At the very beginning of the construction of a house from a bar, a rather difficult task arises: how to put a bar on the foundation? Indeed, without a foundation, not a single wooden house will stand for a long time: despite all efforts to preserve the lower rims, they will very quickly rot from moisture constantly coming from the soil. And in order to successfully fix the first crowns on a concrete or brick foundation, you need good theoretical training and at least minimal practical skills.
Preparation for laying the first crowns
For the construction of a house from a bar, shallow tape or pile types of foundations are most often used. It is possible to build such a house on a monolithic foundation, but this is justified only if the construction is carried out on moving ground. In other cases, the cost of building a monolithic foundation is not justified purely economically.
Monolithic and strip foundations serve as a grillage for a log house. When using a pile foundation, the grillage is formed from the first laid crowns. Fastening the timber to the foundation of a monolithic or tape type can be done in two ways:
- rigid fixation;
- surface-mounted installation.
The first option is much superior to the second one both in terms of reliability and complexity of implementation. Therefore, in practice, they still often use the second option, as it is simpler in execution. But, regardless of the chosen method, the following tools will be needed to carry out fastening work:
- hydraulic level;
- planer (preferably electric);
- hand saw;
- a large wooden mallet;
- a set of wrenches (with a rigid mounting option).
After the foundation has solidified, but before laying it, check it horizontally using the hydraulic level. Such a horizontal plane of the foundation must be absolutely flat, since the quality and reliability of the future log house directly depends on this. The difference on the tape of one wall should not be more than 1 cm. If bulges are found, they must be cut off with a grinder, and the cavities should be filled with cement mortar and given time to securely grab.
Immediately before laying the crowns, you need to waterproof the foundation. It is performed in at least two layers, with a lining board between them. The lining board, and, accordingly, the second and subsequent layers of waterproofing should be approximately 25 cm wider than the foundation strip along its entire perimeter.
As an insulating material, two layers of roofing material are most often used, and recently, for greater reliability, it is customary to add a layer of glass insulation from above to them. When performing waterproofing work, it must be borne in mind that in the corners of the foundation, layers of roofing material must be overlapped.
How to provide a hard fix?
Rigid fixation is performed using foundation bolts or clamps. If, when pouring the foundation, a scheme was provided for attaching the lower row of the timber to the foundation, then this is the best and easiest way.
Such a system is formed from foundation bolts embedded in the top layer of the foundation during the pouring process. To do this, immediately after the completion of pouring, foundation bolts with conical ends are immersed in the upper layer of the foundation for at least a third of its length in increments of 0.5 m. In this case, it should be possible to fix each laid crown with at least two bolts.
It is necessary to prepare the lower rims before laying them by drilling holes in them. The pitch of the holes must coincide with the pitch of the bolts embedded in the foundation so that their studs can enter the holes directly during installation. The crowns are adjusted according to the size of the foundation, if the blockhouse will be driven out "into the paw", or left with a margin, if it is planned to drive the blockhouse into the "bowl".
The crowns are attached to the foundation with locknuts, beforehand, wide washers are placed under them for better fixation. Moreover, in order to avoid distortions, the nuts must be tightened sequentially along the entire perimeter of the foundation, turning each one no more than 2-3 turns.
The scheme for fastening crowns on a pile or pile-screw foundation looks a little different. To attach the first crowns to such a foundation, special heads are mounted on piles deepened into the ground, resembling the letter "P" in appearance. Holes for fastening are pre-provided in their side plates.
In the heads mounted on piles, a sheet of roofing material is laid in 2-3 layers, and only then - crowns. The beam is laid in the grooves of the heads, connecting it in the corners in a "paw" or in a "bowl", and fixed with screws or studs and locknuts. In the latter case, it is required to additionally drill through the entire crown, and the pitch of the holes in the crown must exactly coincide with the pitch of the holes in the head.
Surface-mounted installation for forcing log cabins is used much more often, since during its implementation there is no rigid fixation of the log house to the foundation, and the immobility of the lower rims is provided by the weight of the log house itself. With this method, the laying of the first crown on the foundation is carried out according to the same scheme as with rigid fixation, with the exception of the use of foundation bolts and nuts.
Secrets of the technique of laying the lower rims
After completing the processes of waterproofing and preparing the lower rims, you can go directly to the device of the lower strapping. It is very important for her to choose the highest quality timber. To do this, you need to sort it out in advance. A material that gives off a blue, deformed, or in which there are many knots, it is better to leave for the top of the log house. The lower crowns must be treated with antiseptics and fire retardants before laying.
The main task of the lower strapping is to ensure the connection of the timber in the corners strictly at 90º.
It is this requirement that makes the tying process very slow, since after it is completed, you need to check the corners using the intersecting diagonals method (measure with a cord or thick fishing line the distance between 1 and 3 corners, and then between 2 and 4). If there are the smallest discrepancies in the measurements, the strapping must be redone until the measured diagonals show exactly the same result.
They begin laying the crowns from the corners, where they are joined together according to the chosen scheme: in the "bowl" or in the "paw". For the first row, you need to choose the most even beams. First, wooden slats with a width of at least 15 mm are laid on the waterproofing layer with a step of no more than 30 cm. This will eliminate the direct contact of the timber with the foundation, greatly extending the life of the erected log house.
The first row of beams is mounted on top of the laid rails. It must be laid so that there are no gaps between them. This is very important for the crowns laid at the bottom, since in the future they will constantly experience the pressure of the entire wall. Even small cavities left between them can play a very cruel joke, as a result of which you will have to sort out the entire blockhouse.
The beams laid in the bottom row must be fastened together at the corner joints with construction staples or nails, additionally ensuring the strength of their adhesion.
Having connected all the crowns of the lower row and making sure that all corner joints are equal to 90º, it is imperative to measure the horizontal line of the laid crowns using the hydro level. And only after the flat horizontal plane of the lower row is reached, you can proceed to further installation of the walls.
The gap between the first crown and the foundation that remains due to the inserted rails must be eliminated. Usually it is sealed with mounting foam, which will firmly connect the foundation and the timber, protecting the latter from subsidence and providing additional fastening to the entire structure. Upon completion of the installation of the log house, the gap filled with foam will need to be closed with decorative platbands or special ebbs, otherwise the foam will quickly collapse under the influence of the sun. Sometimes wooden slats are used to seal it.
The quality and durability of the whole frame largely depends on the quality of the laying of the lower rims. Therefore, it must be done very carefully, following the saying "measure seven times, cut once." And then the built house will delight you with its warmth and unique charm of a wooden house for many years.
The construction of a solid house from a bar is not an easy process, in which each operation must be carried out with special care and foundation. Much attention should be paid to laying the first crown, because this is what will affect the quality of the entire structure. If this step is done correctly, then the walls of the house will stand straight, forming angles of 90 degrees.
The first crown should be laid slowly, in accordance with all requirements and technical standards. In addition, you need to prepare for work just as thoroughly. Even before you start laying the crown of a house from a bar, you need to take care of waterproofing the foundation.
Waterproofing before laying the first crown
So, before you start laying the waterproofing, you need to check and inspect the upper part of the foundation. To perform this action, you will need to prepare the hydraulic level. If the difference is more than 1 cm along the surface of the foundation, then it is worthwhile to carry out additional work related to its leveling. As a rule, this will require the preparation of a concrete solution.
Experts recommend initially laying two layers of waterproofing material, after which the laying board and after again a layer of waterproofing. The materials used for this process must be fastened so that they extend 25 cm beyond the edges on either side.
Finding quality material for the first crown
Material for building a house from a bar for laying should be prepared in advance. The first crown must be of high quality material. It should be:
- With a minimum number of knots on the surface;
- With a perfectly flat surface;
- The material should not be blue, this is not suitable for laying the first crown;
- The density of the rings of the timber should be maximum - then it becomes clear that this material is made from the middle of the tree.
Before putting the first crown (larch), it must be treated with an antiseptic
After choosing a bar, you need to carefully lubricate it with bituminous mastic, previously mixed with mining. A similar composition is needed so that the impregnation is well absorbed into the wood. It is not worth processing the ends of the timber, otherwise moisture will not be able to "leave" the tree. The thoroughness of processing and impregnation will affect many factors, including the durability and reliability of the first crown, and, consequently, the entire house from a bar.
Laying the first crown
Laying the first crown looks like this:
- It is required to lay slats on a layer of waterproofing material. They must first be treated with an antiseptic solution. The distance between the slats should be 30 cm. The width of each slat separately is 15 mm;
- Beams must be laid on top of the rails. They will form the first layer. Thanks to the use of slats in this process, it is possible to provide the beams with reliable protection, as well as prevent their direct contact with the fundamental surface. If this process is carried out correctly, then the durability of the house from a bar will be significantly increased;
- A gap will be formed between the timber and the foundation. In no case should you leave it, otherwise the building will quickly deform and bevel. You can fill this void using polyurethane foam. It will firmly and securely fasten both sides, for a long time, guaranteeing tightness;
- The next step is to re-determine the flatness index using the hydraulic level. In the case when the horizontal surface has a violation after the end of the laying of the first crown, then the walls will be assembled unevenly. This problem can be solved by additional leveling of the surface.
Fastening the first crown
The points of view regarding the attachment of the first crown to the foundation are very different from each other. Some believe that it is imperative to firmly fasten the crown to the fundamental surface, other builders and experts argue that this is not necessary.
Building a house from laminated veneer lumber and any other has a lot of weight, so they believe that it will stand well and firmly without the use of anchors and additional fastening. In such a situation, docking without a lock is used. When performing it in the future, you can replace any timber without disassembling the corners of the structure. In the corners, simple staples or metal plates are used for joining. When building a house with his own hands, each person will independently choose whether he will attach the crown to the foundation or not.
Fastening the timber to the tape base
To fasten the first crown of a house from a bar to a strip foundation, you must adhere to the following procedure:
- Purchase elements for fastening to the foundation, best of all with a margin;
- Check the level of evenness of the surface using a hydraulic level. If the unevenness exceeds 1 cm, then it is worth eliminating it with a solution. If the unevenness is less than 1 cm, then you can put planks under the timber;
- Choose a docking method: bowl or paw. Both are robust and reliable. On the Internet, you can watch the video how the professionals collect them;
- In the beams prepared for laying to the foundation, it is necessary to drill holes of a slightly smaller hole than the anchor rods, which will be concreted into the upper part of the base;
- The corners of the first crown must be connected with pins or nails;
- After that, you need to check each corner using a level. If irregularities are found, you need to remove them with a planer.
Fastening and laying the first crown in this way is not an easy task. If done correctly, the house is guaranteed to stand for a long time.
Fastening to a pile-screw foundation
Strapping is an obligatory and necessary laying element if there is a screw foundation. This is due to the fact that the piles are a point support, therefore, the load on some places will be greater than on others.
So, first you need to make sure that all the piles are correctly installed on the foundation. If there are some deviations, then it is necessary to eliminate the irregularities by cutting the timber in the required places. In the corners of the lower crown, you need to place anchors filled with mortar. From the outside, the corners must be overlaid with aluminum corners. After that, in order for all sections of the timber to be docked, it is necessary to make cuts on them. The first one needs to be done from the bottom side, the second from the top.
It is recommended to fill the joints with jute. This method is convenient in that the lower crown acts as a strapping. This makes it possible to achieve additional strength. A video on this installation and connection method can be viewed on the Internet.
Laying angles
It is necessary to correctly lay the first crown on the foundation so that its angles are equal to 90 degrees. This strict rule is observed in all construction of a house from a profiled bar, which should not be violated. Thanks to this, it will be possible to ensure accurate and correct geometry of the house. If there is a mismatch, the sides of the house opposite to each other will differ in length, in addition, the intersection diagonals will also be violated. If the condition for the corners is met correctly, then the house will stand for a long time without deformation.
Carrying out all activities at a calm pace without haste is considered another important condition. Otherwise, it can turn into serious problems, which will require large financial costs to solve.
Completion of installation
After the lower crown and the bars in it are fastened with pins or nails, the anchor can not be installed.
- There should be 2 bolts on one piece of timber if the house has short walls;
- Using a building level, you need to check all the diagonals and angles. Eliminate irregularities with an electric plane;
- After attaching the beams to the base, you need to install the vertical posts.
Despite the fact that the issue of fastening the timber to the foundation has both supporters and opponents, the choice remains with each builder.
Laying the bottom crown on the foundation of a log house is an important technological process. A large number of factors will depend on it, including the durability and strength of the house. It is not difficult to qualitatively connect all the bars, but you need to constantly monitor the evenness of the surface.
Before erecting the walls directly, the builders have a reasonable question: how to put the first crown in the house? It is necessary to install the first crown of the house with all thoroughness, using mathematical calculations, so that in the future the walls are as even as possible, standing at a 90-degree angle. This work is not very difficult, the main thing is not to rush and carefully prepare for it.
The scheme of fastening the lower trim and waterproofing under the first crown.
To lay the first crown for a house from a bar, you should lay the waterproofing in at least two layers, after that - a lining board, and on top of it another waterproofing layer.
It is important to provide an effective waterproofing system for the foundation before starting to lay the first crown of log houses. For these purposes, roofing material is laid twice, and then a one-time laying of "Stekloizol" is carried out. All layers should exceed the width of the base by approximately 25 cm along the entire length of the perimeter.
All the bars that are laid should be close to each other. It is unacceptable to form even small voids in the wall, and especially in its lowest region. Since in the future it is on the bottom that the floor is hung and here the greatest loads will be found.
The construction of the knots of the first crown of a house from a bar.
The bars are fastened between each other on metal pins, deepening into the wall by 3 cm, finishing off with a wooden mallet. In the presence of a slight bend on the bar, it is laid, turning downward with an even edge. In some situations, it is required to additionally fasten the lower beams with nails or staples, which are placed through two rims of a bath or sauna from a bar.
Before directly laying the waterproofing on the surface of the foundation, it is imperative to check that its outer plane is clearly horizontal. The horizontal of the foundation is checked using a hydraulic level, since an ordinary level often shows some error. Dimples should not exceed 1 cm over the entire surface of the foundation. When the unevenness is more than 1 cm, the surface is leveled with a solution or another layer of waterproofing.
How to choose a bar for the lower crown of a log house?
A suitable quality material should be prepared well in advance. The first crown for a bath from a bar must be formed with a material that is distinguished by its high quality characteristics:
- The bars should be selected even.
- The knotty on them should not be very pronounced.
- It is better not to use a material with a bluish tint, it will not work for laying the lower crown.
- You should take bars with the maximum ring density: this raw material is made from the middle part of the wood.
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Assembly diagram of the first crown of a log house for a house from a bar 
The scheme of laying the slats under the first crown.
Before you start laying the crown on the foundation of a house from a bar, you need to think over and ensure the durability of the entire structure as a whole. For these purposes, slats are laid out, pre-treated with an antiseptic, which are 10-15 mm thick. A gap of 25-30 cm is made between them.
Reiki is needed to exclude contact of the crown of a house from a bar with its foundation. This measure allows in the future to extend the life of the log bath due to the provision of additional protection against decay.
The sequence of assembling a crown for a bath from a bar
- The first layer of beams is placed on the exposed slats. The voids between the timber and the base are foamed.
- After that, using a level, measure the evenness of the surface, since with an uneven bottom rim, the wall will also be curved.
- After the elimination of defects, the voids are filled with polyurethane foam.
As already noted, the preparation of the timber should be done in advance. We repeat that it should be with a minimum of knots, without blueness and be even with a high density of growth rings.
It is imperative to process the first crown of the bar, and this must be done by smearing all the wood with bitumen mastic several times, coupled with working off, so that the mixture is absorbed as deeply as possible into the bar for the bath. You should not only process the ends, since they must be perfectly free so that excess moisture in the tree can be removed through them. The service life of the lower crown and the period of time after which there will be a need to replace the old timber will depend on the quality of wood processing.
Often, the first crown is not attached to the foundation - under the weight of the house, it will not budge even without anchors. At the corners, the joints are made without lock, the bars are joined with their ends. The timber in the corners, when the partitions are adjacent, are connected with plates or metal brackets.
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How do you build a sub-floor that provides a durable flooring?
After laying the first crown and processing it with fire-retardant protection, they begin to arrange the subfloor for the bath from the bar. The work is carried out in several stages:
All available angles must be laid out clearly at 90 degrees so that the geometric proportions of the house are considered correct.
A check is carried out so that the lengths of the two opposite sides are the same, and the diagonals between the opposite sides of the house from the bar coincide. If everything is correct, it means that the corners are accurately displayed.
When laying the bottom rows of the wreath of baths from a bar, you should not be in a hurry, since the work will affect the evenness of the walls.
Before starting the construction of a house, everyone has a question: how to put the first crown from a bar? It is necessary to lay the first crown of a house from a bar as thoroughly as possible, with mathematical calculations - so that the walls of the future house stand perfectly exactly at an angle of 90 degrees. This is not too difficult to do - the main thing is not to rush and prepare very well for this work.
Before laying the first crown, it is necessary to lay at least two waterproofing layers in layers, then a lining board and then another layer of the same waterproofing.
Waterproofing between the frame and the foundation
Before laying the timber, the foundation should be waterproofed to the maximum. To do this, lay the roofing material twice, and then lay the glass insulation once. All layers laid should exceed the width of your foundation by 25 centimeters around its entire perimeter.
The laid beams should be in contact with each other as tightly as possible, in no case should even the smallest voids be left in the wall, especially its lower part. After all, it is on this part that the floor is hung in the future and all serious loads go.
You need to fasten the bars to each other on metal pins to a depth of 3 centimeters, and finish them off with a wooden mallet. If the beam has a slight bend, lay it down with a straight edge. There are times when the connection of the lower beams requires additional fastening with staples or nails (they need to be installed through 2 crowns).
Before laying the waterproofing on the roofing material foundation, check that its upper plane is strictly horizontal. You need to check the horizontality with your own hands with a hydraulic level, since a simple level often gives a large error. The difference should not be more than 1 cm on the entire plane of the foundation. If the level difference is greater, level the plane with mortar or an additional layer of waterproofing.
We lay the first crown of a log house - assembly diagram
Before putting the timber on the foundation, we need to take care of the durability of our structure. To do this, lay out the slats pre-treated with an antiseptic, about 10-15mm thick. The distance between them is 25-30 cm (see figure).
- Well, on top of the exposed rails, we put our first layer of beams.
The slats are necessary to prevent the crown from touching the foundation. This trick will greatly increase the life of the log house, thanks to additional protection against decay, and we fill the gap between the timber and the foundation with polyurethane foam.
- Next, we check with the level for evenness of the surface - after all, an uneven wall is obtained from the uneven 1st crown.
- After eliminating inaccuracies, fill the gap with polyurethane foam.
The timber must be prepared in advance, even when the materials are delivered to the site. Choose the best beams that have the minimum number of knots, as smooth as possible, without any bluing. The timber should be chosen according to the cut of the annual rings - choose the one with the highest ring density (in this case, the timber should be the middle part of the given tree). At the end of the cut, you should see circles that diverge from the center.
The selected wood must be smeared several times with bitumen mastic (liquid), in combination with working off, so that the composition is absorbed as deeply as possible into the future timber. The ends do not need to be processed, they must be clean, because through them excess moisture will be removed from the tree. The service life of the lower crown and the time after which there will be a need to replace it directly depends on how you process the wood.
In some cases, it is not necessary to fasten the first crown to the foundation - the house made of timber will be quite heavy and will stand very well on the foundation without anchors. Corner joints are made without the use of locks, the timber is joined by the ends. Such joints are made so that in the future it will be possible to replace any beam, without disassembling the corners. In the corners, the timber is connected by metal plates or staples at the abutment of various partitions.
Although many builders firmly fix the timber to each other and to the foundation.
All angles must be strictly 90 degrees, then the geometry of the house is considered ideal. It is necessary to check that the length of the opposite sides is equal, and the diagonals between the corners (opposite) of the house coincide - if everything is correct, then the corners are displayed exactly. When working on laying the lower rows, in no case should you rush, because what kind of walls will be obtained during further construction depends on this.
If you want your house to be a solid, capital construction, to please for many years not only you, but also your heirs, then it is necessary to approach its construction with special care, adherence to technologies and standards. It is important to understand that the strength and durability of the building depends on each action. That is why we will analyze how to put the first crown from a bar - after all, this is the key to a successful construction result.
How to put the first crown?
Norms
When laying the first crown from a bar, it is important to study all technical standards, to do the work efficiently at all stages.
Before laying, pay special attention to the arrangement of waterproofing.
The foundation must be checked using a special building level, if there is a drop of more than one centimeter, then the surface will have to be leveled. This is usually done with concrete mortar.
Making the foundation
When the leveling material is completely dry, you can start laying the waterproofing, preferably in several layers. It must be fixed so that the waterproofing material extends 25 cm beyond the surface perimeter from all sides.
What material to use
Laying the first crown from a bar requires the highest quality, proven material. It must meet the following requirements:
- not have chipping and knots;
- have a flat surface;
- be made from the core of a tree. This can be determined by the density of the rings;
- do not give blue.
If you have already chosen a bar, then also stock up on bitumen mastic, which is useful for processing. The end parts of the timber at this stage should not be touched with impregnation, this can lead to a loss of moisture in the wood. Scrupulousness in performing these operations will make the first crown of a house from a bar unusually stable, durable, and will ensure the reliability of the entire structure.
Styling procedure
It is necessary to perform the following sequence of actions:
- lay out the slats pre-treated with an antiseptic on top of a layer of waterproofing material, observing a gap of 30 cm between them, as can be seen in the photo;
- place the bars on the slats, which will form the first layer. The slats play the role of a buffer between the timber and the foundation surface, preventing them from touching;
- fill the formed space with high-quality polyurethane foam, leaving no gaps. The foam will reliably hold the materials together, preventing the building from deforming or tilting;
- measure the flatness of the surface using a building level. If irregularities are found, the first crowns of a house from a bar are laid crookedly, then it is imperative that they be leveled so that the walls of the house turn out to be even.
Fastening
The question of how the laying of crowns from a bar should be done causes many disagreements among specialists. Some believe that the crown should be attached to the foundation, while others insist that such fasteners are completely optional.
Since the construction using glued laminated timber has a large mass, professionals say that it will be stable even without anchors. In this case, it is important to apply the technology of joining without a lock, so that any of the bars can be easily replaced without complicating the process of disassembling the corners. If you are building a house with your own hands, then after studying both opinions, you can decide how you will fix the lower crown of the house from a bar.
Strip foundation
How to attach the beams to the strip foundation? To connect the first crown of the bar, follow the instructions below:
- purchase fasteners, make sure that they are in abundance;
- check the evenness of the surface with a building level;
- eliminate the irregularities that have arisen with a special mixture;
- stop the choice on the methods of joining the bars: in the bowl or in the paw. In order to determine the best one - check out the training video;
- drill holes in the beams with a smaller diameter than the anchor rods, which are then concreted into the base;
- connect the corner parts of the first crown with nails;
- again check all corners with a level, remove irregularities with a planer.
Pile foundation
If this type of foundation is in your house, then it is necessary to strap for laying. This is due to the fact that the piles do not provide uniform support, and the pressure in some places may be higher.
Make sure the piles are correctly positioned in the base. Eliminate deviations by sawing the timber in the right places. Place the anchors at the corners of the lower rim of the beams, fill them with mortar. Using aluminum corners, reinforce the outside of the corners. Then make the cuts of the beams clearly to ensure their reliable joining. Fill the joints with jute. This method is preferred by most of the novice builders, as it is very convenient, and the building is given additional strength due to the first crown. In addition, there are a lot of workshops on the Internet in which experts share the secrets of this styling method.
Corner condition
It is important to ensure the connection of rims from a bar at an angle of 90 degrees. This is a golden recommendation for construction from profane timber, violation of which can be fraught with consequences for further construction.
If the rule is followed exactly, then the geometry of the house will not be violated, the opposite walls of the diagonal of the intersection will be the same in length. Such a house will last a very long time without being deformed.
The final stage
If the lower rim of the beams is securely fastened with dowels, then there is no need to additionally use anchors. Check if you followed the sequence of actions:
- if the walls of the house are not very long, then at least two bolts should be located on one piece of timber;
- check corners and diagonal joints with a building level;
- install the vertical posts firmly into the base.
Remember that haste in this matter is completely inappropriate, the final result depends on your actions: the fundamental nature of the structure, its quality and further comfort during living.
The lower crown works in the most difficult conditions - proximity to the ground, more wetting than other crowns during rain and snow. Therefore, traditionally, special attention was paid to its manufacture.
Before laying the first (lower) crown of a log house, do not forget about waterproofing, which is 2 - 3 layers of rolled bituminous waterproofing material, laid between the foundation and the logs to prevent the walls from getting wet from the foundation.
The first (flap) crown is made from the thickest logs.
If you have such an opportunity, then the first crown is best made from the wood species most resistant to decay. Larch or oak is best suited for this purpose.
Obviously, sides 1, 3 and 2, 4 are at different horizontal levels, which differ in height by half the diameter of the log. Therefore, the first crown, from which the whole frame begins, can be realized in two ways.
Despite some inconveniences, such a cap will be more durable due to the fact that the logs undergo minimal processing and remain almost intact.
To prevent rotting of the logs of the first crown, special attention must be paid to thorough antiseptic treatment of surfaces in contact with the waterproofing (chipped surfaces). Before laying, coat the hewn surface with an antiseptic using a brush 3 - 5 times. By the way, this is the only place in the bathhouse where I used an antiseptic.
Underlay boards must not be coated with molten resin (bitumen) or wrapped in roofing felt. A tree clogged with resin or wrapped in roofing material will rot very quickly.
Between the waterproofing of the foundation and the backing board, between the backing board and the first crown, an inter-row seal is laid.
The process of making the cap is shown in a series of videos flap (first) crown of a log house.
The first (first) crown of a log house - video technology.
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Oval wreath. Part 2. Chipping logs |
How smooth the future structure will be depends on many factors. Important is the clarity of the initial marking of the axes, the correctness of the foundation, ensuring the horizontal level of the upper cut of the basement or grillage, as well as other equally significant moments of the construction process. The list depends on the design features of the object, which, in turn, determine what exactly should be paid attention to. For example, for a log house, the decisive stage of work is the careful laying of the first crown on the foundation. It requires a careful and leisurely approach, adherence to technology and regulatory requirements.
Waterproofing device
At the junction of the foundation with the walls, a waterproofing layer is necessarily laid. First, the upper horizon of the basement or grillage is leveled. Most often, a concrete solution is used for this, which allows you to qualitatively smooth the surface. In the case of a metal pile tie, the heads are set according to the level, on which the profile element is laid.
It should be understood that the lower crown takes on not only the most significant loads from the ground part of the structure, but also contacts the foundation. In the absence of waterproofing, capillary moisture will begin to rise, as a result of which the wood will get wet. This will lead to the swelling of the timber, the appearance of mold and the gradual destruction of the structure of the wood as a result of the vital activity of the fungus. In this case, even the best antiseptic impregnation will sooner or later be powerless.
Laying waterproofing is one of the most important stage in the construction of a log house, therefore, it is not allowed to exclude it from the list of works!
Timber quality
The lumber for the first crown must be selected according to specific requirements. It should be free of knots and blueness, and all of its four surfaces should be flat, without chipping, depressions or sharp bends. The timber must be pre-treated with an antiseptic and fire retardant. Even if the seller assures that the material was impregnated in production conditions, he will not be able to provide truthful information about the thoroughness of processing, the circumstances and shelf life of the timber. So it's better to play it safe.
When buying a solid wood beam, you need to pay attention to its cross section. High-quality material has an average location of the core and annual rings evenly removed from the center. When lumber with a different "pattern" shrinks, problems may arise associated with various deformations of the wood - bending, twisting, severe cracking, etc.
You can hear different opinions about applying a film-forming composition to the ends of a solid bar. Some opponents argue that it is necessary to "seal" the cross sections immediately so that moisture does not leave the wood too quickly. Others give arguments about the inadmissibility of such actions, although they agree that the ends need to be covered. For these purposes, they recommend using clay, lime or water emulsion. The film, on the other hand, prevents moisture from escaping in a natural way, as a result of which foci of decay are formed inside the trunk. In fact, both sides are right to some extent.
The technology for installing the bottom row of a log house involves a certain sequence of work. Firstly, 10-15mm thick slats impregnated with antiseptic are laid on the foundation on top of the waterproofing layer with a step of 25-30 cm. The gap is then filled with polyurethane foam. Next, the first crown of the log house is mounted on them. At the last stage, the horizontal position of the laid timber is checked using a building or laser level. If necessary, the spatial position of the crown is corrected until the required results are obtained.
The first row of the timber should be laid taking into account the correct design of the corners. One side should be strictly perpendicular to the other, with the exception of projects involving a complex house shape in plan. After installing the lower crown on the foundation, the correspondence of the sizes of the diagonals between opposite corners is also checked. If the structure is rectangular, then both lengths must match.
Fastening the timber
On this issue, disagreements also arise among the masters. The first are convinced that the erected blockhouse with its mass is able to reliably press the first crown to the foundation, therefore the stability of the house is ensured based on the laws of physics. By the way, if necessary, it will be much easier to replace a loose timber because the corner joints are connected here not with locks, but with brackets or metal plates.
If the length of the walls of the house exceeds the identical size of the lumber, then fastening the timber to the foundation will most likely be required.
Representatives of another group of specialists have their own opinion. They prove the need for rigid fixing of the lower rim to the foundation by means of anchors. They assure that in this way it will be easier to maintain the correct geometry of the log house during its construction. In addition, to the house on piles, fastening the timber to the underground part of the building will give greater stability.
Well, both ways have a right to exist. The main thing is that the work on laying the first timber on the foundation is carried out carefully, without undue haste. Then the house will last longer.
The durability of the future building depends. This is a fundamental, basic question and must be taken with the utmost seriousness, since the cost of making a mistake is too high.
Choosing and preparing material
The timber for the first crown should be of the highest quality. The selection criteria are simple:
- No knots and surface damage.
- Lack of blue at the ends. Darkening is a sign of fungal infection.
- High density of annual rings. It is desirable that the rings diverge from the center of the cut - this means that the beam is made from the core of the tree.
- The wood must be dry (a "winter" wood must be used).
- It is advisable to use oak or larch beams - they are much stronger than pine.
Before laying, the timber is impregnated with bituminous mastic. To make the impregnation soaked deeper, you can add a little used oil to it. The procedure is repeated 2-3 times.
An important nuance: the ends of the timber are not processed with mastic! This is done in order to ensure the release of moisture. The impregnated wood is allowed to dry completely, after which they proceed to direct installation.
Preparing the foundation
The first thing to do after pouring the foundation is to check its geometry. A height difference of even 1 cm in the future will lead to serious distortions in the structure of the building. The quality of the foundation is checked with an ordinary water level - if a difference is detected, the plane should be leveled with concrete mortar.
The next step is to provide waterproofing. Concrete tends to raise moisture and transfer it to higher elements, therefore, the durability of the whole house depends on the quality of waterproofing. The base is thoroughly impregnated with a bituminous mixture, filling all cracks and gaps. A layer of roofing material is laid on the bitumen (the tape should be 20-25 cm wider than the foundation) and heated with a gas burner. The joints of the tapes are overlapped and heated additionally. The surface of the roofing material is again impregnated with bitumen and covered with another layer.
An important nuance: during the construction of the foundation, it is necessary to ensure sufficient ventilation of the subfloor. This is done using embedded pipes or boxes. These openings will help prevent moisture from accumulating under the floor and reduce the chance of mold growth.
We lay the first crown
The first beam is not laid on concrete, but on wooden planks 15 mm high, located across the foundation strip every 30 cm. This is done in order to exclude the contact of the first crown with the waterproofing. Some builders prefer to use a special lining board instead of slats, but the benefits of this technology are well-grounded objections. Opponents of the board claim that it rots faster than the timber, and at the same time forms an additional gap between the crowns in the most vulnerable part of the wall.
After laying the beams on the slats and checking the horizontal position, the resulting gap is filled with ordinary polyurethane foam. The corners of the first crown are connected with metal staples. It is not necessary to fasten the timber to the foundation: the weight of the entire structure is enough to provide the house with the necessary stability. In some cases, it is allowed to mount the first crown on anchors located at the corners of the foundation.
An important nuance: the docking angles must exactly correspond to 90 degrees. Otherwise, the diagonals of the intersection will be violated, which in turn will lead to undesirable deformations of the building.
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