Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses there are two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause; 2) the first clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first clause, etc.
I. Clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
1. Homogeneous adventitious, like homogeneous members, have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. Between themselves, homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected by coordinating unions or union-free (only with the help of intonation). For example:
1) [But sad to think], (which is in vain was us youth is given), (what changed her all the time), (that deceived us she is)... (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (conjunction what),(union what),(union what)...
2) [Dersu said], (what it's not clouds, it's fog) and what tomorrow it will be a sunny day and even hot) (V. Arseniev).[vb], (what) and (what).
The connection of homogeneous clauses with the main clause is called uniform subordination.
It should be borne in mind that with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to skip the union or allied in the second (third) clause, for example:
(Where is the cheerful sickle walked) and ( fell ear), [now everything is empty] (F. Tyutchev).(where) and ("), ["].
2. Heterogeneous clauses have different meanings, answer different questions, or depend on different words in the sentence. For example:
(If I have one hundred lives), [ they would not satisfy all the thirst for knowledge], ( which burns me) (V. Bryusov)- (conjunction if),[n.], (s. word which).
The connection of heterogeneous clauses with the main clause is called parallel submission.
II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the clauses form a chain: the first clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second clause refers to the clause of the 1st degree (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree) etc. For example:
[She was horrified"], (when found out), (that the letter was father) (F. Dostoevsky)- , (with. when verb), (p. what).
Such a connection is called consistent submission.
With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause can be inside another; in this case, two subordinating unions may be nearby: what and if anything and when that and as etc. (for punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions, see the section “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses”). For example:
[The water collapsed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers fled below), after them already flew raging streams) (M. Bulgakov).
[uk.sl. so + adv.], (what, (when),").
In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there may be more complex combinations of subordinate clauses, for example:
(Who in young age not tied yourself with strong ties with an external and beautiful cause, or at least with simple, but honest and useful work), [ he can count his youth without a trace lost], (as if fun she is neither passed) and how many would happy memories she is neither left).
(who), [pronoun.], (however), (however). (A complex sentence with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is conditional), characterize the means of communication (unions or allied words), determine the types of clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).
5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).
An example of parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1) [Look up at the pale green, star-studded sky, (on which there is neither a cloud nor a spot), and understand], (why is the summer warm air immovable), (why nature is on guard) (A. Chekhov).
[n., (vill. on which), vb.], (vill. why),(vill. why).
will determine. explain. explain.
Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (the clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which?, on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - subordinate explanatory clauses (depend on the verb understand answer the question what?, join with an allied word why).
2) [Any man knows], (that he have to do not that, ( what separates him with people), otherwise), ( what connects him with them) (L. Tolstoy).
[vb], (conjunction what local, (s.el. what), places.), (s.el.chto).
explain. place-determined place-determined
Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with serial and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - subordinate explanatory clause (depends on the verb knows answers the question what?, joins union what), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronoun-defining clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun then, answers the question what (that)?, joins with an allied word what).
.one. Associative compound sentence
Associative compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of unions or allied words: [Habit over us given]: [replacement happiness she is](A. Pushkin).
The semantic relations between simple sentences in allied and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, unions take part in their expression, therefore the semantic relations here are more definite and clear. For example, union so expresses the consequence because- the reason if- condition, but- opposition, etc.
The semantic relations between simple sentences are less clearly expressed than in the union. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in terms of intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others to complex ones. However, often the same non-union compound sentence in meaning, it can be brought closer to both a complex and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: Searchlights lit up- it became light around; Searchlights were lit, and it became light around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.
Meaningful relationships in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing by various punctuation marks (see the section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).
AT non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:
I. enumeration(lists some facts, events, phenomena):
[I_ have not seen you for a whole week], [I didn't hear you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .
Such non-union complex sentences approach compound sentences with a connecting union and.
Like their synonymous compound sentences, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity enumerated events and 2) their sequences.
1) \ Bemep howl plaintively and quietly], [in the darkness neighing horses], [from the tabor floated tender and passionate song- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.
stirred ], [fluttered half asleep birdie] (V. Garshin)- ,.
Associative compound sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.
II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what the first says):
[I unhappy]: [everyday guests] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinate causes.
III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first one):
1) [Items were lost form]: [ everything merged first into gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-
2) [Like all Moscow, your father is like that]: [would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-
Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction. namely.
IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or the word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back etc.; in the second case, we can talk about the omission of words like see, hear etc.):
1) [Nastya during the story remembered]: [she has from yesterday remained whole intact cast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.
2) [I came to my senses, Tatyana looks]: [bear No]... (A. Pushkin)- :.
Such non-union sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses. (remembered that ...; looks (and sees that) ...).
V. Comparative-adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or opposed to it):
1) [All happy family looks like and each other], [each unhappy family unhappy but in its own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.
2) [Chin followed him]- [he service suddenly left] (A. Griboyedov)- - .
Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with compound sentences with adversative conjunctions ah, but.
VI. Conditionally temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):
1) [Do you like to ride] - [love and sleigh carry] (proverb)- - .
2) [see you with Gorky]- [talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.
Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate conditions or tense.
VII. Consequences(the second sentence names the consequence of what the first says):
[Small the rain sows since morning]- [it's impossible to get out] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT
Punctuation marks in SSP
1. Simple sentences that are part of a compound sentence are separated from each other by commas.:
The comma is not put:
1) In BSC with unions AND, if there is a common minor member or a common subordinate clause:
2) In the SSP with the union AND, if the parts of the SSP are interrogative, exclamatory or nominal sentences:
3) In the SSP with the union AND, if there is a common introductory word:
2. If the parts of the SSP are significantly common, and have commas inside them, then they are separated from each other by a semicolon:
3. If the second part of the sentence indicates a quick change of events, a conclusion, then a dash is placed between the two parts of the sentence:
1. We write out a sentence from the text.
2. We determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement.
3. We indicate the type of emotional coloring.
4. We find grammatical foundations, we emphasize them.
5. We build a proposal scheme.
Light lighthouse rushed by over flowers and they seemed absolutely fantastic by its colour.
1) The sentence is compound, narrative, non-exclamatory.
2) The first grammatical basis - light flashed. Light- subject, expressed noun. m.r., Im. p., unit spilled- predicate, expressed by ch. past vr., will express. n., units h.
The second grammatical basis is they looked fantastic. They are- subject, expressed places. 3rd sheet, pl. h. seemed fantastic- a compound nominal predicate, expressed by Ch. seemed to be the nominal part - the adjective fantastic.
3) Sentence scheme: , and .
6. Complex sentences
Complex sentences contain the main and subordinate parts, connected by a union or allied word. In the main part of the NGN, there may be descriptive words.
v syntactic analysis of a compound sentence (CSP)
Parsing plan:
2. Find the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex one, draw up a BSC diagram.
- by the type of complex sentence - compound (CSP);
- indicate which coordinating union connects simple sentences as part of a complex one;
1 [You are many years late], but 2 [still I am glad to see you] (A. Akhmatova)
Offer scheme:
The sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory, complex, compound, consists of two simple sentences connected by the conjunction NO with the meaning of opposition; a comma is placed before the union but.
v syntactic analysis of a complex sentence (CSP)
Parsing plan:
1. Underline the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) and indicate how they are expressed (what part of speech).
2. Find the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex one, draw up an NGN diagram.
3. Describe the proposal:
- according to the purpose of the statement - narrative, incentive, interrogative;
- by intonation - exclamatory, non-exclamatory;
- by the number of bases - complex;
- by the type of complex sentences - complex subordination (CSP);
- indicate the number of simple sentences in the complex;
- indicate which union or allied word connects simple sentences as part of a complex one;
- type of subordinate clause - explanatory, attributive, adverbial (with subtypes);
- Explain punctuation.
An example of how to parse a simple sentence:
1 [The boys looked after the truck], 2 (until he drove off the intersection).
Offer scheme: 
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex, consists of two simple sentences, the first simple is the main one; simple sentences as part of a complex one are connected by the allied word BYKA, this is a NGN with an adverbial adverbial measure and degree. There is a comma between the first and second simple sentences.
v syntactic analysis of a complex non-union sentence (BSP)
Parsing plan:
1. Underline the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) and indicate how they are expressed (what part of speech).
2. Find the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex one, draw up a BSP diagram.
3. Describe the proposal:
- according to the purpose of the statement - narrative, incentive, interrogative;
- by intonation - exclamatory, non-exclamatory;
- by the number of bases - complex;
- by the type of complex sentences - unionless (BSP);
- indicate the number of simple sentences in the complex;
- indicate the means of communication of simple sentences as part of a complex one - a semantic or intonational connection;
- Explain punctuation.
An example of how to parse a simple sentence:
Our conversation began with slander: I began to sort out our acquaintances present and absent.
Offer scheme: 
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, non-union, consists of two simple sentences, interconnected in meaning; a colon is put in the sentence, since the second part of the BSP indicates the reason for what is said in the first part.
Middle and high school students regularly face the problem of how to conduct an analysis in the Russian literary language.
Parsing is done in accordance with a certain scheme. This topic in the school course allows identify sentence structure, characterize it, which reduces punctuation illiteracy.
In contact with
What parsing shows
There are four main types of parsing: phonetic, morphological, compositional, and syntactic. The latter is understood as the analysis or analysis of syntactic units with paramount highlighting the grammatical basis. The analysis is carried out according to the approved algorithm of actions: underline the members + characterize them + draw a diagram.
Schoolchildren, having studied eleven grades, sometimes do not know what the parsing of a sentence is. They talk about analysis as about analysis by composition. This is not true, since only individual lexemes are parsed by composition. As for the bundle of words expressing a complete thought, in elementary school the process is referred to as analysis of the proposal by members. At the same time, in middle and high school, it acquires a deeper meaning. Based on this, it is necessary to remember once and for all that the analysis of the sentence by composition in the Russian language classes is not performed.
The answer here is obvious - everyone knows the subject, pointing to an object or object, and the predicate - to actions taken first. To make the speech clearer and the statement complete, the main members are supplemented by secondary ones, which have a set of features.
Secondary members of the sentence allow you to reveal a holistic picture of ongoing events. Their purpose is to explain describe the actions of the main predecessors.
At the next stage, you will have to parse the proposal for. Here we mean how its members are expressed. Each has several options, you must choose the correct one by asking the question:
- mean - noun, local;
- skaz. - ch., cr. adj., noun;
- def. - adj., local, num.;
- add. - noun, local;
- obst. - adverb, noun with a suggestion.
In view of the above, a more or less clear idea of what parsing a sentence is is emerging. In a word, this is a complex analysis of related lexemes that express a complete thought.
Characteristics of syntactic units
It is necessary to know the criteria that a lexeme has in order to carry out a detailed description. The characteristic of the sentence in the text assumes a certain algorithm.
Define the view:
- according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive);
- by emotional-expressive coloring (by intonation) - exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
Finding grammar.
We talk sequentially about each member of the sentence, the means of their expression.
We describe the structure of the syntactic unit. For a simple suggestion:
- by composition: one-part (definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal, nominative) or two-part;
- by prevalence: common or not common;
- by completeness: complete or incomplete.
- what is complicated: homogeneous members, interjections, appeal, introductory constructions.
Determine to which type is a compound sentence:
- compound sentences (CSP) - they are indicated by simple parts connected by a coordinating union;
- complex sentences (CSS) - we establish the main, as well as the subordinate word, based on the question and the peculiarity of the construction (what it refers to, what the subordinate clause is attached to), determine the type of the latter;
- non-union complex sentence (BSP) - we establish how many simple parts a syntactic unit consists of, determining the meaning of each (simultaneity, sequence, opposition, etc.).
We give the argument for what reason we put these punctuation marks.
If the task involves drawing up a diagram, then we do it.
It is more difficult to parse a complex sentence.
More here parameters for analysis.
After the complex sentence from the examples is disassembled into simple parts, we proceed to the analysis of each of them separately.
Following the algorithm, the student will not have problems with completing the task under the number 4.
How to draw a diagram
It is not always enough to correctly parse a simple sentence to get an excellent mark. The student must also be able to draw diagrams of the described units.
- Highlight the subject by underlining with one line, and the predicate with two lines.
- Find minor members, underlining them according to generally accepted rules.
- Sentences with a turnover or participle are highlighted as follows and are indicated in the final scheme. The adverbial turnover is highlighted on both sides by vertical lines, and a dot / dotted line is underlined. Participial highlighted on both sides with vertical lines, and is underlined by a wavy line.
- The union is not included in the scheme of a compound sentence, it is taken out of the framework. But complex sentences include it in the subordinate part. Conjunctions and allied words are enclosed in an oval.
Important! Before you draw up a sentence diagram, you need to learn how to graphically designate homogeneous members. They are enclosed in a circle, and the appeal, which is not a member of the syntactic unit, is indicated in the scheme by the letter "O" and is separated by two vertical lines. Do the same with introductory words.
Offer scheme easy to make with direct speech. Here it is important to separate one part from the other, i.e. the words of the author from direct speech, putting the appropriate punctuation marks between them.
Simple Sentence Parsing Sample
We write down an example and proceed to the analysis.
I have never seen a lake more magnificent than Baikal.
Stage I: analysis of the proposal by members:
- "I" - mean, pronounced lich. places;
- “I didn’t see” - simple Ch. skaz., pronounced verb. will express in the form. incl. past vr.;
Stage II: We find out which members of the sentence form the basis of grammar. Here it will be - "I did not see", so we are dealing with a simple sentence.
In a specific example, all minor members joined the predicate:
- didn’t see (what?) the lake - add., pronounced noun. in R.P.;
- lakes (which one?) are more magnificent - inconsistent, defined, pronounced adj. in the comparison degrees;
- more magnificent (what?) Baikal - additional, pronounced noun. in R.P.
Stage III: at the end of the process give general characteristics of a simple sentence In russian language:
- by structure - two-part, widespread, complete;
- according to the purpose of the statement - narrative;
- by intonation - non-exclamatory, therefore, a punctuation mark is placed at the end - a period.
Stage IV: parsing a simple sentence involves the scheme [- =].
More problems are caused by the syntactic analysis of a sentence with a participial turnover. See his examples below.
Sample: Behind the swamp, blazing with birches, a grove could be seen.
Characteristics: narrative, unexcused, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate deep. about.
Scheme: [, I ger. turnover I, = - ].
Syntactic units complicated by homogeneous members, turnovers are parsed in a similar way.
Simple sentences with adverbial turnover should receive an objective assessment. They indicate which member the entire turnover is, then its parts are parsed into words.
Sample: The moon had just emerged from behind the mound and was illuminating translucent, small, low clouds.
Characteristics: narrative, unexcited, homogeneous tales. connected by a non-repeating union "and", therefore, a comma is not placed between them, and commas must be placed between definitions, they have an union-free connection, simple, two-part, common, complicated by homogeneous skaz. and def.
Scheme: [- = and = O, O, O].
Parsing complex sentences
The home exercise in Russian regularly contains a mandatory task under the number 4. There are diverse examples here: SSP, SPP, BSP.
Always, when parsing a complex sentence, you need to start it with finding the grammatical basis.
It is necessary to analyze complex sentences based on the definition of the main and subordinate clauses.
Parsing of syntactic units with several subordinate clauses is carried out according to the general plan, as if done analysis of the composition of the proposal, but indicating the type of subordination and a combination of these types. Below are samples of complex sentences with examples, with diagrams, clearly showing analysis.
SOP pattern with consistent submission: The kids reported that they picked those daisies that grandma loved.
Characteristics: narrative, non-exclamation, complex, allied, its parts are connected by a subordinate relationship with consistent subordination, consists of two simple ones.
Scheme: [-=], (which = (which = -).
SSP sample: Life is given once, and you want to live it cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully.
Characteristic: narrative, non-exclamation, complex sentence, has two grammatical bases, allied, compound. The conjunction "and" expresses simultaneity. The 2nd simple sentence is complicated by homogeneous obst. states.
Conclusion
If you have before your eyes sentences, examples with diagrams, then visual memory automatically works. This helps well on control dictations and independent ones. In this way, you can learn automatically and correctly parse suggestions (if the examples are chosen correctly), highlight all the criteria necessary for the analysis.
1. Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring.
2. We highlight the grammatical foundations.
3. We select the main and subordinate parts. We determine the type of subordination (sequential, homogeneous, heterogeneous, combined).
5. We explain the punctuation marks in the sentence.
Father interpreted to me, (about what ?) what the entire steppe the bird is hiding along low valleys,(what?) where grass above and thicker .
1) Narrative, non-exclamatory.
2) First grammatical basis father()interpreted(ch. past tense, indic. n., m.r., singular). Second grammatical basis bird(n., Im. p.) hiding(ch. present time, express. n., f.r., singular). Third grammatical basis grass(n., Im. p.) higher and thicker(cr. adj.).
3) Sentence 3 has grammatical foundations, therefore, it is complex. The first part of the sentence is the main one. 1st and 2nd parts are connected by a subordinating union what. 2nd and 3rd are connected by an allied word where. The 1st degree clause is indicative, the 2nd degree is attributive. This is a cascading NGN.
, what (), (where).
5) Subordinate clauses are separated by commas.
Associative compound sentences
Associative compound sentence- this is such a complex sentence, the parts of which are combined into one whole. Parts of the BSP are connected only by intonation and the ratio of tense forms and the form of verbs. There are no unions and allied words in such sentences.
Punctuation marks in BSP
1. Comma it is set if between the parts of the BSP there are relations of enumeration of events, actions occur simultaneously or one after the other (comma = unions AND, OR):
2. Semicolon set if:
Between the parts of the sentence, there are relations of enumeration or simultaneity;
Parts of sentences are common and have commas inside.
3. Colon set if:
a) the second part of the sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first part (colon = conjunctions BECAUSE, BECAUSE):
b) the second part of the sentence reveals the content of the first part (colon = NAMELY, THAT IS):
c) the second part complements the content of the first (colon = AND SAW THAT ...; AND FELT THAT ....):
4. Dash set if:
a) parts of the sentence reflect a quick change of events or an unexpected result:
b) in the first part of the sentence, the time or condition of what is said in the second part is indicated (dash = unions WHEN, THEN ...; IF, THEN ...):
e) the second part of the sentence contains a consequence, a conclusion from the first part (dash = union SO THAT):
BSP parsing
1. Type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement, according to emotional coloring.
2. We highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentence.
3. We establish semantic relationships between the parts of the sentence. Explain punctuation marks.
4. We build a graphical scheme of the proposal.
lilies of the valley already ripe- between broad leaves hung solid orange berries.
1) Non-exclamatory, narrative.
2) In the first part of the sentence, the grammatical basis lilies of the valley are ripe. Subject lilies of the valley ripe
In the second part, the grammatical basis hanging berries. Subject berries(n., Im.p.), simple verbal predicate hung(ch. express. n., past tense, pl.).
3) Sentence 2 has grammatical foundations, so it is complex. The second part of the sentence reveals the consequence of what is said in the first: The lilies of the valley were ripe, so hard orange berries hung between the wide leaves.. A dash is placed between the parts of the sentence, so the sentence is non-union.
4) Scheme of the offer: - .
The main members of the proposal
concept
The main members of the proposal - These are the members of the sentence that make up the grammatical basis of the sentence. The grammatical basis must have at least one main member, then the sentence is called one-part. The main members of the sentence are the subject and the predicate.