Reinforced concrete plates are used in the building design for the redistribution of loads from the weight of furniture, equipment, snow and other heavy elements directly on the bearing walls or build columns. They share the space of the structure transversely vertically or covered the last floor for the manufacture of roofing.
Overlapping elements are used in the construction of large trading and industrial complexes, entertainment centers, cultural and public premises, multi-storey residential buildings. In private construction, precast concrete plates are successfully used for overlapping and coverage of the upper floors, creating a reliable and durable frame of the house.
In the form of internal content, reinforced concrete products are divided into types: empty and ribbed.
Depending on the thickness, the size of the cavity and the method of supporting the bearing elements, the hollow plates are divided into categories, respectively, GOST.
With different ways of support
a) 1PK-thickness is 220 mm, empties are formed with a diameter of 159 mm, support takes place on two sides, length from one and a half to six and a half meters, width from 1 to 3.5 m, 1 PKT-support for three sides, 1PK-trough four-sided support;
b) 2 pc-height plate 220 mm, void diameter 140 mm, 2 PKT-Opportion on the three sides, the length is from three to six meters, 2 PKK-quadrilateral support, the length is released 2.5-6.7m;
c) 3pk- 220 mm, voids perform diameter 128 mm, designations of the parties are similar to the previous;
With support only in two sides
but) 4Pk- slabs We produce a thickness of 260 mm, emptiness 158 mm, in the upper belt there are cutouts throughout the contour. Overlap the spills up to 6 m, up to 1.5 m wide;
b) 5 PC - body height of the product of 260 mm, the diameter of the hollow holes 181 mm, the length for the spans to 12 m, the width is 1.1 m, 1.25 m, 1.48 m;
in) 6 PC Plates made by a height of 300 mm, the emptiness of the round shape 204 mm produce a maximum length for large spans of 12 m;
d) 7. pC-thickness Products are provided 160 mm, round emptiness with a diameter of 115 mm, overlap the average spans up to 6.5 m, width 1.1 m, 1.25 m, 1.49 m, 1.81 m;
e) PG-emptiness pear-shaped, stove thickness 260 mm, length length 12 m, width is produced different, up to 1.5 m;
e) PB-seriesmanufactured using continuous formation technology on stands;
Ribbed slabs overlap
In order to save lung or heavy concrete mixes from the lower layer of the plate, a concrete was removed, which works poorly on tensile loads, and perfectly resists compression. Under the influence of forces in the upper layer, the plates arise compression efforts, and in the lower stretching.
Instead of concrete along the entire length of the slab are provided metal fittings insertsWithstanding tensile efforts. For their placement, the ribs of stiffness from concrete are performed. In the ribbed plates, for overlapping the spans more than 12 m, the transverse convex furrows are additionally made, respectively, GOST.
Ribbed reinforced concrete products are divided into the GOST series
- 1p is called plates that have two stripes of support for separate rigle shelves, produced in varieties from 1P1 to 1P8;
- The support on the rigleel is indicated by 2P, produced in the only embodiment;
- In the slab of the 1P1-1P6 series GOST, it is provided for the installation of mortgage parts at the venue of the ends, if the drawing documents require;
- Pre-voltage of the reinforcement is performed before concreting in the forms of products 1P1-1P6 and 2P1;
- The electromechanical method does not strain the reinforcement in the manufacture of types 1P7 and 1P8.
An example of decoding the designation of plates according to GOST: 1P4- 2, AT - VI P-1
- The first three letters Speak on the sizes of the plate (1P4);
- Figure 2 denotes a class on the bearing capacity of the product;
- AT - VI is a typical designation of reinforcement from the director of the sorting;
- Liters P and T determine the view on the density of concrete used in the manufacture. P-light option, T-heavy concrete mix.
The latter through the dash figure shows the features of the view In the manufacture of reinforced concrete products. 1 presence of various additional metal elements; 2-side ribs contain openings of 208 mm; The figure 3-indicates various holes in the diameter of two sides;
Scope of reinforced concrete slabs according to GOST
Gosta requirements for technical indicators
Finished plates are subject to acceptance provided:
The overall dimensions of the reinforced concrete products are required to comply with the standard approved technical documentation.
At the output of the finished product spend tests for strength, resistance to cracking and rigidity. Indicators obtained during experiments should not be lower than the regulatory provided by documents.
Parameters of compressive strength and bending, frost resistance, deviations in size from the norm are set forth in the publication of GOST 13015.0-83;
Production and formation of the slab is carried out in strictly approved and developed forms. All metal mortgage elements are manufactured from a certain class steelapproved diameter. Mandatory is the processing of metal surfaces with anti-corrosion compositions.
Concrete must comply with the requirements, according to GOST:
In the manufacture of reinforced concrete products from a lightweight concrete, its density on 1 m3 should be within 1900-2100 kg. Heavy concrete on density can correspond to 2250-2550 kg per 1 m3.
If the task to the type of plate is provided pre-tension of reinforcementThe release of it is performed only after the set by the concrete mixture of the estimated strength. Usually, such an indicator is provided in the whole days of hardening and is indicated in the drawing for the production of plates or in technical documentation for the building under construction.
Light types of concrete mixture necessarily correspond to porosity indicators taking into account tolerances and deviations.
The quality of all local materials and binding mixtures participating in the production of concrete mixture should be within regulatory indicators In the appropriate gostas.
When operating in an aggressive acid or gas environment for product release, the regulations in the building documents are determined.
Conditions for compliance of reinforcement wire
GOST determines the name and classes of reinforcement steels permitted when using boards in different operating services. The types of steels that are not allowed to produce products at low technical indicators are determined by a separate list.
Metal mounting loops Must withstand the weight of the loop when moving, the components of the product, welded during the installation, can take different loads up to work in extreme conditions. All elements laid in a concrete mix are necessarily calculated in all indicators. Their form, dimensions and diameter are clearly defined by gtostas and are not subject to change.
Preliminary is allowed stress of reinforcement steel, by tension, electromechanical or mechanically.
The voltage arising in the metal wire is measured by special devices, and it should not be lower than the nominal 10%.
Acceptance of finished products
The frost resistance of the overlap elements checks the department of labor control on prototypes by large amounts of frost and thawing cycles. Results are entered into special passports.
Porosity and thresholds of water permeability Check for each type of concrete mixes separately and decorated in the required documents.
To resolve it, the product passes a number of tests for strength, density, hardness.
All metal elements are subject to visual and instrumental control for compliance with drawings, technical documentation and GOST. If necessary, the act on hidden work on the laying of reinforcement is drawn up.
Indicators of the porosity of concrete should exactly be both in the project or in the order, comply with GOST.
The compliance of the plates specified in the drawings sizes is carried out systematically and selectively. Similarly, the surface is inspected to the manifestation of microcracks.
Check when the layer of protective concrete layer for metal on the ribs of the plate with X-ray instruments is released.
Terms of Transportation Plate Plate
All inscriptions denoting the brand of the stove, paint contrasting color On the side or end surface so that they are visible when storing each other.
Transport and supply plates to the construction site is allowed only if there is an appropriate passport indicating all the technical parameters of the product.
For storage in hangars or open construction sites plates are stackednot exceeding at an altitude of 2.5 m. Under each slab, a wooden strip in the shape of a bar is about 50x50 mm in size; Wooden elements are placed in the corners or under protruding elements (for example, ribbed products).
The use of high-quality slabs of overlapping is important in building the building. If you use damaged, cracked or broken products with disorders, then the strength of the building frame will decrease that under difficult conditions can lead to collapse.
Use for laying only products of factory production with documents. It is possible to mount the plates of the used, but pre-enlist the results of the test and verification by construction experts in accordance with GOST.
This standard applies to reinforced concrete crowd plates (next-plates), made of heavy, light and dense silicate concrete and intended for the carrier part of the floors of buildings and structures of various purposes.
Plates are used in accordance with the instructions of the working drawings of the plates and additional requirements, negotiated when ordering these structures.
It is allowed to coordinate the manufacturer with the consumer to manufacture plates that are characterized by types and sizes from those given in this standard, subject to the other requirements of this standard.
Plates are divided into types:
1PC - 220 mm thick with round voids with a diameter of 159 mm. intended for support on two sides;
1Pt - the same, for support in three sides;
1PKK - the same, for support in four sides;
2PC - 220 mm thick with round voids with a diameter of 140 mm, designed for support on two sides;
2Pt - the same, for optilation in three sides;
2PKK -to for reference to four sides;
3PK - 220 mm thick with round voids with a diameter of 127 mm, designed for support on two sides;
3Pt - the same, for fusion in three sides;
3PKK -to, for fightened to four sides;
4PK -tolechina 260 mm with round voids with a diameter of 159 mm and cutouts in the upper zone along the contour designed for support on two sides;
5PC - a thickness of 260 mm with round voids with a diameter of 180 mm, designed to be supported in two sides;
6PK -tolechina 300 mm with round voids with a diameter of 203 mm, intended for support on two sides;
7PC - 160 mm thick with round voids with a diameter of 114 mm, designed for support on two sides;
PG-centers 260 mm with pear-like voids designed to be based on two sides;
PB-centers 220 mm, manufactured by continuous molding on long stands and designed to be supported on two sides.
Table 19.
|
Type of plate |
Reduced plate thickness, m |
The average density of the concrete plate, kg / m 3 |
Length plate, m |
Characteristics of buildings (structures) |
|
Up to 7.2 enable. |
Residential buildings in which the required soundproofing of residential premises is provided by the device of empty, floating, intestinal layered floors, as well as single-layer floors by leveling screed |
|||
|
Up to 9.0 included. | ||||
|
Up to 7.2 enable. |
Residential buildings in which the required soundproofing of residential premises is provided by a device of single-layer floors. |
|||
|
Up to 6.3 included. |
Residential large-scale buildings of the 135 series, in which the required sound insulation of the premises is provided by the device of single-layer floors |
|||
|
Up to 9.0 included. |
Public and production buildings (facilities) |
|||
|
Up to 12.0 included. |
||||
|
Up to 7.2 enable. |
Residential buildings low-rise and manor type |
Explanations to the table. nineteen
|
Term |
Explanation |
|
Single-layer floor |
The floor consisting of a coating (linoleum on a heat and sound insulation basis) laid directly on the ceiling plates or on an aligning screed |
|
Single Layer Paul Aligning Screed |
The floor consisting of a coating (linoleum on a heat and sound insulation basis) laid on the leveling screed |
|
Hollow floor |
Floor consisting of solid coating on lags and soundproofing gaskets laid on the slab |
|
Inwest layered flooring |
The floor consisting of solid coating and thin sound insulation layer laid directly on the slab of the overlap or on the leveling screed |
|
Floating floor |
The floor consisting of a coating, a rigid base in the form of a monolithic or team screed and a solid sound insulation layer of elastic-soft or bulk materials laid on the slab |
The shape and coordination length and width of the plates (with the exception of PB plates) must correspond to the table below. 20 and damn. 9-11. For buildings (structures) with the calculated seismic of 7 points and is more allowed to produce plates having a form that differs from the specified to the hell. 9-11.
The structural length and width of the plates (with the exception of PB plates) should be taken equal to the corresponding coordination size (Table 20), reduced by A1 (gap between adjacent plates) or A2 (the distance between adjacent plates in the presence of a separating element between them, for example, An anti-dismeasising belt, ventilation channels, riel ribs), or an increased A3 (for example, for plates based on the thickness of the walls of the staircase of buildings with transverse bearing walls). The values \u200b\u200bof A1, A2 and A3 are shown in Table. 21.
The form and sizes of the PB type slabs must correspond to the installed workbits of the plates developed in accordance with the parameters of the molding equipment of the manufacturer of these plates.
Table 20.
|
plates |
Drawing number plate |
Coordination Sizes Plates, mm |
|
|
Length |
Width |
||
|
From 2400 to 6600 included. with an interval 300, 7200, 7500 |
1000, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2400, 3000, 3600 |
||
|
1000, 1200, 1500 |
|||
|
From 3600 to 6600 included. with an interval 300, 7200, 7500 |
2400 to 3600 included. with an interval of 300. |
||
|
2400 to 3600 included. with an interval of 300. |
From 4800 to 6600 included. with an interval 300, 7200 |
||
|
From 2400 to 6600 included. with an interval 300, 7200, 9000 |
1000, 1200, 1500 |
||
|
6000, 9000, 12000 |
1000, 1200, 1500 |
||
|
1000, 1200, 1500 |
|||
|
From 3600 to 6300 included. with an interval of 3000. |
1000, 1200, 1500, 1800 |
||
|
6000, 9000, 12000 |
1000, 1200, 1500 |
||
Note. For the length of the plates take:
the size of the side of the plate, which is not based on the supporting structures of the building (facilities) - for plates intended for support on two or three sides;
the smaller plate size in the plan is for plates intended to be based on the contour.
Plates of types 1PK, 2PK, 3PK, 5PK, 6PK, 7PK Plate Types 1Pt, 2Pt, 3Pt
1 – 1 1 – 1
P 
types of 1PKK, 2PKK, 3PKK
2
–2
Heck. 10. Plate of type 4PK
1
–1 2–2
Heck. 11. PG type slab
1
–1 2–2
Notes to hell. 9-11
1. Plates of types 1Pt, 2Pt, 3PC, 1PKK, 2PKK and 3PKK can have technological sites on all side faces.
2. Methods for enhancing the ends of the plates are shown for damn. 9-11 as an example. It is allowed to use other enhancement methods, including a decrease in the diameter of emptiness through one on both supports without sealing the opposite ends of the emptiness.
3. Dimensions and shape of the groove along the longitudinal top edge of the plates of types 1PT, 2PT and 3PT (Damn 9B) and on the contour of the plates of type 4PK (Damn 10) are installed in the work drawings of the plates.
4. In plates intended for buildings (structures) with the calculated seismicity of 7-9 points, extreme voids may be absent due to the need to install mortgage products or rehabilitation for connections between plates, walls, anti-sessimical belts.
Table 21.
|
Plate application area |
Additional dimensions taken into account when determining the structural size of the plate, mm |
|||
|
length |
widthsbut 1 |
|||
|
but 1 |
but 2 |
but 3 |
||
|
Large-pointed buildings, including buildings with estimated seismicity 7-9 points Buildings (structures) with brick walls, stones and blocks, with the exception of buildings (structures) with calculated seismicity 7-9 points Buildings (facilities) with brick walls, stones and blocks with calculated seismicity 7-9 points Frame buildings (structures), including buildings (facilities) with calculated seismicity 7-9 points |
10 - for plates of a coordination width of less than 2400. 20 - for plates of a coordination width of 2400 or more |
|||
The voids in the plates designed to be based on two or three sides should be placed in parallel the direction by which the slab length is determined. In the plates designed for the fourth sides, emptiness should be placed in parallel any of the sides of the slab circuit.
The nominal distance between the centers of voids in the plates (with the exception of PG and PB stoves) should be taken at least, mm:
185-in plates of types 1PK, 1PK, 1PKK, 2PK, 2PK, 2PK, 3PK, 3PK, 3PKK and 4PK;
235-in plates of type 5PK;
233 "" 6PK;
139 "" "7PK.
The distance between the centers of the voids of the plates of the types of PG and PB is prescribed in accordance with the parameters of the forming equipment of the manufacturer of these plates.
Plates should be made with recesses or grooves on the side of the sidelines for formation after deploying intermittent or continuous knaps, ensuring the joint operation of the slabs of overlapping on the shift in horizontal and vertical directions.
In coordination of the manufacturer with the consumer and the design organization, the manual of the project of a particular building (construction) is allowed to manufacture plates without recesses or grooves for the formation of a key.
Plates should be made with reinforced ends. The amplification of the ends is achieved by a decrease in the cross-section of the voids on the supports or filling of the voids with concrete or concrete liners (damn 9-11). After the calculated load on the ends of the plates in the zone of the wallpaper not exceeding 1.67 MPa (17kgs / cm 2), allowed by Coordination of the manufacturer with the consumer to supply plates with non-suspended ends.
Methods for amplification and minimum seal dimensions are installed in operating drawings or indicate when ordering plates.
Plates are marked in accordance with the requirements of GOST 23009. The slabs consists of alphanumeric groups separated by hyphens.
In the first group indicate the designation of the type of plate, the length and width of the plate in the decimeters, the values \u200b\u200bof which are rounded to an integer.
In the second group indicate:
calculation load on the plate in kilopascals (kilogram-force per square meter) or the sequence number of the slab on the bearing capacity;
the class has become strained fittings (for pre-stressed plates);
view of concrete (L. - easy concrete, C-dense silicate concrete; Heavy concrete is not denoted).
In the third group, if necessary, the additional characteristics reflecting special conditions for the use of plates (for example, their resistance to the effects of aggressive gaseous media, seismic effects), as well as the designation of structural features of the plates (for example, the presence of additional mortgage products).
An example of a conditional designation (brand) of a plate of type 1PC 6280mm long, 1490mm width, calculated under the estimated load of 6 points, made of light concrete with stranded fittings of the AT-V class:
1PK63.15-6A. T. VL
The same made of heavy concrete and intended for use in buildings with the estimated seismicity of 7Balls:
1PK63.15-6A. T. V-C7.
Plates should be made of heavy concrete according to GOST 26633, structural lightweight concrete of a dense structure of an average density of at least 1400kg / m 3 according to GOST 25820 and a dense silicate concrete of an average density of at least 1800kg / m 3 according to GOST 25214 skills or stamps for compressive strength specified in the workers Drawings of these plates.
| Plates of overlapping Multiplass GOST 9561-91 | ||||
| Name | Dimensions (DHSHV, mm) | volume, m3 | Mass, T. | Price per unit. with VAT, rub. |
| PC 24-12-8 atv t | 2380x1190x220 | 0,36 | 0,9 | 4306 |
| PC 27-12-8 atv t | 2680x1190x220 | 0,40 | 1,01 | 4799 |
| PC 30-12-8 atv t | 2980x1190x220 | 0,44 | 1,11 | 5429 |
| PC 33-12-8 atv t | 3280x1190x220 | 0,49 | 1,22 | 5934 |
| PC 36-12-8 atv t | 3580x1190x220. | 0,53 | 1,32 | 6439 |
| PC 39-12-8 atv t | 3880x1190x220. | 0,57 | 1,42 | 6944 |
| PC 42-12-8 ATV T | 4180x1190x220 | 0,61 | 1,53 | 7383 |
| PC 45-12-8 atv t | 4480x1190x220 | 0,65 | 1,62 | 7532 |
| PC 48-12-8 ATV T | 4780x1190x220 | 0,69 | 1,73 | 8004 |
| PC 51-12-8 atv t | 5080x1190x220 | 0,73 | 1,83 | 8474 |
| PC 54-12-8 atv t | 5380x1190x220 | 0,78 | 1,95 | 8910 |
| PC 57-12-8 ATV T | 5680x1190x220 | 0,82 | 2,05 | 9347 |
| PC 60-12-8 atv t | 5980x1190x220 | 0,86 | 2,15 | 9886 |
| PC 63-12-8 ATV T | 6280x1190x220 | 0,90 | 2,25 | 10421 |
| PC 72-12-8 atv t | 7180x1190x220. | 1,01 | 2,53 | 13405 |
| PC 24-15-8 atv t | 2380x1490x220 | 0,50 | 1,25 | 4774 |
| PC 27-15-8 atv t | 2680x1490x220 | 0,55 | 1,38 | 5397 |
| PC 30-15-8 atv t | 2980x1490x220 | 0,60 | 1,52 | 5916 |
| PC 33-15-8 ATV T | 3280x1490x220 | 0,65 | 1,61 | 6642 |
| PC 36-15-8 atv t | 3580x1490x220 | 0,70 | 1,75 | 7265 |
| PC 39-15-8 atv t | 3880x1490x220 | 0,74 | 1,85 | 7784 |
| PC 42-15-8 atv t | 4180x1490x220 | 0,80 | 2,02 | 8407 |
| PC 45-15-8 atv t | 4480x1490x220 | 0,88 | 2,2 | 8834 |
| PC 48-15-8 ATV T | 4780x1490x220 | 0,94 | 2,35 | 9437 |
| PC 51-15-8 atv t | 5080x1490x220 | 0,99 | 2,48 | 9861 |
| PC 54-15-8 atv t | 5380x1490x220 | 1,05 | 2,63 | 10427 |
| PC 57-15-8 atv t | 5680x1490x220 | 1,10 | 2,75 | 11010 |
| PC 60-15-8 atv t | 5980x1490x220 | 1,14 | 2,85 | 11744 |
| PC 63-15-8 ATV T | 6280x1490x220 | 1,19 | 2,98 | 12343 |
| PC 72-15-8 ATV T | 7180x1490x220 | 1,34 | 3,35 | 16734 |
Overlapping plates Multipurope concrete reinforced concrete are used in the construction of the supporting structures of buildings and structures. Empties inside the plates are designed for improved sound insulation and reduced mass of construction. The upper side of the ceiling slabs will be the base of the floor, and the lower side will be a ceiling. Cultural ceiling plates are used in the individual construction of houses, in the construction of residential and industrial multi-storey buildings.
On the outer form, the ceiling slabs are divided into flat and ribbed. Flat plates in turn are crowded and solid. Our company is released multi-Public Plates Overlap PC. The diameter of round emptiness is 159mm, the stove thickness is also standard and is 220 mm. These plates are designed for laying over the bearing walls with support in two end sides.
Multipurb plates are able to withstand huge loads, but it is worth considering the storage of these products with particular attention. To store plates, it is necessary to prepare a smooth surface in advance, pour and catch the sand pillow. Never put the plates directly on the soil. At the edges at the bottom of each plate, it is necessary to put wooden bars. Brucks should be two, at a distance from each of the edges somewhere 25-45 cm. Under the middle part of the plates of bars, it is categorically not recommended for the bars in order to avoid cracks, break. The stacking of multi-duct plates of overlapping is allowed into a stack of not more than 2.5 meters high.
Overlapping slabs are smoothly and without drops. To do this, it is necessary to achieve position in one horizontal plane of all the upper rows of bearing walls. Before laying crowded plates on the walls made from blocks (foam concrete, aerated concrete, slagoblock), it is necessary to make a reinforced concrete belt in advance. Its thickness should be within 15-25 cm. When mounting crowded plates, the holes are closed in them. It can be done in advance when plates are stacked on Earth. Laying hollow plates is made on a thick solution. The layer of the solution should not exceed 2 cm.
The solution is applied over brickwork. It is done in order to overlap the slit if there are differentials, as well as for better fitting plates. The solution is collected in 15-20 minutes, in this period of time you can move the slab to equalize its position relative to the walls. In order to avoid solidification of the solution, it is applied immediately before the lifting plate of the overlap. Raise wetting plates for mounting loops. After they laid and leveled the first slab, start assembling the subsequent. The slots in the compound places close up by mounting foam and cement milk.
The one who at least once has dealt with the construction of the house knows how important the void reinforced concrete plates or the overlapping panels are. Multipurpost concrete slabs of overlap, in fact, and make up about 90% of the total weight of the house. Overlapping slabs (PCs) can vary in weight, and according to their size, depending on which specifically, their goals are used.
Structural features of hollow plates
How to just guess, inside the reinforced concrete slabs of overlapping (PCs) are void, which is marked with the sale as crowded. But the holes inside such plates, contrary to the misconception, may not have not only oval, but also a round, square and other shape.
WORDING WORKING WORK COLOR SCHEME However, in most cases, cylindrical void circles inside have a ceiling slab (PC).
Interestingly, the slabs of the overlap (PC) can be both smashed and reinforced. Reinforced concrete slabs of overlapping (PC) will be reinforced.
Such ceiling slabs (PCs), although they have a much greater weight, which ultimately increases the burden on the building, and the cost of construction, however, have a large margin of safety. Installation of plates Overlapping, it is the montage itself that depends on what kind of slabs will be put on, because the support is also an important criterion.
For example, if the support plates are not sufficiently stable, it may lead to unpleasant consequences, which naturally needs to be avoided.
Wedding plate laying scheme on the second floor Characteristics of honeybar
The size
It also depends on the size of the hollow PC, its ultimate cost, important, in addition to parameters such as the width and length, also has a weight.
PC dimensions vary as follows:
- the length of the PC size ranges from 1180 to 9700 millimeters;
- in width, the PC size ranges from 990 to 3,500 millimeters.
Multipurb panel plates, the length of which is 6000 mm, and the width of 1500 mm are the most popular and in demand. The height or thickness of the panel is also important (it will be more correct to talk about height, but builders tend to say "thickness").
So, the thickness that crowded panels can have is always a constant value - 220 mm. Of course, the weight of the overlapping panel is of great importance. Concrete slabs of overlappings must raise the crane, the carrying capacity of which is minimally 4-5 tons.
Comparative table of coordination sizes of empty slabs The length and weight of the panels are essential for construction, the length is even smaller in importance, rather than weight.
Weight
As for such an important parameter, as a weight, everything is extremely clear here: the range of products produced in Russia is ranging from 960 kilograms to 4.82 tons. Weight is the main criterion for which the method is determined by which panels will be installed.
Usually the cranes are used, as already noted above, with a lifting capacity of at least 5 tons (of course, the cranes should be lifted with some reserve).
The weight of the panels of the same marking may differ, but insignificant: after all, if we consider weight from accuracy to one gram, you can affect it anything.
Comparative characteristics of the main brands of empty plates If, for example, the product fell under the rain, then it is a priori will be a bit harder than the product that did not fall under the rain.
Types of load
To begin, it should be noted that any overlap assumes the presence of 3 following parts:
- Part of the top, with the floor where people live. Accordingly, load the panel will be a floor covering, a variety of insulation elements and, of course, concrete ties - the main component of the load;
- Part of the bottom, with the presence of the ceiling, its finishes, lighting devices. By the way, about the presence of lighting devices should not be skeptical. First, the same LED lamps require partial destruction of the slab by a perforator for a cable laying. Secondly, if you take large rooms, with columns and halls, there can hang huge crystal chandeliers, which will give a larger load than any other device or finish type. This is also necessary to consider;
- Structural. It combines immediately and the upper and lower parts, as if supporting them in the air.
The hollow stove is a construction plate that supports in the air and the upper, and the bottom of the overlap!
By the way, it is not worth discounting and dynamic load. It, as it is easy to guess, create people themselves, as well as their things moving. All this affects the properties and status of the panel.
Diagram of the device of the hollow plate with the presence of holes For example, if you transport a heavy piano once in a small two-storey house with one place to another - this is normal, then the daily movement will create a multi-standard already negative impact on the slab. She will hardly fall, but with ventilance may later be serious problems.
The type of load distribution is divided into 2 groups:
- distributed;
- point.
To understand the difference between these two species, it is worth bringing an example. The same huge crystal chandelier that weighs under one tone is the load point. But the stretch ceiling with a frame over the entire surface of the slab is already a distributed load.
The device of the technological line for the production of empty plates But there is also a combined load that combines point and distributed. For example, filled with top of the bath. The bathroom itself stands on the legs, and its pressure on the legs is a type of distributed load. But standing on the floor legs are already a point load.
The weight depends on the weight of the hollow plate directly.
Complete, but you can deal with it. And you need! After all, the calculation on overlappings and hollow plates during construction will still need to produce.
Brands of hollow plates
Actually, stamps as such hopeless plates do not even have. We are talking about labeling, which reflects some parameters. It is enough to bring a small example.
Wedding Plate Plate Scheme on Rigel Suppose the panel has the following labeling: PC 15-13-10 PC - means a hollow plate; All digital designations indicate any technical parameters.
15 will mean that the panel has a length of approximately 15 decimeters (1.5 meters). Why approximately? Just the length can be 1.498 meters, and on the labeling produced themselves to round this figure to 1.5 meters (15 decimeters). Figure 12 means that the product has a width of 10 decimeters. The last digit (in this case is 10) the most important indicator.
This is the load that the material can withstand (maximum permissible). In our case, the load on the maximum will be 10 kilograms per 1DM². Usually builders consider the load per square meter, here it will be 1000 kilograms on 1m². In general, everything is not so difficult.
The panels brand always has the PC-XX-XX type, if the sellers offer other options, it is worth alert.
Calculation of load
Calculation of limit effects
Calculation of limit effects - a prerequisite in the design of the building. Dimensions and other parameters of panels are still determined by the old Good Soviet GOST at number 9561-91.
The device of the hollow plate with the presence of a reinforced tie In order to define the load that will be on the product, it is necessary on the drawing of the future structure to specify the weight of absolutely all items that will be "putting" to the overlap. Their total weight will be the limiting load.
First of all, it is necessary to take into account the weight of the following elements:
- cement-sand ties;
- gypsum concrete partitions;
- mass of floor covering or panels;
- heat insulation materials.
Subsequently, all obtained indicators are summed up and divided into the number of panels that will be present in the house. From here and you can get the maximum, maximum load on each specific product.
Calculation of optimal load
It is clear that the maximum allowable level is a critical indicator, to bring to which it is impossible. Therefore, it is best to calculate exactly the optimal indicator. For example, the panel weighs 3000 kg. It is necessary for the area of \u200b\u200b10 m².
It is necessary to divide 3000 to 10. As a result, it turns out that the maximum allowable load value will be 300 kilograms per 1 m². This is a small indicator, but it is necessary to take into account the weight of the product itself, which also calculated the load (for example, its value is 800 kilograms on 1m²). From 800 you need to take up 300, as a result, 500 kilograms are obtained by 1 m².
Now you need to approximate how much all loading elements and items will weigh. Let this indicator be equal to 200 kilograms per 1 m². From the previous indicator (500kg / m²) you need to take away the resulting (200kg / m²). The result is an indicator of 300 m². But that's not all.
Scheme of the device of the hollow plate with the presence of waterproofing Now from this indicator it is necessary to take away the weight of furniture, finishing materials, the weight of people who will constantly be indoors or in the house. "Live weight" and all elements, their load, let it be 150 kg / m². From 300 must be between 150. As a result, it turns out the optimal permissible indicator, the designation of which will be 150 kg / m². This will be the optimal load.
Advantages of hollow plates
Among the advantages of these products, the following can be distinguished:
- relatively small load on the perimeter of the whole building, in contrast to the same full-scale products;
- high strength rates, despite the fact that at the bottom of the panel are empty;
- reliability;
- the houses of the house will be much less intense than when using full-scale products (actually, this advantage comes from relatively low weight);
- relatively small cost.
In general, crowded panels are one of the most important building materials. Today, it produces only a few plants in all vast Russia. The main thing is, as already noted above - this is not to fool yourself when buying.
Diagram of the device of reinforcement blocks in the wetting plate of overlapping Sometimes (this is rarely found, but still) sellers are trying to implement poor-quality panels, so-called facilitated. For example, they may be labeled, where it is shown that the product is designed for a load of 500 kilograms per square meter, and in fact this parameter is several times lower.
This is not even a fraud, this is a criminal offense that should be engaged in all the strictness of the law. After all, if you buy a panel, designed for a smaller load, there is a serious risk of collapses of buildings. This situation can be observed not only in the province, but even in Moscow or St. Petersburg.
In general, when buying such products you need to be extremely careful. It is important to remember that any design error may even have tragic consequences.
Video
You can watch a video where experts describe in detail the features of various types of hollow plates.
Multipustoble reinforced concrete slabs of overlaps are one of the most popular types of concrete, designed to separate the levels of the building and laying bearing structures. Specifications and norms are controlled by GOST 9561-91, the characteristics allow them to use them in any field of construction: from private houses to industrial facilities. The obligatory nuances of applications include the use of lifting equipment for laying and testing supporting abilities. Select the desired series easily, the label includes all the necessary information.
Externally, crowded panels are a rectangular box with proper geometry of walls and ends, with longitudinal reinforcement, round or pear-like internal cavities located with an equal interval. For their production, heavy, light and dense silicate brands of concrete (for carrier systems their strength class is not lower than B22.5). The voids are located in parallel to the main direction along the length (for relying on 2 or 3 sides of the species) or any of the side of the contour for overlap with the Marking of the PAC.
The presence of a frame must, to extend the service life and gain reliability, the entire metal placed inside is treated with anti-corrosion compositions at the production stage. In the panel, supported by 2 or 3 sides, a frame of pre-hard fittings is laid. Depending on the purpose of the ceiling slabs, steel is used by one of the following stamps: seven-level strands with a cross section 6P-7, periodic profile 5VR-II, K-7 ropes, thermally hardened rods of AT-V and other materials corresponding to the standard (Series 1 141.1 - the main A document regulating the process of issuing and verifying product quality).
The main technical characteristics include:
1. Dimensions and weight of structures. Thickness is standard and unchanged (most types - 220 mm), the length varies from 2.4 m to 12, the width - in the range of 1-2.6 m. The exceptions are views based on 4 sides (Marking of the PAC), their dimensions varies from 3 × 4.2 to 3 × 7.2 m, respectively. Middle weight 1 pm With a width of 1 m is 360 kg.
2. Carrying capacity. Depending on the brand of concrete and the intensity of reinforcement, the plates with voids are withstanding from 450 to 1200 kg / m2. The standard value of the most popular series with round holes is 800 kg / m2, if it is necessary to exceed it, the product is made under the order.
3. The limit of fire resistance of crowded panels is 1 hour, if necessary, it increases by increasing armofamocas.
Constructions are valued for reliability, lightweight weight, good strength to bend stretching due to the presence of internal voids, the possibility of hiding communications, resistance to moisture, open fire, biological effects, heat and sound insulation properties, durability. An important advantage is considered high geometric accuracy that simplifies the installation process and subsequent finish.
| A type | Actual thickness, mm | Length (maximum, inclusive), m | The thickness of the plates (the ratio of the volume of concrete to the square) mm | Diameter of emptiness, mm | Nominal distance between the centers of emptiness, not less mm |
| 1PK, 1PT, 1PKK | 220 | 7.2 (up to 9 at the plates for production buildings, based exclusively on 2 sides) | 120 | 159 | 185 |
| 2PK, 2Pt, 2PKK | 7,2 | 160 | 140 | ||
| 3PK, 3PT, 3PKK | 6,3 | 127 | |||
| 4PK | 260 | 9,0 | 159 * | ||
| 5PK | 12 | 170 | 180 | 235 | |
| 6PK | 150 | 203 | 233 | ||
| 7PK | 160 | 7,2 | 90 | 114 | 139 |
| PG | 260 | 12 | 150 | ||
| PB | 220 | Depends on molding parameters | |||
* There are additional cuts in the upper zone.
The main standards are width - PC-10, PC-12 and PC-15. All types of holes have a round shape, an exception is PG - plates with a pear-shaped void. Options with labeling PAC is allowed to perform beveled ends.
All the dimensions of reinforced concrete floors with holes inside are unified (including the length of the interval in length), deviations do not exceed 5 mm. The above thickness indicated in the table characterizes the efficiency of the product.
Marking Multi-Public Plate
Standard decoding includes:
1. A digit characterizing the size of the diameter of the internal holes according to GOST 9561-91. Sleeping for 1PCs, in most points there is a simple designation - PC.
2. Type. It is indicated by 2 or 3 letters, contains information on the form of voids, the method of manufacturing and the number of supported parties. Of all the varieties, the method of continuous forming is manufactured by PB.
3. Dimensions of multi-consistency plates of the overlap: the first is the length (the parties not based on the supporting structures), then the width, in DM, rounded to more. Thickness is not specified, this value depends on the type of product. Real dimensions are always less: by 20 mm in length, 10 - in width.
4. Fourth mandatory item is a number reflecting the carrying capacity of the product w / w.
5. Type of reinforcement. May be skipped for unknown frames.
6. Mark of the solution: not indicated for the heavy used in the prevailing share of products. Letter L means the use of light concrete, C - dense silicate.
7. Other, additional characteristics or design features of products. These include resistance to seismic influences or aggressive gases, the presence of mortgage elements.
Sphere and features of application
The main purpose is the organization of a reliable collection of overlap in facilities with supporting walls (during construction is also used). In private and low-rise construction, they are used to bookmark the main floors, the separation of floors and the attic space, the arrangement of single-table roofs in economic buildings, platforms and as a fence. Their carrying ability fully complies with the construction requirements (the standard norm when calculating the weight of people and furniture is 150 kg / m2, the actual value exceeds it at times). Soundproofing characteristics allow you to ensure reliable protection against noise even with a device of single-layer floors.
Long plates (up to 9 m at 1PK, 12 for 4 PCs, 5 PCs, 6 PCs and PGs) are intended for installation in public buildings, the rest are considered universal and recommended for residential buildings, including individual. When choosing sizes, the need to comply with the standard of laying on supports - from 7 to 15 cm, depending on the material of the walls (minimum - on a dense brick, maximum on aerated concrete). When you count on squares, the cost of 1 m2 from overlaps of a width of 1 m is more expensive than that of products with 1.2 or 1.5 m, this is due to the prohibition on their transverse cutting. The use of the PC series is allowed by:
- Get a reliable design designed for significant weight loads.
- Improve the insulating capacity of the building.
- Provide a perfectly smooth overlap horizontal (with proper placing and checking supports).
- Improve waterproof, fire safety and acoustic protection of the building.
Cost plates for floors
| Series | Bearing capacity, kg / m2 | Dimensions (Length × Width × thickness), mm |
Weight, kg | Price per 1 pcs, rubles |
| PC 16.10-8 | 800 | 1580 × 990 × 220 | 520 | 2 930 |
| PC 20.12-8 | 1980 × 1190 × 220 | 750 | 4 340 | |
| PC 30.10-8 | 2980 × 990 × 220 | 880 | 6 000 | |
| PC 36.10-8 | 3580 × 990 × 220 | 1060 | 6 410 | |
| PC 45.15-8 | 4480 × 1490 × 220 | 2120 | 12 600 | |
| PC 60.18-8 | 5980 × 1780 × 220 | 3250 | 13 340 | |
| PC 90.15-8 | 8980 × 1490 × 220 | 4190 | 40 760 | |
| 2PK 21.12-8 | 800 | 2080 × 1190 × 220 | 950 | 3 800 |
| 2PC 62.10-8 | 6180 × 990 × 220 | 2425 | 8 730 |