One-part sentences are called impersonal, the main member of which names a process or state that is independent of the active agent (or a sign that is independent of its carrier). For example: dawn; I can not sleep; It's cold outside.
The semantic basis of impersonal sentences is the absence of an active agent (or carrier of a feature), since an indication of the agent (or carrier of a feature) in the sentence can still be, however, in such a form that does not allow a grammatical subject. Wed examples: I sing easily and I sing easily. In an impersonal sentence I sing easily there is an indication of the actor (me), however, the form of the verb-predicate does not allow the nominative case and the action is presented as proceeding independently of the actor. - The street is dark and It is dark outside. In a two-part sentence The street is dark the carrier of the sign (street) is indicated, and in the impersonal It is dark outside the attribute appears as existing without regard to its bearer, and the attribute somewhat changes its quality: it passes into a state.
In impersonal sentences (as opposed to two-part sentences), the predicative sign does not depend on the subject, although it correlates with it. Formally, this is expressed in inadmissibility in impersonal sentences of the form of the nominative case: main member of impersonal sentences fundamentally incompatible with nominative case. Incompatibility the main member of an impersonal sentence with the form of the nominative case is the main and common formal feature of impersonal sentences.
Semantic types of impersonal sentences
Verbal impersonalproposals are divided into three groups:
As the main member of the impersonal sentence is usedimpersonal verbs
(no suffix -sya and with the suffix - Xia): dawn, drizzle, shiver, feel sick; unwell, sleeping, wanting, getting dark, dozing etc. These verbs have the grammatical form of the 3rd person singular. numbers, and in the past tense - the form cf. kind of unit numbers: dawn - dawn, shiver - shiver, dusk - dusk etc. Verbs are not allowed to be used with them. noun or pronouns in them. case.
- the action occurs independently of the actor, i.e. the semantics of such verbs is incompatible with the notion of an active agent.
Impersonal verbs can mean:
– the state of nature, the environment: It was colder than in the morning(G.); It was already getting dark when the troops arrived at the place of lodging for the night. (L.T.); He was shivering and breaking (L. T.);
- obligation, necessity and other modal shades (such a verb is most often used with an infinitive): She could talk more calmly about her fate and what she had to do.(P.); I miss your tenderness, you miss my care(Thorn.).
2. As the main member of the impersonal sentence is usedpersonal verb in impersonal usage. These verbs freeze in the form of the third person singular or in the form of the neuter gender. Wed: The air is fresh.–It's fresher outside; The wind howls.–Howls in the pipe; The sun warmed the earth.–Warm at noon.
Personal verbs can mean:
- the state of nature, natural phenomena and the state of the environment: Quiet a little at night(Gonch.);Snow fell less often, a little lighter(Leon.);Creaked, whistled and howled in the forest(Ill.);
My ears are blocked(Gr.);It's still pounding in my head(G.);Pavel Vasilyevich even took his breath away(M.-Sib.);
- sensory perceptions : From the hut breathed dampness(L.);... Strong, stuffy smell of ink and paints(Ch.);
- actions of mythical, unreal power: I haven't been lucky forever(N.);... He was carried away to the ancient world, and he talked about Aegina marbles(T.);
- an action performed by an indirect subject : And the wind finally knocked down the tree(Cr.);The stars were shrouded in mist(A.N. T.);
3. The main member of an impersonal sentence can be expressedshort passive participle with suffix - n-, -en- or -t-.
– the value of the state is transmitted as a result of the completed action: Tushin's battery was forgotten(L. T.); Already sent in pursuit(P.);
- In cases where the participle has a modal meaning, the predicate necessarily includes the infinitive: Why was I meant to die, just as now I am meant to live?(Yu. Germ.).
4. Adverbs impersonalsuggestions are presented in modern Russian primarily by sentences with impersonal predicative words as the main member. These are "state-meaning adverbs", the category of state: easy, fun, cozy, ashamed; sorry, hunting, lack of time, it's time. Can be a form of comparative degree: It's getting warmer(Shuksh.).
Impersonal sentences with state category words on-aboutmay mean:
– the state of nature or the environment: The room gets quiet(M. G.);Look, it's too late, it's cold(L.);
- the mental or physical state of living beings: Why is it so painful and so difficult for me?(L.);You are a little cold(T.);I am ashamed of your congratulations, I am afraid of your proud words!(Bruce); Such sentences as part of the predicate often have an adjoining infinitive: It's good to swim at night on the river(M. G.);
- visual or auditory perception: For a long time, neither the sound of a bell, nor the sound of wheels on a flinty road was heard.(L.);
- the meaning of obligation, necessity, possibility and other modal shades are conveyed by special words ( need, need etc.) in combination with the infinitive: I have to go to the commandant(L.);
Impersonal sentences with impersonal predicative words morphologically coinciding with nouns ( sin, shame, disgrace, horror, pity, it's time, time, leisure, laziness, hunting, reluctance), in combination with the infinitive denote:
- assessment of the action from the moral and ethical side: Laughing at old age is a sin(Gr.);
- the emotional state of a person: And to tell the truth I was sorry(Fet);
- obligation in relation to the time of the action: I had a good friend– where better to be–Yes, everything happened, we didn’t have time to talk to him(Sim.); modal-volitional shades: I would love to dance(A.N.T.).
Among the impersonal sentences, a peculiar group stands out impersonally genitiveproposals, whose structural feature is:
- the presence of a negative word in combination with the genitive case. For example, a negative word no, no: There is no longer any position in society, nor the former honor, nor the right to invite to visit(Ch.);
- impersonal form of verbs to be, to become, to appear with negation: There was not a penny, but suddenly Altyn(last);There was a hoarse dull barking, but even the dog did not seem to(T.);
– a noun in the genitive case with the negation of neither: Not a sound!.. And you see the blue dome of the sky...(N.);No letters, no news. No matter how you ask them, they forgot(Sim.);
- negative pronouns nothing, no one and etc.: - It looks like someone is there... –no one(Ch.).
Infinitive sentences
The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action that is possible or impossible, necessary, inevitable.
Infinitive sentences cannot contain an impersonal verb or an impersonal predicative word, since if they are present, the infinitive takes a dependent position, being an adjoining part of the main member of the impersonal sentence. Wed: I want to go to Crimea(impersonal sentence, infinitive depends on the verb want). - To go to the Crimea!(infinitive sentence, infinitive in independent position).
The semantic specificity of infinitive sentences is their designation of a potential action, i.e. an action that is destined to take place, which is desirable or undesirable, possible or impossible, necessary, expedient or inappropriate, etc. In some classifications, such proposals are combined with impersonal ones. Indeed, they have a common syntactic feature of being subjectless, incompatibility of the main member-infinitive with the nominative case.
Infinitive sentences have different modal meanings:
- obligation, necessity, possibility and impossibility, inevitability of action, etc.: Can't see face to face(Ec.); Friends do not count with us(Pinch);
- the meaning of motivation to action, command, command: Canes, umbrellas and suitcases are not to be placed!; Do not lean on the handrails! –Be silent!–thundered the forester and stepped twice(T.);
- the impulse can be addressed to the subject of speech itself: Tomorrow or, if circumstances permit, tonight we will meet with the command
- infinitive sentences with an interrogative particle whether convey an indecisive assumption, a doubt: What, why don't I get out?
– infinitive sentences with a particle would acquire the value of desirability: Would you like to live here until autumn(Ch.);
- particle would often combined in infinitive sentences with particles only, only, even if etc. In such sentences, the meaning of desirability is conveyed more mildly: Just to sleep(Fet); ... If only with one eye to look at Moscow!(Ch.);
- infinitive sentences are synonymous with impersonal sentences with modal impersonal-predicative words must, must not, must, must and others. They are more expressive, concise, and tense. Hey, Azamat, don't blow your head off!(L.); They shouldn't listen to this speech (Sim.).
- Structurally, such impersonal sentences differ from infinitive ones in that the modal meanings in them are transmitted lexically (in words need, need, need etc.), while in infinitive sentences, modal meanings are contained in the very form of the infinitive and in the general intonation of the sentence. Wed: You need to get busy. - You should do business!
The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's evening.
Types of one-part sentences
| Main member expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Offers with one main member - PREDICT | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal suggestions | ||
| Verb-predicate in the form of the 1st or 2nd person (there are no forms of the past tense or conditional mood, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Indefinitely personal sentences | ||
| The verb-predicate in the form of the plural of the third person (in the past tense and the conditional mood the verb-predicate in the plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Someone knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal offers | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Distinguished by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a particular person (the speaker) is habitual, repetitive or presented as a generalized judgment (the verb-predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
Without effort, you can not take the fish out of the pond(in the form of a definite personal). |
Any ( any) without difficulty will not take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Verb-predicate in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
a) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
a) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
a) to me sorry to leave with you; |
a) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a brief passive participle of the past tense in the singular, neuter gender. |
Closed . |
The shop is closed . |
| 5) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + addition in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + the addition in the genitive case with the intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone be silent! |
Everyone be quiet. |
| 2. Offers with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Denominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (the sentence cannot contain a circumstance or addition that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes.
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form of the genitive case will change to the form of the nominative case (cf .: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).
In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.
Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (where?) around the corner; I- (where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.
Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that correlate with the predicate. If there are such additions in the proposal ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to analyze these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I am walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.
Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.
With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).
The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).
Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).
The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
soft moonlight(stagnant).
The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
The predicate is an integral part of almost any sentence. Regardless of how it is expressed and expressed in principle, it defines the subject. This member of the sentence can denote both an action and some sign of an object, answer various questions (from the banal and well-known "what did you do?" to the more difficult to perceive "what?"). All this shows that there are different ways of expressing the predicate. So what are they, and what affects the division of predicates into different types?
Ways of expression
As you know, the ways of expressing the subject and the predicate can be different. The first, for example, can be expressed:
- noun or pronoun ( Man / He appeared);
- infinitive ( Working hard is our duty);
- phraseologism (Augean stables - this is the most accurate definition of this room) etc.
The same can be said about the predicate. Limiting this member of the sentence to only a verb would be a huge mistake. It can be presented:
- noun ( Knowledge is power);
- numeral ( Three times five is fifteen);
- adjective, and even in comparative form ( Under it, a stream of lighter azure);
- and verbs in all their manifestations - in different moods and types, verbs in combination with particles, infinitives, and so on.
That is, in principle, it is already clear that the diversity here is colossal. The table below will help to better imagine the ways of expressing the predicate:
Ways of expressing the verb predicate |
|||
simple verb | Compound verb | Compound noun |
|
Infinitive Phraseologism Interjection | Auxiliary verb + inf | Nominal part |
|
Beginning and end verb Verbs of intention, will, desire Emotion verbs Impersonal verbs Short adjectives Nouns Can/Impossible Phraseologism | Lexically weakened verb | Noun Adjective Pronoun Phraseologism Numerals, number combinations Participle Interjection |
|
Simple verb predicate
Let's start with the first type. The simple verb predicate is probably the most common. It is expressed by verbs in any form, namely:
Simple verbal predicate - nuances
There are certain nuances here. Very often, the future tense of the indicative mood is not perceived as a simple verbal predicate - it also consists of two words. But this would be the same mistake as not considering the PGS (this is how the name of this type of predicate is abbreviated) as a verb in combination with a particle.
Another controversial point is the distinction between a phraseological unit (although it would be more accurate to say here - a non-free phrase) and a compound nominal predicate. The former is easily replaced by a single verb ( We were ordered - We were ordered. Why did you hang your head? - What are you sad?), whereas with a compound nominal predicate such a trick will not work, the only thing is that you can replace the linking verb with the word "was" ( He sat sad - He was sad).
Compound verb predicate
Let's move on to the next type of predicate - the compound verb. Here everything is as simple as in a simple one - there is an auxiliary verb, and the infinitive adjoins it ( He wanted to study). The only nuance in this case is the clear selection of this very auxiliary verb, because it can be represented not only by him:
- Phrasal verbs of beginning and end of action ( Stopped bickering / Started acting)
- Modal verbs of intention, ability, will, desire ( We were going to visit. I can run. I wish to be free. I want to run away)
- Emotion verbs (Afraid of falling in love. Hates to lie)
- Some impersonal verbs Worth noticing. Should think)
- Short adjectives, the full form of which is either completely absent or has a different meaning ( Glad to meet you. Feel free to invent. We are free to choose)
- Some nouns ( Master of lies. Walker)
- Can and can't You can note. Can't be recognized b)
- Phraseologism ( Burning with a desire to come)
Ways of expressing the predicate with examples is the best way to understand this albeit not very confusing, but still voluminous topic. The main thing in a compound nominal predicate is to understand the mechanism of its formation. This is a verb (or something that replaces it) plus an infinitive. Believe this formula - and you will succeed.
Compound nominal predicate
We continue to study ways of expressing the predicate with a compound nominal predicate - the most unloved among schoolchildren. Such unpopularity is due to the fact that sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish it from a simple verbal predicate. But first things first.
verb link
A compound nominal predicate includes two parts - a verb copula and a nominal part. Separately, it should be noted that if we are talking about the present tense, then the verb connective can be omitted ( He is beautiful). The verb copula is most often represented:
Yes, sometimes it is very difficult to single out an independent predicate with secondary members. A short test "Ways of Expressing the Predicate" will help us at least a little deal with this difficult topic.
- What's the point of wandering around here! - It is pointless to wander through the parks.
- Lying motionless on a hill. - How long can you stay here?
- He could live as an ascetic, desiring nothing. - And how are you going to live here?
These sentences present different ways of expressing the predicate, try to figure out what types of predicate are presented in each sentence.
Nominal part
We continue the topic "Compound Nominal Predicate" by studying its nominal part. It can be expressed:
- noun ( Was an actress)
- The name of an adjective in all its forms - short and full, degrees of comparison ( We are very glad to see you. Voice perfect).
- Communion in all its forms - also short and full and still passive and real (K nigga read. young man reading)
- Pronoun ( The sky is yours)
- A numeral name and any combination with numbers (Seven five - thirty-five. The height of the building is two hundred meters)
- adverb ( I'm a little like her)
- Interjection ( Your thoughts are on guard!)
- Phraseologism and non-free phrase ( His soul is a secret for me with seven seals.)
As you can see, the ways of expressing the predicate differ enormously - if there is really nothing to remember in a simple verb, then you will have to tinker with the compound nominal. But with the right will, everything will be fine.
Conclusion
Ways of expressing the subject and predicate is the topic of long and detailed scientific lectures. The most important thing in all this is to realize that the main members of the sentence are expressed can be different parts of speech, sometimes not even single ones, that they can have different types and sometimes at first glance it is very, very difficult to understand what is in front of you. The only teacher here is practice, and besides this, it will help to understand the ways of expressing the predicate of the table, which can be constantly supplemented with examples.
ON THE. SHAPIRO
Continuation. For the beginning, see No. 39, 43/2003
Single sentences.
Incomplete sentences
Definition of a one-part sentence
In Russian, all simple sentences are divided into two types according to the nature of the grammatical basis - two-part and one-component. Two-part sentences have a subject and a predicate. Dissuaded grove golden birch cheerful language.(S. Yesenin) Poet you may not be , but must be a citizen . (N. Nekrasov) One-part sentences have only one main member, and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves. Everything before getting dark. In school, the main member of a one-part sentence is called, like the main members of two-part sentences, the subject or predicate. Linguistic scholars usually use the term "the main member of a one-part sentence."
All one-part sentences are divided into sentences with the main member - the subject and sentences with the main member - the predicate (otherwise they are called, respectively, nominal and verbal one-part sentences).
It is important to realize the difference between single-part sentences and incomplete ones, in which there can also be only one main member. Compare: 1) - Dry leaves are burning in the yards. 2) - What do the janitors do in autumn? - Dry leaves are burning in the yards. In the first case, it is reported that a certain action is being performed, and who performs it is not important. This is a one-part proposal. In the second case, an action is reported that is performed by a certain subject - janitors. Subject wipers omitted, but easily recovered from the preceding sentence. Hence, the second sentence is a two-part incomplete.
Name sentences
One-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a syntactically indecomposable phrase are called nominal. Cinema. Three benches.(O. Mandelstam) Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the mist.(A. Akhmatova) Green laurel, reaching to shiver. The door is open, the window is dusty.(I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness. It is thanks to this meaning that a word or phrase "turns" into a sentence.
Denominative sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as specific demonstrative (expressed by the particle here: Here is the mill); emotional evaluation (expressed using special particles what, like this, well, what the, this etc.). It is important to distinguish nominal sentences with particle here from two-part with pronoun This. Here is a chair- one-part denominative sentence; This is a chair- two-part, where This- subject, and chair- a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective.
The teacher should pay special attention to students on how the word order in a sentence can affect its composition. Yes, in the proposal Warm day the subject and the definition expressed by the adjective in front of the word being defined are easily detected. This is a one-part denominative common sentence. In the proposal The day is warm there is a subject and a compound nominal predicate with a zero link and a nominal part expressed by an adjective after the subject. This is a two-part uncommon sentence.
Another case is more complicated. Offer It was boring to listen to him is considered to be one-part impersonal with a compound verbal predicate, where instead of an auxiliary verb - the word of the category of state boring and linking verb. But if you put the infinitive in the first place - listen to him was boring, it can be considered as a subject, then it was boring- a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective (cf. Listening was boring.)
In Russian, there are sentences in which, at first glance, there are no main members at all: Snow! Trees! Noise, noise!(In meaning: How much snow (trees, noise)!) Not a speck of dust. They are not taught in the curriculum. The grammatical meaning of beingness seems to make it possible to classify these sentences as nominal ones. But the only member of such a sentence cannot be considered as a subject, because it is expressed by a noun not in the nominative, but in the genitive case. Many linguists call such sentences genitive (according to the Latin name of the genitive case), and those sentences that we call denominative - nominative (according to the Latin name of the nominative case), combining both into the type of “nominal one-part sentences”.
When the only main member of the sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the minor members depend on the main one and make up a phrase with it ( Early morning; end of the alley; House on the outskirts etc.), no one doubts that this proposal is one-part.
But there are also controversial cases. If the minor member has a circumstantial or object meaning (I have a blues; There is a holiday in the house), some scholars consider the sentence to be two-part with a missing predicate on the grounds that neither the circumstance nor the object can refer to the subject. Other scholars consider such sentences to be denominative, with a special minor term that refers to the entire sentence, extending it as a whole, and is called the determinant.
An exercise
Are the highlighted sentences nominal?
A wonderful man, Ivan Ivanovich!.. What apple and pear trees he has right under his windows! He loves melons very much. This is his favorite food.
- Tell me, please, what do you need this gun for, what is exposed to weather along with the dress? .. Listen, give it to me!
- How can you! This gun is expensive. You won't find these guns anywhere else. I, even as I was going to the police, bought it from a turchin ... How can I? This is a necessary thing...
- Nice gun!(N.Gogol)
Answer. Name suggestions: What apple and pear trees he has right under his windows! and Good gun! Offer Listen, give it to me!- one-part, but not denominative, because the main member in it is not the subject, but the predicate. In all other selected sentences, there is both a subject and a predicate, i.e. they are bipartite.
One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate
One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal. These types differ in two main features: a) in terms of the extent to which the idea of the agent is expressed; b) according to the morphological forms of the verb used as the main member of the sentence. In other words, different types of one-component sentences make it possible to imagine with varying degrees of specificity who performs the action, or contain an indication that there is no such producer at all, it is impossible to imagine it.
At the same time, each type of sentence has its own forms of the verb-predicate, and they do not intersect, i.e. by the form of the verb, one can determine the type of a one-part sentence (the exception is generalized personal sentences, which will be discussed separately).
Definitely personal suggestions
Definitely personal such one-part sentences are called in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a completely specific person - the speaker himself or his interlocutor. In other words, in definitely personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - the pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person (I, we, you, you). This is possible because the predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed only by the verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood.
Forgive me fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium.(A. Pushkin) Linen on the river rinse, my two flowers grow.. . (M. Tsvetaeva) I laughed, "Oh prophesy We're both in trouble."(A. Akhmatova) Let's glorify, brothers, the twilight of freedom...(O. Mandelstam) Don't come close to her with questions.(A. Blok) Come , let's have a drink guilt, let's have a bite bread or plums. tell me me news. bed you in the garden under clear skies and I will say what the constellations are called.(I. Brodsky)
It is important to note that in definite-personal sentences, the predicate cannot be expressed by the verb in the past tense or in the conditional mood, since in these forms there is no person meaning (cf. Approached. I didn't get excited...(A. Akhmatova) In the first sentence, it is impossible to restore the subject. You? She is? This means that this sentence is not definitely personal, but a two-part incomplete one. You can only find out which subject is missing from the following lines: She sat down like a porcelain idol in the position she had chosen long ago.).
An exercise
Find one-part sentences in the text, determine the type of each of them.
Steppe again. Now Abadzekhskaya stanitsa is widely spread on the horizon - its pyramidal poplars are turning blue, the church is turning blue. The air trembles with heat. The faces of the Solovyov girls take on an expression that is calm to the point of severity - they hide their fatigue. But finally, the village of Abadzekhskaya enters our lives, surrounds us with white huts, front gardens with mallow.
Here we made the first halt. A river bank, a low hedge, someone's gardens. Bathing in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Everyone is happy with the transition and pleasantly surprised that I am not tired, and I am the most. We collect brushwood, make a fire, the girls cook conder - either soup, or millet porridge with lard. (E. Schwartz)
Answer. Name suggestions: Steppe again. A river bank, a low hedge, someone's gardens. Bathing in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Definitely a personal suggestion: We collect brushwood, make a fire(part of a complex sentence).
Indefinitely personal sentences
vaguely personal one-part sentences are called, where the actor is conceived as an indefinite person who is not interested in the speaker. Such sentences are used when it is necessary to show that the action itself is important, and not the producer of the action. The predicate in such sentences necessarily has a plural form (although this does not mean at all that there are many implied figures), it will express in the present and future tenses. incl. and in command. incl. - form of the 3rd person pl. h.
After all, only here cherish nobility!(A.Griboyedov) We have scold everywhere, and everywhere they accept.(A.Griboedov) Let me will announce old believer...(A.Griboedov) But without asking her advice, the girl lucky to the crown. And at the table they have guests wore dishes by order. When would left me at will, how briskly I set off into the dark forest! Just like you lock up, they will imprison on the fool's chain and through the bars like an animal to tease you will come . (A. Pushkin) led away you at dawn...(A. Akhmatova) And let them take it away lanterns...(A. Akhmatova)
An exercise
Find in the text all the sentences in which the predicates are expressed by verbs in the plural form. Which one is indefinitely personal? Try changing the rest of the sentences to be vaguely personal.
Once the goddess Eris tossed three inhabitants of Olympus - Hera, Athena and Aphrodite - an apple with the inscription: "The most beautiful." Each goddess, of course, hoped that the apple was meant for her. Zeus ordered Paris to judge the dispute.
By birth, Paris was a Trojan prince, but he did not live in a palace, but among shepherds. The fact is that his parents Priam and Hecuba, even before the birth of their son, received a terrible prophecy: because of the boy, Troy will die. The baby was taken to Mount Ida and thrown there. Paris was found and raised by shepherds. Here, on Ida, Paris judged the three goddesses. He recognized Aphrodite as the winner, but not disinterestedly: she promised the young man the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. (O. Levinskaya)
Answer. Indefinite personal offer: baby carried to the mountain I go and threw there.
Possible modifications of the remaining proposals: In Troy, even before the birth of the royal son, they received a terrible prophecy. Paris was found on Mount Ida and raised as a shepherd.
Generalized personal sentences
Among one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, there are those in which the actor is conceived as a generalized person, i.e. action is related to each person, to everyone; especially often such a meaning in proverbs: Soldiers not born (i.e. no one can be born a soldier right away). Easily not take out and fish from the pond. Quiet you are going- farther you will.
As can be seen from the examples given, the predicate verbs in these sentences are in the same form as in definite personal or indefinite personal sentences. Nevertheless, sentences with such a generalized meaning are often distinguished into a special type - generalized-personal suggestions.
impersonal proposals
Impersonal such one-part sentences are called in which the action is not comparable with any actor; in other words, there is no producer of action at all, it cannot be imagined.
to me can't sleep, no fire ... About Lensky's wedding, they have long it was decided. how funny, shod with iron sharp feet, slide on the mirror of stagnant, smooth rivers! And it’s a pity for the old woman’s winter ... But how any me in the autumn sometimes, in the evening silence, in the village visit family cemetery ... How long will I walk in the world, now in a carriage, now on horseback, now in a wagon, now in a carriage, now in a cart, now on foot? Where are we swim? (A. Pushkin)
The grammatical indicator of impersonality is the form of the 3rd person singular. hours (for the present and future tenses, as well as for the imperative mood): smells hay. Today it will be hot. Let be you sleeping, like at home;
unit form h. neuter (for the past tense, as well as for the conditional mood): boat swept away to the middle of the river. Her would take and further, if not for the snag;
infinitive: Be rain.
As can be seen from the examples above, impersonal sentences convey the state of nature and the environment, the state of man, the inevitability, desirability, possibility and impossibility of something.
Impersonal sentences are very diverse in ways of expressing the predicate.
A simple verbal predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed:
a) impersonal verb (It's getting dark);
b) a personal verb in an impersonal form (Wind blew away
hat. Wed Wind blew away
hat - two-part preposition, subject - wind));
c) a verb be with a negative particle or word No (Parcels No and did not have)
;
d) a verb in an indefinite form (This not to be).
In a compound verbal predicate, the following can act as an auxiliary verb:
a) impersonal verbs should, I want to,
lucky etc. (I had to all make again);
b) personal phase verb ( Getting dark
);
c) instead of an auxiliary verb, short passive participles and special words of the state category are often used it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is a pity, it is time, sin and so on . (Allowed for free carry one piece of luggage. Can be closed a door. It's a pity was to part. It's time to leave in field. It's a sin to complain for lack of time).
A compound nominal predicate in an impersonal sentence consists of a nominal component - words of the state category or short passive participles of the past tense - and a linking verb in an impersonal form (in the present tense - a zero link). (Us it was fun. It's getting lighter and quiet. Evenings in the city dangerously. In the room tidied up.).
Word No
What part of speech does the strange word belong to? No? It does not change, it cannot have an auxiliary verb or a connective, it is impossible to put a question to it ... Meanwhile, we find that this word can act as the main one - and the only one! - a member in a one-part impersonal sentence.
Dictionaries say that No can be a negative particle opposite in meaning to the particle Yes(– Have you already read the book?– Not .). But when this word turns out to be a predicate in an impersonal sentence, we will call it an invariable verb form ( No - means does not exist, does not exist). This word is not found in any Slavic language, except for Russian. How was it formed?
In the Old Russian language there was an expression not e (st) that, where that - adverb with meaning here. From this expression first appeared the word no, and then final at disappeared, began to speak and write No, although in colloquial speech you can meet no so far (no one no Houses).
Often there are sentences with several main members - subjects or predicates. (Fog, wind, rain. It's getting dark, it's getting cold, getting stronger blowing from the sea.) It seems that such subjects or predicates can be called homogeneous. But it is more correct to assume that we have complex sentences in which each part is a one-part sentence.
Exercises
1. Highlight the predicates in impersonal sentences.
About this tenant it would be necessary to tell in more detail, because in the first place suspicions fell on him. But they fell a little later, about an hour later, and at that moment he was standing at the entrance, listening to music and was beyond suspicion. However, he stood dejectedly ... Suddenly he straightened his shoulders, raised his head more proudly and walked straight towards us. However, it was not easy for us to reach. (Yu.Koval)
Answer.Needless to say, it wasn't easy to get there.
2. Find one-part sentences in the text. Determine the type of each of them, highlight the predicate.
Since my mother is always busy with laundry, she always needs a lot of water, and we don’t have a tap in the yard. And my mother, and Marusya, and I have to get water in the distant backyards of one of the neighboring houses in order to fill the insatiable barrel to the top. You bring four buckets, and your eyes turn green, and your legs and arms tremble, but you need to carry the fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise your mother will have to go for water, and we want to save her from this - me and Marusya. (K. Chukovsky)
Answer. Will you bring four buckets - definitely-personal (or generalized-personal). ...to pour an insatiable barrel to the top; In eyes turns green, need to bear fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise have to go for water to mom - impersonal.
3. Find the wrong statements.
1) In one-part sentences, there cannot be a predicate expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.
2) In an indefinitely personal sentence, the predicate is necessarily expressed by the verb in the plural form.
3) There are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, in which there are no verbs.
4) In definitely personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - the personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
5) In impersonal sentences, the verb-predicate cannot be used in the plural form.
6) If there is no subject in the sentence, and the predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the feminine or masculine singular. h past. vr., this sentence is two-part incomplete.
Answer. 1, 4.
4. Find in the text: a) a one-part indefinitely personal sentence; b) one-part impersonal sentence.
1) The hardest thing was in the Sumerian writing depict abstract concepts, proper names, as well as various auxiliary words and morphemes. 2) The rebus principle helped with this. 3) For example, the arrow sign was used not only for the word arrow, but also for the word a life that sounded the same. 4) Constantly applying the rebus principle, the Sumerians assigned to some signs not a specific meaning, but sound reading. 5) As a result, syllabic signs arose that could denote some short sequence of sounds, most often a syllable. 6) Thus, it was in Sumer that the connection between sound speech and written signs was first formed, without which real writing is impossible.
Answer. a) - 3); b) - 1).
Incomplete sentences
Incomplete is a sentence in which a member (or group of members) is omitted. The omitted member of the sentence can be restored from the context or clear from the speech situation.
Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.
Walked, walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden over a bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context - previous sentence: In a clean field, the moon in a silvery light, immersed in her dreams, Tatyana walked alone for a long time.)
Examples of incomplete sentences whose missing members are restored from the situation.
Husband knocked down and wants to look at the widow's tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - the words of Leporello, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Juan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is is he or Don Guan .
– Oh my God! And here, with this coffin!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna's reaction to the words of the protagonist of "The Stone Guest": Don Juan confessed that he was not a monk, but "unfortunate, a victim of hopeless passion." There is not a single word in his remark that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation, they can be approximately restored as follows: “ you dare to say it here, with this coffin!
May be missed:
subject: How firmly she entered her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored according to the subject from the previous sentence: How has it changed Tatyana!);
He would have disappeared like a blister on water, without any trace, without leaving descendants, without delivering to future children either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (Subject I restored by addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say, he said to himself, to me perhaps it would not have been possible to look at the light of God more!)(N.V. Gogol);
addition:And so I took it! And I fought so hard! And I fed it with gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long have I, it seems, baptized you?);
predicate: Only not to the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the yards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);
several members of the sentence at once, including the grammatical basis:How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)
Incomplete sentences are often found in complex sentences: He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder ...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Juan reminded me how you scolded me and gritted your teeth.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the subject missing in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.
Incomplete sentences are very common in colloquial speech, in particular, in dialogue, where usually the initial sentence is detailed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.
– I am angry with my son.
– For what?
– For a bad crime.(A.S. Pushkin)
It happens that students mistakenly consider incomplete sentences in which not a single member is omitted, for example: He is a genius, just like you and me(A.S. Pushkin), saying that they are also incomprehensible without context . It is important to explain that the incompleteness of a sentence is primarily a grammatical phenomenon, and it is the grammatical incompleteness that causes the semantic one. In the given example, the ambiguity is caused by the use of pronouns. Students should be reminded that pronouns always need contextual disclosure.
Exercises
1. Find incomplete sentences and restore the missing members.
And Tanya enters the empty house where our hero recently lived. ... Tanya is far away; The old woman told her: “But the fireplace; here the gentleman sat alone ... This is the master's office; here he rested, ate coffee, listened to the clerk's reports and read a book in the morning ... " (A.S. Pushkin)
Answer. Tanya ( goes) further ... Old woman ( He speaks) her...
2. Find parts of complex sentences that are incomplete sentences and highlight them.
You are tolerant if you do not clench your fists when you are contradicted. You are tolerant if you can understand why you are so hated or so intrusively and troublesomely loved, and you can forgive all this for both. You are tolerant if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their vanity and in the depths of your soul forgiving them for being different from you.
An apologist is a person who is ready to extol an idea he once liked even when life has shown its falsity, praising the ruler, no matter what mistakes he makes, glorifying the political regime, no matter what outrages were created under him in the country. Apologetics is a rather ridiculous occupation if done out of stupidity, and vile if done by calculation. (S. Zhukovsky)
Answer. 1) ... if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and in the depths of your soul forgiving them for being different from you; 2) ... if done out of stupidity; 3) ... if by calculation.
All other subordinate clauses that do not have a subject are complete one-part sentences.
Let us recall once again that incomplete sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences in which the missing subject or predicate does not need to be restored to understand the meaning. In a complex sentence But it is sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that cheated on her all the time that she deceived us...(A.S. Pushkin) the third part is an incomplete sentence with a missing subject we, which is restored by the addition us from the previous subordinate clause. The subordinate part of the sentence Just look to didn't see you. (A.S. Pushkin), by the nature of the grammatical basis, is a one-part indefinitely personal sentence: the action itself is important here, and not the one who performs it; the grammatical form of the verb (pl. past tense) here does not mean that there should be many producers of the action, it is an indicator of an indefinitely personal meaning. In other words, the proposal so that didn't see you - complete.
Punctuation in an incomplete sentence
In an incomplete sentence, a dash can be placed at the place where the predicate is skipped, if a pause is expected when pronouncing the sentence: ...Then Baron von Klotz was a minister, and I was his son-in-law.(A.S. Griboyedov) In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put: ...Well, the people in this side! She to him, and he to me.(A.S. Griboyedov)
Elliptical proposals
There are sentences in Russian called elliptical(from the Greek word ellipsis, which means "omission", "lack"). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and the context for understanding such sentences is not needed. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, movement ( I - to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speech - thoughts And his wife: for rudeness, for your going words(A.T. Tvardovsky) and others. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, but are not used in book styles (scientific and official business).
Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a kind of incomplete sentences, while others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete sentences and is similar to them.
The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's evening.
Types of one-part sentences
| Main member expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Offers with one main member - PREDICT | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal suggestions | ||
| Verb-predicate in the form of the 1st or 2nd person (there are no forms of the past tense or conditional mood, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Indefinitely personal sentences | ||
| The verb-predicate in the form of the plural of the third person (in the past tense and the conditional mood the verb-predicate in the plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Someone knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal offers | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Distinguished by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a particular person (the speaker) is habitual, repetitive or presented as a generalized judgment (the verb-predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
Without effort, you can not take the fish out of the pond(in the form of a definite personal). |
Any ( any) without difficulty will not take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Verb-predicate in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
a) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
a) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
a) to me sorry to leave with you; |
a) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a brief passive participle of the past tense in the singular, neuter gender. |
Closed . |
The shop is closed . |
| 5) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + addition in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + the addition in the genitive case with the intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone be silent! |
Everyone be quiet. |
| 2. Offers with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Denominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (the sentence cannot contain a circumstance or addition that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes.
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form of the genitive case will change to the form of the nominative case (cf .: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).
In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.
Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (where?) around the corner; I- (where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.
Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that correlate with the predicate. If there are such additions in the proposal ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to analyze these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I am walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.
Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.
With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).
The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).
Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).
The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
soft moonlight(stagnant).
The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.