The gender of a noun is quite easy to determine. You can just substitute a pronoun for it: my mother ( feminine), my dad (masculine), my sun (neuter). But there are indeclinable nouns - nouns that occur in different offers in the same form. And here you begin to think about how to determine the gender of indeclinable nouns.
Determining the type of abbreviations
To begin with, it would be good to remember what an abbreviation is. An abbreviation is a shortened spelling of a group of words. This is usually a word made up of the initial letters of each word in the group. To determine the gender of an abbreviation, you need to determine the gender of the main word from the group.
For example:
UGATU – Ufa State Aviation Technical University. This abbreviation is definitely masculine, since the word "university" is masculine.
Ministry of Internal Affairs - Ministry of Internal Affairs. This abbreviation is neuter, since the word “ministry” is neuter.
How to determine the gender of a noun in a sentence
To do this, you need to look at which adjective is attached to the noun. If the adjective answers the question: “Which one?”, then the noun is feminine. If the adjective answers the question: “Which?”, then the noun is masculine. If the adjective answers the question: “Which?”, then the noun is neuter. If there is no adjective, but there is a verb, you can use it to determine gender. For example, a lady walked down the street. "Lady" is feminine.
Rules and exceptions
If an indeclinable noun names a profession (professor, driver, attaché, receptionist), then it is definitely masculine, even if addressed to a woman.
Indeclinable nouns that came to us from other countries, most of them belong to the neuter gender: sconce, cinema, metro, taxi, etc. The exceptions here are: coffee (masculine), kohlrabi (feminine), avenue (feminine) , penalty (masculine).
If an indeclinable noun names an animal - a kangaroo, a chimpanzee, then it also belongs to the masculine gender. In context they can also be feminine.
The feminine gender includes indeclinable nouns that call women: Mrs., Miss, Madame, Frau, etc. Also included in the feminine gender are undecidable female surnames - Curie, Mary, Carmen.
If it is necessary to determine the gender of a geographical name, this can be done using the generic word. Distant (island) Haiti. Haiti is masculine.
For those who don’t want to learn the rules, there is a good tip - look up the gender of the desired word in the dictionary.
Gender of nouns
1. What is the gender system of nouns in the Russian language?
All Russian nouns in the form singular can be classified into one of the following genera: male, female, average, general.
2. How to determine the gender of a noun?
The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with the pronoun my:
my son, my governor, my curtain, my little house- masculine; my wife, my wall, my night- feminine gender, my window, my sky, my animal- neuter gender.
For most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender: my apprentice, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine gender).
The gender of nouns is determined by the singular form. Nouns used only in the plural have no gender: manger, pasta, trousers, pitchfork.
3. What nouns have common gender?
Common nouns are nouns that characterize man, give him assessment characteristics; they have endings-and I and belong to the 1st declension:.
slob, ringleader, singer, hard worker, dirty guy, dude, drunkard, sissy, sleepyhead, crybaby Generic nouns can denote both male and female people:
4. What a slob you are! What a slob you are!How to determine genus
unchangeable nouns? Gender of immutable nouns, calling people , determined by gender:.
brave hidalgo, refined lady Nouns meaning professions and occupation , are masculine: military attache, night porter . Nouns of the 2nd declension with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver.
etc.), even if used in relation to female persons, are still nouns male Unchangeable nouns that call animals., belong to the masculine gender, although when indicating a female they can be used as feminine nouns:Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee; chimpanzee feeding her babies(fly), Ivasi(fish) - feminine.
Immutable inanimate nouns are neuter: night taxi, delicious stew, new blinds, aromatic cocoa, aged Bordeaux, heady Chardonnay, hot cappuccino, locomotive depot, new coat, wicker flowerpot. , belong to the masculine gender, although when indicating a female they can be used as feminine nouns: coffee, penalty, sirocco(masculine); avenue, salami(feminine gender).
Genus foreign language geographical names determined by the generic word: distant Monaco(this is a principality, i.e. a neuter noun, which means the word Monaco also neuter) wide Limpopo(river - river), densely populated Tokyo(city - m.r.). If you can use two different generic words, then agreement options are possible: independent Haiti(state - s.r.), independent Haiti(country - female) and distant Haiti(island - m.r.); beautiful Brescia(city - district) and beautiful Brescia(province - f.r.). In some cases, the gender of a noun is established by tradition, so a dictionary check is required.
5. How to determine the gender of compound words (abbreviations)?
Initials are based on the names of the letters, sound ones are based on sounds, like ordinary words.
The gender of abbreviations is usually determined by reference word in deciphering the abbreviation or by generic word: NATO(alliance - m.r.) decided, MPGU(university - m.r.) accepted new students, CIS(commonwealth - s.r.) took the initiative, UNESCO(organization - zh.r.) declared 2011 the year of forests.
In some cases, the gender of a noun is established by tradition, so a dictionary check is required: university(the key word is establishment, but the gender is masculine), Ministry of Foreign Affairs(the key word is ministry, but the gender is masculine), TASS(the key word is agency, but the gender is masculine).
6. How to determine the gender of nouns ending in -Ль in the form im. P.(words like tulle, callus, polish, roofing felt, valve)?
The gender of such words must be memorized and, in case of difficulties, checked in a dictionary. For example, you can use dictionaries in the “Word Check” section on the website gramota.ru.
The words are masculine aerosol, polish, lampoon, vaudeville, quantile, quartile, endgame, tulle, roofing felt, flat and etc.
Feminine words include words such as mezzanine, callus, rosin, vacuole, triplet and etc.
7. How to determine the gender of nouns denoting the names of shoes and paired items?
The gender of such words must be memorized and, in case of difficulties, checked in a dictionary.
Words for titles shoes:
In addition, there is a bigender noun high boots. If in plural the stress falls on the ending of the word (unt, -s ov ), then the singular form is one ounce . If in the plural the emphasis falls on the stem ( at nts), then the form im.p. units -.
unta Other words for the names of paired items: gaiters - one gaiter, leggings - one gaiter, sideburns - one sideburn, leggings - one legging ..
But:(words like knee socks - one golf, rails - one rail, adjustments - one adjustment,8. How to determine the gender of compound nouns)?
cafe-dining room sofa bed: If only one part of a noun changes by case, the gender is determined on the variable part personal website (f.r.). If both parts of the word change in a noun, then the gender is determined: on a more significant within the meaning of the part delicious ice cream cake
(m.r.),
comfortable chair-bed (s.r.).
See additionally: How to say correctly: “The cafe-dining room is closed for renovation.” 9. Do nouns change by gender? Nouns by gender do not change, the gender of each noun is a constant category: Mother- only female birth,
apple
- only s.r. etc.
Almost all bird names ending in - ь are masculine nouns, BUT bittern and tawny owl. Swan - usually m.p., but poetic - can be feminine.
All names of insects, except louse, moth - m.r. Real nouns in the determination of the gender of which you can experience fluctuations, aerosol, tulle, shampoo - m.r., and some substances - vanilla, rosin - zh.r. Nouns that can name
types of items , are used in pairs. (boots, sneakers, clips, sneakers, shoes...). When you need to name an object from a pair, some of the words have one generic form - butsa, clip, sandal, slipper, shoe - zh.r., and some are noun. It can have two forms that are the norm of the language (ked-keda, sl. R.p. kedov - ked; unt - unta, R.p. untov - unt) If we are talking about the gender of nouns with size-evaluative suffixes, then in the vast majority of cases nouns formed by means of suffixes indicating size, emotion.
Indeclinable nouns that denote an inanimate object are overwhelmingly related to the sr.r.. A small number of words denoting inanimate objects are exceptions. So to the point. m.r. belong to - names of winds (take the gender of the word “wind”) - names of languages (Pashto Swahili, Hindi), names of artificial languages (Esperanto) are more often used as words of m.r., but the neuter gender is acceptable - names of some products (Suluguni, coffee ). Their use as words m.r. most often preserved in texts of official business style, and beyond its boundaries linguistic modern norm
allows the use of the neuter gender. - names of fonts (aldene), some individual words such as ecu, pinalti, status quo, although m.r. is also the norm. and sr. like the words auto, sirtaki. to the words of the woman: - kohlrabi, salami, avenue, street
Indeclinable nouns that refer to persons. In this case, the gender is noun. Depends on the gender of the person. All names of women, titles, addresses to women belong to the female birthright. (Pani, Frau, Lady...). In addition to f.r. refer to nouns whose LZ reveals any characteristics and characteristics of a woman (ingénue (stage role of a girl), peri (mythological being in the image of a girl)). The names of men, titles, addresses to men belong to m.r. (Monsieur, Chevalier).
In the words of M.R. are also nouns that name persons by position, performance of duties, etc. (i.e. occupations, positions and characteristics of men for whom the tradition of the country has secured this idea), (attaché, croupier, referee, entertainer, dandy). BUT the names of persons by nationality are words of a general gender. Plus counterparts and protégés. Inflexible names related to the animal world, most of them refer to m.r. (kangaroo, cockatoo, hummingbird). A small number of words that refer to the names of the animal world have the gender of the inflected name of the class in relation to which this indeclinable noun acts as a species variety (tsetse, ivashi - zh.r.
Declension of nouns
Foreign male surnames with a vowel (Goethe)
Female names and surnames starting with a hard consonant (Elizabeth)
Russian surnames (Zhivago, Polish)
Ukrainian surnames (Prisivko)
A significant part of the abbreviations
In the Russian language there are 3 types of declension:
Substantive
The largest in composition. Learns all other nouns. Within its framework, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension of nouns are distinguished.
The 1st declension includes nouns m.r. With null ending in I.p. and nouns w.r. with inflection –o, -e. In scientific grammar this declension is recognized as the first, and in school grammar it is recognized as the second. It is recognized as such because it is the most productive.
The 2nd declension includes nouns m.r. and f.r. with inflections –а, -я, plus common nouns like “glutton”.
The 3rd declension includes nouns zh.r. with zero ending in units.
Adjective
Declension of substantivized adjectives and participles. (Bakery, waiting room, patient, etc.)
Mixed (passive)
This is the declension of proper names into –ov, -in, plus toponyms like Tushino. It is called mixed because it has atypical inflections in some cases. (table-table, Kuznetsov - Kuznetsov. -ov - -ym
“Academic Grammar 80” also suggests highlighting the zero declension. It is proposed to include all indeclinable nouns. But this can hardly be called a declination at all.
Scheme of morphological analysis of nouns:
Initial form
LGR (lexico-grammatical categories)
A) proper – common noun
B) animate – inanimate
C) concrete, abstract – collective, material. Arguments.
A) motivated – unmotivated
B) way of expressing gender
C) for personal names, a characteristic of opposition
Consensus class
Number form
A) a way to express a numerical value
B) the meaning of the number form
Case form
A) means of expressing case meanings
B) the meaning of the case
Type and variety of declension
Syntactic function of a noun
For derived nouns, the method of word formation
Adjective
General characteristics of an adjective as a part of speech.
An adjective is a class of words that is characterized by the general categorical meaning of signs of objectivity (white coat, fresh bread, wild animal, etc.).
Unlike a verb, an adjective expresses a static, non-procedural attribute of objectivity.
The lonely sail is white
White sail in the distance
As Ovsyannikov-Kulikovsky wrote: “an adjective is such a movement of our thought, by virtue of which we attribute attributes to objects and imagine that they are in the object, passively abide in it."
The adjective is genetically related to the noun. Historically, the adjective is secondary. Over time, they emerged from the undivided name. It is no coincidence that many modern adjectives are historically derived from nouns. Morphologically, adjectives have common grammatical categories of gender, number, and case. They are non-binary, inflectional, formal, syntactic. In addition, the adjective also has its own morphological category of degrees of comparison, which expresses the measure of the attribute. However, it is inherent only in qualitative adjectives. In syntactic terms, an adjective is characterized by such a syntactic connection with a noun as agreement. The primary syntactic function of an adjective is the function of an agreed definition. Along with it, adjectives are capable of performing the function of a nominal predicate (the night is quiet). For short forms of adjectives, this function is leading. In word-formation terms, adjectives are characterized by a set of special formants - -sk-, -n-, -ov-, -in-, -an-, etc. The formation of adjectives is characterized by such methods as suffixal, prefixal, prefix-suffixal. In addition, the composition of adjectives is replenished due to the adjectivation of participles (flashy colors, hackneyed truths). Thus, the adjective is a significant part of speech that expresses the meaning of a static non-procedural attribute of objectivity and realizes it in the inflectional categories of gender, number and case.
Until recently, adjectives were considered as inflectional words. Most of them are inclined. But in the 20th century, a new subclass of indeclinable (analytical) adjectives began to actively form. These are borrowed words of foreign origin (Bordeaux, beige, khaki, mini, maxi, etc.). It is now intensively developing, which indicates the growth of analytic features in the SRY. Thus, modern adjectives, like nouns, are characterized by the opposition of inflected and indeclinable words. The boundaries of adjectives are understood broadly and narrowly in science. In a broad sense, the class of adjectives can include, in addition to adjectives themselves, adjective pronouns and ordinal numbers. In a narrow sense, adjectives cover a traditionally distinguished class of words.
In RY, adjectives are represented by 3 main LGRs:
Quality
Relative
Possessives
Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives.
The main opposition among the categories of adjectives is between qualitative and relative adjectives.
Qualitative adjectives represent the direct name of the features (green, large); denote characteristics that have a quantitative characteristic, i.e. may manifest themselves to a greater or lesser extent (difficult - very difficult).
According to the nature of the designated sign qualitative adjectives are divided into 2 groups:
Adjectives denoting a variable attribute. In relation to the subject, it can act as an assessment given by the speaker (a difficult exam, Nice dress). Such adjectives are called qualitative-evaluative. They are characterized by the presence of degrees of comparison and the possibility of forming antonyms.
Adjectives that denote an absolute attribute that is independent of the speaker’s assessment (checkered, striped, dumb, single).
They have no degrees of comparison. They are called intrinsically qualitative.
By meaning, qualitative adjectives are divided into:
Emperile
These are adjectives that denote qualities and properties that are directly perceived by the senses.
Rational
They denote signs established as a result of mental activity.
Qualitative adjectives are characterized by a number of word-formation and morphological features, which distinguish them from other lexico-grammatical categories.
May have degrees of comparison
Can be combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very smart, unusually warm, too dirty, absolutely incomprehensible, etc.)
From qualitative adjectives forms of subjective assessment are formed (adjectives with diminutive or magnifying suffixes). These also include prefix formations with the value of the intensity of the attribute (pre-kind, super-important).
Qualitative adjectives form correlative adverbs with the suffixes -o-, -e- (fast-quickly, sincerely-sincerely).
Abstract nouns are formed from qualitative adjectives (courage, simplicity, blue).
Qualitative adjectives can form verbs with the meaning of manifestation of a characteristic (red - blush)
Qualitative adjectives come into antonymic and synonymous pairs (high - low).
Truncated adjectives must be distinguished from short forms of adjectives. They are special forms of adjectives, which, used in poetic speech of the 18th – early 19th centuries for verification purposes: “a dark shadow fell on the field.” Their use is characterized by truncation of inflection, for example, “gloomy” from “gloomy” - a special poetic device. Truncated adjectives differ from short forms:
The nature of the stress - they bear the stress on the basis
Syntactic function – in a sentence they are a definition
Short and full adjectives in SRL are correlative, however, this correlativeness is incomplete:
Adjectives that name the colors of horses do not form short forms.
Most color adjectives
Subjective adjectives (feisty, cute)
Qualitative adjectives, ascending by definition to relative ones with the suffixes –o-, -sk-, -n- (business, efficient)
Adjectives with -l- (burnt, experienced). They do not form short forms to avoid homonymy.
Many compound adjectives (transparent crystal ball)
Individual qualitative adjectives that are not combined into groups (native, ancient).
Not all complete qualitative adjectives have short forms.
In turn there is whole line adjectives that have only a short form (glad, lyub, much - words of the state category)
Short forms correspond to full n in the entire scope of their meaning - the short form realizes only one of the meanings of a polysemous full adjective.
(living girl - girl alive (undead) Some short forms are assigned a conditional meaning that is different from the full ones (it bad person negative qualities, he is bad - he is seriously ill).
In a number of dimensional (parametric) adjectives, short forms acquire an additional meaning - the meaning of the excessiveness of the attribute (large, small, cramped).
In the SRL there is no complete correlation between short and full adjectives, both structurally and semantically.
Semantics of short forms.
The question of the semantics of short forms is still open in linguistics. Vinogradov proposed the following interpretation of the semantics of short forms as opposed to full ones. Short forms express a temporary sign, full forms – permanent.
“Short forms denote qualitative states that occur or arise over time. Fat is a sign that is conceivable outside of time.” This opposition of meaning actually exists in language. He is sick (in general) - he is sick (at this time). However, it does not cover all short and long forms (we rarely talk to him - he is not talkative at all).
Polish linguist Boguslavsky proposed a different interpretation of the semantics of short forms. From his point of view short adjectives are used in language to emphasize one or another degree of a characteristic (he is quite smart, he is too strong). There is an opinion that short forms, unlike long forms, denote a relative attribute, i.e. a sign that is limited by something (these streets are narrow for travel). However, these meanings are not typical for all short adjectives. In modern Russian studies, the most common is the following interpretation of the semantics of short adjectives. In short forms, the semantics of the property is combined with the semantics of the state, while the manifestation of the property with the ts is emphasized. the perceiving person. Short adjectives express one of the properties, in a complex of other properties, i.e. actively express an excretory characteristic. Associated with this is the dynamics of the designated property, the possibility of its termination, replacement by another...
Short forms in RN denote an currently manifested property, an actively excretory dynamic feature. Particular manifestations of this meaning are the following:
Temporary localization (he is sick)
Situational, correlative, limited
Degrees, assessment of the speaker (he is extremely smart)
In RL there is competition between short and long forms. Short forms are required or preferred in the following cases:
In statements of a general, timeless nature, which are found in scientific provisions, definitions, aphorisms, maxims.
In the case when the subject is an infinitive. verbal noun– subject.
When the subject is expressed by pronouns w.r. with a general meaning
In combination with identifying pronouns and adverbs, also with “so”.
In slogans, stereotypical wishes, politeness formulas.
In the presence of additions or circumstances, clarifying or limiting features.
When combined with an infinitive.
If there is an additional part.
The use of short forms of adjectives is influenced by factors such as:
Nature of the subject
Subject-object relations
The nature of temporary relations in a sentence
The presence of minor members or subordinate clauses
Short forms differ from full ones in stylistic terms. The question of this was first raised by Peshkovsky. In his book “Russian syntax in scientific coverage,” he turned to the analysis of Chekhov’s play “3 Sisters” and posed the following question: “if the short form denotes a temporary sign, why do the sisters, quarreling and criticizing each other, use exclusively the long form?” Peshkovsky wrote: “You are angry, you are stupid - that is already an insult. In short form, we see greater categoricalness, isolation from the real conditions of speech, and abstraction. Associated with the exceptional bookishness of this form.” Stylistically, short forms are book forms. IN colloquial speech and in common parlance they are often replaced by full forms. Due to the fact that the short form expresses an actively excretory characteristic, it has greater expression, expresses assessment more clearly, and is characterized by a shade of categoricalness (this boy is cowardly).
Thus, short and long forms differ in the SNL by a whole complex of morphological, syntactic, semantic and stylistic features. When analyzing the short form you must:
Give its morphological characteristics
Show correlation with full form
Determine meaning in a given context
Give a stylistic description
Syntax function
She was quiet, not cold, unhurried (f.r., singular, cr. Form, correlates. Leisurely, expresses an active-excretive feature, situational, relative meaning, expressive, evaluative function, nominal part of the predicate).
Degrees of comparison of adjectives.
History of the study of degrees of comparison in Russian grammar
Typology of degrees of comparison in Russian
Education and meaning of comparative forms
Education and meaning of superlatives
Until the 19th century, Russian grammars did not distinguish between degrees of comparison and degrees of quality. For adjectives, non-relative or relative degrees of quality were distinguished. Irrelevant indicated that the characteristic is manifested to a greater or lesser extent, without comparison with others. Relative degree implied comparison. There were 6 degrees of quality – 3 by 3.
Irrelevant:
Initial degree of quality (-ovod-, -evod)
Long (-enk-, -onk-)
Perfect (-okhonek-, -ekhonek-)
Relative:
Positive (red) Forms of the positive degree express the simple presence of a qualitative attribute, unrelated to other objects. It represents a kind of starting point on the gradation scale, while in the RN it does not have any special morphological forms.
Comparative (redder) The comparative degree or comparative indicates that the characteristic in one object is more pronounced than in another or in the same object, but at a different time (girls' faces are brighter than roses; your face is paler than it was). In this regard, the language distinguishes between co-core (this is a comparison in which the object of comparison and the standard of comparison is the same object or person) and non-correlative (this is a comparison in which different objects are compared) comparisons. Unlike the positive degree, the comparative in RN has special morphological forms - suffixes.
Excellent (reddest) Indicates the extreme degree of manifestation of the characteristic. A feature is represented in one object to a greater extent than in other objects of the same kind (Kazbek - highest peak Caucasus). Superlative, like comparative, has special morphological forms - suffixes.
In the mid-19th century, Buslaev distinguished between actual morphological elements and word-forming ones. He showed that the actual morphological degree is the relative degree of comparison. As for the irrespective degree of quality, it cannot be considered as a grammatical category. These meanings are expressed in language irregularly and inconsistently. In addition, adjectives with the suffixes –ohonek-, -ekhonek- are archaized. They serve for general expressive illumination of speech and express an assessment of the speaker. Later, these adjectives began to be called “adjectives of subjective assessment.” As Vinogradov wrote, Buslaev was the first to introduce the doctrine of degrees of comparison into the traditional rouleau. Since the 60s of the 20th century, Russian grammar has distinguished 3 degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and superlative. The category of degree of comparison of qualitative adjectives indicates that the characteristic can manifest itself to a greater or extremely high extent. The main grammatical meaning of these forms is the meaning of a different measure of a characteristic in one object compared to others or in the same object taken in different time periods (the grass is greener in May than in April, Vika is more serious than Olya). This grammatical meaning appears in 3 degrees of comparison.
1. Noun. m.r., denoting female persons by profession, occupation (doctor, professor, accountant, cashier, director, deputy, foreman, etc.) are noun m.r.
Larisa Markovna - our scientific supervisor (m.b.) - asked to do the work on time.
Doctor (m.r.) Egorova, a leading specialist in genetics, has released a new monograph.
2. Nouns formed with the help of the suffixes -ish- and -ishk- belong to the same genus as the nouns from which they are formed: house (m.r.) - little house (m.r.), fire (m.r.) - conflagration (m.r.), cat (m.r.) - cat (m.r.).
3. Type of abbreviations(of complex abbreviated words) is most often determined by the reference word:
USPTU - the reference word "university" (m.r.) - USNTU (m.r.)
Hydroelectric power station - the reference word “station” (f.r.) - Hydroelectric power station (liquid)
4. In the Russian language there is a small group of nouns that have options m.r. and f.r.: shutter (m.r.) and shutter (zh.r.), hall (m.r.) and hall (zh.r.), banknotes (m.r.) and banknote (zh.r.).
5. A genus of borrowed indeclinable nouns. determined by the meaning of the word. Most undecided inanimate noun of foreign language origin include to Wed: bureau, depot, jelly, mango, subway, coat, puree, fillet, jury, foyer, interview, etc.
EXCL.: nouns, the gender of which is determined by the gender of Russian words that are similar in meaning:
Avenue (street) - residential district;
Kohlrabi (cabbage) - fat;
Penalty (free kick) - m.r.;
Salami (sausage) - female;
Ivasi (fish) - female;
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Coffee - m.r.
6. Animated borrowed indeclinable nouns. refer to m.r. or to f.r. depending on gender designated person:
M.R.: attache, bourgeois, dandy, entertainer, croupier, impresario, maestro, rentier, porter.
J.R.: Frau, lady, madam, miss, lady.
7. Animated borrowed indeclinable nouns denoting animals, insects, birds, relate to m.r., except when it is specifically stated that a female is meant:
white cockatoo (m.b.), little Pony(m.r.), pink flamingo (m.r.)
BUT! The hummingbird (f.) laid a small egg.
8. Borrowed indeclinable nouns denoting geographical names have the same gender as noun. - generic concept (lake, city, mountain):
Mississippi(river) - river; lively Montevideo(city) - m.r.
9. NO KIND for nouns that do not have a singular form: gates, trousers, sleigh, yeast, scissors, name day, holidays, canopy, glasses, wallpaper, cream, day and etc.
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Tasks and exercises for self-control:
Make up phrases using the “adj. + noun.” Determine the gender of nouns.
Avenue, aerosol, parcel, meringue, borjomi, sconce, bourgeois, veil, riding breeches, little house, jury, Ivasi, ingénue, cockatoo, kohlrabi, contralto, coffee, lady, salmon, menu, corn, mocha, mole, pemoxol, penalty, pony, purse, salami, travesty, tulle, flamingo, foyer, tsetse, shampoo.
Koshevaya O. N., teacher primary classes Municipal educational institution “School No. 97 of the city of Donetsk”
Russian language
Subject Gender of nouns: man-male, female, average.
Target: introduce the grammatical feature of nouns - gender; create conditions for mastering the method of determining the gender of a noun through the algorithmization of students’ activities.
Tasks:
Educational:
. develop the ability to see spelling patterns in words, develop spelling literacy, justify the condition of choice;
. to form analytical-synthetic thinking, the ability to group, the ability to generalize, and draw conclusions;
. develop the ability to work in pairs, develop control and self-control skills;
. develop children's speech, lexicon, thinking.
Educational:
. teach to determine the gender of nouns;
. continue to work on developing the skill of competent writing and spelling vigilance.
Educational:
. cultivate a love for the Russian language, the need to take advantage of linguistic wealth.
Personal UUD: students establishing a connection between the goal educational activities and its motive, self-determination.
Cognitive UUD: independent identification and formulation of a cognitive goal, conscious and voluntary construction of a speech utterance in oral form, choice of the most effective ways problem solving, knowledge structuring.
Regulatory UUD: goal setting, planning, evaluation of work results, making necessary additions and adjustments to the plan and method of action in the event of a discrepancy between the standard, the actual action and its result.
Communicative UUD: planning educational cooperation with the teacher and peers, observing the rules of speech behavior, the ability to express and justify one’s point of view.
Planned results
Knowledge of constant features of a noun;
Ability to apply knowledge in life situations;
Ability to determine the gender of nouns.
Equipment: Power Point presentation, signal cards (m.r., zh.r., s.r.); textbook: Kanakina V.P., Goretsky V.G. Russian language. 3rd grade. Textbook for general education organizations. At 2 o'clock - M.: Education, 2016.
During the classes
I . Organizing time
I hope for you, friends,
You are a good friendly class.
Everything will work out for us.
2. Training - ear massage.
Let's wake up our brain and start working:
pull yourself by the earlobes from top to bottom (2 - 3 times);
pull the auricle up (2 - 3 times);
circular movements of the auricle clockwise and counterclockwise (2 - 3 times).
II . Updating students' knowledge (Slide 1)
1. Exercise for memory development.
A year is winter, water is a river, a blizzard is snow, frost is cold.
Sort out the words according to their composition.
2. Frontal survey(Slide 2)
What part of speech are the words naming the depicted objects?
(nouns)
Prove...
What is a noun called?
What does it mean?
What questions does it answer?
Which nouns are answered by the question who, and which ones are asked what?
What two groups can nouns be divided into?
3. Calligraphy minute(Slide 3)
Uncle Fyodor, the dog Sharik and the cat Matroskin lived in the village.
Name spellings (proper names)
Do parsing offers.
III . Staging educational problem. Work in pairs (Slide 4)
In order to determine the topic of our lesson, we need to distribute these nouns into groups according to a certain criterion. Words will help you"HE SHE IT".
Icicle, snow, frost, cloud, frost, winter, coat, blizzard, lake.
Try to determine the topic of the lesson based on these 3 columns of words.
IV . Discovery of new knowledge
1. Work according to the textbook.
WITH.25 exercises 39 (oral)
2. Teacher's story.
Gender of nouns.
You understand that the rooster is he, the hen is she, the wolf is he, and the she-wolf is she, the cat is he, and the cat is she. What to do with a rhinoceros, a squirrel, a cuckoo, a mouse, a hawk? Don't they have members of the opposite sex?
You cannot confuse different things: gender and gender. Yes, these words are presented in this way: there is a hippopotamus - and all individuals are so named. There is a cuckoo - and that’s it, there is a hawk - and there is no hawk in the language. In the language!
What if it’s not clear, if the word is foreign? Chimpanzee, flamingo? These are usually masculine words unless the text indicates otherwise. The little kangaroo galloped into the forest.
And so - a bright flamingo, an agile chimpanzee, a cute kangaroo.
Memo (Slide 5)
3. Relaxation exercise
Massage of the wings of the nose.
Tapping the bridge of the nose with your knuckles.
Breathing exercise.
V . Primary consolidation
1. Independent work.
Ex. 40 page 26
Assignment: write down the feminine nouns first, and then the masculine and neuter.
Choose 2 nouns each: masculine, feminine and neuter.
Peer review.
2. Familiarization with the gender discrepancy of nouns.(Slide 6)
The old ladies were having lunch. Suddenly a spoon fell from the table with a clang.
Yeah! - said the Russian woman, remembering a funny old sign. — Some lady came to visit us. The spoon fell!
Why lady? - the German woman was surprised. - A spoon is masculine. So a man must come.
The Russian was indignant:
Well, here's more! If the knife fell, then it would mean a man. The knife is masculine...
Ha ha ha! - the German woman laughed.
Is the knife masculine? No, if the knife falls, it doesn’t mean anything. He is neuter.
The Armenian woman sat silently and looked in bewilderment at one or the other of those arguing. Finally she leaned towards me: “Forgive me,” she whispered, “but I don’t understand anything... I see there’s some kind of funny sign here.” What is it based on? Why can a knife somehow resemble a man or a spoon resemble a woman? I don't understand this.
And in fact, it was impossible to explain to her what this superstition was based on: in the Armenian language (as in English) there are no genders at all: neither feminine nor neuter! Neither in Armenia, nor in England, nor in Turkey could such a sign even be formed.
3. Game task "The sixth odd one".(Slide 7)
Rain, island, horse, shadow, bush, day.
Rye, oven, carrots, fire, laziness, night.
Land, taiga, time, family, relatives, station.
Window, village, sea, field, towel, apple, table.
VI . Application of knowledge and methods of action
1. Creative work. Compiling text using key words.(Slide 8)
Compose and write down the text, determine the gender of nouns.
Winter, frost, snow, powder, snowdrift, bullfinch, field, glass, blanket, fur coat, Snow Maiden, snowman, gift, tree, icicle, ice, skating rink, hockey, firecracker, hat, scarf, feeder, grain, cold, hunger .
On the desk:
The cold _______ has arrived. Snow-white ________ covered the earth.
Lights up everything around. _________ ________ glitters and shimmers. How ________ _________!
Has arrived Cold winter. A snow-white blanket covered the ground. The winter sun illuminates everything around. Silver frost ( White snow) glitters and shimmers. How beautiful in winter!
2. Work on riddles.(Slide 9)
Guess riddles, determine the gender of nouns (using signal cards).
She just knocks
There's snow in our window,
We take the sled
And run up the hill!
(Winter)
He comes first in the count,
The new year will begin with it.
Open your calendar soon
Read! Written -...
(January)
Fluffy horse,
Or maybe a hippopotamus
Or maybe just cotton wool
Floats above us into the distance.
(Cloud)
Blanket white
Not made by hand.
It wasn’t woven or cut—
It fell from the sky to the ground.
(Snow)
Her house is on a white cloud,
But she is afraid of the sun's ray.
Silver fluff,
Hexagon...
(Snowflake)
After working all day,
A blizzard swept the mountain.
What kind of slide? What's the name?
You will have to answer me.
(Snowdrift)
Anybody here can be a bird
In the winter cold, treat yourself.
There's a hut hanging on a branch,
It's called...
(Feeder)
The sieve is large, the sieve is blue.
White fluff sows and blows
to forests, houses, meadows.
(Sky)
Wanders alone
Fiery eye.
Everywhere it happens
Warms with a glance
(Sun)
VII . Inclusion in the knowledge system and repetition
1. Work according to the textbook.
Ex. 40, p. 26.
(Self-execution. Mutual check.)
— Read what endings nouns of different kinds have.
2. Creative work. Work in groups.(Slide 10)
From the letters of each given word, form a new one that retains all the letters of the original word. Determine the gender of the nouns. Underline the pairs that have the same gender.
pine - ... (pump)
fist - ... (doll)
whim - ... (order)
reed - ... (mouse)
kite - ... (lace)
VIII . Homework
Ex. 44, p. 27
IX . Summarizing. Reflection
How to determine the gender of a noun?
Continue the sentences:
In the lesson I learned….. I found it difficult…..
It was interesting to me…. I want…
Thank you for your cooperation.
Instructions
When determining the feminine gender of inanimate nouns, keep in mind that they have singular endings -a, -я (wall, will) and zero if the noun ends in soft sign(rye). For animate nouns, the defining feature is that they belong to female creatures (girl, cat). To avoid confusing the endings of feminine and masculine nouns, substitute the pronouns “she, mine” to check. For example, a song (she, mine).
Determine the masculine gender of nouns by the ending of the form: zero for words ending with a consonant (house, table), -a, -ya - for animate nouns, male creatures (uncle, Seryozha). In order not to confuse the gender of nouns ending in a soft sign, also substitute the pronoun “he, my” (stump, day) to check.
Determine neuter nouns by endings initial form-о, -е and using the substitution of pronouns “it, mine” (field, window). Please note that the group of indeclinable nouns ending in the combination -mya also belongs to the neuter gender (tribe, seed, etc.). Among neuter nouns there are almost no animate ones, their number is very small (child, creature, animal).
Among nouns, there are several special groups, the gender of which is difficult. These include common nouns, indeclinables and compound words.
Correlate the meanings of common nouns with their belonging to female or male objects. For example, a girl (feminine), an arrogant boy (masculine). General nouns include those that denote the qualities of people (glutton, ignorant, crybaby) or the names of persons by profession, position, occupation (Ivanov - architect Ivanov).
Keep in mind that the gender of indeclinable nouns is related to their animate/inanimate nature, specific/generic concept. For animate indeclinable nouns, determine gender by gender (Monsieur, Miss). Nouns that give names to animals and birds are masculine (pony, kangaroo, cockatoo). Inanimate ones usually belong to the neuter gender ( , muffler ). Exceptions are words whose gender is determined by association with generic names: kohlrabi - cabbage (feminine), Hindi - language (masculine), etc.
To determine the gender of indeclinable proper nouns denoting geographical names, select a generic concept (, city, river, etc.). For example, the city of Rio de Janeiro (masculine), the Gobi Desert (feminine).
Determine the gender of complex abbreviated words (abbreviations) by the gender of the leading word of the “deciphered” phrase: UN – United Nations, leading word “organization” (feminine gender).
note
Some nouns have variant gender forms. Moreover, some of them are equal in rights (aviary - aviary, banknote - banknote), and the rest have stylistic marks: hall - hall (obsolete form), giraffe - giraffe (obsolete form).
For nouns that are used only in the form plural, the category of the genus is not defined (whitewash, vice, everyday life).
Related article
Sources:
- Russian language genders
To determine the gender of nouns, you must first determine the word that answers the question who, what. This is a noun. In Russian it can be masculine, feminine and neuter.
Instructions
Determine the gender of a noun by its ending or final consonant. The masculine gender includes words ending with a consonant and ending with –y. For example, a house, a loaf. The feminine gender includes nouns ending in –a, -ya, -iya. For example, cousin, . The neuter gender includes nouns ending in -о, -е, -и. For example, a window, a dress.
See if this noun is an exception. These include nouns ending in -ь. Such nouns can be either feminine or masculine. Thus, the dictionary is masculine, and the word notebook is feminine.
Pay attention to the gender of animate nouns. These are nouns that mean living things. Such words are either feminine or masculine. Exceptions are children, who are neuter. For animate nouns, determine gender either by the natural gender or animal, or by the ending of the noun. Elephant is a masculine noun and monkey is a feminine noun.
Correctly determine the gender of nouns denoting professions. They are masculine and feminine. Moreover, most nouns denoting professions are masculine: doctor, engineer, .
Special attention Pay attention to the gender of borrowed nouns. Nouns in a foreign language often have -i, -u, -yu, which are atypical for the Russian language. Such nouns do not change either by number or by case. The masculine gender includes names of cities and islands. Refers to the feminine gender female names and surnames, names of rivers and names of newspapers. The neuter gender includes the names of inanimate objects.
note
Nouns ending in consonant and -y are always masculine.
Most feminine nouns of foreign origin end in -iya.
Nouns ending in the suffixes –onok, -enok are always masculine.
Related article
Sources:
- “Grammar of the Russian language in illustrations”, Pekhlivanova K.I., Lebedeva M.N., 1985.
- how to determine gender in Russian
Definition sort of in Russian language is one of the most common tasks for people learning this language. In Russian language there are three sort of– male, female and average. In addition, there is a general genus, the definition of which causes greatest difficulty.
You will need
- Ability to identify endings in different parts of speech
Instructions
Highlight the endings that agree with with the right word adjectives and verbs. Most often, this is enough to determine. Put the verb in the past tense, and take the noun and adjective in the nominative case. The best friend has come, the best friend has come, a new one has risen. These are examples of adjective and verb endings in the masculine, feminine and neuter gender.
Determine whether the word you are looking for denotes a profession or type of activity. Most of these words are formally masculine. For example, the new doctor said (o), the new doctor said (o); He is an excellent specialist, she is an excellent specialist. Please note that some profession names do not have a masculine form sort of. For example, the word "ballerina" has only a feminine form sort of.
Remember that words like “klutz, fidget, bully, ignorant, greedy, smart” and the like refer to the general gender. These words give an emotional connotation to both masculine and feminine words. sort of, and name the occupation of these persons.
remember, that sort of Abbreviations are a particularly complicated case. For abbreviations formed by adding parts of a word, determine the gender by the main word: new Sberbank, high-quality organizational work. In the case when a word by adding sounds or letters (PTU, RAS), clear rules for determining sort of No.
Form the gender of indeclinable nouns borrowed from other languages, according to next rule. If a noun denotes an object, then it belongs to the neuter gender (coat, muffler). If it means , then it is masculine (chimpanzee). If it names a geographical feature, it is the gender of most words of this type in language(Mississippi Women's sort of because it's a river). Do not forget that in each such case there are exceptions. Consult reputable dictionaries if any are in doubt.
Video on the topic
Abbreviation(Italian abbreviatura from Latin brevis - short) is a word consisting of the names of the initial letters or sounds of the lexical elements of the original phrase. The name of the term determines the way abbreviations are formed by abbreviation (truncation of stems). When determining sort of such complex abbreviated words need to be “deciphered”, i.e. lead to the original combination.
You will need
- - Dictionary.
Instructions
Determine what type the analyzed one belongs to. Traditionally, there are 3 types: - letter type, i.e. composed of the alphabetical names of the letters of the words that form the original phrase (RF, MHT, ORT); - sound type, i.e. formed from words included in the phrase (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, UN, Moscow Art Theater). Usually, sound abbreviations are formed when there are vowel sounds inside it; - mixed type, i.e. composed partly from the names of the initial letters, partly from sounds (Germany, CSKA).
Determine the original phrase from which the abbreviation is derived. If you have difficulty deciphering, consult dictionaries or other sources of information.
Determine the gender of the leading word. This grammatical category is assigned to the abbreviation. For example, hard currency is a freely convertible currency. Defined word "currency" of the feminine sort of. This means that SLE is the same sort of.
Remember that the gender of some initial abbreviations has changed over time and the peculiarities of their use in speech. If a compound word has acquired the ability to decline according to the declension of names, then it has acquired the form of a masculine sort of. For example, university - study at a university. Initially, the word belonged to the neuter gender, because university –