Kazakhstan: history of the state. Reference

The top three Kazakh attractions usually include UNESCO cultural and historical heritage sites, namely: the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Turkestan, petroglyphs (rock paintings) in the Almaty tract Tanbaly and a section of the Great Silk Road in the south of the country, running through the cities of Sairam, Yassy, and Taraz, some of which still live an ordinary life, and some have turned into majestic ruins.

By the way, about the ruins: the Great Steppe has become a kind of cemetery for a dozen ancient cities and villages, a visit to which can be considered a fascinating immersion in history. Thus, the top most colorful man-made attractions include the settlements of Otrar, Sauran and Talgar, the Besshatyr mounds, the Merke sanctuary, as well as steppe necropolises, for example, Kenty Baba. And in Kazakhstan you can find such unique architectural structures as underground mosques, of which the most respected and visited by pilgrims are Shopan-Ata and Beket-Ata.

To complete the experience, it is better to combine routes to historical and cultural attractions with relaxation in the lap of local nature, in particular in national parks, of which there are more than a dozen in Kazakhstan. Alien landscapes combined with almost African heat await all visitors to the Charyn Canyon, a unique natural formation that is more than 12 million years old. You can catch wild trout and simply relax on the shores of the cleanest high-mountain reservoirs in the Kolsai Lakes National Park, which is located in the northern Tien Shan, about 300 km from Almaty.

An equally fabulous lake with amazingly clear water that has flooded centuries-old ship pines can be found in the Kungei Alatau gorge at an altitude of 2000 m. And of course, we don’t miss the main tourist attractions - the legendary Lake Issyk with its greenish water and the disappearing, half salty, half freshwater Balkhash. Fans of places with strong energy will be interested in checking out Dead Lake, where “birds don’t sing, trees don’t grow,” and indeed no living creatures linger. Actually, the same list of local anomalies can include the Navel of the Earth, also known as Ungurtas. According to rumors, after sitting for a couple of minutes at the stone portal, you can recharge yourself with cosmic energy for a thousand years to come. The Valley of Balls, the boiling Lake Kok-Kol, and the Akyrtas palace complex can also be classified as mysterious and mystical attractions, as if specially created to test tourists’ courage and endurance.

Even if you are completely indifferent to mountaineering, you should not refuse an excursion to Khan Tengri Peak. No one is obligated to climb here, but spending the sunset watching the sun turn the snowy peak the color of raspberry ice cream is definitely worth it. You can look at real pink flamingos in the Kurgaldzhinsky Nature Reserve, and to take a photo against the backdrop of the largest four-cascade waterfall in Central Asia, Burkhan-Bulak, you will have to drive to the gorge of the Kora River (Eskeldinsky district).

Please note: visiting local reserves and national parks is in most cases a paid “option” (the so-called environmental fee), but money must be given to officials, and not to suspicious individuals guarding the approaches to natural areas and collecting “tribute” in their pockets without registration and issuing receipts.

Among the capital's must-sees, it is worth appreciating the architectural structures of recent years, and these are not faceless boxes made of glass and concrete, but original futuristic designs in which traditional Asian motifs are clearly visible. Thus, the list of the most memorable architectural structures of Nur-Sultan includes the Palace of Independence, the Emerald Quarter complex, the fantastic pyramid of the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, the “flying saucer” of the capital’s circus and the oriental tent of the Khan Shatyr shopping and entertainment center.

Be sure to include in your excursion a walk along the Water-Green Boulevard, where the main architectural symbol of the capital is located - the Baiterek monument. They also don’t skimp on religious sites in Nur-Sultan, so if you are interested in assessing the scale of local construction projects, go to the Khazret Sultan and Nur-Astana mosques. Yes, these are just two remakes, but what a scale! By the way, if you can’t see all the sights of Kazakhstan in one trip, the capital’s ethno-memorial complex “Atameken” will help out, which is a small copy of the country, filled with miniatures of the most famous historical and architectural monuments.

Well, here’s an option for everyone who can’t stop reading “The Martian Chronicles” and raving about space: if you have an extra 65,000 rubles lying around on your card account, you can buy a five-day tour to Baikonur right in Moscow and watch the launches of manned rockets, which are periodically carried out from the cosmodrome. An option for the most budget-conscious is a one-day excursion and attendance at the launch ceremony - everything will cost about 35,000 rubles (excluding flight costs).

All sights of Kazakhstan

Resorts and beaches

Contrary to the common cliché, Kazakhstan is not only the Great Steppe, but also quite pleasant beaches. For example, at the end of May the swimming season starts in Aktau. Of course, you won’t be able to splash around for a long time in the Caspian Sea, which even at the very peak of the heat only warms up to +18 ° C, but you can lie on the sandy shore, doing marathon runs in city clubs in between, here you can do as much as your heart desires. Another civilized recreation option is the vicinity of the salt lake Alakol, where there are a lot of various camp sites and sections of the shore equipped with sun loungers. By the way, this is to some extent a balneological resort: the water in the lake contains a high concentration of radon.

The best way to combine beach idleness with excursions to forests and rock climbing is at the Borovoye resort, in Northern Kazakhstan. Here the lakes are already freshwater, and there are as many as fourteen of them. By the way, in addition to standard camp sites and hotels, in Borovoye you can find decent sanatoriums specializing in diseases of the respiratory system and musculoskeletal system.

Among the fish dishes in Kazakhstan, it is worth trying koktal - hot smoked fish in a vegetable coat. Dairy products include the legendary kumis, shubat (sour camel milk), kurt (salted dry) and katyk (very soft cottage cheese). If Kazakh national delights could not find a common language with your digestive system, you can find a more suitable menu; fortunately, there are plenty of catering outlets with European, Italian, Chinese and even vegetarian cuisine, which is so atypical for Kazakhstan, in large cities.

For informational and tasting purposes, you can also stroll through food markets, the most famous (not to be confused with the cheapest) of which is the Green Bazaar of Almaty. Local sellers willingly allow you to try the goods, since it is not customary to leave here without a piece of sausage, cheese or a bag of dried fruit.

Hotels in Kazakhstan

The classic rule applies to hotels in Kazakhstan: the smaller and more distant the city from the capital, the more modest and cheaper the accommodation options. However, even Nur-Sultan, Almaty and Aktau are full of both pompous “fives” and ascetic hotels that have stepped from the Soviet era into the 21st century unchanged. The range of housing prices is quite large even in five-star hotels, where a standard room for two can cost either 29,500 KZT (about 5,000 RUB) or 67,700 KZT (11,500 RUB).

Tourists who prefer the modest romance of hostels to the impersonality of hotel rooms are better off staying in Almaty, Nur-Sultan or Aktau, where the largest offer of economy class accommodation is available. In the provinces, for the sake of variety, you can rent an apartment from one of the locals, which will cost around 7,650 – 13,000 KZT per day. Well, an option for true nature lovers is recreation centers located in the most picturesque corners of the country, where they offer accommodation in both ordinary rooms for several people and cozy wooden cottages with Wi-Fi, air conditioning and other benefits of civilization.

Cellular communications and Internet

In Kazakhstan, cellular communications and mobile Internet services are provided by three operators: Kcell, Beeline, Tele2, while the quality of voice services and coverage area are better in the first two. Since January 2019, the Republic has introduced new rules for the operation of mobile devices, which apply to both citizens of the country and tourists. According to the current law, all gadgets using communications from local cellular companies are subject to mandatory registration, that is, when purchasing and activating a Kazakh SIM card, the IMEI of a smartphone and the personal identification number of the subscriber IIN (relevant for residents of Kazakhstan) must be sent to a unified security system database . In essence, a mobile device is assigned to a specific individual, and in order to change the operator or SIM card, you will have to perform a number of manipulations. In particular, unfasten the SIM linked to the IMEI of the smartphone by visiting the telecom operator’s office with a passport, and “link” the device to a new card by re-registering on the official website of the cellular company or at the same office.

But tourists who arrived in Kazakhstan with their own SIM card with roaming enabled are not faced with such problems. Accordingly, if you do not want to supply the local state security system with data, connect to any Russian operator the roaming option that suits you and calmly hit the road.

Wi-Fi in Kazakhstan should be looked for in hotels, restaurants, major airports and railway stations. The only thing is that in order to connect to the World Wide Web, you will have to register on the network. To do this, enter your phone number on the authorization page and wait for an SMS message with a code. And by the way, Wi-Fi is not free everywhere, so before connecting, check with the administration of the establishment how much such a pleasure will cost.

Shopping

Theoretically, in Kazakhstan you can purchase both global brands and local products, including handicrafts. However, it makes no sense to come here specifically to buy cheap affordable brands like Mango, Bershka and Zara. Even during the sales season, the price tags for European goods here are the same as in Russian malls.

The largest shopping centers in Kazakhstan are located in the capital, Almaty and Aktau. Be sure to check out (Nur-Sultan). The inside of the country's largest trading floor looks no less impressive than the outside. In Mega Alma-Ata (Alma-Ata), the exteriors are simpler, but inside there is the same riot of light installations, variety of goods and entertainment areas.

The operating hours of retail outlets in Kazakhstan vary. Large malls are open all week from 9:00 to 22:00, but on Saturday and Sunday they have shorter working hours. In less popular stores, Sunday is considered a day off; the rest of the time, trading floors serve customers from 10:00 to 20:00. In the city bazaars, the cheerful “crush” begins as early as 8 am and slows down only in the evening. By the way, be careful: the textile and haberdashery assortment on Kazakh markets is entirely fake.

Sales in large shopping centers are usually timed to coincide with public and religious holidays. Independence Day, Nauryz and even, oddly enough, Orthodox Christmas - all these are good reasons to go shopping and pick up a stylish outfit for 70%, or even 50% of the original cost.

What to bring from Kazakhstan

National clothes: skull caps, chapan robe, felt shoes a la little Muk.
Local delicacies: chak-chak, kazy horse meat sausages, fruit pastilles, Rakhat and Bayan Sulu candies, Rakhmet tea.
Alcohol products: cognacs from the Bacchus factory, organic wine Chateau Karakemer.
Nice souvenirs: backgammon, miniature copies of the Baiterek monument, leather goods, painted dishes for beshbarmak, dolls in national costumes.
Korpe: rugs, blankets and bedspreads made using patchwork technique by local craftswomen.

Transport

Urban public transport in Kazakhstan is represented by buses, minibuses and taxis, to which a trolleybus is added in Almaty. Adherents of active recreation can rent bicycles, rental points of which are available in most cities. There is only one metro in Kazakhstan and it is also located in Almaty (the cost of the trip is about 80 KZT). As for taxis, large taxi companies operate mainly in the capital, Aktau and a number of other large cities. In other settlements, private owners and small-town offices “rule”, where they are not very fond of equipping cars with meters.

You can travel between the main tourist locations in Kazakhstan by bus. In particular, from the Saparzhay station in Nur-Sultan you can go to Alma-Ata, Karaganda, Petropavlovsk, Pavlodar, Taraz and Shymkent any day. A more acceptable travel option from the point of view of convenience is traveling by rail. This type of public transport is the most popular in Kazakhstan, so it is easy to get to any city by train. By the way, in addition to standard trains, there are several branded ones traveling here - “Caspian” (Nur-Sultan - Atyrau), “Baiterek” (Alma-Ata - Nur-Sultan) and “Mangistau” (Nur-Sultan - Mangyshlak).

If you want mega speeds, buy a plane ticket. Domestic transportation in the country is carried out mainly by local companies - Air Astana, Scat, Bek Air. The largest airports in Kazakhstan are located in Almaty, Nur-Sultan, Aktobe, Shymkent, Petropavlovsk, Pavlodar, Ust-Kamenogorsk and a number of other cities.

There are offices of international rental companies (Hertz, Avis, Thrifty) only in Nur-Sultan and Almaty. In other cities, small private firms are in charge, whose owners do not always stand for honesty and transparency of services. On the other hand, the price tag for rent in such offices is more attractive. For comparison: a day's rental of a modest Hyundai Accent in an international company will cost 18,600 KZT (about 3,160 RUB), and in a private Almaty company - from 13,000 KZT (about 2,200 RUB).

If the car is rented for a period of 5 days or more, the rate is significantly reduced and can fall to 9,000 – 11,000 KZT. Nevertheless, it is necessary to carefully read the contract and find out what additional “goodies” are/are not included in the rental price. The package of documents for completing the transaction is standard - a passport, a driver’s license (provided that you have already completed three years of driving experience) and a refundable deposit, the amount of which is wiser to negotiate with a company employee in advance. As for the quality of roads, it is heterogeneous in Kazakhstan. There are quite decent sections with updated surfaces, but there are also plenty of “killed” tracks.

Money

The monetary unit of Kazakhstan is the tenge (KZT). 1 KZT is approximately 0.17 RUB. It is better to exchange rubles for local currency in banks and official exchange offices, where the exchange rate is more acceptable. Bank branches are open from Monday to Friday from 9:30 to 17:30, lunch break from 13:00 to 14:00. There are several large banks in Nur-Sultan and Almaty that accept clients seven days a week. Exchange offices have a five-day working week, but they are open until 19:00. The exception is currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations in large cities, which operate around the clock.

Life hack for travelers: banks in Kazakhstan often refuse to accept old, battered banknotes. Accordingly, when going to exchange offices to “convert” rubles into tenge, ask for new banknotes.

It is also possible to pay with a credit card or debit card in large malls and restaurants, but it must be a European or international card (Visa and Mastercard are a priority). In addition, in any city there will always be ATMs where you can intercept the required amount of cash. The option is not the most economical, since a commission is charged for issuing funds, but sometimes it can help out.

Safety

In general, Kazakhstan is safe for tourists, but it is better to take minimal precautions so as not to turn to law enforcement officers and not run to local hospitals. Do not demonstrate your wealth and do not tempt street thieves with an abundance of jewelry, expensive photographic equipment and the latest iPhone model. If necessary, try to contact serious official organizations, if possible avoiding private currency exchangers and taxi drivers who work for themselves. It’s also better to use your bank card less often. Kazakh pickpockets highly respect other people’s “plastic” and pin codes.

When traveling to remote areas of the country, especially rural areas, take a supply of water. And when going out into the steppe, carefully watch your step, avoiding contact with tarantulas, scorpions, karakurt spiders and snakes. It is better not to buy medicinal drugs from the steppe flora, as well as dried herbs from the locals, since it is impossible to check their safety outside the walls of a chemical laboratory.

Customs and visa information

To come to Kazakhstan on vacation or on an excursion, a Russian tourist does not need either a foreign passport or a visa - an ordinary domestic passport is sufficient. However, upon entry you will have to fill out a migration card indicating the purpose of your visit and hand it over to local customs officials before leaving the country. The standard period of visa-free stay in Kazakhstan for Russians is 30 days.

Travelers wishing to stay in the Republic beyond the specified period will have to apply for temporary registration, extending their stay for another 60 days. Well, for those who managed not to visit the top attractions in three months and would like to stay in Kazakhstan for some more time, only a visa will help.

According to the customs rules of 2019, a tourist entering Kazakhstan has the right to carry with him up to 25 kg of hand luggage with a total value of no more than 500 EUR. As for alcohol and tobacco, the first is allowed to be carried duty-free in the amount of two liters, and the second - up to a kilogram (can be replaced by 1000 cigarettes). Medicines are allowed to be imported if their total weight does not exceed half a kilogram.

The following are prohibited for export from the Republic of Kazakhstan:

weapon;
antiques and art;
jewelry, rare minerals;
saiga horns;
rare representatives of steppe flora and fauna;
narcotic/psychotropic substances;
any printed materials, as well as photo and video materials that are anti-Islamic;
materials presenting the Kazakh government in a negative light.

Capital: Nur-Sultan
Official languages: Kazakh (state), Russian (official).
Location: A state in Central Asia, between the Caspian Sea, the Urals, Siberia and Central Asia. West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions, as well as part of the Aktobe region west of the Emba River are in Europe. In the west and north, the Republic of Kazakhstan borders on the Russian Federation, in the east - on the People's Republic of China, in the south it is washed by the waters of the Caspian and Aral Seas and borders on the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
Square: 2,724,900 km²
Administrative division: The Republic of Kazakhstan consists of 14 regions, 3 cities of republican significance (Nur-Sultan, Almaty, Shymkent), 175 administrative districts, 84 cities, 35 towns and 7031 rural settlements.
Population: 18,311,735 people (for 2018)
Telephone code: +7
Currency unit: Kazakhstan tenge (KZT), in 1 Kazakhstan tenge - 100 tiyns.

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Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Base: On August 30, 1995, the current Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan was adopted at a national referendum. The Constitution determined the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, consisting of two Chambers: the Senate and the Mazhilis, to be the highest representative body of the Republic of Kazakhstan, carrying out legislative functions.

Compound: 49 deputies

How to get elected: Senators are elected for a term of 6 years. 15 senators are appointed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 32 are elected at a meeting of electors - deputies of local bodies of representative power. The Senate is formed by deputies representing 2 people from each of the fourteen regions, the city of republican significance Almaty and the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan Astana. Half of the elected Senate deputies are re-elected every 3 years. 15 deputies of the Senate are appointed by the President of the Republic, taking into account the need to ensure representation in the Senate of national, cultural and other significant interests of society.

www.parlam.kz

Nazarbayeva
Dariga Nursultanovna Chairman of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Graduated from Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Kazakh State University named after S.M. Kirov. Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences.

She held the position of Chairman of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

From the post of Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan, she was appointed as a deputy of the Senate of Parliament by decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

She was awarded the Order of “Parasat”, “Barys” of the 2nd degree, of Literature and Art of the French Republic, the medal of the People’s Democratic Party “Nur Otan” “Belsendi Kyzmeti Ushin”, the medal of the Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Konstitutsiyalyk zandylykty nygaytuga koskan ulesin ushin” and the anniversary other medals.

Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Base: As a result of a national referendum of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, held on August 30, 1995, the current Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan was adopted. She defined Parliament as the highest representative body of government. The Mazhilis is the lower house of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Compound: 107 deputies

How to get elected: Deputies of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan are elected for a period of 5 years. 98 deputies - on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot according to party lists. 9 deputies are elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. A citizen of the Republic of Kazakhstan who has reached 25 years of age and has lived on its territory for the last 10 years can become a deputy.

www.parlam.kz

Nigmatulin
Nurlan Zairullaevich Chairman of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Born in 1962 in Karaganda. Graduated from the Karaganda Polytechnic Institute. Doctor of Political Sciences.

After graduating from the institute, he worked as an engineer, head of a motorcade at the Karagandaoblgaz Production Association.

In 1985-1990 he worked as first secretary of the Leninsky district committee of the Komsomol of Kazakhstan, deputy head of the department of Komsomol organizations of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of Kazakhstan, secretary, first secretary of the Karaganda regional committee of the Komsomol of Kazakhstan.

In 1990-1993 - Chairman of the Committee of Youth Organizations of Kazakhstan.

In 1993-1995 - President of the Kazakh-American joint venture Tengri.

From 1995 to 1999 – state inspector, deputy head of the Organizational and Control Department of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

In 1999-2002 - Deputy Akim of Astana.

From 2002 to 2004 – Vice Minister of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

From 2004 to 2006 – Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

From 2006 to 2009 – akim of the Karaganda region.

From 2009 to 2012 - First Deputy Chairman of the People's Democratic Party "Nur Otan".

From January 20, 2012 to April 3, 2014 - Chairman of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the fifth convocation, head of the faction of the People's Democratic Party "Nur Otan" in the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

From April 3, 2014 to June 21, 2016 – Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Since June 22, 2016 - unanimously elected Chairman of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the sixth convocation, member of the Nur Otan party, elected from the party list.

Awarded the orders “Kazakhstan Respublikasynyn Tungysh President - Elbasy Nursultan Nazarbayev”, “Kurmet”, “Barys”, II degree.

Speaks English.

 17.10.2014 00:42

Kazakhstan – until 1936 there was Kazakhstan, i.e. Cossack camp In February 1936, the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazak SSR “On the Russian pronunciation and written designation of the word “Cossack” stated that the last letter “k” was replaced by the letter “x”. In accordance with this, it was necessary to write in “Kazak” and not “Kazakhstan”, but “Kazakh” and “Kazakhstan”. And that present-day Kazakhstan included the lands of the Siberian, Orenburg and Ural Cossacks.

Before 1936, not only did the state of “Kazakhstan” not exist in the world, but there were no Kazakhs as a nation at all. There was a common concept - Kyrgyz. This was the name given to the hordes of nomads from the Caspian Sea to Altai. Among these hordes there was one clan called “Kazakhs,” who wandered between lakes Zaisan and Alakol near the very borders of China. And suddenly this unknown clan turns into a national republic with a territory tens of times larger than the territory of the “titular” Kyrgyz nation and second only to Russia. On the borders of the Wild Field (a geographical name that took root behind the Cossack steppe in the 16th century), the Ural Cossack Army stood from the west, the Orenburg and Siberian Army from the north, and the Semirechensk Army from the east. Cossack troops vigilantly guarded their lands from uninvited guests. Hundreds of Cossacks went out on patrol into the steppe for weeks, and as soon as the tramps with their herds appeared within the Russian borders, they were driven with whips all the way to the Aral and Balkhash.

Before Gorbachev's perestroika, the problems of nations and nationalities in the Soviet Union were of little concern to anyone. There was a community of people “the Soviet people”, everyone lived “in a single family of fraternal peoples”. They lived until Yeltsin blurted out: “take as much sovereignty as you can swallow.” And they took it and swallowed it without choking. Now the Ural, Semirechensk, partially Siberian and Orenburg Cossacks became subjects of “Khan” Nazarbay and an oppressed nation. Residents of the Urals write to the President of the Russian Federation and parliamentarians of Russia that as a result of the inhumane national policy of the Kazakh authorities, the “non-indigenous” Russian-speaking population is being expelled not only from Kazakhstan, but also from all spheres of life and activity. 3.5 million people have already left Kazakhstan, which is 25% of the republic’s total population. In 2000, another 600 thousand people left the republic. The socio-economic situation of Russians has sharply worsened, unemployment is growing, Russian schools and cultural institutions are closing, and the history of Russia is being falsified in Kazakh schools. And yet, despite the oppressive situation, the Ural Cossacks do not want to leave the graves of their ancestors, their land, watered with the sweat and blood of their fathers and grandfathers.

By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of August 26, 1920, the Ural Cossack region was renamed a province and included in the Autonomous Kyrgyz Republic; On April 5, 1925, by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, the Kirrepublic was renamed the Cossack Soviet Socialist Republic. From now on, the Kyrgyz will be called “Cossack-Kyrgyz.” In 1925, Shaya Goloshchekin, one of the main murderers of the royal family in Yekaterinburg, became the ruler of the Republic of Kazakhstan. During the 7 years of Shai's reign, a third of the Cossack-Kyrgyz people died out of hunger in the first years of collectivization in Kazakhstan. In February 1936, a resolution was issued by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazakh SSR “On the Russian pronunciation and written designation of the word “Cossack”. The resolution states that the last letter “k” is replaced by the letter “x”. In accordance with this, it is now necessary to write not “Cossack” and “Kazakhstan”, but “Kazakh” and “Kazakhstan”.
The North Kazakhstan region was formed as part of the Kazakh SSR on July 29, 1936. Previously, it was the Petropavlovsk district of the Omsk province of the RSFSR (existed in 1919-1925), which was transferred on August 26, 1920 by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR to the formed Akmola province of the Autonomous Kyrgyz Republic 1920-1925, subsequently the Cossack Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1925-1936.

Comments: 65 comments

As always, the self-aggrandizement of Russians is amazing. To listen to you, God was Russian and the first people on earth were Russian. The lower Russians would never give up even a piece of their land. The great ancestors of the warlike Kazakhs guarded their lands well. By the way, Tyumen comes from the word Tomen (lowland), Omsk - Omby (Lots of snow), Ural - Oral (return), Altai - and there is no need to translate. Try calling Russian villages with Kazakh names. To put it mildly, you would not agree. So, we still need to figure out who owes it to whom. In general, no one in Kazakhstan oppresses Russians. We live peacefully. It is only when a neighbor or former co-worker moving to Russia says that he was oppressed (in order to receive cash benefits as refugees) that we become very disappointed.

Alena, we have our own versions of the origin of city names and names, but what can you argue with the above? As for harassment, read your openly Russophobic press, not to mention anything else. We are only responding to Russophobic attacks.

Alyona! So everything is simple for you! No one is oppressing Russians in Kazakhstan????? I can give many FACTS about how the oppression of Russians is going on! DAI, this is the true name of the DAI, where open genocide is taking place. Drawing up documents in your executive committees is a problem for the Russians! First of all, they will hire a national hero, a hero, regardless of the fact that this hero is dumber than a simple wooden block, and there are many other things!

What kind of oppression are we talking about? How much did we have to formalize (though we no longer have “executive committees”), the only problem is the reluctance of employees of such institutions to work normally (and not always and not everywhere) - Kazakhs also face this, it turns out that they are also oppressed?
get a job - if in the civil service or in the state. enterprise, then knowledge of government is required. language. The main problem is usually in the mentality of some people hiring - they first “need” to arrange for their relatives, and the fact that they are dunces is not a reason for them to refuse “their own”.
the only thing that is really unpleasant is the new generation of young people who think little with their brains and believe that Kazakhstan is for Kazakhs, and only Kazakh-speaking ones. such people are not ashamed to reprimand an elderly Kazakh if he speaks Russian in front of them. This is already “upbringing” and other flaws of the “new time”.
and so far no one is openly oppressing us here. and all the “Russophobia” is lumped together in a few cheap newspapers and magazines of dubious quality. It is clear that a fool will read and believe, moreover, he will also take it as his opinion. but so far the devil is not as terrible as he is painted.
and although the article provides facts, it operates with them in a strange way. without taking into account either the language, or its history, or etymology, etc., although there is such a thing as transliteration. That’s why it was “Cossack” and not “Kazakh”, because in Kazakh “Kazakh” sounds like “Kazak” (specific “k” in 1 and 2 cases)

“Let them scold us from Western capitals -

We don’t care about them, we can’t be taken for a show off:

Russia has no borders!

Russia has only a horizon!..” (I. Rasteryaev)

Alyona! Until June 15, 1925, present-day Kazakhstan was called the Kirghiz Autonomous SSR under the RSFSR, which included all Kyrgyz villages up to the Syr Darya and Kara Kalpakiya. If you stay in MOSCOW, go to the V. LENIN Museum on Red Square. In the museum lobby there is a large map about 10 meters long, compiled in 1905. It shows the territory of the Kyrgyz Kaganate from the Volga to Vladivostok! All the names of the area remained from the Kyrgyz, and not from the Kazakhs, who were formed in 1936. This story!

This is logical. Where would the Kazakhs get such territory? How and with whom could they protect these lands?
And moreover... long before the revolution, they turned to the Russian Tsar for help in protecting their small existing territories. The city of Alma-Ata is the former Verninskaya fortress. Then the city of Verny became. This fortress was kept from raids (guess 3 times) by the Russians, of course.

I wouldn’t want to offend anyone... But these are historical documents. The truth needs to be known. You cannot be led by enemies who are erasing the history of our Motherland.

Russians = incest.

1. “SNOOCHESTVO” - a practice in the Russian village, in which the man - the head of a large peasant family (living in one hut) has sexual relations with the younger women of the family, usually with the wife of his son

Why argue! Kazakhs were nomads; their tribes existed even before Genghis Khan. then they became part of the Golden Horde; their children and grandchildren ruled in the steppe. and that’s why they say it’s not true, it’s true! Then the horde broke up and from here another story began

The Kazakhs own only the territory of present-day Kazakhstan - from which the Kazakhs, in three zhuzlas in three different years, became part of the Russian Empire - everything else is a transfer of control within a single country and for the time being the state of both Republics (RSFSR and Kazakh SSR) within one country...
All three agreements with maps and listed settlements are available (in three copies) and stored
in Moscow, A-Ata and Orenburg...
According to these documents, and within the territories specified in them, here you go... if you want to be independent...
The remaining territories are either part of Russia or in the form of autonomy with dual governance (Kazakhstan and Russia)….
how the people decide and the countries agree….

the alternative is very bad
- 1 - - this is an example of Donbass - which is 1 to 1 - seven territories that were included in 1923 by Lenin in the KazSSR in addition to those territories - from which the Cossacks became part of the Republic of Ingushetia ...
- 2 - and the territory of the Virgin Lands given to the management of the Kazakh SSR during the leadership of the USSR - by Khrushchev, and the Kazakh SSR - by Brezhnev - this is 1: 1 - the situation with the Crimea (only not 1954 and a little later).

AND
until this situation returns to the legal field - the probability of a repetition of something like in the Donbass of 2014-15 is with a probability of 146%%%% - do you need this??????

Kazakhstan plans to toughen penalties for separatist activities. Tengrinews reports this with reference to Arman Ayaganova, a representative of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Republic.

A more severe punishment, as noted, is provided for by the draft of the new Criminal Code of Kazakhstan. In particular, for calls for “an illegal, unconstitutional change in the territorial integrity of the Republic of Kazakhstan,” the perpetrator will face imprisonment for up to seven years. If this kind of illegal propaganda is carried out using one's official position, the punishment can be up to 10 years in prison.

In the current version of the Criminal Code, Article 170 (“Calls for the violent overthrow or change of the constitutional order or violent violation of the unity of the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan”) provides for punishment in the form of a fine or imprisonment for up to five years. For separatist calls in the media, perpetrators can be punished with a fine or imprisonment for a term of three to seven years.

The draft of the new Criminal Code of Kazakhstan was developed on the initiative of President Nursultan Nazarbayev. It is currently being considered by Parliament.

The Ukrainian authorities also intend to tighten responsibility for separatism in the near future. The Verkhovna Rada plans to consider the corresponding bill on Tuesday, April 8. This was preceded by the loss of Crimea by Ukraine, which became part of the Russian Federation, as well as a series of pro-Russian protests in eastern Ukraine, during which demands were put forward for self-determination of the region.
- Raikhan, you hear a ringing, but you don’t know where it is. Now we are talking primarily about this (I attach the video below). And once again I advise you to familiarize yourself with the definition of the word “separatism”.

In 1954, the Central Committee of the CPSU decided to expand the sown areas in the country through the development of virgin lands in the northern regions of Kazakhstan. The development of virgin lands proceeded at an accelerated pace: if 13 million hectares were supposed to be plowed in two years, then in reality 33 million hectares were plowed. For 1954-1960 41.8 million hectares of virgin soil were raised. For comparison, the area of the united Federal Republic of Germany is 35.7 million hectares, Poland - 31.2 million hectares. In the virgin lands, 425 grain state farms were created in the first two years alone. To provide new lands with labor, volunteers from the western regions of the USSR were mobilized. After the end of the campaign, about six million Russians and Ukrainians remained in the Kazakh SSR. The scale of the work carried out has no analogues in world practice.

Guys, I see that the site here is more or less honest (more or less because, although comments apparently are not deleted, the information itself is false), and therefore I will post the following information here.

Quote from this article:

“By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of August 26, 1920, the Ural Cossack region was renamed a province and included in the Autonomous Kyrgyz Republic”

We look at Wiki:

“The Ural region is a region in the Russian Empire that existed in 1868-1920. The current West Kazakhstan region within the Republic of Kazakhstan"
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_region_(Russian_empire)

That is, we immediately find a forgery, because the “Ural COSSACK region” never existed in nature, but there was simply a “Ural region”.

Another quote from this article:

“Before 1936, not only did the state of Kazakhstan not exist in the world, but there were no Kazakhs as a nation at all”

Now let's see how it really happened:

“Why were Kazakhs called “Kyrgyz” in pre-revolutionary Russia?”

The self-name (the name by which the people call themselves) of the indigenous people of Kazakhstan, the Kazakhs, is COSSACK.

The Cossacks (Kazakhs) received this name in 1459, when two Chingizid sultans Zhanibek and Kerey, dissatisfied with the power of Khan Abu-l-Khair (a state that arose in the steppes of western and northern Kazakhstan as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde, in 1428-1469) , with the clans and tribes under their control, left it and migrated to the Chu and Kozy-Bashi districts in southeast Kazakhstan.

Who could have foreseen then that the migration outside the country of a group of clans and tribes dissatisfied with the supreme power, led by these sultans, would turn out to be fateful. Meanwhile, history developed in such a way that this event became the beginning of present-day Kazakhstan. And the emergence of the ethnonym Cossack and the toponym Kazakstan is one of the results of that migration.

The fact is that in that era, the Turkic word “Cossack,” known since the first half of the 13th century, was used to designate the temporary state of free people who, for various reasons, had been cut off from their social environment or the state and were forced by circumstances to lead the life of adventurers.

Since Kerey, Zhanibek and their followers were people who left their lands and wandered around the outskirts of the state, they were nicknamed Cossacks. This name stuck with them.

Let’s also look at why the Cossacks (Kazakhs) began to be called “Kyrgyz”.

“Since the 18th century, in Russian sources, and then in European literature, Cossacks (Kazakhs) began to be mistakenly called “Kyrgyz-Cossacks” and “Kyrgyz-Kaysaks” (“Kaysak” is a distorted “Cossack”).

These names were shortened to “Kirghiz” in 1867.

So why did the Russians begin to call the Cossacks “Kyrgyz Cossacks”?

“I will end my digression about the Kyrgyz with one remark; They do not call themselves Kyrgyz, but call themselves Cossacks, which means “horseman” - according to some, “warrior” - according to others.

They claim that the Bashkirs call them Kyrgyz, but they do not know where this word came from.”

Continuation of the previous post.

The situation is outlined in more detail in an article from the “Collection of Legislation on the Kyrgyz of the Steppe Regions,” written by senior adviser to the Turgai regional administration I. I. Kraft in 1898:

“Under the name of the Kyrgyz, the nomads inhabiting the steppe regions are known: Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Ural and Turgai, the Internal (Bukeevskaya) Horde of the Astrakhan province, part of the Syr-Darya region and the Amu-Darya department.

Before the introduction of temporary provisions in these areas in 1867 and 1868, in official acts the Kirghiz were often called Kirghiz-Kaysaks or Kirghiz-Cossacks.

The Kyrgyz themselves still call themselves Cossacks.

They are also known by the same name among neighboring Asian peoples.

There is an assumption that the renaming of the Cossacks into Kyrgyz Cossacks was done by the Russians (Siberians) in contrast to the Cossacks, the descendants of the conquerors of Siberia."

Here is information directly from a historical source.
Perhaps a publication in the 19th century media can be considered such.

“The Kyrgyz call themselves Cossacks.

Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz) call themselves nomads of a completely different tribe, living in the vicinity of Lake Issykul (i.e. Issty-kul - hot ash) and to the south of it beyond Tian-shan, near Kashgar and on the Pamir mountain area.

The Russians called the first Kyrgyz-Cossacks, which later became Kyrgyz-Kaysaks, and then, dropping the word Kaysak, simply Kyrgyz.
Actually, the Kirghiz are called Karakirghiz, because their monaps (rulers) are of simple origin, and not of white bone, like the sultans of the Kirghiz-Kaysaks;

then the wild-stone Kyrgyz are called the Kyrgyz who wander in the granite mountains; they are also called in Chinese: Burut.”

Excerpt from the article “Kirghiz”, magazine “Niva”, 1873, No. 5

Here, by the way, is information from the same article about when and how the Russian Cossacks themselves appeared in the Kazakh Steppe.

That is, according to these data, the settlement of the Cossacks began only in 1849 as a measure against Kazakh raids on Russian fortifications in the Steppe.

That is, there can be no talk of any Kazakhstan as a kind of “Cossack camp”))

The Cossacks were resettled purely as a military force, and this resettlement began, as I already indicated above, only in 1849, and before that Kazakhs lived there for thousands of years:

“Kyrgyz (i.e. Kazakhs) are one of the ancient ethnic groups of Central Asia. The first mention of the Kirghiz in ancient Persian and Chinese sources occurs in 201 BC.”

“In 1837, Sultan Kaip, in alliance with two warriors - Nestay and Dzhulaman, greatly agitated the steppe.
In 1838, two more warriors appeared: Sultan Kasym and his son Kenisar.

During the administration of the Orenburg region, Obruchev undertook the construction of a number of fortifications along the Orenburg steppe, and in 1849 the settlement of the steppe by Cossacks began.”

"KYRGYZ"
"Niva", 1873, No. 5

Don’t you Russians like it when your history is being rewritten in Europe?
They have already forgotten that the victorious people who suffered in World War II are the majority - Russians
The West, in their proposed concept of a new reading of the history of the Second World War: the savior of humanity from the plague of the twentieth century - totalitarianism (in the form of Nazism and “Stalinism”), and the Russian Federation is the heir to the aggressive totalitarian Soviet empire.

MYTH 2. “Battle of Kulikovo”

This is a myth about the “liberation” of Russians from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. However, the Moscow principality will stop paying tribute and will gain real independence only after the collapse of the Horde and the break with the khanates. And this will happen only in the 16th century, i.e. in a few hundred years.
MYTH 3. “Kyiv is the mother of Russian cities”

Like many other historical cliches, it is a myth that is of central importance in the created mythical history of Russia. Even if we assume that Oleg said these words, then they have nothing to do with Muscovy and certainly not with modern Russia. In those days there was neither the first nor the second. There was Rus'. The main territories of Rus' in those days were the lands of modern Belarus and Ukraine. Even Novgorod and Suzdal were included in the understanding of Rus' only in a very broad sense of this concept.

- these are the texts of your Ukrainian brothers

Thus, the American historian H. Baldwin believes that the outcome of World War II was decided by 11 battles (“great campaigns”). In particular, Operation Market Garden in Holland, the landing of Anglo-American troops in Normandy, and the Battle of Midway Atoll in the Pacific Theater of Operations. Of the battles won by the Soviet army, he mentions only the Battle of Stalingrad. The concepts of West German historians G. Jacobsen and G. Dollinger, who number 7 “turning points of the war,” are of a similar nature. There are other variations of “decisive battles” and “turning points.” And in all these concepts of Western historians, preference is given to the Pacific and North African theaters of military operations, and the Soviet-German front is given a secondary place

One thing is clear: the Russians themselves have always admitted that calling the Cossacks “Kyrgyz” is a mistake.

Here, for example, is an excerpt from the book of the Russian ethnographer and geographer E. K. Meyendorff “Journey from Orenburg to Bukhara,” written at the end of the 19th century:

→ Isn’t it funny yourself? Prove Meyendorff's Jewish nonsense!

Yes, you are weak in the head. This is due to hybrid genes.

My ancestors lived there before and Astana was simply called a village or. This happened all over Rus'. Previously, for example, in Bashkiria there was not a single settlement with a Bashkir name. Yes, you look at the genes, they are all Chinese, once defeated by St. George and who appropriated their nationalities, by the way, under the Romanov Jew. Which confirms that the Romanovs are proteges of the West! just like the communist trash English agents V. And Dahl also wrote about the Jews that they are artificial agents England for introduction into the government. Thanks to the authors, it’s a good thing to fight English lies.

Look at the Caucasus - the Cossack cavalry! And at the genes of the Caucasians? Who are they and captured Turks! They still communicate with the Turks in the same language! The Slavs are simply fooling you!

So, Internet users, all of you, without exception, have your own sofa truth - this is bad, because the information is one-sided and poorly analyzed and it is not possible to see the whole picture, and the worst thing is that there is no time machine and therefore none of you can answer for the market (for this you're all shit, the Russians take the shit in their hand and throw it at the Kazakh, and the Kazakhs also basically pick up Russian shit, mix in their own shit, throw it at the Russian and it's not a matter of who has more of it, but the fact that everyone is shit, in general nothing special here, but still, when is the light at the end of the sewer tunnel?

I agree with the speakers Astana and KAZAK!
Slavs, they are fooling us!
And they do this because we allow ourselves to be fooled. And this happens because of our pathological undereducation.
You need to understand that all Mongoloids are former Chinese. Now let’s figure out where the Great Wall of China, built to protect against the Mongoloids, is and where they – the Mongoloids – are now.
Who else is not clear that there is a systematic seizure of Slavic lands through assimilation and genocide?
Who else wants to marry an oriental beauty?
Who else thinks that a mixed-race child is great?

I left Kazakhstan in 2002 and at that time no one personally oppressed me, there was not even a hint of any nationalist issues, but there were episodes among my friends... the army, for example, at that time, attempts to squeeze out property, there were nuances , but everywhere this fact cannot be ignored, no matter where the concept of KAZAKHSTAN came from, what is important is that on the former Russian lands, and another 100 years have not even passed since K was replaced by X, the Cossack Stan by Kazakhstan, and the Russian language is almost disappearing, every people has the right to self-determination, no matter what country they live in, even if these people are not from where, the revolutionary authorities formed an entire nation, so there is no need to complicate everyone’s life, and put the Kazakh language, formed under the USSR with the direct help of Russians, above all other interests , like the world, the clear azure sky above your head and the country’s flag merging with the sky, the peace and well-being of the country is what’s important, and ambitions ..
, how will this all end?

Until we all unite again or again not a single RACE will survive in this situation... look at what the powers that be are CREATURES... The planet is already shaking from all this.

Thank you to all the authors of these comments!) and to the author of the article too. It's nice to see, hear and read people who are capable of thinking intelligently and analyzing the mysteries of an intricate and made-up story! Without quarrels and anger, we can better know our past, and therefore have a future!!! 🙂 Hello everyone... Sovereign Rus'!

Very informative comments...super!
Especially Kazakh representatives. There is, were, will be and will be the concept of the WHITE RACE. And who before you (Kazakhs) lived on the territory of present-day Kazakh(k)Khstan. Look with your own eyes more broadly (wider or wider) who is coming to you and how. China has been with you for a long time. Ask yourself a question - why are the loopholes on the Chinese Wall directed towards China? Why is your oil now going to China? Why is the concrete road built across the city. Taraz and what kind of cargo flows come from you?

And the degree of reasonableness is visible when they refer to various kinds of “RUSSIAN entnograffof” Mayerovshvonders about the creation of nationalities in a given territory. WRITE SUCH nonsense.
FIND NAU ERA ON THE INTERNET... AND ALL THE VIDEOS WITH V.V. BARANOVSKY ….READ NOSOVSKY AND FOMENKO…OR BE PATIENT AND MUCH WILL COME FROM WHAT HAS NOT YET COME OUT OF THE DARKNESS OF AGES INTO THE LIGHT.

Dear Raikhan, be so kind as to when writing about separatism, take out what is sticking out of your eye. The author showed only what was done by the “Mayeramishvonders” from the revolution. And would you have been born at all if not for many components and in particular these decrees. Be grateful to the Gods that they were printed for you (just like you, Asian women) in the first place, and brought you to the same level as men.

“The beginning and end of the Cossacks. An 800-year-long epic":
“The Russian principalities, like other neighboring states, pay tamga (tribute) to the “Mongols” - in livestock, grain, fodder and “living” tithes, i.e. 1/10 of the total population annually. As a result, the image of Baba Yaga is born, mothers scare their children: “Don’t cry, babay-aga (“old uncle”) will come and take you.”
The number of "Mongols" is small. It is necessary to involve the conquered tribes (Russian, Finno-Ugric tribes) in the protection of borders and communications. The “Mongols” bring dozens of guys together, teach them horse riding and how to use light weapons. Being in the saddle for days, they turn into daring riders. The “Mongols” call them “Cossacks” - after the nomads who were conquered (correction - not conquered, but united) by Genghis Khan. The earrings and fluffed forelocks of the nomadic Cossacks quickly take root among other “Cossacks” - Russian, Finno-Ugric, etc....
The Cossacks call Temnikov (ten-thousanders) “atamans” from the Mongolian “ata tumen” - “father of tumen” (father-commander).
In battle, the Cossacks attack in the “Mongolian” way - with lava. Having broken up into small groups, the first echelon with the Mongolian roar of “Uragh!” (“Forward!”) (there is a mistake, not “Forward!”, but “Aruah”, the name of the holy spirits) covers the enemy from the flanks and rear, the second echelon takes the yasir. They divide it on the “duvan” mound according to the rule “they don’t duvan without the ataman,” otherwise bloody strife is inevitable (“duvan” - “advice”, “duman” (Kaz.) - “fun, feast, holiday”).”

Warriors of Genghis Khan, so-called. “Mongols” were called COSSACKS in those days, because they were all from Cossack (Kazakh) tribes (Naiman, Konrat, Zhalaiyr, Kerey, etc.). Military ranks ataman, zhasaul, battle cry ARUAKH (names of the holy spirits).
Here is the version of Russian historians on the origin of the Cossacks: “The word “Cossack” is of Turkic origin and means “free man”, “daring man”. Undoubtedly, the first Cossacks were people from the steppe hordes, united in detachments subordinate to their own leaders, who advanced due to their military talents and courage. During the great campaigns of the Horde khans, the Cossacks joined their armies, earning a living in robbery and cattle rustling in peacetime. Over time, Russian daredevils, the so-called “zapolyans”, who went to the steppe (“zapolnye”) rivers “in their youth,” begin to join the ranks of the Cossacks. They adopted the way of life of the “Horde” Cossacks, their economic activities, and most importantly, the methods of waging the steppe war...”
This is how Ibn Ruzbikhan characterizes the ethnopolitical situation on the territory of Eastern Dasht-i-Kipchak at that time: “Three tribes are classified as Uzbeks, who are the most glorious in the domains of Genghis Khan. Now one of them is the Shibanites. The second tribe is the Cossacks, who are famous throughout the world for their strength and fearlessness, and the third tribe is the Mangyts, and of them the rulers of Astrakhan.

The longest war is officially considered the “Hundred Years' War”. In fact, the bloodiest, fiercest and longest war in the entire world in the entire history of mankind is the Kazakh-Dzungar war (more than 200 years). Compared to this war, the “Hundred Years’ War” is like a fight between boys. As a result of this war, one side of the confrontation disappeared from the face of the earth, the other side lost half of its population. Russia helped the Dzungars. The Kazakhs at this time waged war on other fronts against the Kalmyks, Bashkirs, Kokand, etc., and also systematically carried out raids on Russia.

Pointless shaking of the Internet. The Ural Cossacks are descendants of the Kuban and Don Cossacks and settled in the Urals at a time long before Catherine. These are Cossacks running away from the law, who loved freemen, robbers who, like the Cossacks, fled from the law. During the time of Catherine, the issue with the Ural Cossacks began to worry Russia most acutely, since Catherine was afraid of the formation of a state of the Ural Cossacks within the state.
Then the question was “amicably.” The Cossacks bought the lands and the Urals on the inhabited territory from Catherine for 5,000 rubles in gold (at that time this was HUGE money), but on the condition that the Cossacks would provide their troops at the request of Russia. So, in FACT, during Yeltsin’s division of Russia, neither Russia nor Kazakhstan had the right to these lands! Historically, the legal owners of these lands were and remain the UHF (Ural Cossack Army)

Vladimir completely agrees with you! I will say more that justice in relation to the Ural Cossack Army will triumph sooner or later!

Well done “ADMIN”, a correct and truthful chronicle. Every “pimple” tries to present himself as a “great people”, and after the RUSOV leave, he climbs onto our land asking for mercy, and on the TYPE of his land TAKEN and LEFT by us, they abandon everything and do not want to work. LOOK HOW MUCH IN “INDEPENDENCE” they have created, not a single new factory (large), not a single new city, and they themselves are returning again to “THEIR SOURCES OF THEFT AND ROBBERY.”

Let's remember the deliberately forgotten Great Tartaria. Or Scythia. In it, the people spoke both Russian and Turkic languages. Written language is both Russian and Arabic. If you read the “Genealogy of the Tatars,” it directly states that the Tatars and Cossacks are brothers. The Horde was an army, a guard. Commanders were called khans and bats (Batu). Genghis is the supreme khan, the ruler over all. When Tartaria was destroyed, the lands were practically empty. So the Dzungar tribes settled from the east. And from the west the troops of the Russian Empire were clearing out. Those who survived swore allegiance to Russia and joined the Cossack troops. Look at the map in the World Encyclopedia Britannica of the 18th century and in other sources. Libraries have posted digitized map material and books. On the territory of what is now modern Kazakhstan, until the 18th century inclusive, Free, or independent Tartaria existed. Look now, you can see and find out everything. Well, so that there is no dispute about what is happening with the ethnic composition of the population. You can take an interest in the 1989 census. And compare with what it is now. And Kulikovo Field has long been recognized at the highest state level, based on research, that there was a civil war between Russians for power. In the end, everything secret becomes clear

Alena, in fact, Rus' or Russians are Bularus, that is, White Rus'. Then, the outskirts separated from them, this is today’s Ukraine. They created Kievan Rus. And, Russia was created by Peter the Great only 300 years ago. Peter 1 and many kings were vassals of Europe and therefore to this day there is no peace in Russia. Because Europeans believe that they created Russia from the Moscow principality. And they are right, because Peter 1 was always trying to open a window to Europe. Catherine is the daughter of some king of Austria. The Germans, Karl Marx and Engels destroyed the creators of the USSR, communism and a country without a market economy in 1917. In the collapse of the USSR 91, the Americans believe that this is their merit. In general, as long as there are racists like the authors of this article, Russia will always fall apart. In principle, the same as the Roman, Mongolian, Russian, British, Iranian, Macedonian, Hun, Chinese empires. Then, the author is not a Cossack, but Ka Sak. In Russian we were Kyrgyz, Kaysak Autonomous Okrug.

The fact remains that the name Kazakhstan (like the entire Kazakh people) was only the desire of the Russians not to confuse the Kazakhs with the COSSACKS, which is why they decided to rename the people, even if they protested, but this people swallowed everything, as it should now to the Kazakhs. I lived for a long time in Central Asia and China. I can say with complete confidence that I have never seen a more pathetic, cowardly and servile people than the Kazakhs (I’m sure if the Russians wanted to call them just slaves, they would not have arisen). I was constantly fawned over and bowed to by Kazakhs, which over time got so boring that I simply asked if it was a Kazakh by chance, to which I undoubtedly received a positive answer. I hated being around them, but working in this region was exhausting. After all, every time I met a friendly person, I always found signs of service to me, which, like a trigger, foreshadowed future deception on the part of the lackey in the Kazakh person. I met an older and intelligent woman who told me about the history of the Kazakhs, in connection with her line of work. She said that this people appeared recently and many mistakenly believe that Kyrgyz and Kazakhs have kinship, but this is complete nonsense.

Since the Kyrgyz came from the Yenisei and they constituted the aristocratic nobility in Central Asia, as well as on the Yenisei. And Kazakhs are a symbol for hereditary slaves without history. They were separated from other peoples so that they would reproduce only with their fellow tribesmen. Kazakhs spent most of their lives serving other peoples, but at the end of their work they were sent to the so-called pen, where they lived with their fellow tribesmen and went out only when their masters needed them. The peoples using their services from time to time brought in new neighbors whom they captured. At this point, she needed to go to the hospital, after which we saw each other only once and there was no time to continue. I felt sorry for these people, but their compatriots falsify the history of their people in every possible way, which is why I think that pity for them makes no sense, because now they have already been given freedom and deprived of the history of their ancestors, because of which there is a stain in their history won't come up again, at least not on a large scale. In the near future, I headed to Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan. Amazing peoples. The most noble and militant people live on the banks of Issyk Kul. In Samarkand, people are able to tell everything about Islam, while completely living according to Sharia, which nowadays can hardly be seen anywhere. The wisest and most honest people are in Balkanabat. In Khujand, people will help everyone, even if they themselves have enormous problems.

It was a Kazakh who wrote to me that there were 18 million of them in the 19th century)))))))))))) Kazakh storytellers

It is located in the very heart of the continent and ranks 9th in the world in terms of area. This is a state with a rich history, picturesque landscapes, interesting culture and inexhaustible natural resources. A list of regions of Kazakhstan and a description of each of them can be read further in the article.

Regions of Kazakhstan (briefly)

The country consists of 5 regions, each of which is unique in its own way.

Western is the largest in area in the republic. It includes four areas. The total population is more than 2.1 million people. In terms of area, the region occupies an area of almost 730 thousand square meters. km.
The North is the main economic region. Twice as many people live here as in Western (about 4.4 million people). It consists of four areas. The area of the region is more than 565 thousand square meters. km.
Southern is a region with developed areas of agriculture and industry. In area it is slightly inferior to Western (712 thousand sq. km.). But in terms of population, this region ranks first - more than 6.3 million people. It consists of four areas.
Eastern - a region consisting of one region. Occupies an area of 380 thousand square meters. km. Almost 2.7 million people live here.
Central is a treasure trove of minerals. It consists of only one area, which is located on an area of slightly less than 320 thousand square meters. km with a population of almost 2 million people.

North of Kazakhstan

In the Caspian regions the climate is milder, while in the main territory of the region it is sharply continental. The population density here is much lower than in other areas - only 3.4 people/km². This is the most Kazakh-speaking region of the country: the indigenous people here make up ¾ of the population.

Western Kazakhstan is the largest gas and oil producing region in the country. Some of the largest oil and gas fields are located here: Tengiz, Karachaganak and Kashagan. In addition, the country of Kazakhstan is quite well developed in the territory. Regions of other regions are not so famous for such fishing.

Central Kazakhstan

The region is represented by one of the largest regions in the country - Karaganda, with the administrative center in the city of Karaganda.

The relief here is quite diverse: in the north - the Kazakh small hills, in the southeast - Lake Balkhash, in the south - steppes and semi-deserts, and the towering mountains - Karkaraly, Kent, Ku, Ulytau. This is the most water-scarce region. The climate here is extremely dry.

Central Kazakhstan, or Sary-Arka, as residents of the region call it, is famous for coal mining. One of the largest deposits is located here - the Karaganda coal basin. The region also has developed mechanical engineering, livestock farming and metallurgy.

South Kazakhstan

This is the most densely populated region of the republic. It borders with Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan in the south and China in the east. It includes the regions: Zhambyl, South Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda and Almaty. Here is the largest center of Kazakhstan - Almaty. Large cities also include Shymkent, Taldykorgan, Taraz and Kyzylorda. In the Kyzylorda region there is a city with the world's first and largest

Water resources are distributed unevenly - mainly concentrated in the south. Here is Zhetysu - the Valley of the Seven Rivers or Semirechye. In addition, in the south there is Lake Issyk-Kul, as well as the mountain spur of the Dzungarian Alatau and many national reserves, such as Aksu-Zhabaglinsky. On the border with China and Kyrgyzstan there is Khan Tengri Peak - one of the highest peaks of the Tien Shan. It is precisely such attractions that attract tourists to Kazakhstan.

The regions of this part of the country, located in the north, largely consist of desert and steppe, while in the south the lands are more fertile, so agriculture is well developed there. The development of agriculture is also facilitated by a much milder climate than in other areas.

The Republic of Kazakhstan is an independent state in the central part of the Eurasian continent, most of which (88%) is located in Asia, the smaller part (12%) is in Eastern Europe. The area of the state is 2.7 million km 2 (9th place in the world, second among the CIS countries). Capital - Nur-Sultan ( former name Astana until March 23, 2019), the largest city with a population of more than 1.7 million people is Almaty. The population is 18.05 million people (2017), the average density is 6.6 people per km 2.

Geographical characteristics

The largest country in area, which is part of the Turkic Council (S - 2,724,902 km 2), is located within Central Asia and the European part of Eurasia, in two parts of the world, Asia and Europe; the border between them along the Emba River runs through its territory ( according to other sources along the Ural River) and the Mugojaram Mountains.

It has northern borders with Russia (7.5 thousand km), eastern borders with China (1.78 thousand km), southern borders with Kyrgyzstan (1.2 thousand km), Uzbekistan (2.3 thousand km) and Turkmenistan (426 km). The length of the country from west to east is 2.9 thousand km, and from north to south 1.6 thousand km. It is washed by the waters of two inland seas: the Caspian Sea-lake and the Aral Sea.

Nature

The country's topography is complex and diverse, 10% of the territory is in the highlands, the rest in low-lying plains, mountain plateaus and hills. The northern part of the country is entirely located within the West Siberian Plain, to the south of it rise the peaks of mountains of medium height called Kokshetau (Sinegorye ). The western regions of the country are located on the East European Plain, within the Caspian Lowland and the Sub-Ural Plateau, and here are the low Mugodzhary Mountains, which are the southern continuation of the Ural mountain system. In the eastern part of the country there are the Altai and Tarbagatai mountains, separated by Lake Zaisan. The central regions of the country are located on the territory of the Kazakh small hills or Sary-Arka, which means “yellow steppe”, to the west of it is the Turgai plateau. On the southeastern border with Kyrgyzstan and China stretch the northern spurs of the Tien Shan mountain system. The highest point of the country is also located here - Khan Tengri Peak, its height is almost 7000 meters...

Despite the arid climate of the country, 7 large rivers flow through the territory of Kazakhstan, each of them has a length of more than one thousand kilometers: the Ural and its tributaries Emba and Ilek (flow into the Caspian Sea), Syrdarya (flow into the Aral Sea), Irtysh (the Arctic basin ocean), Tobol and Ishim (tributaries of the Irtysh), Chu, Ili (flows into Lake Balkhash)...

There are many lakes in Kazakhstan, their number reaches 40 thousand, starting with such large ones as the Caspian Sea-lake and the Aral Sea, ending with smaller lakes: Balkhash (Central Kazakhstan), Zaysan (east), Tengiz (center), Alakol (southeast )...

The inland seas washing the territory of Kazakhstan are the Caspian Sea-lake (washes the western part of the country) and the Aral Sea-lake (the south of the country, the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan). The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water in the world, located on the border of Europe and Asia; the port cities of Aktau and Atyrau were built on its eastern coast. The largest bays on the territory of Kazakhstan are Komsomolets, Mangyshlaksky, Kazakhsky, Kenderli, Kara-Bogaz-Gol. The endorheic salt sea-Lake Aral is on the verge of a large-scale environmental disaster, due to the fact that the water of the Amur Darya and Syr Darya rivers flowing into it is used to irrigate fields, it gradually dries out and becomes shallow, which in the future can lead to its complete disappearance...

Most of the territory of Kazakhstan is covered by deserts (44%) and semi-deserts (14%), steppes occupy 26% of the country's territory, forests - about 5%. Together, deserts and steppes occupy more than 75% of the country, an area of 804.5 thousand square kilometers and a distance of more than 2000 km east of the Caspian Lowland, north of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains. The amount of annual precipitation here does not exceed 200-300 mm, summers are hot and dry, in winter the temperature can drop to -40 0 C. A large number of herbs (feather grass, bluegrass) grow here; in the spring the Kazakh steppe is transformed, pleasing the eye with the rapid flowering of first multi-colored tulips, then red poppies and a lilac sea of irises...

The flora of Kazakhstan is represented by 6,000 thousand plant species. The desert and semi-desert zone is poor in vegetation, while mountainous areas, on the contrary, are distinguished by the richness of the flora. Walnuts, plane trees, almonds, and Turkestan maples grow on the slopes of the Western Tien Shan. In the foothills of Altai and Dzungarian Altai there are coniferous forests, represented by spruce, fir, larches and cedars. Various shrubs (rose hips, honeysuckle, hawthorn) grow in the intermountain heights; poppies, tulips, irises, bluegrass, feather grass grow in the steppes; saxaul grows in deserts and semi-deserts.

The fauna is diverse and is represented by 172 species of mammals, 490 species of birds, 51 species of reptiles, 12 species of amphibians, more than a hundred species of fish, and 50 thousand species of invertebrates. In the forest-steppe there are hares, roe deer, wolves, foxes, black grouse, partridges, in the steppe - mice, pieds, ground squirrels, hamsters, saiga antelopes, marmots, bustards, cranes, little bustards. There are many lizards and snakes in the desert...

The climate of Kazakhstan, due to its remoteness from the moderating influence of oceanic air masses, belongs to the sharply continental type, and is characterized by a clearly defined change of seasons. The average temperature in January in the northern part of the country is -19 0 C, in the northeast - +10 0 C, in July - +17 0 C (north), +31 0 C (northeast). Summer is characterized by high temperatures and low precipitation, winter by little snow and significant severity, temperatures can drop to -58 0 C. The amount of precipitation throughout the country is very small...

Resources

The territory of Kazakhstan is rich in a variety of minerals; more than 90 elements of the periodic system of Mendeleev have been discovered in the depths of this country; the country occupies leading positions in the world in terms of production of tungsten, zinc, silver, lead, chromites, copper, molybdenum, and gold. Kazakhstan contains 3.2% of the world's oil reserves, 1.7% of the world's natural gas reserves, 21% of the world's uranium ore reserves...

The main branches of industrial production in Kazakhstan are the mining industry (ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, oil, uranium, bauxite), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, light and food industries, production of building materials.

Kazakhstan is an agro-industrial country, where agriculture is the sphere of life of the bulk of the population. Kazakhstan occupies a leading position in the world in the production of grain, especially durum wheat (the sown area occupies more than 12 million hectares). Also in Kazakhstan they grow rapeseed, buckwheat, rice, soybeans, oats, and industrial crops - sunflower, flax, cotton. Livestock farming is a traditional branch of agriculture in the country; every year the country produces 750 thousand tons of meat, about four million tons of milk, two billion eggs, thirty thousand tons of sheep wool...

Culture

Kazakhstan is a country with an ancient, distinctive and unique culture; traditions and customs are taken very seriously here and are passed on from generation to generation. One of the biggest holidays in the country is the spring festival “Navruz” or “Nauryz Meiramy” translated from Persian. “new day”, held on the vernal equinox on March 21. The holiday is widely known for its interesting and fascinating national sports traditions such as alaman-baiga - horse racing (held over long distances), kuz kuu - horse “catch-up” between boys and girls, “Kazaksha-kurez” - national Kazakh wrestling, kokpar - equestrian competition for the possession of goat carcasses, sais - wrestling on horses, etc...

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