In the sixth lesson, we will do
constructive drawing of a frying pan in a complex turn, a fork and a bottle.
Explanations require building a frying pan and a fork.
Building a frying pan.
The frying pan is basically a truncated cone, just like a coffee pot. But in the frying pan's truncated cone, the axis of rotation is so small that it is impossible to determine its direction. We will use the directions of the major axes, which can be determined from the intersection of the ellipses of the bottom and edge of the pan. If these two points are connected with a straight line, then this straight line will be parallel to the large axes of the ellipses of the bottom and edge of the pan, but not identical to these axes.
We find the dimensions of the pan without including the handle. We mark the dimensions of the larger ellipse - the ellipse of the edge of the pan. Divide the rectangle of the dimensions of the larger ellipse in half vertically and horizontally. Through the center obtained in this way, we build the major axis of the ellipse of the frying pan edge, the direction of which we found from the intersection points of the bottom and edge ellipses in nature.
Perpendicular to the major axis, we build the small one through the same center. We fit the ellipse into the dimensions in accordance with the directions of the axes.
 |
 |
If yes, then we build the width of the handle, having previously figured out where the handle ends.
If not, then adjust the direction of the middle line of the handle, then the same as in the first case. The directions of the connection lines along which the symmetrical points marking the width of the handle are constructed will in any case be parallel to the tangent to the ellipse of the edges at the point of intersection of it with the plane of symmetry, or, in other words, at the point of the middle of the handle entry.
In the pan and the neck of the bottle, add the so-called thicknesses. Please note that these will be ellipses with common axes, equal proportions, but different sizes. The thicknesses along the major axes will be greater than along the minor ones. Small ellipses can be drawn in the same way as short lines - with an emphasis on the little finger.
Constructing a fork.
The fork is a body of bilateral symmetry and is in an arbitrary rotation.
First, along the directions, we build the middle line of the fork (the trace of the cross section of the fork by the plane of symmetry).
 |
 |
 |
Good afternoon - today I start new series of articles on crafts for the kitchen ... We will start with the simplest idea - and today we will paint the pans. Moreover, this is an excellent opportunity to extend the life of a burned-out pan with a spoiled Teflon coating. Such a used frying pan can be made a decoration of the kitchen. A beautiful craft for the kitchen can hang separately on the wall ... or you can surround it with a flock ... you can beautifully decorate such a wall by nailing narrow shelves next to it and arrange ceramics and frames. I have prepared some ideas for interesting crafts that will decorate the walls of your kitchen. Let's start making original crafts for the kitchen with our own hands.
Let's, to immediately become interesting i will show you 3 ideas painting a frying pan with a picture of a female head. Let's start with ideas for high-tech kitchens ...
Here is a blue kitchen craft idea…. Sloppy graphics with rough strokes ... It is difficult to call this a craft from a frying pan.- this is already a work of art.
Or here's an idea for a kitchen craft in lilac tones ... Schematic laconic technique ... contour outline. Crisp smooth lines, pure saturated colors. Such a frying pan will become an eye-catching decoration on the kitchen wall ...
If our kitchen is in a cozy classic style, then a female head in the spirit of those times will suit us ... Here's how in the photo below - the Greek head of a woman with curls of hair perfectly intertwined with the same smooth curls on kitchen fronts from the same light shade as the portrait itself. Such a frying pan craft can become a rare decoration of the wall of any kitchen.
And here is another theme for wall decoration. Dishes theme ... Endless space for imagination. If you have a kitchen in beige and chocolate tones, then the pattern in the pan may look like with tarin graphics made with a chocolate outline on an aged beige and bluish background.
I am already picking up on purpose a series of such ideas for kitchen crafts in the dish theme from old pans.
Crafts-drawing
from an old frying pan for a beige kitchen ...
Often beige tones in the kitchen are combined with pale blue ... and then the drawing on the pan can be done in the same tones ... Ideas for thematic drawings can be found on the Internet and printed in the same colors as the kitchen ... This is how it was born idea with this bird- delicate pattern and delicate color.
Or beige color in the kitchen is often combined with contrasting bright red ... And then the same tones will be asked to decorate the wall - and then you can use them in a simple drawing in a frying pan ...
Agree such curls, flowers and butterflies can be drawn even by a child. A simple kitchen craft that the whole family can make.
And if you want to present such a frying pan to my newlywed friends- then let the wall be decorated with a beautiful wedding motif ... Here is a ready-made idea for decoration beige kitchen ...
Or here are such simple stencil ideas for crafts for the kitchen ... the contours of the newlyweds do not even have to be drawn - they can simply be cut out of black glue film ... and glued to the pan ... (we paint the pan white beforehand)
And here ideas are in love x in white-black-red colors. Choose any sweet couple and draw a craft for the kitchen at your pleasure on a white background of a frying pan. The pans, one after the other, will deteriorate and over time the walls of your kitchen will be hung a whole row of pans with happy inseparable.
And of course, such hand-made pans can be presented to friends on Valentine's Day ...
Frying pans on the kitchen wall - for Valentine's Day
And here you can just show your imagination to delve into the Runet and find ideas for crafts for the kitchen among ordinary pictures or postcards.
Or a heart of flowers... It will amazingly decorate the wall of the kitchen in pink ... And if your kitchen is not pink, then you can decorate the flowers in other colors.
Even a black bouquet against the background of a white surface of a frying pan will look amazing and stylish ... especially if your kitchen already has a black hood ... or a black marble countertop ...
Crafts for the kitchen
frying pan for birthday.
Any motive from a greeting card can be copied to the bottom of the pan. And turn it into a wonderful DIY birthday present.
Bright ideas for
GOOD MOOD
And if you want to add to the kitchen for real bright spots... then you can do a whole series of painted pans with steaming cappuccino cups. Decorated with these pans, the walls of your kitchen will cause saliva and rumbling in your stomach ...
Male gift
from an old frying pan.
But this idea of a painted frying pan under a banknote will also delight the owner of a bachelor kitchen ... A cool idea for a boyfriend ... and if he also works in a bank or finance ... it will come in handy.
We decorate the walls of the kitchen - with a frying pan under Khokhloma.
It is better to draw such a drawing in a black pan - that is, cover the entire pan with black paint and, after the paint has dried, draw a pattern.
You can drill a hole in the center of a painted frying pan and glue the clock mechanism to the bottom (get it out of an old watch or buy it in a craft and hand-made store - it's cheap).
Still life in a frying pan ...
You can draw such a still life yourself ... or do it using the decoupage technique ... In the next article we will make a DECOR PAN by the decoupage method.
The landscape is in a frying pan.
It's easy to draw landscapes in general ... you brush it over there and if something doesn't work out ... it's not scary ... nature can also have crumpled grass and a crooked tree ...
Chicken theme of painting on pans
Hen-hens and throaty cockerels - very cozy pictures are obtained ...
And where chubby chicken legs are there and the baker's pink chubby cheeks will fit well ...
These are the ideas for kitchen crafts.
And that is not all…)))
To everyone who loves France ...
I made a selection ideas for pans on the kitchen wall in the theme of the beautiful Eiffel Tower …
(10 kitchen color designs and 10 eiffel towers in frying pans) you won't find this anywhere else ... I've been digging for half a day to make such a selection. And I'm terribly happy with the result. Ready-made ideas - take and implement.
Good luck with your creativity.
Olga Klishevskaya, specially for the site
In synergetics, the classic example of the organization of ordered structures is Benard cells. They arise in a layer of viscous liquid heated from below. With a large temperature difference, a thinner and therefore a light liquid from below tends to swap places with a colder surface. This gravitational instability leads to the formation of convective cells. In the literature, the description of the process of the appearance of Benard cells is often given in the following form: “In order to experimentally study the structures, it is enough to have a frying pan, a little oil and some fine powder so that the movement of the liquid is noticeable. If the bottom of the pan is flat and we heat it evenly, then we can assume that constant temperatures are maintained at the bottom and on the surface. As long as the temperature difference is small, the liquid is stationary. We will gradually increase the temperature. As soon as the temperature difference at the bottom and the surface of the liquid exceeds a certain critical value, depending on the properties of the liquid and its depth, the entire medium breaks up into regular hexagonal cells, in the center of each of them the liquid moves upward, along the edges - downward. If you shake the pan, destroying the cells, then very quickly the previous picture will be restored. "
You have noticed that the formulation of the problem in the experiment just described is similar to the formulation of the problem of cracking in permafrost studies - a homogeneous medium is (assumed). Under such conditions, the temperature difference will reach a critical value throughout space simultaneously, and convective cells should appear everywhere in random places, but they are mobile, and therefore a strictly ordered picture can form under uniform conditions. But it is impossible to create uniform conditions in a frying pan, it is very difficult to create uniform heating, it is equally difficult to ensure a uniform thin layer of liquid, and the value of the critical temperature gradient at which cells appear, in accordance with the Rayleigh number, depends on the thickness of the liquid layer to the fourth degree. In reality, everything is more complicated, and if you want to carry out this experiment as it was just described, that is, in a pan, then you will not get regular hexagons, and every time you shake the pan, new patterns will appear.
Let's speculate. Consider this option: let the temperature gradient in the pan be less than critical everywhere. In a small point section, we increase the heating so that the temperature gradient here reaches a critical one, then an ascending flow of a heated liquid forms above this point, around it an annular downward flow: one elementary convective cell is formed (for convective cells, the horizontal size is comparable to the thickness of the liquid layer). Grains of powder scattered over the bottom of the pan will be carried away by the bottom flow of the liquid towards the center of the upward flow, and here these grains will collect in a small tubercle. In the new version, we will set that the heating of the pan is uneven, in the center it is maximum, and gradually decreases towards the edges. In this situation, with a general increase in heating, the first cell should appear in the center (at the top of the potential relief cone), the subsequent ones along its perimeter, etc.
Now imagine that everywhere in the frying pan the temperature gradient is slightly less than the critical one, but in some place, due to local inhomogeneity, a single cell appears. This cell in the adjacent area disturbs fluid stratification, i.e., it creates inhomogeneity and thus can provoke the appearance of a number of new cells (circulation of the fluid in the first cell will cause circulation in its environment). These cells, in turn, will trigger the appearance of the next. As a result, the entire space will be covered with cells.
Self-amplification of the potential in the environment of the first cell can occur due to the downward flow of this cell. This flow unfolds not only towards the center of the first cell, but partially also in its surroundings, causing new updrafts. But one more mechanism is also possible.
Convection begins with the appearance of a small tubercle "on the surface" of the lower light layer of liquid. The tubercle, being a heterogeneity, provokes the rise of the surrounding light fluid - it seeks to expand. But for his growth, he must pull up a light liquid and thereby reduce the thickness of its layer around him, by this he prevents his expansion. While the tubercle is small (has a small radius), the expansion process prevails. Now imagine that the primary tubercle is accidentally elongated in plan. In this case, its narrow ends will actively provoke an uplift of the light substance near them. The radius of curvature of the tubercle is small here; therefore, the thinning of the light layer in this place is also small, and this should not prevent the material from rising at the narrow edge of the elongated tubercle. Due to this effect, the primary tubercle can be actively extended. As a result, in the relief of the “surface” of the lower light layer, a fold (ridge) that grows in length will be formed, surrounded by deflections parallel to it. The ends of this ridge should lengthen in the direction in which the state of the medium is closer to the critical one. The development of linear elements with such a scheme should be similar to the development of folds in a compressed-stressed elastic layer.
The upward flow of matter along this ridge may become unstable. At some point on the ridge, the fluid velocity may be slightly higher. For this, an additional inflow of warm bottom material is required here, but its amount is limited, therefore, the appearance of a peak creates two saddles along the ridge and, accordingly, two new peaks. Their formation will also be associated with the compensatory activation of the downward flows of heavy matter surrounding the first peak.
Now, after these preliminary considerations, let's move on to the experiment with the frying pan. You can take any oil (so long as it does not splash), and you can take flour as a powder (heavier powders will lie motionless at the bottom). It is better to take an aluminum pan - on a light background of a frying pan, patterns of dark fried flour are better visible. It is better to pour oil with a layer of 2-3 mm; the thinner the layer, the brighter the pattern and the greater the number of cells. It is better to take the smallest pan from the children's set (with large sizes it is difficult to maintain the uniformity of the thickness of the oil layer and it is difficult to take a look at the whole drawing). Before each installation of the pan on the hotplate, the flour must be spread evenly over the entire surface. This can be the most difficult experiment in an experiment. The flour can be smoothed out with a brush, or the pan can be tilted or drastically moved, creating a flow of oil.
So, a frying pan on a hot stove. In all experiments, you will clearly see the effect of the shifting border of structure formation. Originating in the area of greatest heating (at the point of the most dense contact with the plate), the pattern expands to the entire space. Under the most uniform heating conditions, this takes one to three seconds. If you set a high lateral gradient (for example, put the pan on the stove with only one edge, and support the other on something so that most of the pan is not over the stove), then it will take 30-60 seconds. In addition to the lateral temperature gradient, the effect of the shifting boundary is due to the uneven thickness of the oil layer. With relatively uniform heating, the first elements appear where it is thinner, since the vertical temperature gradient is higher here. The appearance of a drawing most often begins with the appearance of linear elements. At the bottom, under the extended ridges of the ascending streams, due to the pulling of the powder here, weakly expressed dark stripes appear, they run along the bottom of the pan like cracks. These stripes immediately break as they move, turning into a chain of dots. Most often, linear elements and chains form multi-oriented series of several parallel lines. They are often oriented parallel to the edge of the pan.
The orientation of the stripes and chains of points is associated with inhomogeneities in the distribution of flour particles. When they are mixed, banding is formed at the bottom, even if it is almost imperceptible, and the convective rolls run along these bands. The direction of the convective rolls is also influenced by the orientation of the flour particles. It is enough to tilt the pan a few times in any direction, so that the powder moves back and forth along the bottom, and dark stripes appear in the same direction.
Over time, the original pattern is rebuilt, and you can see the orientation associated with the macro-flow of the liquid. If the heating of the pan is uneven, then in the zone of greatest heating the volume of the substance increases, all the liquid rises here and an inclination is created towards the less heated part. Because of this, the liquid starts to move. In the simplest version, from a highly heated edge, it moves in a straight line to the opposite one, where the flow bifurcates, and along the walls of the pan returns back. If the bottom of the pan were perfectly flat and the oil clean, then the convective cells would move along with this flow. But the cells themselves create an uneven temperature in the bottom of the pan, it is higher under the upward flow. In our experiment, moreover, in the center of each cell, a tubercle of flour is formed, and it is difficult for the cell to displace relative to this place, it is "attached" to this tubercle.
In the absence of a common flow in the liquid, the ascending and descending flows in the cell are vertical, but if a flow has arisen, then these flows are inclined - they are carried away by the flow. The vertical flow in the cell, rising to the surface, diverges in all directions and tends to immediately descend. But that part of the flow that went downstream cannot go down, because it was carried away and there was a vertical flow of another cell under it. And that part of the stream that went upstream cannot go down, because it was also carried away and the vertical note of its own cell affects under it. And only streams diverging to the sides can descend. As a result, the descending flows between the cells in the direction of the flow degenerate, and the system of convective cells is slowly rearranged into a system of rolls oriented along the flow - a banded pattern appears (Fig. 128, a).
Note that the velocity of macro-flow on the surface in such an experiment nowhere exceeds 1 mm / s. Simultaneously with the stripes in areas of the pan where there are no strong currents, there may be areas covered with dots (see Fig. 128, b).
As we can see, the development of convective structures is also determined by the features of the potential relief and the anisotropic properties of the potential.
If the particles of the powder are very small, then thin lines can be seen in the pan, marking the hexagonal network of downdrafts around these points. But these hexagons will most often be irregular, and there may be not six corners in them, but five, four or three.
In the butter and flour experiment, the downdraft network is poorly visible. But if you take a larger frying pan and heat the wax in it, and then remove it from the heat and let it cool slowly, then over time the surface of the wax will harden, and the wax will harden first above the descending currents of convective cells. As a result, a network of veins will form, very similar to a network of cracks. The slightest anisotropy is enough, and the sub-parallel main veins will immediately reveal it. In fig. 129, a shows the structure that appears when the wax solidifies in a small frying pan (wax layer 2 cm), and Fig. 129, b - the central fragment of the structure in the large pelvis with a wax layer of 4 cm. Anisotropy associated with the edge effect was absent in this place. Here the question arises: what kind of abstract scheme should be used to describe the formation of convective patterns - point or linear?
The frying pan can also be used to simulate ripple current patterns. Pour water into it and sprinkle a light powder on the bottom. If the pan is white, then it is better to use fine charcoal powder, if black - flour. If you start to swing the pan a little from one edge to the other, then alternating currents will appear. As soon as their speed reaches a certain critical value, the powder particles lying on the bottom start to move and immediately begin to thicken into small short strips oriented across the flow. This is due to the fact that the average speed of the bottom current running on the obstacle is higher in front of it than behind it. The tubercle slows down the flow. As a result, the average speed of the powder particles as they move towards the obstacle is higher than the speed of removal from it. As a result, the resultant of the alternating motion of particles is directed towards their primary small accumulation. The highest flow rates are observed in the center of the pan, so the first elements will begin to emerge here. As the flow rates increase, the pattern will expand. The stripes will lengthen, compete for powder particles scattered along the bottom, some of them will be absorbed by larger ones, and soon a system of subparallel ridges will form, oriented across the flow (note that strictly parallel ridges crossing the entire space can appear only in a rectangular dishes).
You can specify a different field of currents. For example, use a large spoon to swing the water against the surface of the water in the center of the pan. Then a pattern of ridges will appear, arranged in concentric circles around the center of the pan. (In order to form a pattern, it is not necessary to swing the pan all the time. It is enough to swing the water once, and the pattern will have time to form during the decay of the oscillations.)
The above figures appeared in a sharply anisotropic field - particles move along the bottom in only one direction. However, an isotropic velocity field can also be specified, in which the particles are equally displaced in all directions. To do this, without changing the orientation of the pan, move it around the circle so that the particles at the bottom make circular horizontal movements, and then at the bottom of the pan you will see a pattern of honeycombs.
In conclusion, for self-analysis - one more "frying pan" drawing. Grease a preheated pan with oil, pour the dough over it in a thin layer and watch the holes appear on the surface. Do not forget to turn it over in time and look at the pancake from the back side.
| <<< Назад
|
Forward >>> |
Games and pictures with dishes - for kindergarten a great opportunity to learn the names of various items of kitchen utensils with children, learn how to distribute them according to the method of use and the material from which they are made. Knowledge of tableware and the ability to handle them is one of the main requirements for graduates of preparatory groups.
In a kindergarten, it is more convenient to work with children on this topic. Crockery for children is a rather attractive and interesting thing, so they can easily be included in the process of studying its names. It will be useful for children who can read to work with the signed pictures - so they can visually remember the spelling of new or already familiar words.
For the process to take place in a playful way, it is better to cut the pictures into separate, large enough, cards. Then, taking out one card, invite the children to better examine the object depicted on it and decide for what purposes it can be used. If one of the kids knows the name of the object, let him say it. If not, an adult introduces the group to the name.
pitcher fork Pay attention to the details of the cookware items, discuss what different kitchen utensils have in common and what they might be useful for. For example:
- Lid - many utensils have a lid. Helps to retain heat inside, or protects the contents of the dishes from various debris, dust, etc. Look for items with a lid among the cards, remember their names, discuss their purpose.
- The handle is a part of many kitchen utensils. It allows you to hold an object and protects your hands from heat, allows you to reach for something without touching it with your hands. A frying pan, ladle, ladle, saucepan, colander and many other items have a handle (find them among the cards). Note that the pot has two handles. For what? (To be able to hold a heavy container with both hands).
- Spout (at the teapot, jug). Helps to pour liquid into a small container.
- Numerous holes (at the strainer, colander, slotted spoon). They allow filtering, that is, separating large, solid particles from liquid and small particles.
- Each item has a bottom, which is a container, that is, it is intended for temporary or permanent storage, preparation of food and liquid. Find all the items that have a bottom. In addition to the bottom, they also have walls, which can be of different heights, made of different materials. Look for the sides of the saucer (are there any?), The glass, the pan.
When all the dishes have already been studied, pictures for children with names will help remember the name of a particular object.
Be sure to discuss the materials from which the kitchen utensils are made - glass, ceramics, metal. Group the pictures according to what material the object depicted on them is made of.
Then try to divide the pictures according to the role of the item in the kitchen: intended for eating, for cooking or roasting, for cooking.
If there are sets of dishes available, you can finish off the topic studied by working with toy kitchen utensils. You can advise the children to find the studied objects at home, in the kitchen (with the consent of the mother). This will be a kind of homework, the results of which will be summed up the next day.