How Poland separated from the Russian Empire. The legal status of Poland as part of the Russian Empire

Poland was located as part of the Russian Empire from 1815 to 1917. It was a rustling and difficult period for the Polish people - the time of new opportunities and great disappointments.

The relationship between Russia and Poland has always been difficult. First of all, this is a consequence of the neighborhood of two states, which for many centuries gave rise to territorial disputes. It is quite natural that during major wars, Russia has always been drawn into the revision of Polish-Russian borders. It was fundamentally influenced by social, cultural and economic conditions in the surrounding areas, as well as the vital structure of Poles.

"Prison Peoples"

The "national question" of the Russian Empire caused various, sometimes polar opinions. So, the Soviet historical science called the empire not otherwise as a "prison of peoples", and Western historians considered it a colonial power.

But from the Russian publicist Ivan Solonevich, we find the opposite statement: "No people in Russia have been subjected to such an appeal, which Ireland has been subjected to the times of Cromwell and the times of Gladstone. For very few exceptions, all nationalities of the country were completely equal to the law. "

Russia has always been a polyethnic state: its expansion gradually led to the fact that the inhomogeneous composition of the Russian society began to dilute by representatives of different peoples. It concerned the imperial elite, which was noticeably replenished with people from European countries who came to Russia "to catch happiness and ranks".

For example, the analysis of the discharge lists of the late XVII century shows that there were 24.3% in the boyars building of persons of Polish and Lithuanian origin. However, "Russian foreigners" in the overwhelming majority lost their national identity, dissolving in Russian society.

"Kingdom of Polish"

By joining the Russian Kingdom of Polish (since 1887, the "Priviline region") had a two-way position. On the one hand, after the section of the speech compulculated, this was a completely new geopolitical education, but still retaining in ethnocultural and religious plans with its predecessor.

And on the other hand, the national self-consciousness grew here and the statehood sprouts made themselves, which could not affect the relationship between the Poles and the central government.

After joining the Russian Empire in the "kingdom of Polish", there was no doubt awaited change. Changes were, but perceived not always unequivocally. During the entry of Poland, five emperors changed to Russia, and everyone had their own gaze on the most Western Russian province.

If Alexander I heard "Polonophil", then Nikolai I in relation to Poland built a policy much more sober and tough. However, he will not refuse his desire to express the emperor himself, "to be as good Pole, as well as good Russians."

Russian historiography as a whole positively assesses the results of the centenary entry of Poland into the empire. Perhaps it was the weighted policy of Russia in relation to the Western neighbor who helped to create a unique situation in which Poland, not being an independent territory, has maintained state and national identity throughout the year.

Hope and disappointment

One of the first measures imposed by the Russian government was the abolition of the "Napoleon Code" and replacing it by the Polish Code, which, among other things, endowed the peasants of the earth and assumed the improvement of the financial situation of the poor. The Polish Sejm has adopted a new bill, but refused to prohibit providing liberty civil marriage.

This clearly marked the benchmarks of Poles to Western values. An example was taken from whom. So in the Great Principality of Finland, by the time of the entry of the Polish kingdom of Russia, serfdom was canceled. Enlightened and liberal Europe was Poland closer than the "peasant" Russia.

After the "Alexander Freedoms" came the time of "Nikolaev reaction". In the Polish province, almost all office work is translated into Russian, or French for those who have not owned Russian. Confiscated estates complain of persons of Russian origin, all the highest official posts are replaced by Russians.

Nicholas I in 1835 visiting Warsaw visiting Warsaw feels a protest in Polish society, and therefore prohibits deputations to express loyal feelings, "in order to prevent them from lies."

The tone of the emperor's speech strikes with its uncompromising: "I need acts, not words. If you persist in your dreams of national disenfality, about the independence of Poland and the like fantasies, you will make the greatest misfortune ... I tell you that with the slightest excitement I will order to shoot in the city, I will turn to the ruffies in ruins and, of course, not I rebuild it. "

Polish riot

Sooner or later, the states of the national type come to the change of empires. This problem also affected the Polish province, in which the National Consciousness Wave acquires strength and political movements that are not equal among other provinces of Russia.

The idea of \u200b\u200bnational isolation, up to the restoration of the speech by compulcpension in its previous limits covered the increasingly broad layers of the masses. The acceleration force of the protest was the student, which was supported by workers, soldiers, as well as the allocated layers of Polish society. Later, part of landowners and nobles joined the liberation movement.

The main points of the requirements imposed by the rebels are agricultural reforms, democratization of society and ultimately the independence of Poland.

But for the Russian state it was a dangerous challenge. The Russian government responds sharply and harsh into Polish uprisings 1830-1831 and 1863-1864. Suppression of rebellion turned out to be bloody, but there was no excessive stiffness about which Soviet historians wrote. Buntovshchikov preferred to refer to remote Russian provinces.

The uprisings forced the government to adopt a number of countermeasures. In 1832, the Polish Sejm was liquidated and the Polish army was disbanded. In 1864, restrictions on the use of Polish language and movement of the male population were introduced. To a lesser extent, the results of the uprisings touched the local bureaucracy, although among the revolutionaries there were children of large officials. The period after 1864 is marked with a strengthening in the Polish society "Russophobia".

From discontent to benefits

Poland, despite the limitations and infringement of freedoms, received certain benefits from supplies to the empire. So, under the rule of Alexander II and Alexander III, the Poles began to be appointed more often to senior positions. In some distortions, their number reached 80%. Poles had the opportunity to promote the public service at all of no less than Russians.

Even more privileges were given to Polish aristocrats, which automatically obtained high ranks. Many of them oversaw the banking sphere. For the Polish noble, revenues were available in St. Petersburg and Moscow, they also had the opportunity to open their business.

It should be noted that in general the Polish province had more privileges than other Empire regions. So, in 1907, at a meeting of the State Duma of the 3rd convocation, it was announced that in various Russian provinces, the taxation reaches 1.26%, and in the largest industrial centers of Poland - Warsaw and Lodz, it does not exceed 1.04%.

Interestingly, the Privilinsky region for each ruble duty to the state treasury received back in the form of subsidies 1 ruble 14 kopecks. For comparison, the middle-in-earth edge received only 74 kopecks.

A lot of Government spent in the Polish province on education - from 51 to 57 kopecks per person, and, for example, in Central Russia, this amount did not exceed 10 kopecks. Thanks to such a policy, from 1861 to 1897, the number of competent in Poland increased by 4 times, reaching a mark of 35%, although in the rest of Russia this figure fluctuated in the region of 19%.

At the end of the XIX century, Russia joined the path of industrialization, supported by solid Western investments. Dividends from this had Polish officials, participating in rail transportation between Russia and Germany. As a result, the emergence of a huge number of banks in large Polish cities.

In 1917, tragic for Russia completed the history of "Russian Poland", giving the Poles the possibility of becoming their own statehood. What promised Nicholas II was accomplished. Poland gained freedom, however, so desired by the emperor of Ulya with Russia did not work.

During the three sections of the speech compulculated, this is once a powerful and strong state ceased to exist. Poland was divided between Russia, Austria and Prussia.

According to the results of the sections, half of the former question of the compulculated: Modern Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus and the Western part of Latvia (Eastern - already belonged to Russian sovereigns)

The history of Polish lands in the Russian Empire

As of 1914, the land, obtained following the three sections of the Commonwealth, were divided into several provinces:

Vilensk;
Vitebsk;
Volyn;
Grodno;
Coven;
Kurlyanda;
Minsk;
Mogilyovskaya;
Podolskaya.

Since the issue of compoloned was a multinational state, in different parts of which their orders were adopted, the Russian rulers tried to act in accordance with the situation. For example, in the territory of Ukraine and Belarus, there was an active policy of Russification, and in Lithuania, most of the local rural and traditions remained.

Russian emperors, dealing with the internal affairs of the former question of compulculation, took into account the former experience of political management of this country. The main reasons for the crisis of the end of the XVIII century were the Shankhetsky anarchy and the weakness of the central government. Therefore, it was decided to establish a rigid centralized control system on the newly acquired lands. A similar policy did not meet the support of neither the gentry, dissatisfied with the fact that she was deprived of the previous vests, nor in the peasants who felt the strengthening of the serf neot.

Many Poles wanted to find support from France, which at the end of the XVIII - early XIX century began to pose a threat to Austria, Prussia and Russia. Thus, Polish legions began to appear as part of the French army. However, Napoleon Bonaparte did not justify the expectations of Polish patriots. He used the legions for its own purposes, sending them to the most difficult and difficult tasks.

Then the gaze of Polyakov appealed to Petersburg. By that time, Alexander I became the new Russian emperor, who promised his studied liberal reforms. He appointed the Minister of Foreign Affairs of his close friend - Ethnic Pole - Adam Jerzy Chartorian. Chartorian offered the Emperor a draft revival of the Polish-Lithuanian state, which should have become an ally and support of Russia. The plan was approved, but after the catastrophe near Austerlitz, Charterian fell in disfavor and was deprived of his high post. Disappointed Poles again occupied a trade-off position.

During the conquest, Napoleon subjugated to the Polish territories, which were part of Austria and Prussia. Duchy of Warsaw - Satellite of Napoleonic France was formed on these lands. On the territory of the Duchy, Napoleon Code was operating, showing the local population with a number of civil rights and freedoms.

The defeat of Napoleon and the creation in 1815 the Kingdom of Polish, headed by the Russian monarch, was taken by Poles as a new blow. However, thanks to the Constitution of 1815, given by Poles Alexander I, the attitude of the local population to St. Petersburg was more favorable. The Constitution allowed the Poles to form their own government and revived the Polish Seimas. However, Euphoria lay down after the Governor of the Kingdom of Polish - the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, who was distinguished by cruelty towards his subjects entered. The result of its reign was the Polish uprising of 1830, which ended in failures, mass repression and liquidation of the Polish Constitution. At the time of the uprising in the Russian throne was Nikolai I - "Knight Autocracy", fought with revolutions throughout Europe.

After his death and coming to the power of the liberally configured Alexander II, the Poles again began to believe in the revival of their national independence. In the era of the Board of Alexander II in the kingdom of Polish, it really began to rise, first of all in the economy. However, the reform of 1861 caused excitement not only in Poland, but also throughout Russia. The confusion and conservativeness of the reform caused the speeches of peasants and radically configured student. Repression against Polish youth was the cause of the next national uprising already 1863. The uprising, although it ended with a number of concessions in relation to the Polish peasantry, in general, meant the defeat of the rebellion. Alexander II did not become too severely responding to the Polish uprising, but in the era of the reign of his successor - Alexander III - in the kingdom of Polish, the rigid policy of Russification was conducted. The slightest attempts to preserve the national identity began to preserve, the attack on the Catholic Church began.

However, the conservative reaction did not mean economic decline. On the contrary, in the 1890s, the kingdom of Polish together with all over Russia experienced an economic rise and demographic boom. At the same time, the rebellion of workers against the owners of factories and unfair labor legislation began throughout Europe. In Poland, these riots also wore the nature of the national liberation struggle. At the same time, Polish revolutionaries worked closely with Russian neaders and socialists.

High hopes for the revival of Polish autonomy were restored to Nicholas II. However, the new emperor preferred to adhere to the conservative course of his father. In 1897, the National Democratic Party of Poland appeared at the dawn of the birth of Russian parliamentarism, later the participation in the meetings of the Russian Duma.

The Russian-Japanese war of 1905 was caused to be extremely discontent among the Polish public. The first Russian revolution that followed these events was actively supported by Poles. Because of the indecision of the Russian emperor, the situation was minimized, many Poles moved to armed speeches under the leadership of the future founder of the Polish Army - Yuzf Pilsudsky.

Before the beginning of the First World War, Pilsudsky announced that the Poles should fall on the side of the three-way union and to help Germany and Austria-Hungary in every way to crush the Russian Empire. In 1915, the troops of the Tropery Union took the territory of the Kingdom of Polish and founded a formally independent state here, actually dependent on German policies. The temporary government later tried to return Poland to the Lono of the Russian Empire, but in the spring of 1918 the Bolsheviks signed the Brest peace treaty, according to which the RSFSR recognized the independence of the former kingdom of Polish. A few months later, the RSFSR SNK recognized the conditions for three contracts on the section of the Commonwealth more invalid.

National lifting

First, the disappearance of independent Poland caused a series of inter-separation and conflict among the local population. Representatives of different social groups accused each other's catastrophe. There was a loss of ideals and national values. For a while in the country published passivity and frustration. However, after one decades, the discords began to go into the past. The national tragedy has ceased to be the cause of disputes and has become an impetus for the rallying of the Poles. Throughout the XIX century, the Polish public thought, one way or another, rotated around the concept of "nation". Most authors have seen the reason for the fall of the speech by compolocated in its backwardness from other European powers and the absence of the necessary social transformations.

An important role in the formation and cohesion of the Polish nation was played:

participation of Poles in Napoleonic Wars;
self-government experience 1815-1830;
participation in the Russian people movement;
catholic faith, remaining for Poles, all this time with an indicator of national self-identification.

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Inclusion of Poland to the Russian Empire

The Polish state ceased to exist in 1795, when it was divided between Austria, Prussia and Russia. Lithuania went to Russia, Western Belarus, Western Volyn and Duchy Kurland, who was in vassal dependence on Poland.

In 1807, after France's victory over Prussia, Napoleon formed a new state, the Principality of Warsaw, to which in 1809 part of Polish lands, which were part of Austria in 1809. The Principality of Warsaw was a constitutional monarchy. Prince Warsaw on the basis of Ulya with the kingdom of Saxony was the Saxon king, dependent on France. The Principality of Warsaw participated in the war 1812-1814. On the side of Napoleonic France.

At the Vienna Congress of 1815, Alexander I, who believed that Russia, as a country, the winner should get new lands and secure their Western borders, achieved the inclusion of most of the territory of the Principality of Warsaw to the Russian Empire. Austria. Prussia, Russia came to the agreement that the Principality of Warsaw will be transformed into the Kingdom of Polish, will receive a new constitution, in accordance with which the Russian emperor will become the head of the executive authority of the Polish state. Thus, the new Polish state was part of the Russian Empire on the basis of Ulya.

According to the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Polish, the Russian emperor appointed his governor into him. The position of the State Secretary for the Deal of the Kingdom of Polish was established. The legislature was the Seimas, elected by direct elections by all the estates on the basis of the property qualification.

All participants in the war with Russia on the side of Napoleon received an amnesty and had the right to serve in the state apparatus and in the Army of the Kingdom of Polish. The commander of the Polish Army appointed the Russian emperor as the king of Polish. Many people of the Russian emperor were dissatisfied with the fact that those who participated in the war on the side of Napoleon and the defeated Poles received more rights than the winners.

Entering the Russian Empire, retaining its laws, the administration, having a legislative body of power, Poland simultaneously received an exit to the Russian, and through Russia and the Asian market for its goods. In order to reduce the anti-Russian moods among Polish nobility and bourgeoisie, customs benefits were established for Polish goods. Many products of the Polish industry have been taxed by a customs fee of 3%, while Russian at 15%, despite the fact that "Russian manufacturers have shine against such order" 1 Kornilov A.A. The course of Russian history of the XIX century. M., 1993. P. 171..

The economic development of Poland, the growth of the influence of the National Bourgeoisie strengthened the desire for complete political independence and restoration of the Polish sovereign state within the borders existing before its first section in 1772 in 1830, a rebellion began in Poland, whose main force was the army of the Kingdom of Polish. The Polish Sejm announced the deprivation of the Russian emperor of the Polish crown, thoroughly breaking the Ulya between Poland and the Russian Empire.

After the repression of the uprising by Russian troops, Emperor Nicholas I in 1832 issued "Organic Status", which canceled the Constitution of the Kingdom of Polish 1815 and liquidated the Sejm, the Polish army. The kingdom of Polish - this "inner abroad", as it was called in the Russian Empire, was liquidated. Instead, the Warsaw Governor-General is formed. The governor to the new Governor General demonstratively appointed by the Russian troops who suppressed the Polish uprising of Field Marshal I.F. Paskevich, who received the title of Prince Warsaw.

From government agencies stipulated by the Constitution of the Kingdom of Polish 1815, continued to operate only the Polish State Council, which became a kind of information and advisory institution under the State Council of the Russian Empire. But in 1841, when preparing a new "Regulations on the State Council of the Russian Empire", he was abolished. Since 1857, Warsaw governance began to be divided into administratively not on the voivodship, as before, but on the provinces. Specified certain privileges for the local nobility and tax breaks for industry have been preserved, which contributed to the further socio-economic development of the former kingdom of Polish, incorporated into the Russian Empire.

So, in the first half of the XIX century. The territory of the Russian Empire increased by almost 20%. This was due not so much economic goals as. For example, in the case of the British Empire, and military political tasks, the desire to ensure the safety of its borders. The policy of the Russian administration in the affiliates proceeded from their military-strategic significance and was aimed at their socio-economic development, and not to use the resources of new territories, for the development of the central provinces of Russia 2 See: Ananyin B., Rulova E. Imperial factor in the Russian economy // Russian Empire in comparative perspective. M., 2004. P. 236-237..

In the context of the destruction of the Ottoman and Persian Empires, some people conquered will voluntarily entered the Russian Empire.

The management of attached, conquered peoples, their legal status in the Empire was based on their socio-economic, legal, religious and other features and was diverse, although there was a tendency to unification, the proliferation of administrative management principles and the laws of the Russian Empire.

Entering the Russian Empire, retaining its laws, the administration, having a legislative body of power, Poland simultaneously received an exit to the Russian, and through Russia and the Asian market for its goods. In order to reduce the anti-Russian moods among Polish nobility and bourgeoisie, customs benefits were established for Polish goods. Many products of the Polish industry have been taxed by a customs fee of 3%, while Russian at 15%, despite the fact that "Russian manufacturers shine against such order." Kornilov A.A. The course of Russian history of the XIX century. M., 1993. P. 171

After the repression of the uprising by Russian troops, Emperor Nicholas I in 1832 issued "Organic Status", which canceled the Constitution of the Kingdom of Polish 1815 and liquidated the Sejm, the Polish army. The kingdom of Polish - this "inner abroad", as it was called in the Russian Empire, was liquidated. Instead, the Warsaw Governor-General is formed. The governor to the new Governor-General demonstratively appointed by Russian troops who suppressed the Polish uprising of Field Marshal I. F. Passevich, who received the title of Prince Warsaw.

So, in the first half of the XIX century. The territory of the Russian Empire increased by almost 20%. This was due not so much economic goals as. For example, in the case of the British Empire, and military political tasks, the desire to ensure the safety of its borders. The policy of the Russian administration in the affiliates proceeded from their military-strategic significance and was aimed at their socio-economic development, and not to use the resources of new territories, for the development of the central provinces of Russia. See: Ananyin B., Rulova E. Imperial factor in the Russian economy // Russian Empire in comparative perspective. M., 2004. P. 236-237.

In the context of the destruction of the Ottoman and Persian Empires, some people conquered will voluntarily entered the Russian Empire.

Krakow. Woolen warehouses (north). 1876.

1) The Polish Constitution was published on June 20, 1815 ( 17 days after joining the Russian Empire), and entered into legal force since 1816. At the same time, the residents of the Kingdom of Polish led to the oath to the citizenship of the Russian state.

2) In 1817, state peasants were liberated from many medieval duties, and in 1820 Barechina ( forced labor dependent peasant) began to replace the lifting ( danlayer in the form of products or money).

Castle in Krakow. The second half of the XIX century

3) A few years after the creation of the Kingdom of Polish, the Mystery Revolutionary Organization "National-Patriotic Partnership" was formed on its territory, whose participants wanted to make a coup in Russia. However, in May 1822, the main leaders of the "partnerships" were arrested and subjected to strict sentences.

4) During the rule of Alexander I, in economic and culturally, the Kingdom of Polish has developed markedly. Progress was celebrated in all areas of economic life: in agriculture, industry and trade. The deficit disappeared, the reserve accumulated in several tens of millions of zlotys, officials and army began to receive a salary on time. The country's population has increased to 4.5 million.

Warsaw. Alexandrian-Mariinsky Devichi Institute. The second half of the XIX century.

5) In 1829, Nicholas I solemnly crowned the Polish king in Warsaw, and already in 1830-1831 there was a rebellion, which made deep changes. A significant number of politically active Poles was expelled from the kingdom of Polish and was resettled in the provinces of the Russian Empire.

6) In 1833, French, German and Italian carbonaries decided to produce revolutionary movements in their countries and many Polish emigrants joined the Karborian societies. It was decided to take the partisan raid to the Kingdom of Polish to raise the uprising here, but ordinary people reacted indifferently. As a result, the head of the raid was captured and planted for 20 years in the fortress, and other partisans fell into the hands of Russian soldiers. Some hung, others shot or sent to the cautious.

Warsaw. The building of the National Theater. The second half of the XIX century.

7) The beginning of the Emperor's board Alexander II was met with great enthusiasm. With it, the former stern regime was slightly facilitated, many political prisoners were released, some emigrants returned, and in June 1857 it was allowed to open the Medical and Surgery Academy in Warsaw, and in November - to establish agricultural society, which became important foci of intellectual life. However, the uprising nevertheless flared up, it was January 1863, and it continued until late autumn of 1864, and the final execution of the most active participants and mass recesses of the riskers.

8) Since 1871, the exit "Diary of the Laws of the Laws of the Polish" has been suspended, the general-ampic rules for the publication of legislative regulations began to be applied to the country. The administration, legal proceedings and teaching introduced the mandatory use of Russian.

Warsaw. View from Lutheran Lutheran Church of St. Trinity. The second half of the XIX century.

9) Until the 1860s, the name "Polish" was often used in the legislation, rarely "Poland". In the 1860s, these names began to be replaced by the phrases of the "province of the Kingdom of Polish" and "Province's Province". On March 5, 1870, it was feasible to refer to the Russian Poland "provinces of the Kingdom of Polish", but in a number of articles of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, the name "Kingdom of Polish" was preserved. Since 1887, the phrases of the "province of the Priviline region", the "Priviline province" and "Priviline region" become the most applied, and in January 1897 Nicholas II gave an order, which the names of the "Kingdom of Polish" and the "province of the Kingdom of Polish" were limited to cases of extreme necessity, Although these names were never deleted from the laws of laws.

10) The First World War created a situation in which Poles, Russian subjects, fought against Poles who served in the Austro-Hungarian and German armies.

Yanovian. Lock. The second Voloveina of the XIX century.

11) In 1915, the Kingdom of Polish was under German-Austrian occupation. At its place, the occupiers proclaimed on November 5, 1916, a short-term puppet kingdom of Polish. This education was not recognized by anyone, in addition to the central powers occupied.

12) The October 1917 Revolution in Russia and the defeat of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary in the First World War led to the final disappearance of the Kingdom of Polish and the creation of an independent Polish state.

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