one of the close relatives, for one reason or another, is forced to move in a wheelchair, or, on the contrary, a joyful event happens - the addition of offspring, and young mothers, of course, need to take their child for a walk . Whether it’s a wheelchair or a child’s stroller, in any case a problem arises - these are steps that create difficulties not only in the entrance of an apartment high-rise, but also on the stepped porch of your own house or store. In this article we will pay attention to how to make a ramp with your own hands in the entrance.
Ramp device
What is a ramp? This is an inclined platform, but we will consider exactly the one that connects two horizontal planes to each other. It is relatively easy to build such a platform. But making it safe and easy for a wheelchair user or a young mother with a stroller to climb and descend this structure can be really difficult. Let's consider the design of ramps and their installation.
Folding ramp
Light metal folding ramp
Typically, the simplest ramp design is two metal channels located parallel to each other.
If this is the entrance of a high-rise building, then it would be best to make the ramp universal and, importantly, folding - then it will not disturb anyone and all residents of the apartment building, and not just wheelchair users, will be able to use it if necessary. To do this, the structure must consist of two channels 200 mm wide. In addition, for good adhesion, the surface of the channels must be corrugated or covered with special anti-slip pads. All this is necessary for reasons of safety and practicality of the ramp itself.
So, our task is to make a stationary or universal, relatively lightweight folding ramp at the entrance.
What to consider in the design
Ramp requirements
The length of the channel rails may not necessarily correspond to the size of the flight of stairs. If there is enough space in the entrance, then you can play a little with the angle of inclination. The fact is that the longer the rails are, the smaller the angle with respect to the horizontal surface will be, thanks to this the slope of the entire ramp structure will be more gentle, which, in turn, will enable a disabled person in a wheelchair to independently overcome this slope in one way or another direction.
As for the flight of stairs of the entrance, it does not have the angle of inclination we need, so if, due to lack of space on the entrance landing, we are forced to make a channel along the length of the flight, then the slope of the ramp will be quite steep, and a person in a wheelchair will only be able to use it provided that he has an accompanying person with him. Let's discuss just this case.
Where to begin
The ramp is ready
- We drill holes in the channel for the hinges, which we purchased in advance at a hardware store. For this design, powerful door hinges are used.
- We install the hinges from the bottom of the channel using bolts with countersunk heads.
- On the other hand, we attach extension plates to the railing structure. They should be of such length that the ramp can be leaned against the railing itself.
- We install extension plates to the vertical posts of the railing with bolts. It is worth saying that the rectangular recesses in the plates should be slightly wider than the metal section of the vertical elements in the railing structure so that the plate itself can be firmly secured.
- We measure the distance between the channel rails so that it matches not only the width of the wheelchair, but is also suitable for a baby stroller and even a trolley bag.
- Using bolts with countersunk heads, we connect the channels from below to each other with metal spacers - an angle or steel strips 3-5 mm thick and about 40 mm wide. It is worth considering that there should not be many spacers (maximum 3 jumpers), and they should fit tightly to the surface of the steps so as not to create difficulties for the person who will support the stroller from behind.
- We install the fasteners. At the end of the channel we attach a regular door handle-brace to the ramp overpass farthest from the railing. It will simultaneously play the role of both a handle and a loop through which you can attach the ramp to the railing using a chain with a lock or a regular metal hook, if the design of the railing allows.
Folding ramp
It will be great if the ramp is foldable and made of light metal alloys, such as aluminum. It will be quite light and easy to use. However, there are some points that especially need to be paid attention to. Firstly, this material is very expensive. Secondly, hunters for non-ferrous metals will not pass by such a ramp. In other words, they will simply take it away. You can use a channel or make it from stainless or galvanized steel, but in this case the ramp will be heavy and not everyone will be able to lift it.
Made of wood
Homemade wooden ramp folded
If you decide to build a folding wooden ramp, then we can say that there are no serious design differences from a metal ramp. The only difference is that making this design will require more time and effort. Why? It is not enough to find suitable wooden boards that can withstand heavy loads.
Firstly, the wood must be well planed and must be varnished, and it is advisable to varnish the bottom - non-working surface of the boards. In this case, the wooden ramp will last a long time. Secondly, along the edges of the boards, along the entire length of the ramp, for safety reasons, it will be necessary to fill the sides with slats, both internal and external, of such a width that the wheels of both wheelchairs and baby strollers can freely fit on the working surface.
The ramp must be installed in such a way that the entire structure is located at least 50 mm from the wall or railings. This will eliminate any contact with vertical surfaces and, therefore, avoid inconvenience both during descent and ascent.
Folding ramp for disabled people
As you can see, installing a ramp of this design is not at all difficult. The main thing is that it is convenient and easy to use, as well as safe. Try to follow all these recommendations when making a folding ramp in the entrance of an apartment high-rise, and then you will create more comfortable living conditions in your home not only for people with disabilities, but also for yourself.
In this video they will tell you how to make a ramp by correctly calculating its angle:
A ramp is an inclined platform that is intended for lowering or lifting small-sized wheeled vehicles (wheelchairs or strollers). As a rule, it is installed next to stairs and is its alternative. Thanks to this, a person with limited mobility can overcome an ascent or descent without assistance. This article will discuss the correct design of the ramp.
Ramps are installed on the porch of buildings for various purposes. That is, where it is necessary to connect two horizontal platforms located at different heights and inclined paths are placed with a flat surface. Most often you can see a ramp in public organizations - hospitals, schools, kindergartens, shops and pharmacies, as well as at the entrance to the metro or underground passages, in entrances and private houses.
Ramp photo
There are several main types of ramps, which differ in appearance and sometimes in purpose.
Types of ramps
The design of the ramp and its structure are different. Depending on where they are installed and what they are intended for, they are divided into 3 main types and several subtypes.
Stationary ramps
- These are structures that do not have a removable mechanism and are designed for long-term use. Such products are installed outside buildings, for example, at the entrance to residential buildings, cinemas, hospitals, shops. The basic rule is that their design is laid out at the design stage of buildings.
- Externally, they look like two strips located parallel to each other at a certain angle of inclination, and are equipped with handrails. They can be monolithic or in the shape of the letter P. As a rule, they duplicate the stairs, but in some cases they are also installed on top of the steps. The height of the ramp depends on the total lift height.
- Most often, these ramps are made of concrete, but sometimes metal and even wood are used.
Folding ramps
- Outwardly, they are similar to stationary ramps and their purpose is almost identical. The main difference is that these designs have a folding mechanism. Once assembled, the flight of stairs is released. They are used inside entrances to multi-storey buildings, as well as in private buildings. That is, where space is limited and the use of a stationary ramp is impossible, as it would become an obstacle to the free movement of people.
- A folding ramp looks like rails or a platform. On one side, it is fixed to the wall or railings, which are located along the stairs, using special locking connections, or simple construction hinges and latches. The second side remains free and the structure can be lowered and raised without problems. To ascend or descend such a ramp, simply open the locking mechanism and place the platform on the flight of stairs. When the need for them disappears, they also calmly return to their place, again secured with a lock.
Removable ramps
- Such ramps are also called portable. They are quite easy to install if necessary, and when they become irrelevant, they are also easy to dismantle. At the same time, they take up little space and can be folded, which is convenient for transportation. These are quite mobile and flexible designs. This is an excellent option for ramps for strollers and wheelchairs. Light materials are used for manufacturing - steel or duralumin.
There are three main subtypes of removable ramps, which differ by type of device:
- telescopic;
- ramp;
- roll.
Telescopic sliding ramps
- They are able to move apart, thereby increasing their parameters in length. When the product is assembled, it does not take up much space, can be easily transported, and, if necessary, can be moved apart, becoming 2 times longer, and in some cases even more. The coating of such a ramp has an anti-slip surface to prevent strollers from rolling back during the ascent or descending too quickly. Can be used for climbing stairs, overcoming parapets or for moving into vehicles.
- Externally it looks like two parallel ramps. In general, the term ramp is borrowed from military affairs, where this is the name given to special devices that allow loading heavy equipment (cars and even tanks) for transportation on trains. Models of sliding ramps today are the most diverse; the differences between them lie in the length of the guides and their width. The load capacity of the product is also considered an important indicator. The approximate possible load on the ramp when assembled is 400 kg.
Ramp for overcoming rapids - ramp
- This product is small in size and is used in cases where it is necessary to move a wheelchair or carry a baby stroller over a threshold in a house or a curb on the street, as well as through other small obstacles.
- The word "ramp" can be translated as an inclined surface. That is, in principle, a ramp is a ramp, but in Russian reality, it is small platforms for overcoming thresholds that are produced under this name. The product is quite easy to install and disassemble. This ramp has a folding design made of durable material (rubber or metal).
- As a rule, ramps allow you to overcome obstacles whose height varies from 3 to 15 cm. They are made in the shape of a wedge, with a fixed height and width (the width of the ramp does not exceed the parameters of the doorway, that is, no more than 85 cm). When curbs or thresholds have the shape of a protrusion, it is necessary to install a ramp on both sides.
- To prevent this procedure from taking too much time, manufacturers suggest using sliding structures consisting of two wedges and a platform. The platform (middle section) is installed on the threshold and covers it, and two wedge-shaped parts are used for lowering and raising, on each side of the center. Of course, with constant use of such a product, difficulties arise with closing the door. That is why two-section or three-section ramps are used only when necessary.
Roll ramp
- A modern development, a high-tech product that consists of a large number of cross sections connected by dividers. Sections can be removed, thereby adjusting the dimensions of the ramp. When assembled, this product is a roll. That is, it can easily be rolled up and placed, for example, in the trunk of a car. The rollopandus takes up minimal space and is quite easy to use.
- Since the sections are removable, it is possible to adjust it to the size of any staircase and can be easily lengthened and shortened. The product has an increased load capacity, and is made from aircraft-grade aluminum, which has high strength.
There are two main types of ramps - rails and platforms.
Ramps with rail structure
- They are a product of two separate sections, usually made of metal. Each rail has small sides and is also covered with a special anti-slip material. Such structures are considered the lightest and most mobile, but if the climb is very steep, then climbing it yourself in a wheelchair is not recommended.
Ramp platform
- E This is an inclined platform, the width of which can be from 60 cm to 2.5 m. Such platforms can also be portable, and they fold either horizontally or vertically. Most often, stainless steel or aluminum is used for manufacturing. There is also a type of product called a book ramp. That is, it has two sections that fold in half, like a book or suitcase. Such structures are easy to carry, store, and operate.
Technical characteristics of ramps
Since this type of structure is intended for lowering or lifting people with limited motor abilities, the requirements for the parameters are very high.
- The most important characteristic is the angle of inclination of the ramp, or more precisely, the working surface, which is also called the march. This parameter is measured as a percentage, and it represents the ratio of the total length of the horizontal plane and the height to which you need to rise.
- As a rule, the maximum inclination angle is 8%. At the same time, if the length of the ramp is no more than 20 cm, then it is allowed to increase the angle by approximately 2% (that is, make it equal to 10%). If, with a large total length of the ramp, the angle of inclination of the descent/ascent platform exceeds 10%, then it will simply be impossible for people in wheelchairs to climb independently.
- Rail ramp guides must be able to easily accommodate standard wheelchair or stroller wheels. Typically, platforms have greater load capacity and rigidity than rails. There is a certain set of requirements that are recorded in official documentation (GOSTs, SNiPs, and so on).
- Before and after the lift there must be a horizontal plane that would accommodate the dimensions of the chair or stroller.
- When installing a ramp on a staircase with several flights, that is, in cases where the product consists of several parts, it is necessary to have a flat plane between the parts. This is necessary to allow the stroller to be turned around. The dimensions of such an intermediate platform are - the width is equal to twice the width of the flight, and the depth is from 1.5 m.
- When placing a ramp for one-way ascent/descent, a width of 90 cm should be maintained. If two-way movement is required, the width is doubled, that is, this parameter must be at least 180 cm. In addition, it is important to take into account when moving two-way the fact that a person can only hold on to one side, which means that the angle of inclination of the structure should be reduced to 6%. The best option would be to have an additional handrail in the center, or install a ramp on both sides of the stairs.
- It is important to install ramp guards when the ramp height is more than 15 cm, as well as in cases where the flight is more than 1.5 m long. The railings may have a double handrail design. The first handrail for the ramp is located at a height of 60 cm (if children are expected to move in wheelchairs, then 50 cm), and the height of the second is 80 cm.
- If possible, handrails should be located on both sides and be longer than the lifting flight, at least 30 cm on each side, and it is important that they are continuous throughout. The diameter of the railing can vary from 3 to 5 cm.
- The edge of the ramp must be equipped with a small side (height of at least 5 cm), which prevents the wheels of the vehicle from slipping.
These norms and rules are mandatory, since their violation can lead to a risk to life for people in wheelchairs, as well as for others.
Ramps can be made not only in the factory, but also independently. The materials used are metal, wood or concrete. Products are necessary not only for a person in a wheelchair, but also for pedestrians with strollers, and sometimes for people on roller skates or bicycles. There are also special ramps for cars.
Ramp example
- As a rule, such products consist of three main elements - two horizontal platforms (at the beginning and at the end), as well as an inclined surface (march). Very often, when designing, they forget that the platforms for descent and ascent must freely accommodate a wheelchair, otherwise people with limited mobility simply will not be able to use this product.
- It is important that ramps are located on those sections of walkways or floors in various institutions where there is a height difference of 4 cm. Of course, it will be best if the ramp is installed in places with differences ranging from 1-1.5 cm, as is customary in world practice. But, unfortunately, this has not yet been officially accepted in our country.
Do-it-yourself ramp: how to implement the design at home
A ramp, or otherwise a ramp, is a platform inclined at a slight angle that connects two horizontal surfaces of different heights, and facilitates the comfortable and quick movement of wheeled vehicles from one surface to another.
In real life, this device is used for or baby strollers for easy, fast and most importantly unhindered movement.
Ramps are an indispensable universal tool for people with limited mobility when overcoming thresholds, stairs and other difficult-to-pass places.
They are mainly installed on the street near the metro, shops, entrances and other public places. In this article we will look at the main types of ramps and how to implement a ramp with your own hands!
Ramps structures
There are many types of ramps, namely:
Folding
They, like the stationary ramp, are a non-removable structure, and it is always possible to fold it if there is no need to use it.
This design is attached to the wall with metal hinges on one side.
It is very easy to use. In order to go up or down, you just need to lower it onto the stairs.
After using it, the ramp easily rises back and is attached to the wall with special clamps.
Thus, you can always free up the staircase. Folding devices are most often used in public transport to provide access to people with limited mobility.
Stationary
This type is non-removable and designed for long-term use. Such devices are installed inside buildings, mainly in entrances, for unimpeded entry and exit for people with disabilities.
Stationary devices are developed strictly in accordance with GOST, and its design must take into account the environmental conditions and individual characteristics of the place of operation. The main materials from which this type of ramp is made are metal or concrete.
Removable
This type of ramp can be divided into three categories:
- Telescopic sliding devices that are used to lift and lower strollers in the entrances of residential buildings. These devices are universal, suitable for any landing and are the best solution where installing a stationary device is difficult. It can also be used folded when overcoming thresholds, curbs and short small stairs;
- Ramps for overcoming rapids, which are compact in size compared to other types of devices. They are mostly used to overcome curbs and thresholds. They are compact and easy to use. Thanks to this, it can be installed by one person without any problems;
- Roll ramps, the operating principle of which is not very different from telescopic sliding models. The main difference is the folding method. It can be easily rolled up like a regular rug. This is what makes it very convenient to use and when transporting from one place to another.
The most popular, of course, are removable ramps. They are practical to use, you can always carry it with you, and it can be installed by several people at no extra cost.
Standard sizes of ramps according to GOST
As mentioned earlier, ramps are developed and installed in accordance with GOST.
Tilt angle
The main thing in any ramp is the angle of its inclination to the surface, or the degree of slope. It is measured as a percentage and has the following requirements:
- The slope angle to the surface should be 5%, or 2.9°. In addition, the lifting height should be 80 cm;
- The slope angle can be increased to 10%, or 5.7°, if the floor in the room where the ramp is installed is uneven and has height differences of up to 20 cm;
- When installing a ramp for short-term use and when vertically lifting the device no more than 50 cm and no more than 60 cm in length, the slope angle can be increased from 5 to 8%, or 4.8°;
Physical dimensions of ramps
An important characteristic of any ramp is its size.
The size is also observed in accordance with established rules:
- Before installing the ramp, it is necessary to build special platforms before and after the descent. Its size should exceed the size of a wheelchair several times;
- The width of the ramp structure with one lane is more than 90 cm. When equipped with two lanes, the width is at least 180 cm. In this case, the angle of inclination should be 6.7%. In some cases, a handrail is installed between traffic lanes;
- When constructing a structure with several spans, intermediate platforms are installed between the ramps. The width of the platform should be twice the width of the march, and the depth should be 150 cm.
Physical dimensions of handrails
A special component of ramps, as you can see, are handrails.
They, like the entire ramp, are developed on the basis of the same GOST:
- Mandatory installation of handrails is provided for on structures whose length exceeds 180 cm and height - 15 cm;
- Handrails must be 30 cm longer than the ramp itself; the diameter of the handrail can range from 30 to 50 mm. Handrails are required to be installed along the entire length of the ramp on both sides;
- It is recommended to install handrails at a height of 60 cm, sometimes at a height of 80 cm. For children, handrails are installed at a height of 50 cm;
- To prevent strollers from sliding off the ramp, special 5-centimeter sides are installed on the sides.
As you know, ramps are installed mainly in public places, and, of course, in entrances.
Video: DIY ramp
How to make a ramp for a stroller with your own hands
But what to do if citizens with limited mobility live in their own home, or in a house where a ramp is not installed? No problem.
You can always make a ramp yourself. The main thing in this matter is to choose the appropriate material from which the future ramp will be constructed.
Metal ramp
A folding metal ramp can be placed anywhere. To make such a ramp you need:
- channel (2 pcs.). It is better to choose the thickness of the channel so that the device can withstand any weight, but at the same time be lightweight for subsequent folding when not in use;
- metal spacers or corners. Their thickness is not less than 3 mm, and their width is not less than 30 mm;
- strong and durable door hinges, plates and special fastening device, each in the amount of 3 pieces.
The hinges must be attached to the bottom using bolts. The length of the plate must be sufficient so that the entire structure can subsequently be leaned against the staircase railing.
Before installing the channel, it is necessary to measure the distance at which the wheels of the wheelchair are located. Afterwards the strips are installed parallel to the wheels.
The spacers must be attached so that they are as close as possible to the risers.
This is necessary to ensure that the person who will help lift the wheelchair does not slip and fall. Next, installation occurs on the staircase railing using prepared hinges, plates and fasteners.
Wooden ramp
A wooden ramp is similar to a metal one, but it is much more difficult to manufacture.
It is perfect for stairs that have railings on both sides.
Concrete ramp
Concrete ramps are durable and reliable. It is quite difficult to construct such a ramp yourself, but it is worth the effort.
Making a concrete ramp has 4 main stages:
- First you need to make a recess at the very edge of the ramp. After pouring concrete into this recess, its thickness will increase, which will preserve the structure from cracking and deformation;
- The next step is to make the formwork for the curbs. It is necessary to create a sand and gravel cushion in the formwork, then do the reinforcement, and after all that, proceed to pouring concrete. As a result, you will get two load-bearing borders;
- A sand and gravel cushion is again made between the curbs. First they put sand, compact it well, then put a layer of gravel and compact everything again. When creating such a pillow, you must remember to leave 10 cm for the reinforcement;
- The last step is installing the reinforcement cage and pouring concrete.
Conclusion
Thus, everyone has the opportunity to contribute to the development of special infrastructure, which is so necessary for people with disabilities.
This will help them visit public places without any disturbance and live life to the fullest like everyone else around them.
Video: Folding ramp