Petrochemical industry commonly referred to as the production of chemical products based on oil and gas. Petrochemical production includes:
shadow hydrocarbons;
hydrides, acids, etc.;
Production of petrochemical raw materials. Oil fractions and
gases cannot be directly processed into commercial chemical products. For such processing, it is necessary to first obtain chemically active hydrocarbons, which primarily include unsaturated hydrocarbons (olefins): ethylene C2H4, propylene C3H6 butylene C4H8, etc. The main industrial method for producing olefins is the pyrolysis of various gaseous and liquid petroleum feedstock.
184 Part I. Fundamentals of oil and gas business
Another type of raw material for petrochemical production is acetylene C 2 H 2, obtained at high temperatures by electrocracking (under voltaic arc conditions) of methane. Acetylene is one of the starting materials for the production of synthetic fibers and plastics.
Production of alcohols. Alcohols are used in the production of synthetic polymers, rubbers, detergents, as solvents, extractants and for other purposes. One of the most important methods for the production of alcohols is the hydration of olefins, during which ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl and other alcohols are produced. Methyl alcohol is produced by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide (a combination of CO and hydrogen under conditions of high pressure and temperature in the presence of a catalyst). Higher alcohols are formed during the hydrogenation of higher fatty acids and their esters, aldehydes, etc.
Production of surfactants. For production synthetic materials aromatic hydrocarbons are needed - benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, etc. Benzene is used mainly for the production of styrene and phenol. When interacting with low molecular weight olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylene), phenol produces intermediate products necessary for the production of detergents, resins and oil additives. Toluene is primarily used as a high-octane additive for motor fuels and as a solvent. Xylene is used in the production of synthetic fibers (“lavsan”).
For a long time, the only industrial method for producing aromatic hydrocarbons from oil was pyrolysis. Currently, they are also obtained through the catalytic reforming of narrow gasoline fractions.
Polymer production. High molecular weight compounds (polymers) include substances with a molecular weight of 5000 or more. Polymers consist of repeatedly repeating elements - monomer residues.
The main methods for synthesizing polymers are polymerization and polycondensation. Polymerization is the reaction of the formation of high-molecular substances by combining several monomer molecules, which is not accompanied by a change in their composition. At polycondensation the formation of polymers is accompanied by the release of some low molecular weight substance (water, alcohol, ammonia, etc.). Therefore, the composition of the elementary unit of the polymer in this case does not correspond to the elemental composition of the original monomer.
Chapter 4. Processing of oil, gas and hydrocarbon raw materials 185
The variety of produced polymers determines different technologies for their production.
The simplest technological production process synthetic rubber as follows. Ethyl alcohol is obtained from ethylene by hydration. By evaporating it in hermetically sealed vessels and heating the vapor to several hundred degrees in a reactor in the presence of a special catalyst, butadiene is obtained. After purification, butadiene is subjected to catalytic polymerization, producing raw rubber. By stirring it under reduced pressure, gases are removed from the raw rubber. From the resulting product, rubber sheets are obtained, which are delivered in rolls to rubber factories for the subsequent manufacture of various products.
To the group plastics include vinyl plastic, foam plastic, polyethylene, Teflon and other materials. Viniplast obtained by chemical processing of polyvinyl chloride resin formed by the reaction of ethylene with chlorine. Viniplast is used for the production of electrical insulating materials, pipes and fittings for chemical industry etc.
In addition, by adding a special substance to vinyl plastic that releases a large amount of gases when heated (porofor), one obtains Styrofoam. Industrial foam is 7... 10 times lighter than water.
Widespread polyethylene- high molecular weight product of ethylene polymerization. There are high-density polyethylene and low-density polyethylene. The first is obtained at a pressure of 100...300 MPa and a temperature of 100...300 °C in the presence of oxygen. This process requires high frequency ethylene. Low pressure polyethylene is produced by polymerization of ethylene at a pressure of up to 1 MPa and a temperature of 60...80 °C in the presence of a special catalyst.
Teflon(polyfluoroethylene) is obtained by polymerization of the monomer - tetrafluoroethylene. Such monomers are usually obtained from ethylene by replacing hydrogen atoms in its molecules with fluorine atoms.
From synthetic fibers Currently, the most widely used are nylon, lavsan, nitron, etc.
The starting material for the production of nylon is caprolac there. It is obtained as a result of complex chemical processing of phenol or benzene. By subjecting caprolactam to polymerization at a temperature of 250 ° C in the presence of nitrogen, nylon resin is obtained, from which nylon fiber is subsequently produced.
Lavsan produced from para-xylene, which, in turn, is obtained by catalytic processing of gasoline fractions in catalytic reforming units.
186 Part I. Fundamentals of oil and gas business
4.3.2. Main petrochemical products
Surfactants(surfactants) are widely used in various industries, in agriculture and in everyday life.
In oil production (see Chapter 2), surfactants are used to destroy water-oil emulsions formed during the extraction of oil to the surface of the earth and its movement through field pipelines. Surfactants are added to water when washing tanks and tanker compartments to speed up the process. One of the ways to pump high-viscosity oil is its joint transport with water treated with a surfactant solution: in this case, the water wets the metal well and the oil moves as if inside a water ring.
In addition, surfactants are used in the production of synthetic detergents, cosmetics, lotions, toothpastes, toilet soaps, leather tanning, fur dyeing, baking, fire-fighting foams, confectionery and ice cream, and as a foaming agent in the production of fermented drinks. (kvass, beer), etc.
Despite the wide variety of surfactants, they can all be divided into two groups: ionic surfactants, which, when dissolved in water, dissociate into ions) and nonionic surfactants, which do not dissociate into ions.
Depending on which ions are responsible for the surface activity of ionic substances - anions or cations, ionic substances are divided into anionic, cationic and ampholytic. The latter differ in that in an acidic solution they behave as cationic surfactants, and in an alkaline solution - as anionic ones.
Based on their solubility in certain media, surfactants are water-soluble, water-oil-soluble, and oil-soluble.
Synthetic rubbers replaced natural rubber. The term “rubber” comes from the word “caucho”, which the inhabitants of Brazil used to designate the product obtained from the milky juice (latex) of the Hevea plant growing on the banks of the river. Amazons. Natural rubber was isolated from latex by coagulation using formic, oxalic or acetic acid. The resulting loose clot was washed with water and rolled on rollers to obtain sheets. They were then dried and smoked in smoke-filled chambers to make the natural rubber resistant to oxidation and microorganisms.
The starting materials for the production of synthetic rubber are currently mainly butadiene,
Chapter 4. Processing of oil, gas and hydrocarbon raw materials 187
Styrene, isoprene and other monomers obtained from hydrocarbon gases of natural and industrial origin.
Various types of synthetic rubber are produced, divided into two groups: general purpose rubbers (-80% of global production) and special ones. The former are used where only the elasticity characteristic of rubbers at normal temperatures is needed. Special rubbers are used in the production of products that must be resistant to solvents, oils, and heat and frost resistance.
Plastic masses are called structural materials obtained on the basis of a polymer and having the ability to form and, under normal conditions, retain the shape given to them in the form finished products. In addition to polymers, plastics include fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, dyes and other additives.
Fillers are introduced to improve the physical and mechanical properties of plastics, reduce shrinkage and reduce their cost. Wood flour, paper, cotton fabric, mica, talc, kaolin, and fiberglass are used as fillers.
Plasticizers Give plastics flexibility and elasticity, reduce rigidity and fragility. Dibutyl phthalate, stearin, camphor, glycerin, etc. are used as plasticizers.
Stabilizers(antioxidants, antioxidants, heat stabilizers, etc.) help plastics retain their properties for a long time under operating conditions.
Dyes injected into plastic to give it the desired color.
Depending on their behavior when heated, plastics are divided into thermoplastic and thermosetting. Thermoplastics(thermoplastics) soften and become plastic when heated, and harden again when cooled. Softening and hardening can be done repeatedly. Thermoplastics include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, fluoroplastic, etc. Thermoset plastics(thermosets) at the beginning of heat treatment soften, become plastic and take the desired shape. However, with further heating, they lose their plasticity and become infusible and insoluble. The thermosets include phenoplasts, aminoplasts, etc.
Plastic masses have been known to mankind since ancient times. They were made on the basis of natural resins - rosin, bitumen, etc. The oldest plastic material made from artificial
188 Part I. Fundamentals of oil and gas business
Vienna polymer - cellulose nitrate, is celluloid, the production of which began in the USA in 1872. In 1906... 1910. In Russia and Germany, the first thermosets based on phenol-formaldehyde resin were produced. In the 1930s. in the USSR, Germany and other industrialized countries, the production of thermoplastics - polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, etc. was organized. However, the rapid development of the plastics industry began only after the Second World War. In the 50s, many countries began producing the “number one plastic” - polyethylene.
Today it is impossible to imagine our life without plastics. In construction, they are used for finishing work, in the form of wall panels, window frames, doors, etc. In mechanical engineering, gears and worm wheels, pulleys, bearings, rollers, pipes, etc. are made from plastics. In aircraft manufacturing, thermosets are used to make jet engines, wings, aircraft fuselages, helicopter rotors, fuel tanks, etc. In the automotive industry, engine parts, transmissions, chassis, bodies, and interior trim elements are made from plastics. In medicine, plastic instruments, heart valves, prosthetic limbs, eye lenses, etc. are used. This list could be continued.
Synthetic fibers Along with natural and artificial ones, they are widely used for household and technical purposes.
The possibility of producing chemical fibers from various substances (glue, resins) was predicted back in the 17th-18th centuries. However, their production was first organized on an industrial scale in France in 1891.
The production of synthetic fibers began with the release of polyvinyl chloride fiber (Germany) in 1932. In 1942, the most famous polyamide fiber, nylon (USA), was produced on an industrial scale.
Currently, in addition to polyamide fiber, they also produce polyester (lavsan), polyacrylonitrile (nitron), polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene fibers. They are produced in the form of textile and cord threads, as well as in the form of staple fiber.
Synthetic fibers have high tensile strength, good dimensional stability, wrinkle resistance, and resistance to light, moisture, mold, and temperature. The variety of properties of the original synthetic polymers, as well as the possibility of modifying both the initial raw material (monomer) and the fiber itself, makes it possible to obtain products with specified properties and high quality.
Chapter 4. Processing of oil, gas and hydrocarbon raw materials 189
Stva. In this regard, synthetic fibers in many cases are replacing natural and artificial fibers.
Fabrics made from synthetic fibers are used not only in everyday life. They are used as electrical cladding and insulating materials in cars, railway cars, sea and river vessels. Synthetic fibers are preferred in the manufacture of ropes, fishing nets, parachutes and other products that require materials with high tensile strength.
SUMMARY
At present, oil refining produces: 1) fuel; 2) petroleum oils; 3) paraffins, ceresins, petroleum jelly; 4) petroleum bitumen; 5) lighting kerosene; 6) solvents; 7) other petroleum products (petroleum coke, soot, grease, etc.). Oil refining is carried out at oil refineries.
Natural flammable gases are processed in gas processing plants, which are built near large oil and gas fields. The gases are first purified from mechanical impurities (particles of dust, sand, scale, etc.), dried and purified from hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. The products of primary processing of natural flammable gases are gas gasoline, liquefied and dry gases, technical hydrocarbons: ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes.
The petrochemical industry is usually called the production of chemical products based on oil and gas, which includes:
1) production of raw materials - olefins, dienes, aromatics and naf
shadow hydrocarbons;
2) production of intermediate products - alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, an
hydrides, acids, etc.;
3) production of surfactants;
4) production of high molecular weight compounds - polymers.
TEST QUESTIONS AND TASKS
1. Name the main products of oil refining.
2. Describe the main stages of oil refining.
3. Name and describe the main types of oil refineries
factories.
190 Part I. Fundamentals of oil and gas business
4. What are the main processes used in gas processing plants?
in factories?
5. What are the differences between oil refining and petrochemical
production?
6. What are the raw materials for petrochemical production?
LITERATURE
1. Manovyan A.K. Technology of primary oil refining and
native gas: Textbook. manual for university students. - M.: Chemistry, 2001.
2. Fundamentals of oil and gas business: Textbook / A.A. Korshak, A.M. Sham-
mazov. - 2nd ed., add. and corr. -Ufa: DesignPolygraphService, 2002.
3. Processes and apparatus of oil and gas refining and petrochemistry:
Textbook for universities / A.I. Skoblo, Y.K. Molokanov, AI. Vladimirov,
V.A. Shchelkunov. -3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Nedra, 2000.
4. Sharafiev R.G. Technology for collecting, preparing and refining oil
and gas (design, calculations and tests): Textbook. allowance. -Ufa:
Ufim. state oil tech. univ., 1997.
CHAPTER 5. OIL STORAGE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND GAS
5.1. Storage and distribution of oil and petroleum products
5.1.1. Classification of tank farms
5.1.2. Operations carried out at oil depots
5.1.3. Oil storage facilities and their location
5.1.4. Unloading and loading devices for railway tanks
5.1.5. Oil harbors, berths and piers
5.1.6. Automotive tank filling plants
5.1.7. Underground storage of petroleum products
5.1.8. Gas stations
5.2. Gas storage and distribution
5.2.1. Unevenness of gas consumption and methods of compensation
5.1.1. Gas storage in gas tanks
5.2.1. Underground gas storage facilities
5.2.2. Gas distribution networks
5.2.3. Gas control points
5.2.4. Automotive gas filling compressor stations
5.2.5. Use of liquefied hydrocarbon gases in the gas supply system
5.2.6. Liquefied hydrocarbon gas storage facilities
Summary
Test questions and assignments
Literature
5.1. STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Related information.
The chemical and petrochemical industry is a progressive, rapidly developing industry (the share of industrial production fixed assets was about 8% in 1995). Chemicalization is increasingly penetrating into all spheres of the national economy. It makes it possible to solve technical, technological and economic problems, create new materials with predetermined properties, replace metal in construction and mechanical engineering, increase productivity and save public labor costs. Chemistry, along with mechanical engineering, metallurgy and electrical power, contributes to scientific and technological progress.
The chemical industry includes the production of several thousand various types products, the number of which is second only to mechanical engineering.
Consumers of chemical industry products are found in all spheres of the national economy. Mechanical engineering needs plastics, varnishes, paints; Agriculture- in mineral fertilizers, preparations for controlling plant pests, in feed additives (livestock); transport - in motor fuel, lubricants, synthetic rubber. The chemical and petrochemical industries are becoming a source of raw materials for the production of consumer goods, especially chemical fibers and plastics. Modern aircraft manufacturing, jet technology, radar, space technology, and rocketry are unthinkable without the use of synthetic materials and new types of synthesized fuel (see Tables 4.1 and 4.2).
Table 4.1
Key performance indicators of the chemical and petrochemical industry in Russia
|
Number of enterprises |
|||
|
Product volume, billion rubles. |
|||
|
Number of industrial and production personnel, thousand people. |
|||
|
including workers, thousand people |
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|
Profit, billion rubles |
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|
Profitability level,% |
|||
|
Increase in costs by 1 rub. products,% compared to the previous year |
Table 4.2
Production of the most important types of chemical products in Russian Federation
|
Sulfuric acid in monohydrate, million tons |
|||||
|
Soda ash, million tons |
|||||
|
Caustic soda, million tons |
|||||
|
Mineral fertilizers in terms of |
|||||
|
100% nutrients, million tons |
|||||
|
including |
|||||
|
phosphate, million tons |
|||||
|
nitrogen, million tons |
|||||
|
potash, million tons |
|||||
|
Chemical plant protection products (in 100% terms), thousand tons |
|||||
|
Synthetic resins and plastics, thousand tons |
|||||
|
Fiberglass and products made from them, thousand tons |
|||||
|
Synthetic detergents, thousand tons |
|||||
|
Laundry soap, thousand tons |
|||||
|
Toilet soap, thousand tons |
|||||
|
Feed microbiological protein, thousand tons of commercial product |
|||||
|
Chemical fibers, million tons |
In 1990-1991 the volume of production of chemical products in the Russian Federation amounted to about 70% of its production in former USSR. The share of Russian chemical products in the industrial volume in 1995 did not exceed 9%.
The sharp decline in the production of almost all types of chemical products in Russia that began after the collapse of the USSR continues to this day. The need of the country's national economy for chemical products is not satisfied due to the backlog and reduction of capital construction, incomplete use of existing production capacity, delays in the import and development of new production facilities, and often due to disruptions in the supply of fuel and energy, technological raw materials, materials, incompleteness of equipment, lack of transport, insufficient development of new technological processes, deterioration of production conditions and quality of raw materials, lack of personnel with the necessary qualifications, as well as due to technology disruption and increased accidents. A number of production facilities have been closed for environmental reasons. The issue has arisen of the urgent withdrawal of about fifty enterprises from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities of the country.
Due to the deep general economic crisis in the country, labor productivity and capital productivity are declining in the chemical industry, the environmental situation, industry structure, and proportions of the reproduction process are deteriorating; there is an increase in intra- and inter-industry imbalances in raw materials, fuel, electricity, equipment and spare parts; There is a significant shortage of chemical products everywhere.
The stabilization of production in the chemical industry is associated with the formation of new production conditions and forms of ownership.
IN last years New joint-stock economic structures, both intra-industry and inter-industry holding type, are becoming widespread. Inter-industry holdings are associated with the integrated production of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials and have a rather complex structure and composition of shareholders interested in one or another product of the holding and capable of investing large amounts of money in their development. Intra-industry holdings can unite enterprises associated with consistent technology for processing different types of raw materials and intermediate products within the chemical complex itself. It is expected to attract foreign investors to newly created structures with an indispensable comprehensive solution to environmental issues.
The chemical industry unites many specialized industries, heterogeneous in raw materials and purpose of products, but similar in production technology.
There are three main groups of industries.
1. Mining and chemical industry, covering the extraction of basic chemical raw materials: apatite, phosphorite, potassium and table salt, native sulfur, sulfur pyrites.
2. Basic (inorganic) chemistry, including the production of mineral fertilizers, acids and alkalis, the production of soda ash and caustic soda.
3. Organic chemistry, combining the production of organic synthesis - the main hydrocarbon raw materials (ethylene, acetylene, propylene, butylene, divinyl, benzene, acids), the production of organic semi-finished products (ethyl alcohol, phenol, glycerin, acetone, acetic acid, ethylene oxide, styrene) and the polymer chemistry industry (production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber).
Over the past decades, additional independent industries have been formed, such as pharmaceutical, microbiological, household chemicals(varnishes, solvents, paints), production of reagents.
The location of chemical industries is influenced by factors; among which the largest role is played by raw materials, energy, water, consumer, labor, environmental, and infrastructure. The role of each of them is different depending on the technological features of various chemical industries. However, a comprehensive account of the influence of all interacting factors in the location of any chemical production is required.
The chemical industry as a whole is a highly raw material-intensive industry. The costs of raw materials due to the high value of raw materials or their significant specific costs range from 40 to 90% based on the production of 1 ton of finished products. Such costs are especially high (90% or more) in the mining and chemical raw materials industry. Typical industry use huge number names of raw materials of mineral, plant, animal origin, as well as air, water, all kinds of industrial gas emissions - waste from non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. In the modern chemical industry of organic synthesis, hydrocarbon oil and gas raw materials play an important role. Highly raw materials-intensive industries, as a rule, gravitate towards sources of raw materials.
It is extremely important to comprehensively use raw materials, especially hydrocarbons, to produce many types of chemicals and chemical materials. Chemical production is characterized by multi-stage technological processes, the use of various types of raw materials and intermediate products. Intra-industry and inter-industry combination and cooperation of production has become widely developed in chemistry. Chemical and petrochemical plants emerged, in conjunction with gas and oil refining. Great opportunities are opening up for energy-chemical combining (chemical processing of coal, oil, gas, shale).
A simplified diagram of the production of petrochemical products - the main raw material for organic and polymer chemistry - is presented in the figure.
The chemical industry is an energy-intensive industry, with high specific consumption of electrical, thermal energy and direct fuel. For example, to produce 1 ton of chemical fiber, up to 15-20 thousand kW/h of electricity and up to 10 tons of fuel for heat generation (steam, hot water). The total consumption of fuel and energy resources in the chemical complex is about 20-30% of total consumption in industry. Therefore, energy-intensive industries often gravitate towards sources of cheap electrical and thermal energy. This also contributes to the efficiency of intra- and inter-industry connections in the chemical and petrochemical industries, which, in turn, ensures intra- and inter-industry combination of production and the introduction of energy technology processes.
Water consumption in chemical production is very high. Water is used for washing, cooling units, and diluting industrial wastewater. In terms of total water consumption, the chemical industry ranks first among manufacturing industries. To produce 1 ton of fiber, for example, up to 5 thousand cubic meters are consumed. m of water, and in the cost of producing a water-intensive unit of production, the water component ranges from 10 to 30%.
Therefore, it is advisable to locate water-intensive industries in areas with a favorable water balance, near water sources.
Chemical production is divided into labor-intensive (chemical fibers, plastics), medium-labor-intensive, low-labor-intensive and non-labor-intensive. It is advisable to create labor-intensive industries in areas with abundant labor resources, and non-labor-intensive ones in areas with a shortage of labor resources.
Specialization in the chemical industry has intensified in recent years due to the extensive, well-developed oil pipeline transport, which makes it possible to bridge the gap in a single technological cycle for obtaining a product at the penultimate stage (production of an intermediate product) and organize the final stages of obtaining final products (chemicals and chemical materials) in other more preferable areas. areas, and not only in those where the intermediate product is produced in accordance with the previous technological chain (see figure).
The environmental factor is the preservation of the purity of the surrounding atmosphere, land and water bodies. Taking this factor into account, the most rational structure for the production of chemical products using optimal technologies is formed in each region.
Automation and electrification of chemical production helps reduce labor intensity, increase labor productivity and introduce new technological methods (plasma, laser), and implement new scientific, technical and technological solutions.
The infrastructural factor (preparing and developing the territory for industrial development) is taken into account and plays an important role in the location of industrial production, especially in areas of new development.
The following groups of chemical production are distinguished:
raw material orientation: mining and chemical production and production that utilize non-transportable raw materials (coke oven gas, sulfur dioxide) or are characterized by a high raw material index (production of soda ash);
fuel, energy and raw materials orientation: highly energy-intensive industries (polymers, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, caustic soda);
consumer orientation: production with high transport costs for delivering products to the consumer or production of difficult-to-transport products (sulfuric acid).
Often the action various factors appears in opposite directions in the same area. As a result of the complex interaction of location factors modern geography The chemical industry is characterized by:
high territorial concentration of enterprises mainly in the European part of the Russian Federation;
separation of the production of chemical industry products from the centers of their consumption;
the already established location of the chemical industry in areas deficient in water and energy resources.
In the future, in the European part of Russia, in areas with a high concentration of labor resources, but scarce fuel, energy and water resources, it is advisable to locate labor-intensive, capital-intensive, but non-water-intensive chemical industry production with a medium and low raw material index.
In areas of Siberia with exceptionally favorable natural conditions and large resources of raw materials, fuel, energy, water, energy-intensive, raw material-intensive and water-intensive industries should be created, despite the increasing cost factors: more expensive construction, labor shortages, harsh climatic conditions and much more expensive infrastructure (territory development in Siberia and the Far East is practically starting anew).
The mining and chemical industry covers the extraction of basic chemical raw materials: apatite, phosphorite, potassium and table salt, native sulfur.
Reserves of apatite raw materials are concentrated on the Kola Peninsula (Khibiny deposit) in the Northern Economic Region (about 2/3 of all reserves of phosphorus-containing raw materials). Phosphorite reserves are concentrated in the Northwestern (Kingisepp), Volga-Vyatka (Vyatsko-Kama deposit), in the Central (Egoryevskoye and Polpinskoye deposits) regions, in Western Siberia (Tashtagolskoye and Teletskoye), in Eastern Siberia (Chernogorskoye, Beloziminskoye, Oschurkovskoye deposits ).
The main reserves of potassium salt are concentrated in the Urals (Solikamsk, Berezniki).
Deposits of sulfur and sulfur pyrite are located on the territory of the Ural economic region in combination with deposits of copper and copper-pyrite ores, and deposits of native sulfur are concentrated in the Volga region (Vodinskoye - in the Samara region).
Table salt is mined in the Volga economic region (lakes Elton and Baskunchak), in the Urals (Solikamskoye, Sol-Iletskoye deposits), in Western Siberia (Burla), Eastern Siberia (Usolye-Sibirskoye), in the Far East (Kempendyaiskoye).
The main deposits of proven reserves of most types of mining and chemical raw materials are concentrated in the European part of Russia: in the Ural, Central, Volga, Northern, Volga-Vyatka regions. In the eastern regions, the number of explored deposits of the mining and chemical industry is much smaller. Due to the remoteness of most of them from the consumer, it is necessary to carry out expensive transportation of raw materials over long distances.
The basic chemistry industry includes the production of mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda ash and caustic soda. The raw material base for them is the products of the mining and chemical industry.
In 1991, the Russian Federation accounted for more than 50% of the all-Union production of mineral fertilizers. In 1995, their production amounted to 9.6 million tons (in 1991 - 15.9 million tons, of which about 30% was exported to the former Soviet republics, the share of imports of mineral fertilizers was about 13%). Russia's need for fertilizers due to own production in the 90s practically not satisfied due to a sharp reduction in their production (1.65 times in 1991-1995) and rising prices, as well as due to the insolvency of agricultural producers both in state and private farms as a result of hyperinflation.
In the production of mineral fertilizers, the leading place is occupied by the nitrogen industry - about 50% nitrogen fertilizers of Russia's total fertilizer output in 1995. The main raw materials for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are natural gas and coking coal. Our country uses several technological methods for producing nitrogen fertilizers. This is, firstly, the ammonium method (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfuric acid), based on the use of coke oven gas generated during the coking of coal (when producing coke in coke production) in ferrous metallurgy. When using this technology for producing nitrogen fertilizers, the raw material factor has a decisive influence on the location of the nitrogen fertilizer industry. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer enterprises operating on coke oven gas are located either in coal basins (Kuznetsk in Western Siberia - Kemerovo, Irkutsk in Eastern Siberia - Angarsk), or close to metallurgical plants with a full metallurgical cycle (Ural region - Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil; Western Siberia - Novokuznetsk; Central Chernozem region - Lipetsk, Northern region- Cherepovets).
Another technological method for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is the conversion of natural gas used in chemistry as a raw material. In this case, when locating the production of nitrogen fertilizers, the determining factor becomes consumer or raw material. Enterprises are located either in areas of gas resources (North Caucasus - Nevinnomyssk), or along the routes of gas pipelines in agricultural areas - the main consumers of nitrogen fertilizers: Volga region (Tolyatti), Central (Dorogobuzh, Shchekino, Novomoskovsk), North-Western (Novgorod), Ural (Nizhny Tagil).
When producing nitrogen fertilizers by water electrolysis, enterprises are located taking into account the electrical energy factor - near sources of cheap electricity or taking into account both the energy and raw material factors, if a solution of table salt is subjected to electrolysis (Ural region - Berezniki, Solikamsk).
When using oil refinery waste in nitrogen fertilizer production, the main factor in the location of nitrogen fertilizer production is the raw material (Ural region - Salavat near oil refineries).
The production of potash fertilizers in Russia (30% of the total volume) has developed under the influence of the raw material factor and gravitates towards the places where potassium salts are mined. The production of potash fertilizers (100%) is located in the Ural region (Berezniki, Solikamsk) near the sources of raw materials.
The production of phosphate fertilizers (20% of total production) gravitates towards the areas of their consumption. The production of phosphate fertilizers requires large amounts of sulfuric acid.
Enterprises for the production of phosphate fertilizers are mainly located in agricultural areas on the basis of imported apatite concentrate from the Kola Peninsula or local phosphorus-containing raw materials (Central region - Voskresensk, Dorogobuzh, Bryansk on Polpinsky and Yegoryevsk phosphorites; Central Chernozemsky - Shchigry and Uvarovo, Povolzhsky - Togliatti , Balakovo on imported Apatites from the Kola Peninsula, North-West - Kingisepp). A number of phosphate fertilizer plants arose near sources of cheap sulfuric acid: the Ural region (Perm, Krasnouralsk).
All three complex, concentrated types of fertilizers are produced in almost all economic regions: in the Urals, in the Central, Central Black Earth, Northern, Northwestern regions. The need for phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the Far East and Siberia is met through supplies from other regions of the country.
In the future, the main task is to bring into economic circulation the Siberian deposits of phosphate raw materials (Tashtagolskoye, Chernogorskoye, Beloziminskoye, Oshurkovskoye) and on their basis create the production of phosphate fertilizers in accordance with the need for them in remote eastern regions.
The main producers of sulfuric acid are phosphate fertilizer plants. The production of sulfuric acid (in 1995 amounted to 6.9 million tons) is based on the use of native sulfur (Vodinskoye deposit in the Samara region), sulfur pyrites (deposits of copper pyrite ores in the Urals), as well as waste industrial sulfur dioxide gases from ferrous metallurgical plants (Nizhny Tagil , Perm, Pervomaisk, Chelyabinsk) and copper smelting plants (Krasnouralsk, Revda, Karabash, Mednogorsk) in the Ural region. In addition, sulfur is used as a raw material, obtained during the purification of sulfur-containing natural gas at gas processing complexes (in Orenburg in the Urals, Astrakhan in the Volga region) and during the processing of sulfurous oil at oil refineries (Volga region and the Urals).
The main areas for sulfuric acid production are the Ural, Volga, East Siberian, West Siberian, and North Caucasian regions. The production of sulfuric acid, due to the difficulties associated with the danger of its transportation, gravitates primarily to the places of its consumption - to phosphate fertilizer plants and other chemical production, to raw material sources - enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, gas and oil refining in order to combine and cooperate with these industries (recycling of industrial waste in metallurgy, gas and oil refining).
Production of caustic soda (alkali) in 1995 amounted to 1.17 million tons. The raw material for producing caustic soda is table salt. This highly raw material-intensive production is carried out simultaneously with chlorine production - the basis for the production of hydrochloric acid, bleaches, pesticides, polymer materials. Soda is used in the glass, soap, textile, pulp and paper industries, for oil refining, in medicine, and in everyday life. The production of caustic soda involves the use of not only table salt, but also auxiliary materials - limestone, with significant consumption of fuel and energy resources. The determining factors for the location of caustic soda production are raw materials and energy. Production gravitates to areas with a favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy resources. Regions where caustic soda production is located: Ural, Volga, West Siberian, East Siberian.
The raw material for producing soda ash is also table salt. The main factor in the location of this production is raw materials. The enterprises are located near deposits of table salt and limestone deposits: the Ural region (Berezniki, Solikamsk), the Volga region (Volgograd), the Volgo-Vyatsky region (Cheboksary), the East Siberian region (Usolye-Sibirskoye).
Soda ash is also produced at alumina plants as a by-product: in Krasnoturinsk, Kamensk-Uralsk (Ural region), Achinsk (East Siberian region), Pikalyov, Boksitogorsk (North-Western region).
The production of synthetic dyes and photochemical products is concentrated in areas of developed chemical industry: Ural (Berezniki), Central (Pereyaslavl), Central Chernozem (Tambov), Volga (Kazan). The raw materials basis of these industries are acids, alkalis, salts, coke products and other organic compounds.
Currently, the raw material base of the chemical and petrochemical industries is characterized by the increasing role of hydrocarbon raw materials. Its main share is produced in the regions of the European part of Russia on the basis of gas, oil refining and petrochemical plants. The organic synthesis industry is developing using hydrocarbon raw materials; it is located in Central (Moscow, Yaroslavl, Novomoskovsk), Volgo-Vyatka ( Nizhny Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk), Central Black Earth (Voronezh), Volga region (Samara, Saratov, Volgograd), Ural region (Ufa, Salavat, Orsk), North Caucasus (Nevinnomyssk), Northwestern (Novgorod), West Siberian (Omsk, Tomsk , Tobolsk, Tyumen) areas.
The final product of organic chemistry, developing on the basis of the organic synthesis industry, is polymer chemistry: the production of synthetic rubber, synthetic resins and plastics, and chemical fibers.
The Russian synthetic rubber industry occupies a prominent place in the world. The production of synthetic rubber (SR) arose on the basis of food alcohol (in the Central, Volga, Central Chernozem regions) and hydrolytic alcohol (in Krasnoyarsk). With the transition to hydrocarbon raw materials from oil, associated petroleum gases and natural gas, the location of industrial complex production has undergone significant changes. Predominant development was achieved in Central (Yaroslavl, Moscow, Efremov), Volga (Kazan, Volzhsky, Tolyatti, Novokuybyshevsk, Saratov, Nizhnekamsk), Ural (Ufa, Perm, Orsk, Sterlitamak), West Siberian (Omsk), East Siberian (Krasnoyarsk) areas with a highly developed oil refining industry. The main ones listed are the Volga, Ural and West Siberian regions.
The greatest influence on the location of SC production is exerted by raw materials and energy factors. In the future, it will expand to the eastern regions of the country on the basis of West Siberian oil and associated gases as part of the Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk oil refining and petrochemical complexes, as well as oil refineries in Eastern Siberia (Achinsk, Angarsk) with favorable energy opportunities (Bratskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano -Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station).
The industry of plastics and synthetic resins arose initially in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, and Ural regions using imported raw materials. Currently, there are significant shifts in the location of the industry due to the widespread use of hydrocarbon petrochemical feedstocks. Production of synthetic resins and plastics has been created in oil refining areas and along oil and gas pipeline routes: Volga (Novokuibyshevsk, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Kazan), Ural (Ufa, Salavat, Sverdlovsk, Nizhny Tagil), Central (Moscow, Ryazan, Yaroslavl), North Caucasian (Budennovsk), Northwestern (St. Petersburg), West Siberian (Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Omsk), Volga-Vyatka (Dzerzhinsk) regions.
In the future, it would be more expedient to place the production of synthetic resins and plastics in the eastern regions (Western and Eastern Siberia) on the basis of West Siberian oil processing plants in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Achinsk, Angarsk, where there is a favorable combination of raw materials, water resources and cheap electricity generated by hydroelectric power stations in Eastern Siberia (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya).
The chemical fiber industry, which includes the production of artificial and synthetic types, uses cellulose (for artificial fibers) and petroleum products (for synthetic fibers) as feedstock. Depending on the type, the production of chemical fiber is characterized by high costs of raw materials, fuel and energy, water and labor resources, as well as significant capital costs. Therefore, the correct placement of this industry requires a comprehensive consideration of these factors.
Having initially appeared in old industrial areas with developed chemistry, this industry has taken a strong position in the western regions of Russia (more than 2/3 general production products): in the Volga region - about 1/3 (Engels, Balakovo, Saratov, Volzhsky), Central - about 1/3 (Tver, Klin, Ryazan), Central Chernozem - 9% (Kursk). The share of eastern regions is less than 1/3: Western Siberia (Barnaul, Kemerovo), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk).
In the future, significant territorial shifts in the production of chemical fibers will occur due to the eastern regions of the country, which are provided with raw materials, fuel and energy and water resources. According to the results of carefully carried out calculations, in Siberia and the Far East it is advisable to locate non-labor-intensive and non-capital-intensive, but highly energy-intensive, raw material and water-intensive types of production, taking into account the intra-industry connections of the chemical and forestry, petrochemical and energy industries.
So, the largest chemical industry complexes have developed in the following economic regions of the country:
Central region - polymer chemistry (production of plastics and products made from them, synthetic rubber, tires and rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes and varnishes, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid;
Ural region - production of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics from oil and associated gases);
North-Western region - production of phosphate fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fiber);
Volga region - petrochemical production (orgsynthesis), production of polymer products (synthetic rubber, chemical fiber);
North Caucasus - production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis, synthetic resins and plastics;
Siberia (Western and Eastern) - chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry (plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber), tire production (see Tables 4.3 and 4.4).
Table 4.3
Production of certain types of chemical products in the Russian Federation by economic region by the mid-90s. (in % of total)
|
Mineral fertilizers |
Caustic |
Soda Ash |
Chemical |
Synthetic resins and plastics |
Synthetic rubber |
and car tires |
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|
Potash |
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|
Russia, total |
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|
Western zone |
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Northern |
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West |
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Central |
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Volgo-Vyatsky |
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Central Chernozemny |
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Povolzhsky |
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Caucasian |
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Ural |
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Eastern zone |
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Western Siberian |
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East Siberian |
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Oriental |
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Table 4.4
Territorial structure of production of chemical and petrochemical industry products by regions of Russia in 1995 (as a percentage of the total)
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Russia, total |
|
|
Northern |
|
|
Northwestern |
|
|
Central |
|
|
Central Black Earth |
|
|
Volgo-Vyatsky |
|
|
Povolzhsky |
|
|
North Caucasian |
|
|
Ural |
|
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Total: Western zone of Russia |
|
|
West Siberian |
|
|
East Siberian |
|
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Far Eastern |
|
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Total: Eastern zone of Russia |
From the point of view of the territorial organization of production in Russia, four enlarged chemical and chemical forestry bases can be distinguished in accordance with the raw material and processing capabilities of various regions.
The Northern European base includes huge reserves of Khibiny apatites, plant (forest), water, fuel and energy resources. The main chemistry is based on the apatite raw materials of the Kola Peninsula - the production of phosphate fertilizers in the country. Organic chemistry in the future will be developed through the processing of local oil and gas resources in the Northern Economic Region.
The central base was formed due to consumer demand for products of the processing industry, which operates mainly on imported raw materials: oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry (chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber), tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils, etc. Based on local and imported raw materials, production of basic chemicals is located: mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical products.
The Volga-Ural base is formed on the enormous reserves of potassium, table salts of the Urals and Volga region, sulfur, oil, gas, non-ferrous metal ores, hydropower and forest resources. The share of chemical products from the Volga-Ural base is more than 40%, petrochemicals - 50%, forest industrial products - about 20%. Deterrent factor further development This base is ecological.
The Siberian base has the most promising opportunities due to unique and diverse raw material resources: oil, gas from Western Siberia, coal from Eastern and Western Siberia, table salt, hydropower and forestry resources, as well as reserves of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores. The petrochemical (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk) and coal chemical (Kemerovo, Cheremkhovo) industries received accelerated development due to a favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors.
The urgent tasks in the chemical and petrochemical industry of Russia are: overcoming the protracted crisis, technical re-equipment of enterprises with the widespread use of new and latest technologies capable of ensuring the integrated use of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials, increasing production efficiency, reducing pollution emissions, recycling industrial waste, and financing priority areas of development.
The current concentration of chemical production in the regions of the European part of the country contradicts the scarce raw materials and fuel and energy resources of the western zone, therefore the development of chemistry in the future should take place due to the rich resources of Siberia and the Far East, use of market opportunities, be based on a combination of interrelated short-, medium- and long-term measures taking into account the specifics of specific territories. The main goal of regional structural policy is to prevent mass unemployment and provide jobs in enterprises that produce competitive products. The influx of domestic and foreign capital should improve the investment climate. In addition, you need:
clear tax policy;
provision of government guarantees for loans;
reasonable expansion of the rights of local governments in regulating investment activities;
deepening regional specialization based on the integrated development of highly efficient resources;
curtailment of non-core labor-intensive production.
The emerging mechanism for regulating the regional structure of production must correspond to the conditions and tasks of economic development of specific regions of the country.
The chemical and petrochemical industry is a progressive, rapidly developing industry (the share of industrial production fixed assets was about 8% in 1995). Chemicalization is increasingly penetrating into all spheres of the national economy. It makes it possible to solve technical, technological and economic problems, create new materials with predetermined properties, replace metal in construction and mechanical engineering, increase productivity and save public labor costs. Chemistry, along with mechanical engineering, metallurgy and electrical power, contributes to scientific and technological progress.
The chemical industry includes the production of several thousand different types of products, the number of which is second only to mechanical engineering.
Consumers of chemical industry products are found in all spheres of the national economy. Mechanical engineering needs plastics, varnishes, paints; agriculture - in mineral fertilizers, preparations for controlling plant pests, in feed additives (livestock farming); transport - in motor fuel, lubricants, synthetic rubber. The chemical and petrochemical industries are becoming a source of raw materials for the production of consumer goods, especially chemical fibers and plastics. Modern aircraft construction, jet technology, radar, space technology
Table 4.1
, rocket science is unthinkable without the use of synthetic materials and new types of synthesized fuel (see Tables 4.1 and 4.2).
|
Key performance indicators of the chemical and petrochemical industry in Russia | |||
|
Number of enterprises | |||
|
Product volume, billion rubles | |||
|
Number of industrial production personnel, thousand people. | |||
|
including workers, | |||
|
Profitability level,% | |||
|
billion rubles | |||
|
Increase in costs by 1 rub. products, |
Table 4.2
% to previous year
|
Production of the most important types of chemical products in the Russian Federation | |||||
|
Sulfuric acid in monohydrate, million tons | |||||
|
Soda ash, million tons | |||||
|
Mineral fertilizers in terms of | |||||
|
Caustic soda, million tons | |||||
|
including | |||||
|
100% nutrients, million .t | |||||
|
phosphate, million tons | |||||
|
nitrogen, million tons | |||||
|
potash, million tons | |||||
|
Chemical plant protection products (in 100% terms), thousand tons | |||||
|
Synthetic resins and plastics, thousand tons | |||||
|
Fiberglass and products | |||||
|
of which, thousand tons | |||||
|
Synthetic detergents | |||||
|
funds, thousand tons | |||||
|
Laundry soap, thousand tons | |||||
|
Toilet soap, thousand tons | |||||
|
Feed microbiological protein, thousand tons of commercial product |
In 1990 - 1991 The volume of chemical production in the Russian Federation was about 70% of its production in the former USSR. The share of Russian chemical products in the industrial volume in 1995 did not exceed 9%.
The sharp decline in the production of almost all types of chemical products in Russia that began after the collapse of the USSR continues to this day. The need of the national economy for chemical products is not satisfied due to the lag and reduction in capital construction, incomplete use of existing production capacities, delays in the import and development of new production facilities, and often due to disruptions in the supply of fuel and energy, technological raw materials, materials, incompleteness of equipment, lack of transport, insufficient development of new technological processes, deterioration of production conditions and the quality of raw materials, lack of personnel with the necessary qualifications, as well as due to disruption of technology and increased frequency of accidents. A number of production facilities have been closed for environmental reasons.
The issue has arisen of the urgent withdrawal of about fifty enterprises from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities of the country.
Due to the deep general economic crisis in the country, labor productivity and capital productivity are declining in the chemical industry, the environmental situation, industry structure, and proportions of the reproduction process are deteriorating;
there is an increase in intra- and inter-industry imbalances in raw materials, fuel, electricity, equipment and spare parts; There is a significant shortage of chemical products everywhere.
The chemical industry unites many specialized industries, heterogeneous in raw materials and purpose of products, but similar in production technology.
There are three main groups of industries.
1. Mining and chemical industry, covering the extraction of basic chemical raw materials: apatite, phosphorite, potassium and table salt, native sulfur, sulfur pyrites.
2. Basic (inorganic) chemistry, including the production of mineral fertilizers, acids and alkalis, the production of soda ash and caustic soda.
3. Organic chemistry, combining the production of organic synthesis - the main hydrocarbon raw materials (ethylene, acetylene, propylene, butylene, divinyl, benzene, acids), the production of organic semi-finished products (ethyl alcohol, phenol, glycerin, acetone, acetic acid, ethylene oxide, styrene) and the polymer chemistry industry (production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber).
Over the past decades, additional independent industries have been formed, such as pharmaceutical, microbiological, household chemicals (varnishes, solvents, paints), and the production of reagents.
The location of chemical industry sectors is influenced by factors, among which the most important are raw materials, energy, water, consumer, labor, environmental, and infrastructure.
The role of each of them is different depending on the technological features of various chemical industries.
It is extremely important to comprehensively use raw materials, especially hydrocarbons, to produce many types of chemicals and chemical materials.
Chemical production is characterized by multi-stage technological processes and the use of various types of raw materials and intermediate products. Intra-industry and inter-industry combination and cooperation of production has become widely developed in chemistry. Chemical and petrochemical plants emerged, in conjunction with gas and oil refining.
Great opportunities are opening up for energy-chemical combining (chemical processing of coal, oil, gas, shale).
A simplified diagram of the production of petrochemical products - the main raw material for organic and polymer chemistry - is presented in the figure.
The chemical industry is an energy-intensive industry, with high specific consumption of electrical, thermal energy and direct fuel. For example, to produce 1 ton of chemical fiber, up to 15 - 20 thousand kW/h of electricity and up to 10 tons of fuel for heat generation (steam, hot water) are required. The total consumption of fuel and energy resources in the chemical complex is about 20 - 30% of total consumption in industry. Therefore, energy-intensive industries often gravitate towards sources of cheap electrical and thermal energy. This also contributes to the efficiency of intra- and inter-industry connections in the chemical and petrochemical industries, which, in turn, ensures intra- and inter-industry combination of production and the introduction of energy technology processes.
Water consumption in chemical production is very high.
Specialization in the chemical industry has intensified in recent years due to the extensive, well-developed oil pipeline transport, which makes it possible to bridge the gap in a single technological cycle for obtaining a product at the penultimate stage (production of an intermediate product) and organize the final stages of obtaining final products (chemicals and chemical materials) in other more preferable areas. areas, and not only in those where the intermediate product is produced in accordance with the previous technological chain (see figure).
The environmental factor is maintaining cleanliness surrounding atmosphere, land and water bodies.
Taking this factor into account, the most rational structure for the production of chemical products using optimal technologies is formed in each region.
Automation and electrification of chemical production helps reduce labor intensity, increase labor productivity and introduce new technological methods (plasma, laser), and implement new scientific, technical and technological solutions.
The infrastructural factor (preparing and developing the territory for industrial development) is taken into account and plays an important role in the location of industrial production, especially in areas of new development.
The following groups of chemical production are distinguished:
raw material orientation: mining and chemical production and production that utilize non-transportable raw materials (coke oven gas, sulfur dioxide) or are characterized by a high raw material index (production of soda ash);
fuel, energy and raw materials orientation: highly energy-intensive industries (polymers, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, caustic soda); consumer orientation: production with high transport costs
for the delivery of products to the consumer or production of difficult-to-transport products (sulfuric acid). Often the effect of various factors manifests itself in opposite directions
in the same area. As a result of the complex interaction of location factors, the modern geography of the chemical industry is characterized by:
high territorial concentration of enterprises mainly in the European part of the Russian Federation;
separation of the production of chemical industry products from their consumption centers;
In the future, in the European part of Russia, in areas with a high concentration of labor resources, but scarce fuel, energy and water resources, it is advisable to locate labor-intensive, capital-intensive, but non-water-intensive chemical industry production with a medium and low raw material index.
In areas of Siberia with exceptionally favorable natural conditions and large resources of raw materials, fuel, energy, water, energy-intensive, raw material-intensive and water-intensive industries should be created, despite increasing cost factors: more expensive construction, labor shortages, harsh climatic conditions and much more expensive infrastructure (development territories in Siberia and the Far East practically begins anew).
The mining and chemical industry covers the extraction of basic chemical raw materials: apatite, phosphorite, potassium and table salt, native sulfur.
Reserves of apatite raw materials are concentrated on the Kola Peninsula (Khibiny deposit) in the Northern Economic Region (about 2/3 of all reserves of phosphorus-containing raw materials). Phosphorite reserves are concentrated in the Northwestern (Kingisepp), Volga-Vyatka (Vyatsko-Kama deposit), in the Central (Egoryevskoye and Polpinskoye deposits) regions, in Western Siberia (Tashtagolskoye and Teletskoye), in Eastern Siberia (Chernogorskoye, Beloziminskoye, Oschurkovskoye deposits ).
The main reserves of potassium salt are concentrated in the Urals (Solikamsk, Berezniki).
Deposits of sulfur and sulfur pyrite are located on the territory of the Ural economic region in combination with deposits of copper and copper-pyrite ores, and deposits of native sulfur are concentrated in the Volga region (Vodinskoye - in the Samara region).
Table salt is mined in the Volga economic region (lakes Elton and Baskunchak), in the Urals (Solikamskoye, Sol-Iletskoye deposits), in Western Siberia (Burla), Eastern Siberia (Usolye-Sibirskoye), in the Far East (Kempendyaiskoye).
The main deposits of proven reserves of most types of mining and chemical raw materials are concentrated in the European part of Russia: in the Ural, Central, Volga, Northern, Volga-Vyatka regions. In the eastern regions, the number of explored deposits of the mining and chemical industry is much smaller.
The basic chemistry industry includes the production of mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda ash and caustic soda. The raw material base for them is the products of the mining and chemical industry.
In 1991, the Russian Federation accounted for more than 50% of the all-Union production of mineral fertilizers. In 1995, their production amounted to 9.6 million tons (in 1991 - 15.9 million tons, of which about 30% was exported to the former Soviet republics, the share of imports of mineral fertilizers was about 13%). Russia's need for fertilizers due to its own production in the 90s. practically not satisfied due to a sharp reduction in their production (1.65 times in 1991 - 1995) and rising prices, as well as due to the insolvency of agricultural producers both in state and private farms as a result of hyperinflation.
In production mineral fertilizers takes the leading place nitrogen industry- about 50% of nitrogen fertilizers from the total fertilizer output in Russia in 1995. The main feedstock for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is natural gas and coking coal. Our country uses several technological methods for producing nitrogen fertilizers.
Another technological method for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is the conversion of natural gas used in chemistry as a raw material. In this case, when locating the production of nitrogen fertilizers, the determining factor becomes consumer or raw material.
Enterprises are located either in areas of gas resources (North Caucasus - Nevinnomyssk), or along the routes of gas pipelines in agricultural areas - the main consumers of nitrogen fertilizers: Volga region (Tolyatti), Central (Dorogobuzh, Shchekino, Novomoskovsk), North-Western (Novgorod), Ural (Nizhny Tagil).
When producing nitrogen fertilizers by water electrolysis, enterprises are located taking into account the electrical energy factor - Near sources of cheap electricity or taking into account both the energy and raw material factors, if a solution of table salt is subjected to electrolysis (Ural region - Berezniki, Solikamsk).
When using oil refinery waste in nitrogen fertilizer production, the main factor in the location of nitrogen fertilizer production is the raw material (Ural region - Salavat near oil refineries). Production potash fertilizers
When using oil refinery waste in nitrogen fertilizer production, the main factor in the location of nitrogen fertilizer production is the raw material (Ural region - Salavat near oil refineries). in Russia (30% of the total volume) was formed under the influence of the raw material factor and gravitates towards places where potassium salts are mined. The production of potash fertilizers (100%) is located in the Ural region (Berezniki, Solikamsk) near the sources of raw materials. phosphate fertilizers
(20% of total production) gravitates towards areas of their consumption. The production of phosphate fertilizers requires large amounts of sulfuric acid. Enterprises for the production of phosphate fertilizers are mainly located in agricultural areas on the basis of imported apatite concentrate from the Kola Peninsula or local phosphorus-containing raw materials (Central region - Voskresensk, Dorogobuzh, Bryansk on Polpinsky and Yegoryevsk phosphorites; Central Chernozemsky - Shchigry and Uvarovo, Povolzhsky - Togliatti , Balakovo on imported Apatites from the Kola Peninsula, North-West - Kingisepp). A number of phosphate fertilizer plants arose near sources of cheap sulfuric acid: the Ural region (Perm, Krasnouralsk). All are produced in almost all economic regions: in the Urals, in the Central, Central Black Earth, Northern, Northwestern regions. The need for phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the Far East and Siberia is met through supplies from other regions of the country.
In the future, the main task is to bring into economic circulation the Siberian deposits of phosphate raw materials (Tashtagolskoye, Chernogorskoye, Beloziminskoye, Oshurkovskoye) and on their basis create the production of phosphate fertilizers in accordance with the need for them in remote eastern regions.
Main producers sulfuric acid are phosphate fertilizer enterprises. The production of sulfuric acid (in 1995 amounted to 6.9 million tons) is based on the use of native sulfur (Vodinskoye deposit in the Samara region), sulfur pyrites (deposits of copper pyrite ores in the Urals), as well as waste industrial sulfur dioxide gases from ferrous metallurgical (Nizhny Tagil, Perm, Pervomaisk, Chelyabinsk) and copper smelting plants (Krasnouralsk, Revda, Karabash, Mednogorsk) in the Ural region. In addition, sulfur is used as a raw material, obtained during the purification of sulfur-containing natural gas at gas processing complexes (in Orenburg in the Urals, Astrakhan in the Volga region) and during the processing of sulfurous oil at oil refineries (Volga region and the Urals).
The main areas for sulfuric acid production are the Ural, Volga, East Siberian, West Siberian, and North Caucasian regions.
When using oil refinery waste in nitrogen fertilizer production, the main factor in the location of nitrogen fertilizer production is the raw material (Ural region - Salavat near oil refineries). The production of sulfuric acid, due to the difficulties associated with the danger of its transportation, gravitates primarily to the places of its consumption - to phosphate fertilizer plants and other chemical production, to raw material sources - enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, gas and oil refining in order to combine and cooperate with these industries (recycling of industrial waste in metallurgy, gas and oil refining). in 1995 amounted to 1.17 million tons. The raw material for the production of caustic soda is table salt. This highly raw material-intensive production is carried out simultaneously with chlorine production - the basis for the production of hydrochloric acid, bleaches, pesticides, and polymer materials.
Soda is used in the glass, soap, textile, pulp and paper industries, for oil refining, in medicine, and in everyday life.
The production of caustic soda involves the use of not only table salt, but also auxiliary materials - limestone, with significant consumption of fuel and energy resources. The determining factors for the location of caustic soda production are raw materials and energy. Production gravitates to areas with a favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy resources. Regions where caustic soda production is located: Ural, Volga, West Siberian, East Siberian.
When using oil refinery waste in nitrogen fertilizer production, the main factor in the location of nitrogen fertilizer production is the raw material (Ural region - Salavat near oil refineries). The raw material for producing soda ash is also table salt. The main factor in the location of this production is raw materials. The enterprises are located near deposits of table salt and limestone deposits: the Ural region (Berezniki, Solikamsk), the Volga region (Volgograd), the Volgo-Vyatsky region (Cheboksary), the East Siberian region (Usolye-Sibirskoye). Soda Ash
Currently, the raw material base of the chemical and petrochemical industries is characterized by the increasing role of hydrocarbon raw materials. Its main share is produced in the regions of the European part of Russia on the basis of gas, oil refining and petrochemical plants. The organic synthesis industry is developing based on hydrocarbon raw materials; it is located in the Central (Moscow, Yaroslavl, Novomoskovsk), Volgo-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk), Central Chernozem (Voronezh), Volga (Samara, Saratov, Volgograd), Ural (Ufa, Salavat, Orsk), North Caucasus (Nevinnomyssk), North-Western (Novgorod), West Siberian (Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Tyumen) regions.
The final product of organic chemistry, developing on the basis of the organic synthesis industry, is polymer chemistry: the production of synthetic rubber, synthetic resins and plastics, and chemical fibers.
Russian synthetic rubber industry occupies a prominent place in the world.
The production of synthetic rubber (SR) arose on the basis of food alcohol (in the Central, Volga, Central Chernozem regions) and hydrolytic alcohol (in Krasnoyarsk). With the transition to hydrocarbon raw materials from oil, associated petroleum gases and natural gas, the location of industrial complex production has undergone significant changes.
Predominant development was achieved in Central (Yaroslavl, Moscow, Efremov), Volga (Kazan, Volzhsky, Tolyatti, Novokuybyshevsk, Saratov, Nizhnekamsk), Ural (Ufa, Perm, Orsk, Sterlitamak), West Siberian (Omsk), East Siberian (Krasnoyarsk) areas with a highly developed oil refining industry. The main ones listed are the Volga, Ural, and West Siberian regions. originally arose in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, and Ural regions using imported raw materials. Currently, there are significant shifts in the location of the industry due to the widespread use of hydrocarbon petrochemical feedstocks. Production of synthetic resins and plastics has been created in oil refining areas and along oil and gas pipeline routes: Volga (Novokuibyshevsk, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Kazan), Ural (Ufa, Salavat, Sverdlovsk, Nizhny Tagil), Central (Moscow, Ryazan, Yaroslavl), North Caucasian (Budennovsk), Northwestern (St. Petersburg), West Siberian (Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Omsk), Volga-Vyatka (Dzerzhinsk) regions.
In perspective production of synthetic resins and plastics it is more expedient to locate in the eastern regions (Western and Eastern Siberia) on the basis of West Siberian oil processing plants in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Achinsk, Angarsk, where there is a favorable combination of raw materials, water resources and cheap electricity generated at hydroelectric power stations in Eastern Siberia (Bratskoy, Ust -Ilimskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya).
Chemical fiber industry, including the production of artificial and synthetic types, uses cellulose (for artificial ones) and petroleum products (for synthetic types of fiber) as feedstock. Depending on the type, the production of chemical fiber is characterized by high costs of raw materials, fuel and energy, water and labor resources, as well as significant capital costs. Therefore, the correct placement of this industry requires a comprehensive consideration of these factors.
Initially appearing in old industrial areas with developed chemistry, this industry took a strong position in the western regions of Russia (more than 2/3 of total production): in the Volga region - about 1/3 (Engels, Balakovo, Saratov, Volzhsky), Central - about 1 /3 (Tver, Klin, Ryazan), Central Black Earth - 9% (Kursk). The share of eastern regions is less than 1/3: Western Siberia (Barnaul, Kemerovo), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk).
In the future, significant territorial shifts in the production of chemical fibers will occur due to the eastern regions of the country, which are provided with raw materials, fuel, energy and water resources. Based on the results of carefully carried out calculations, in Siberia and the Far East it is advisable to locate non-labor-intensive and non-capital-intensive, but highly energy-intensive, raw material and water-intensive types of production, taking into account the intra-industry connections of the chemical and forestry, petrochemical and energy industries.
So, most large chemical industry complexes have developed in the following economic regions of the country:
Central District- polymer chemistry (production of plastics and products made from them, synthetic rubber, tires and rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes and varnishes, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid;
Ural region- production of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics from oil and associated gases);
North-Western region- production of phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fiber);
Volga region- petrochemical production (orgsynthesis), production of polymer products (synthetic rubber, chemical fiber);
North Caucasus- production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis, synthetic resins and plastics;
Siberia (Western and Eastern)- chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry (plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber), tire production (see Tables 4.3 and 4.4).
Table 4.3
Production of certain types of chemical products
in the Russian Federation by economic region
by the mid-90s.
|
Mineral fertilizers |
(in % of total) |
Caustic soda Calcini- |
baking soda |
Chemical chemical resins |
and plastics |
chelic rubber |
|||
|
and autopok- | |||||||||
|
Russia, total | |||||||||
|
Phosphorus | |||||||||
|
Northern | |||||||||
|
West | |||||||||
|
Central | |||||||||
|
Volgo-Vyatsky | |||||||||
|
Western | |||||||||
|
Chernozemny | |||||||||
|
Povolzhsky | |||||||||
|
Caucasian | |||||||||
|
Ural | |||||||||
|
Eastern zone | |||||||||
|
Siberian | |||||||||
|
East | |||||||||
|
Siberian | |||||||||
|
Oriental | |||||||||
|
Central Russia, total 100 Northern 3.4 Northwestern 3.0 Central 16.7 Central Black Earth 5.8 Volgo-Vyatsky 6.9 Povolzhsky 28.2 North Caucasian 6.5 Ural 17.3 Total: Western zone of Russia 87.8 West Siberian 6.6 East Siberian 3.0 Far Eastern 2.6 |
|||||||||
Total: Eastern zone of Russia 12.2
Table 4.4
Territorial structure of production of chemical and petrochemical industry products by regions of Russia in 1995
From the point of view of the territorial organization of production in Russia, four enlarged chemical and chemical forestry bases can be distinguished in accordance with the raw material and processing capabilities of various regions.
The Northern European base includes huge reserves of Khibiny apatites, plant (forest), water, fuel and energy resources.
The main chemistry is based on the apatite raw materials of the Kola Peninsula - the production of phosphate fertilizers in the country. Organic chemistry in the future will be developed through the processing of local oil and gas resources in the Northern Economic Region.
The central base was formed due to consumer demand for products of the processing industry, which operates mainly on imported raw materials: oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry (chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber), tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils, etc. Based on local and imported raw materials, production of basic chemicals is located: mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical products.
The Volga-Ural base is formed on the enormous reserves of potassium, table salts of the Urals and Volga region, sulfur, oil, gas, non-ferrous metal ores, hydropower and forest resources. The share of chemical products from the Volga-Ural base is more than 40%, petrochemicals - 50%, forest industrial products - about 20%. The limiting factor for the further development of this base is environmental.
The Siberian base has the most promising opportunities due to unique and diverse raw material resources: oil, gas from Western Siberia, coal from Eastern and Western Siberia, table salt, hydropower and forestry resources, as well as reserves of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores. The petrochemical (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk) and coal chemical (Kemerovo, Cheremkhovo) industries received accelerated development due to a favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors.
The current concentration of chemical production in the regions of the European part of the country contradicts the scarce raw materials and fuel and energy resources of the western zone, therefore the development of chemistry in the future should take place due to the rich resources of Siberia and the Far East, use of market opportunities, be based on a combination of interrelated short-, medium- and long-term measures taking into account the specifics of specific territories. The main goal of regional structural policy is to prevent mass unemployment and provide jobs in enterprises that produce competitive products. The influx of domestic and foreign capital should improve the investment climate. In addition, you need:
clear tax policy;
provision of government guarantees for loans;
reasonable expansion of the rights of local governments in regulating investment activities;
deepening regional specialization based on the integrated development of highly efficient resources;
curtailment of non-core labor-intensive production.
The emerging mechanism for regulating the regional structure of production must correspond to the conditions and tasks of economic development of specific regions of the country.
Some of the youngest but most dynamic industries in the country are oil refining (production of fuel oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, kerosene) and petrochemicals (production of basic organic synthesis products, synthetic fibers, rubber, soot). These industries are developing despite the fact that the country is completely deprived of its own oil. All oil is imported (mainly from Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Kuwait). This led to the location of processing centers. Three large petrochemical complexes were formed in the southeastern part of the peninsula - Ulsan, in the southwest - Yecheon, on the coast of the Yellow Sea - Daesan.
At the end of the 1950s. The country's industry was concentrated in two cities - Seoul and Busan. 40% of all employees in the region were concentrated here. industrial production. As industrialization progressed, industry began to develop in the suburban areas of these major cities, as well as in other provinces. New large industrial centers grew on the southeastern, southern and southwestern coasts - Ulsan, Yeosu, Mokpo. However, the capital region still remains the largest center of industrial concentration. Along with Seoul, it includes the cities of Gyeonggi Province: Incheon, Anyang, Pujeon, Songnam, Suwon. This region accounts for everyone employed in the country's industry. Almost 90% of large industrial companies countries have their headquarters here. Industry structure The region is diversified, but its sectors of specialization are high-tech industries.
The second most important industrial region of the country, Busan (includes Busan, Ulsan, Pohang, Masan) is located in the southeast of the Republic of Korea. About 22% of those employed in industrial production are concentrated here. The area's specialization is ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and petrochemistry.
Another industrial area is located in the interior of the country and includes the centers of Daegu and Gumi. Daegu is the country's largest textile production center, and Gummi is the center of the electronics industry.
For accelerated development high technology and high-tech industries, the country has adopted a program for creating technopolises. These new territorial-economic formations have powerful scientific, technical and intellectual potential. The first of these cities was Taedok, located 150 km south of Seoul. Technopolises have been created in Gwangju, Busan, Daegu, and Gangneung.
In the structure of the South Korean manufacturing industry, those industries whose development began in the 1960s also retain important positions. industrialization of the country: ceramics (tiles), porcelain and earthenware (dishes, sanitary ware), textiles (cotton fabrics), sewing. Large cities became the centers of their location.
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The petrochemical industry is one of the most developed areas of heavy industry. It covers the manufacture of synthetic materials and products that are based on the processing of oil and natural combustible gases. Petrochemical industry enterprises produce:
- synthetic rubber;
- ethylene;
- propylene;
- detergents;
- mineral fertilizers;
- Rubber products;
- consumer goods.
The most important source of raw materials are hydrocarbons. The development of this industry differs from others at a rapid pace. Production efficiency is constantly improving, new methods and technologies are being introduced, and innovative equipment is being developed. The characteristics of the industry are quite positive, but existing problems should not be overlooked.
Despite the rapid development of the industry, shortcomings in this area still exist. This is directly:
- depreciation of equipment;
- Soviet equipment;
- use of outdated methods;
- low level of training of domestic specialists;
- lack of investors and sponsors.
Against this background, it becomes important to hold thematic and industry events. They can significantly increase the investment attractiveness of the industry, introduce new products into production and Hi-tech, as well as improve the quality of manufactured goods.
Exhibition "Chemistry"
ISO 29001 petrochemical and gas industry is a document that defines management system requirements for product supply organizations. Their compliance is very important and mandatory. In such conditions, the best option for developing and improving the industry is to hold thematic events. One of these is the international exhibition “Chemistry”.
The exhibition is organized by the world-famous Expocentre Fairgrounds complex. Its staff includes only the best professional and experienced employees. The organizers did everything possible to ensure that the event was held as efficiently as possible in the B2B format. Thus, the Chemistry exhibition is a platform for developing business solutions and their implementation. Manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and consumers of products from the petrochemical industry traditionally gather here under one roof.
What are the benefits of participating in such projects? This is directly:
- image formation;
- improving the quality of domestic goods;
- increasing competitiveness;
- introduction of various innovations into production;
- increasing indicators of scientific achievements;
- concluding profitable contracts, deals and agreements.
All this opens up wide opportunities for exhibitors and allows them to find investors, sponsors and partners. This great option in order to exchange experience and knowledge with leading experts in the industry, as well as establish cooperation with international companies.