Before opening your own microfinance organization, it is necessary to understand some of the features and restrictions that are related to the activities of the MFI, and understand how to open a microfinance organization from scratch.
In addition to limit on the maximum loan, a microfinance organization has a number of significant differences from the bank:
- loans are issued exclusively in rubles;
- the institution does not have the right to finish the client, which extended a loan in a partially or fully previously agreed period, if the borrower preliminarily warned the organization of its actions;
- MFI cannot, without coordination with the borrower, change the interest rate on the loan established under the contract, as well as the procedure for executing liabilities, the term of their action and the credit commission;
- MFI places a borrower of softer requirements when making a loan compared with the bank;
- a microfinance organization does not participate in operations in the securities market.
Attracting funds to a microfinance organization
According to the text of the law, the organization has the right to attract funds the following types of individuals: founders of MFIs, participants and investors. For these categories, there is no limit on the raised monetary resources.
Other individuals may invest in organizing only on the basis of a special lending contract, and the maximum amount is 1.5 million rubles.
As for the provision of funds by individuals, the income of the microfinance organization from this money is subject to compulsory taxation at a rate of 13%. In this case, the organization holds the required amount and makes a calculation with the state budget. The investor receives income according to the terms of the contract, without taking into account the amount of tax payments.
A microfinance organization should compile a special list of rules to attract funds into deposits. Mandatory conditions:
- sufficient level of equity not lower than 5%;
- liquidity indicator is not lower than 70%.
List of own microfinance organization organizations:
1. Capital institution.
2. Company reserves.
3. Loans issued by founders, participants and shareholders (individuals or legal entities).
4. Other loans on an organization's account for a period of at least 3 years.
In the case of a bankruptcy of a microfinance organization, the establishment is obliged to repay the debt to all creditors, only after that the requirements for perfect MFI loans will be satisfied. This condition is prescribed in all micro-mill agreements and is not subject to challenge.
The calculation of the performance of MFIs is made quarterly on the basis of the accounting reporting, which the organization is obliged to submit for consideration in the FSFR (required for all legal entities).
How to open a microfinance organization from scratch - the main stages
So how to open the MFI? According to current legislation, a microfinance organization can be opened exclusively by a legal entity, which is registered in the form of funds, organizations (except budget), independent non-trade institutions, partnerships, economic companies and associations.
The creator of the microfinance organization does not require the possession of a special license, it is enough to have a testimony of the Federal FSFR service to the MFI register. This document will be issued to a legal entity during registration.
Stage number 1. Registration of a legal entity
As an example, LLC with one founder will be considered, which simultaneously performs the duties of the Director-General and the Chief Accountant. To register a microfinance organization, you must have the following documents:
- articles of association;
- decision on the establishment of LLC;
- order on the transfer of duties of the chief accountant to the Company's Director-General;
- application for the type of taxation system;
- receipt of the payment of state fee;
- form 11001;
- request a copy of the charter.
Stage number 2. MFI status design
List of documents for the passage of this procedure:
1. A copy of the certificate of state registration.
2. Copies of constituent documents and decisions on the formation of a legal entity.
3. A copy of the decision on the appointment of members of the legal entity and their current list on the day of submission of the application.
4. Extract from the state register of origin of a legal entity or another equal document (only for legal entities with foreign founders).
5. Data on the founders.
6. Application for data on a legal entity in a special register of MFIs, the document is signed by the head of a legal entity or a trustee.
7. The actual address of the organization.
8. Inventory of the above documents.
For registration of settlement documents, it is necessary to make details for which state duty is made:
- indicator of the foundation of payment (106): "TP" - payments for the current year;
- tax Period (107): "0";
- indicator of the document number (108): "0";
- document date indicator (109): "0";
- indicator of the type of payment (110): "GP" - payment of collection;
- two-digit status indicator (101): "01" - indicates that the tax payment is made by a legal entity;
- in the field 104 fits the fiscal classification code of the federal budget revenues, which are controlled by the FSFR.
The maximum period of consideration of the application is 14 working days from the date of filing. After the FSFR approves the application, it will be possible to check the organization in the register of microfinance organization. This information is located on the website of the Bank of Russia for financial markets.
What is related to the growing popularity of microfinance organizations?
A microfinance organization is a financial institution that is engaged in lending to the population on special conditions. The maximum loan amount that the right to provide MFI is 1 million rubles. The main activity of microfinance organizations is related to issuing loans to individuals.
Officially, MFI steel was permitted since July 2010. Such organizations in a short time took their niche in the lending market, and the demand for their services does not fall so far. The main reason for the popularity of the MFI is a simple discovery procedure and weak control by the state, if compared with large banking structures.
In addition to the simplified registration of a legal entity and a convenient system for controlling the microfinance organization activities, three important distinguishing features can be distinguished, which attract the organizers of new MFIs:
1. No requirements for mandatory reserves.
2. No clearly defined by the law of the minimum sizes of equity.
3. The microfinance organization does not charge deductions to special funds.
Now, knowing the main steps, how to open a microfinance organization from scratch, it remains only to weigh all "for" and "against" and begin to act.
It would seem that someone would like to take such expensive loans - well, idiocy? But meanwhile, the business of MFIs, and in the commoner of express loans, blooms and flourishes: microloans are currently in shopping centers, and at stops near the house, and on TV, and on the Internet. The people go.
You might think that it is too late, the market is saturated, all things - but no. Microfinance business prospects are quite optimistic. Some say that its volumes in some regions is still growing almost up to 50% per year.
In general, while the people go, the sin does not take advantage of this. Fortunately, the process of organizing such a business is quite simple - it is fast and practically no different from the creation of an average firm. The main thing, after the company's creation, it is necessary to apply for the inclusion in the state register of microfinance organizations - without inclusion in this registry, your activity will not be completely legal.
Before starting
Good news: MFI activities are regulated by the Federal Law "On Microfinance Organizations", and easier - mainly by the Civil Code. The process of obtaining a loan is simplified to the inability, so if you think that money goes to money, microfinance business is exactly what you need.
The main part of the starting investment should immediately be allowed to issue loans. Under these needs, there should be at least 500 thousand - 1 million rubles. Usually, only a passport is needed to issue a loan, the borrower's age is 22-60 years, the interest rate is 2% per day, the maximum loan amount is 20 thousand rubles, a period of up to 15 days. If desired, the loan can be extended, but it is already the other interest or commission. Of course, when flirting with a term, penny is charged. The average company issues loans by about 1.5 million rubles per month.
When planning a financial model, it is worth considering up to 50% of non-return. Of course, usually the level of non-return is much lower, but you used to come from the most negative scenario? If you do everything right, you can go to self-sufficiency from the first month. Oh, yes, and remember - according to the law, the MFI cannot attract deposits, issue loans in foreign currency, work in the securities market, take interest for early repayment and demand from their borrowers more than one million.
Basic risks: a large percentage of no return, judicial disputes for the provision of a loan, if the accrual is recognized as illegal, great competition.
"Step-by-step instruction, like opening MFIs"
Location
Before opening the IFR, it is necessary to determine the location. It can play a decisive role for your business. The most tales are shopping centers, small supermarkets at home, large office centers and public transport stops. For a start, there is enough even a small corner of about 30 square meters. M is not opening the bank of the bank.
Equipment
Here, too, everything is much easier than the banks and beauty salons. The main equipment is computers, office equipment, telephones. In order for your customers to be well and cozy, put the sofa, flowers and coffee machine with candy. Compared to competitors who have only iron chairs ... In general, the confidence atmosphere is important. The little things decide.
Frames
Following the economy scenario, we will need about 3 people - besides the director, this is a security officer and 2 manager a la "credit expert". SECURE SECURITY JUST MUST HAVE and does not save on it: it will check borrowers for the presence in various black lists, so good connections are welcome. Working day of managers - 12 hours, 2/2, adequacy, customer focus and radiant smile are welcome.
Documents and licenses
As we have talked above, in order to start a business on express loans, it is necessary to knock on the state register of microfinance organizations. For this, you will need: a statement, notarized copies of the registration certificate, copies of constituent documents, a copy of the decision of the founders, a copy of the decision on the appointment of the general director, information about the founders, information about the location, well, and a certificate confirming the payment of state duty. Company information is entered within 14 business days.
Marketing
Competition in the field of MFIs is not growing by day, but by hours, therefore it makes sense to invest in the marketing component of your business. Do not skimp on beautiful promotions: the first loan without percent, record low rates in the first months of work or an increased ceiling of the amount issued can give more than you think. Pay attention to both classic leaflets, and advertising in a local newspaper, and the Internet - a banner on the famous city portal is not a luxury, but a clear touch of the audience. Good stroke: Over time, enter into an agreement with electronic service providers so that your customers can return money with non-cash, via Qiwi or Eleksnet. Well, of course, you need to remember that nothing will be the best advertising / anti-flame of your microcredit, like a srangulated radio. At some point, new customers will start coming on the recommendations of acquaintances: rumors spread oh, as quickly.
Summary
Microfinance business is simple, promising and very, very profitable. Open the company is not so difficult, but the activity itself requires a minimum of permits and is regulated by the Civil Code. It annoes that quite strong competition, therefore it is worth analyzing the market and the degree of openness of the entrance in your city, and there it is for a pretty one in marketing and promoting your brand. Special attention is paid to the location of your point and search for a good security.
The percentage, the Roshovist, Spider - as soon as they did not call people who pretend money for interest. Who with envy, and who and with hatred, parting with the latest property. But in one they converged: such a business brings its owner a fabulous income! In the era of the developed banking sector, it is difficult to imagine that you can try to deal with something like that. And in vain, not so long ago, Federal Law No. 151 was adopted in Russia, which regulates the activities of microfinance organizations (MFIs) and derived from the shadow of illegal lenders. Consider in more detail if it is profitable to give a debt in our time.
What it is?
MFI is a legal entity registered in one of the permitted forms of the organization and contributed to the State Register of MFIs. This business is registered when the issuance of loans is systematic, and the company's main income amounts to this.
In addition, official status allows you to attract investors who at least 1.5 million rubles will be in the case (lower boundary by law). It will be possible to insure risks for non-repayment of loans. Yes, and the number of those who want to take into debt will increase, because more legally trusted firms.
And not create MFO?
It will be more difficult to open a car wash than to register MFIs. The activities of such organizations are not banking in the legal sense of the word, therefore it is not necessary to obtain licenses and have multi-billionally share capital. Only the reporting form is somewhat more complicated than the standard form for entrepreneurs.
As a form of organization, the legislator offers us a number of different options, but in the overwhelming majority MFIs register as ohth. Consequently, a package of documents for filing to the tax inspection exactly the same:
- Statement;
- Certificate of state registration of a legal entity;
- Constituent documents;
- Decision to create an organization and approval of constituent documents;
- Decision on approval of the management bodies of the organization;
- Certificate of the address of the organization;
- Information about the founders;
- Payment of state duty;
- Extract from the register of foreign legal entities, if such is among the founders.
The only one, after registration in the FTS, you need to send a statement with copies of the above documents to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (any nearest department) with the requirement to include your organization in a single register of MFIs. By the way, according to the law, the conditions for granting a loan you must accommodate on the Internet, but it is not specified that you need to have your website, so at first you can rent a place on some third partnership.
For a start, rent 3-5 square meters in the mall (3000 - 5000 rubles in the regional center). Buy the table (from 2000 rubles), chair (from 700 rubles), wardrobe for documents (from 3000 rubles), MFP (from 3000 rubles) and bring a computer or laptop from home. As for advertising, everything is very individual, the marketing budget has its own. As you have already guessed, perform the work of the director, accountant and one of the employees you will be. Since sometimes you need to relax all, hire the second employee. The qualifications are not important here, you can take a student 4 - 5 courses of the institute, 15,000 rubles. It is more than arrange. As can be seen, the starting capital for arranging a penny point. All other means is better to leave under loans, but you need to highlight for these purposes, at least 200,000 rubles. Then by the end of the year you can get 1 million rubles, subject to a rate of 2% per day and no return at the level of 30%.
The auditor is going to us.
Currently, the microfinance market is very weak. At the heart of the 151 federal law, no tough sanctions are written in relation to organizations, so many honest players complain about a large number of "illegal immigrants". Although recently, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation shows close attention to small competitors of banks. In the second and third quarter of 2014, the electronic form of IFR reporting (personal account on the site of the Central Bank) should be debugged, since July of the current year, the subordinates of Nabiullina will be able to limit the maximum rates on unsecured loans and loans. And overestimated interest is the main Bread MFO. It is also necessary to prepare the decision of the "General Meeting of Participants" (founders) for each loan equal or more than 10% of the authorized capital.
In principle, MFIs can check the same way as any other organization. That is, finding a violation of the rules of fire safety in the office of the company, the inspector can close your business.
On your own.
Chopping debts is firmly associated with "Lithium Nineties". But recently, the media is increasingly trying to report on criminal ways to settle debt. Bandits again? No, this time is legal, officially registered creditors. 
Any founder of MFIs initially lays a 10% in a business plan - 15% of the risk of loan, and sometimes, reducing the debtor checking and increasing the rate of issuance of money, and all 30%! But, agree, even calculating this situation, I want to return everything back. The state of lawyers and funds for the services of collectors at MFI often no, therefore, it is necessary to cope with its own. Well, what of this comes out, we see in the news.
Large networks on a par with banking institutions prefer to solve disputes with clients Civilized: from bailiffs to collectors. The latter generally redeem debts at MFIs, however, from 3% of the amount of the amount of obligations. In 2013, the volume of repurchased debts grew by 66%! Given the number of overdue in such firms, cooperation with collectors will only be strengthened.
Highborne, highly female.
If in Moscow or St. Petersburg, MFIs are not very noticeable, then in the regions they literally flooded the streets. In some cities, the kiosks A la "Let Money" are more than flower stalls! Not only the simplicity of registration attracts new entrepreneurs to this business, but also great earnings. The average rate on average is 20%! What kind of activity can still bring this income with a minimum of investments? However, 10,000 rubles made to create LLC is clearly not enough to start working requires somewhere 500 thousand (according to the expert assessment of the Russian Microfinance Center). We should not forget about the high level of overdue debt among customers of such organizations.
The most important thing is to calculate and understand what you have to do. According to statistics, every tenth registered MFIs in the end does not produce a single loan. A simple procedure for issuing documents ensures the arrival of many inexperienced businessmen to the market, which, due to strong competition and lack of working capital, quickly leave the microfinance sphere. Some bankruptcies due to the development of an inefficient network of offices instead of one successfully working office. 
In the light of the cleaning of the financial market and tightening legislation is not the best time to create MFIs. If you are confident and potential investors lined up, I advise you to organize a business on a franchise of any federal network. By the way, it is not necessary to wait benefactor from 1.5 million. You can create a pool of small investors transmitting cash to one of them, which will conclude a loan agreement. Even better, if he is an IP, then, being on a "simplified", with interest will have to deduct not 13% (income), but 6%. Try, do not be afraid to risk, because the usurists richly lived at all times.