1. Impersonal sentences and ways of expressing the predicate in them “V” - knew; "-" what he learned does not coincide with what he knew; "+" – new information; "?" - doubtful or insufficient information, you need to find out more 1. The difference between two-part sentences and one-part sentences; 2. Groups of one-part sentences; 3. Ways of expressing predicates in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences; 4. Impersonal sentences and their role in the text; 5. Ways of expressing the predicate in impersonal sentences
Definitely personal Verb in the form of 1-2 person singular. or many numbers of the present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood (you can substitute the pronouns I, WE, YOU, YOU) I love winter holidays. Read the fairy tale by G. H. Andersen "The Snow Queen". Indefinitely personal Verb in the form of 3 persons plural. numbers of the present and future tense (you can substitute the pronoun THEY), pl. numbers of the past tense and in the conditional mood. What matters is the action itself, not who does it. Already rated. There was a knock on the frozen window.
Impersonal sentences do not and cannot have a subject. They do not name the one who performs the action. In impersonal sentences, the states of nature, the environment, the mental, physical state of a person, his mood are expressed. With their help, you can express the impossibility or inevitability of action, the denial of something
Loneliness of a person in the city 1 group 2 group 3 group 2, 3.62, 3, 42.5, 6.7 definitely personal, impersonal impersonal, indefinitely personal, impersonal impersonal and definitely personal You feel - 2 l., units. h., present. temp., vyv.n.; It seems - bezl.ch. Lonely - the word of the state category Enough - personal ch. in the absence of sign; They do - 3 liters., pl., present. vr., ex. n.; No Need to feel, Need to stop, think, Need to meet, talk - n.f.ch. + bunch You will become - 2 l., unit. h., bud. temp., vyv.n.
Urbanization - (from lat. urbanus urban) the process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society Megapolis - (from other Greek μέγας (gen. agglomerations of other Greek urban agglomerations Urban agglomeration - (from Latin agglomero I attach, accumulate) a compact cluster of settlements.
The main ways of expressing the predicate in an impersonal sentence 1. An impersonal verb (with -sya and without -sya) Do not sleep in a stuffy room. It's evening. I'm lucky with my friends. 2. Personal verb in an impersonal sense. 2. Caplet with bird cherry. Howled, sang in the distance thick and piercing. 3. Indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) 3. There is nowhere to go further. Words do not understand. Be silent! 4. The word of the state category on -o4. It's cloudy outside the window. It's easy on the soul. 5. The combination of a verb or a word of the category of state in -o with an infinitive 5. It is not often necessary to wake up from silence. Problems need to be talked about. 6. Indeclinable by a word, coinciding in form with a noun, in combination with an infinitive 6. It's time to make a fire and cook the fish soup. 7. Negative word or construction expressing negation. (noun in r.p. with neither or not, the word is not) 7. There is no sleep, there is the appearance of it. Not a cloud in the sky. 8. Short passive neuter participle with suffixes –n-, -en-, -t-. 8. The lobby is painted.
I love, streets, wander, city, vacationers, in, native, evening, among. They look, and, not, beauty, at, rejoice at, it. And, I want, but, joy, to sing, this, from, on, calmly, soul, and, easily. I like to wander in the evening among vacationers through the streets of my native city. They look at its beauty and are not overjoyed. And I want to sing from this joy, but my heart is calm and easy.
Among simple proposals for the presence of main members, there are two-part and one-component. In two-part sentences, the grammatical basis consists of both main members - the subject and the predicate, in one-part sentences - only one.
It is important that the main member of one-part sentences is neither subject nor predicate, because it combines the functions of the two main members of the sentence.
The following types of one-component sentences are distinguished:
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
- infinitive
- nominative
Definitely personal sentences are such one-part sentences in which the main member and indicates a certain actor and is expressed in the personal form of the verb (1 or 2 person). Nr: I love thunderstorm in early May- here the form of ch.-skaz. indicates a specific person - the speaker himself. The main members of the defined-personal. suggestion most often expressed by ch. 1l. and 2l. units or plural. present or bud. time, as well as pov. inc., eg: I'm going on the way to. we sit, think, write. Don't cool your heart, son! Such one-part sentences are synonymous with two-part sentences: I'm going on the way to - I'm going on the way to. They are used in official speech, in business style and in thin. literature.
Vaguely personal sentences are such one-part sentences in which the action expressed by the forms of the predicate refers to an indefinite person. For example: In the door knocking (someone undefined). The main term is most often expressed in the form 3 l. pl. h. present or bud. time, ch. pl. h past. time, ch. in exiled inclination. For example: You are waiting in the audience. You handed over book (to be given). If I asked, I would agree.
impersonal such one-part sentences are called in which the main member denotes an action or state that exists independently of the idea of a person, for example: Already it was getting light. It was frosty and clear . In impersonal sentences, natural phenomena are called ( Freezes), physical and mental states of a person ( I'm bored), state of the environment, assessment of the situation ( Cold. Think well on the steppe roads), modal relations ( I wantedthere is) and others. The predicate in the impersonal. the preposition is expressed by an impersonal verb ( It's getting light), a personal verb in an impersonal meaning ( It's rattling in the attic), the words of the state category ( How good is it all around!), a brief passive participle past. time ( Decided to go on a tour), negative word ( There is no rest). Most often used in thin. lit. (accuracy, conciseness).
infinitive- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed by an independent infinitive and denotes a necessary, inevitable or desirable action, for example: You start! They differ from the impersonal in that in the impersonal. the infinitive is dependent, and in infinitives it is independent: To you tell about it?- inf. and To you should(need) tell about it?- impersonal.Nominative (naming)- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed in the nominative case of the name and denotes the existence of objects, phenomena, states, for example: Night. The street. Lamp. Pharmacy(Block). The main member combines the meaning of the subject and its being. There are the following types of sentences: nominative existential: Night. The street; nominative demonstratives: Won asterisk; nominative emotional-evaluative: Well, what a neck! What eyes!(Krylov).
It's getting light. Be silent! Are you unwell? It's getting dark soon. Let it warm up soon. Snow covered the road. It would dawn sooner. I don't have a notebook.
In impersonal sentences, there is no active person. The main thing is the action itself. Therefore, we can say that in impersonal sentences the action or state of the subject is conveyed.
Also, a feature of such sentences is the inability to substitute the subject.
I'm shivering. You have to repeat the exercise. I don't want to go outside. The whole garden was flooded with water. I'm lucky.
In an impersonal sentence, the predicate can be expressed in different forms:
- impersonal verbs.
It was evening. It's dawning. It's getting dark outside the window.
- Personal verbs in impersonal form.
The wind brought the leaves. Compare: The wind brought the leaves - two-part.
The fire was extinguished by rain. Compare: The rain put out the fire - two-part.
- The verb BE with a negative particle and the word NO.
There was no more milk. There is no more milk. I didn't have the strength to move forward. There is not a single star in the sky.
- Verb in indefinite form.
Look here. Exit immediately. Must read.
- The predicate in an impersonal sentence can also be a compound verb.
This book should be replaced. I was lucky to meet him. You can open a window. It started to storm.
- And also, compound nouns.
It was hot. Everything is laid out on the table in order.
Impersonal video suggestions
Lesson summary in grade 8
Note:
The synopsis was compiled according to the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.
Impersonal offers.
- repetition and deepening of knowledge about the types of one-part sentences;
- study of the main features of impersonal sentences;
- development of skills to find impersonal sentences in the text, distinguish them from other types of one-part sentences, use them in speech, replace them with synonymous constructions;
- development of syntactic parsing skills.
The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's evening.
Types of one-part sentences
| Main member expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Offers with one main member - PREDICT | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal suggestions | ||
| Verb-predicate in the form of the 1st or 2nd person (there are no forms of the past tense or conditional mood, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Indefinitely personal sentences | ||
| The verb-predicate in the form of the plural of the third person (in the past tense and the conditional mood the verb-predicate in the plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Someone knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal offers | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Distinguished by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a particular person (the speaker) is habitual, repetitive or presented as a generalized judgment (the verb-predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
Without effort, you can not take the fish out of the pond(in the form of a definite personal). |
Any ( any) without difficulty will not take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Verb-predicate in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
a) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
a) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
a) to me sorry to leave with you; |
a) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a brief passive participle of the past tense in the singular, neuter gender. |
Closed . |
The shop is closed . |
| 5) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + addition in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + the addition in the genitive case with the intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone be silent! |
Everyone be quiet. |
| 2. Offers with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Denominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (the sentence cannot contain a circumstance or addition that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes.
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form of the genitive case will change to the form of the nominative case (cf .: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).
In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.
Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (where?) around the corner; I- (where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.
Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that correlate with the predicate. If there are such additions in the proposal ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to analyze these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I am walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.
Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.
With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).
The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).
Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).
The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
soft moonlight(stagnant).
The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
1. Impersonal are called proposals, the predicate of which does not allow a subject for itself, does not mix with the nominative case; they denote actions and states that proceed by themselves, in the absence of their producer. Wed: The sky is darkening. It's getting dark in the plain. The 1st sentence is personal: it talks about the sky (that it is getting dark). The 2nd sentence is impersonal: it speaks of an action, but does not indicate who performs it.
Impersonal sentences can mean:
1. Being, existence: So It was, however so much more will not. I hoped, however came out differently.
2. Natural phenomena and natural phenomena: It's getting light!
Oh, how soon the night gone! And in the yard for a long time already turned white. lit up thunderstorm tree. At the sawmill glowing!
3. Phenomena attributed to fate, fate: Unlucky ! managed to I can't come.
4. Sensory perceptions, feelings: smelled resin. From the sea carried damp and salty air. Quiet on the sleepy river flashed little ripple.
5. Conditions of the body, often painful: Eyes stick together, head tends down. My friend, my ears laid. At this very time it feverish and broke apart.
6. Psychological experiences: Feeling sad somehow to me.
2. Verbs-predicates in an impersonal sentence have the form of the 3rd person singular or the form of the neuter gender singular - in both cases, in the absence of an indication of the producer of the action: I don't sleeping something. In the morning me feverish .
3. The predicate of impersonal sentences in most cases is expressed following verbs:
1) Personal verbs in impersonal use (these are verbs that lose their configuration forms and freeze in the form of the 3rd person singular or in the form of the past tense): hay smells; wave broke boat(cf. Hay smells; Wave smashed boat - the same verbs are used in the personal form).
2) Personal verbs in impersonal use, which acquired a new lexical meaning and turned into impersonal verbs: To you lucky (about happiness, good luck). Works enough (enough). Their personal forms lucky (horse lucky), enough (Fish enough bait) have a completely different meaning.
3) In fact, impersonal verbs that do not have homonyms among personal verbs: It's getting dark. It's getting light.
4) An impersonal predicate is often expressed by a special impersonal form of verbs, formed from the form of the 3rd person or the neuter form by adding a suffix -sya (s): don't slumber - don't slumber Xia; did not believe - did not believe camping. This predicate denotes different states of people that do not depend on their will: Two o'clock in the morning... Can't sleep.
5) A verb can also be used as an impersonal would-lo - will be(in the meaning of "there was" - "there is"): Works It was weeks for two. True tense in affirmation is indicated by a pause in place of the omitted verb: Work - two weeks, and in case of denial - impersonal form No: Not there was time. - Not time.
4. Other methods of expressing the predicate in impersonal sentences (these predicates are compound ones):
1) Compound verbal predicate: noticeably began to brighten.It was starting to get dark. to me wanted to sleep .
2) A compound predicate, which includes state category adverbs(there is an opportunity, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, shameful, fearful, disgusting, sorry, it's time, insulting, funny, joyful, warm, painful, dry, damp, cold, comfortable and etc.), copula and often indefinite form of the verb, for example: It was already dark. To you cold a little. to me It was it's a pity old man. Need rebuild all life. Us it's time to go. It was funny to hear jingling of a Russian bell. It was a pity to me break up with the old man. It was scary to stay in the dark. About the trip it was impossible to think .
3) Compound nominal predicate, which includes the form of the middle gender laconic passive participle(on the -but and —then) : About resentment was forgotten. Already sent mail.
4) Compound predicate in interrogative impersonal sentences, which includes indefinite form of the verb and interrogative pronouns or pronominal adverbs: How can I get to inSokolniki? To whom to entrust this job? What now make?Where to go from frostbite?
5) Compound predicate, which includes indefinite form and indecomposable phrases, consisting of a verb was - will be - is(in the meaning of “there is” - “there was”) and pronouns or pronominal adverbs with it (it was with someone, it will be where, there is when and t . P.): To you will be something to see and marvel. to me there was a place to sleep.There is when me teas drink! etc. When negated in these combinations, negative pronouns or negative pronominal adverbs appear (with a particle not): To me there was no one to turn to for advice. To you there will be nothing to do. When expressing real time, neither the verb there is with a negative pronoun or adverb is absent: to me no one to complain- he will blame himself. Nothing to close!
5. Infinitive sentences- these are impersonal sentences, the predicates of which can be expressed in one indefinite form, in the absence of any secondary words. Impersonal sentences with a similar predicate are usually used in colloquial speech. Their expression is accompanied by a special expressive intonation. Note. Some linguists distinguish infinitive sentences into a separate class of one-part sentences.
The predicate in infinitive sentences, expressed in an indefinite form, means:
1) the inevitability of action: Be a great thunderstorm;
2) the need for action: Don't be stubborn, darling! Now yourself and show !;
3) strong desire: One more minute see her, say goodbye with her shake her hand;
4) the impossibility of action (expressed by the indefinite form of the verb with negation not): Do not drive for you crazy trio! Never do this for you!
5) indignation, indignation: Tell jokes, and age tell jokes!;
6) categorical order: be silent! get up!
In conjunction with a particle would the indefinite form conveys all the colors of the subjunctive mood, somehow:
1) the possibility of action: To be rain, if not for the wind;
2) the desirability of the action: Oh, and me would there go .
6. Exercises on the topic "Impersonal proposals."
Exercise 1. Write by inserting the missing letters. Find non-personal sentences, determine their predicate and indicate how it is expressed.
1) It was quiet all around, so quiet that, according to the mosquito's zhu ... an opportunity, it was possible to watch its flight.
2) It was amusing to hear in the midst of this dead sleep of nature the snorting of a tired troika and the uneven tinkle ... the roar of a Russian bell.
3) It became stuffy in the sakl ..., and I went out into the air to freshen up ....
4) He [Pecho-rin] came to me in full uniform and announced that he was ordered to stay ... in my fortress ....
5) He is like a poplar between them - only n ... grow, n ... bloom for him in our garden.
6) And his horse was famous in the whole Kabarda, and, for sure, better than this horse, n ... what can you think of ... maybe. No wonder he was envied ... by all the riders and n ... once tried to steal it, only n ... ud ... failed. 7) It would be better for me to throw him [horse] at the edge of the forest and hide ... on foot in the forest, but it’s a pity to part with him ....
8) When the father returned, there was no ... daughter, no ... offspring.
9) The air became so thin that it hurt to breathe.
10) We had to go down ... still another 5 versts along the icy ... icy mountains and marshy snow. (M. Yu. Lermontov.)
Exercise 2. Using the examples, change personal sentences to impersonal ones.
Reference. I I want to learn the history of Moscow. — I want to learn the history of Moscow.
1) I did not want to lag behind others.
2) He does not stay in the monastery.
3) Grandmother does not sleep.
4) I did not believe in the success of the trip.
Reference.Snow covered all the roads. — Snow covered all the roads.
1) The rain refreshed the greenery.
2) The wind broke the branch on the tree.
3) The hail spoiled the sprouts.
4) Narrow ice pulled puddles.
5) The fire immediately enveloped the entire roof.
6) The whole sky was covered with grayish clouds.
7) The hurricane demolished a huge number of huts.
Reference. At I have skis. — I don't have skis.
1) I have skates.
2) There were snow-white mushrooms.
3) I had a horse.
4) I had free time.
5) He had a zeal to draw.
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Additional to the site:
How are predicates expressed in impersonal sentences?
1. Impersonal sentences are called, the predicate of which does not allow a subject for itself, does not mix with the nominative case; they denote actions and states that proceed by themselves, in the absence of their producer. Edit: The sky is darkening. It's getting dark in the plain. The 1st sentence is personal: it talks about the sky (that it is getting dark). The 2nd sentence is impersonal: it says...