What did we do with you today if one day someone did not come up with the idea of inventing a ballpoint pen? Have you ever wondered? No, just imagine that up to now on our tables there would be jars of ink, which from time to time inevitably spilled over some important document.
Still, we should have said thank you to those people who were pushed by such dissatisfaction to this invention, which is indisputably useful in our days. Well, it all started, of course, not with a pen, but with much more primitive objects.
Around 4000 BC, people first began to use wet clay tablets for writing. In this case, a wooden or bronze stick or bone served as a handle. In fact, they became the first writing instruments. Around 1300 BC, the Romans began to use wax writing. The wax was poured into wooden tablets. At this time, the name was given to the writing instrument - the stylus. The stylus was made of metal. When the recording was no longer needed, it was erased using the flat back end of the stylus. Due to the similarity of Roman tablets to modern pocket computers, the tool for working with the display was also called the stylus.
Wax writing existed practically unchanged for about 18 centuries, until the Anglo-Saxons invented parchment. Between 600 and 1800 AD, the cheapening and spread of parchment led to the need for a publicly available writing instrument. It was this need that stimulated the pen dipped in ink for the pen. By the way, the English word "pen" (pen) comes from the Latin "penna" (bird feather).
Goose feathers existed for a record long time - until the end of the 18th century. They also gave the name to the folding knife, with which they sharpened the feathers. The knife was called a penknife.
By the end of the 19th century, metal nib pens had completely supplanted the short-lived, frequently replaced goose nibs.
In 1884, insurance agent Lewis Edson Waterman went down in history as the inventor of a pen filled with ink (initially from the side, using a special pipette). He had to write so much at work that it pushed him to invention. Waterman left his job and formed the Ideal Pen Company, which marked the beginning of the sale of fountain ink pens.
This would have continued indefinitely if Laszlo Biro had not intervened in 1943. By the nature of his work (and he was a journalist), he often visited the printing house and, seeing a newspaper sheet, almost dry immediately after leaving the rotary as fast as ink? Then it would be much more pleasant to deal with a fountain pen.
The journalist quickly realized that such ink should be as thick as possible.
But then they will clog the capillary system of a conventional fountain pen. This means that they will have to come up with some other writing node. After consulting with his brother, a certified chemist, Biro replaced the nib with a free-spinning ball. The first prototype ballpoint pen was created in 1938.
Before World War II, the situation in Hungary became dangerous for a liberal journalist like Biro. He had to emigrate first to Paris, where he received a patent for his invention, then to Spain and, finally, in 1940 - to Argentina. Here he found a financier who agreed to invest in an original idea, improved the design and developed machines for the production of ball rods. The first products of a small factory built by Biro went on sale in Argentina in 1943 and cost significantly more than a good fountain pen.
Pilots were one of their first buyers, who were convinced that, unlike the usual "eternal pen", the ballpoint pen does not flow when it is raised to a height where the atmospheric pressure is reduced. Information about the "aviation fountain pen" reached the US Department of Defense, and it instructed the best manufacturers of fountain pens to familiarize themselves with the novelty and organize its production for American military pilots.
In 1944, Biro defended his invention with a US patent and sold licenses to two large American firms. But they did not have time to "swing", as an enterprising businessman M. Reynolds, who accidentally bought a ballpoint pen somewhere in South America, without any license began to produce such pens, making some changes to the design.
To avoid prosecution, he referred to a forgotten American patent taken in 1888 by one J. Loud for a bale and box marker. In the Lauda system, which was reminiscent of the deodorant ball bottles now sold, a spring-loaded ball with a diameter of 1-2 centimeters on a paint can was used to apply numbers and marks to the surface of burlap, cardboard or boards.
Reynolds was able to convince the court that his pens were a miniature copy of Lauda's invention, and that Biro's system had nothing to do with it.
When the first batch of Reynolds pens arrived at a major department store in New York after a massive advertising campaign on October 19, 1945, 50 police officers had to be called in to keep order. Ten thousand pens were sold out in a few hours. Biro himself retired in 1947 and devoted himself to painting.
In the beginning, the technology for producing rods was expensive. The ball rods were bent to increase ink capacity and were "double length". The technology has evolved towards thinner balls and cheaper rods. And by 1953, the French entrepreneur Marcel Beach (to whom the "Great Entrepreneurs" column in our magazine was once devoted) had invested in the development of cheap ballpoint pens and invented the first disposable pens. Manufacturing costs have dropped so much that ballpoint pens have become generally available.
In this way, ballpoint pens have spread all over the world, and once they got to our tables with you and became irreplaceable helpers for us.
"History of Things" - Ballpoint Pen
Option 4
Read the text and complete tasks 1 - 3
(1) In 1943, the Hungarian Laszlo Biro, who received an order from the British Royal Air Force to develop a pen capable of writing at high altitudes under low pressure, first proposed the use of a rod consisting of a channel covered with a metal ball. (2) The first ballpoint pens were just terrible: balls fell out, air bubbles blocked the nibbler, ink often began to leak out, and at first people were more familiar and seemed to be easier to write with a regular fountain pen. (3)<…>A ballpoint pen could write with a stronger pressure than a fountain pen, it did not scratch the paper, it made fewer blots, and therefore quickly gained popularity.
1. Indicate two sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Ballpoint pens, invented by Laszlo Biro at the request of the British Air Force, quickly gained popularity, despite a number of shortcomings.
2) A ballpoint pen capable of writing at high altitudes with low pressure was developed by the Briton Laszlo Biro: he used a rod consisting of a channel blocked by a metal ball.
3) The first ballpoint pens, invented by order of the British Royal Air Force, were not in demand by the population: people preferred to write with ordinary fountain pens.
4) Despite the fact that the first ballpoint pens, invented by Laszlo Biro for the British Air Force, had many disadvantages, they very quickly became popular due to their fundamental advantages over fountain pens.
5) Laszlo Biro went down in history as the inventor of a ballpoint pen that could write at high altitudes with low pressure, did not scratch paper and made fewer blots.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
For example,
Therefore
Besides,
3. Read the glossary entry for the meanings of LOW. Determine in what sense this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
SHORT , th, th; - zok, - zka, - zko, - zko.
1) Small in height, located at a low height from the ground, from some n. level.N. fence.
2) Not reaching the average level, less than the average rate, insignificant.Low prices.
3) Bad, unsatisfactory in terms of quality. N. grade.
4) Vile, dishonorable (contempt.).N. act.
5) Dense by ear.N. bass.
4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting a stressed vowel sound is WRONGLY highlighted. Write this word down.
facilitate
vision
fruit
5. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word WRONG. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
All elements must form a single HARMONIOUS whole and correspond to your ideological plan.
He took a deep INHALATION and resolutely approached Gerasim.
The water was ICE, teeth ached from it, and it was swallowed with a ringing sound.
In the provinces, DEFLECTION from jury duty in the early years was negligible.
A TECHNICAL chess player must be able to play on two flanks.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form.Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
fixed more RELIABLE
old PASSPORTS
Lie on your back
seedlings APPLE
pick up from the NURSERY
7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
SUGGESTIONS
A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
B) violation in the construction of a complex sentence
C) incorrect construction of a sentence with an participial turnover
D) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech
E) violation in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members
1) Antipov annoyed the repair service with complaints about the material shipped to him to update the rail.
2) Standing on the threshold of the house, the parents watched for a long time after the leaving children.
3) Upon arrival from Greece, I sat down to write a new book.
4) In "Ruslan and Lyudmila" A.S. Pushkin conveyed much of what he had heard from his nanny Arina Rodionovna.
5) To get to Ryabtsev, who occupied an office on the fifth floor, Nastasya had to explain the purpose of her visit to a dozen security guards.
6) I was not accepted into the school's basketball team. Because I was short.
7) When creating a project for a new building, the architect said that I want to make this building the most beautiful in the city.
8) Mistakes not only bring pain, but also make us wiser.
9) The war was a difficult test for the entire people, but everyone believed and hoped for victory.
8. Identify the word missing the unstressed verifiable vowel of the root. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.
hug..mother
pl..wchikha
illumination
see ... bother (with the circumstances)
bl .. growing
9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.
and ... tries, in ... head (institution)
pr..could, pr..bereg
super..gra, ob..sk
ave..grandfather, ave..peak
(I see) in..real, since..young
10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the pass.
hours..nka
peck out
industry..voy
beggar ... nskiy
cough ...
11. Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the pass.
ove..ny
you have suffered ... you are
dozing ... you
outlined ...
12. Define a sentence in which NOT with a word is written LITTLE. Expand the parentheses and write this word out.
Winter is (NOT) GIVELY angry, its time has passed ...
His home life, none of those around him (NOT) INTERESTING, went on as usual.
It was a month of (NOT) BLAZED by bad events of happiness.
My new friend was a (NOT) POOR man, but his stinginess discouraged me.
(NOT) WELCOMELY and cordially met Olga Stas, but coldly and aloof.
13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled LITTLE. Expand the brackets and write out these two words.
(FOR) WHAT in separation from her, (FOR) BREAKING with backbiting, the heart in us is ready to bleed to a drop ...
(IN) SEE, the very principle from which this truth emanates, obliges you, (IN) THE SEE of your position in society, to recognize in it only an inner light.
(ON) AMONG the room (B) FOR 20 years there was the same table, covered with the same lace tablecloth.
I, for whatever reason, wanted to meet Sonya, tell her how I missed, how I suffered (IN) LONE, not daring to confess my feelings to anyone.
The officer stood (ON) the EXTRACTOR, and the general, meanwhile, gave the order to the soldiers to line up in columns (ON) TWO.
14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which НН is written.
Immediately I remembered a mirror up to the floor, immediately (1) about reflecting the second istask (2) th and ditch (3) th Ball, antlers in height, countless (4) fur coats and galoshes.
15. Arrange punctuation marks ... Indicate two sentences in which you need to putONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) In the distance, I heard the sound of a motor or the crunch of a falling tree.
2) Vasily Porfirych gave the children a microscopic piece of prosphora, got drunk tea and sat down in the study.
3) This was a gentleman, no longer young for years, prim and dignified with a cautious and grumpy face.
4) For centuries, these trees have been related to us and gave our ancestors creaky sandals and a smokeless torch.
5) Darwin was distinguished for almost his entire life by disordered health and this did not prevent him from showing the highest level of intensity of mental work.
16. Arrange all punctuation marks:
The swimmer was brave (1) who decided on such a night (2) to set off across the strait at a distance of twenty miles (3) and there must be an important reason (4) that prompted him to do this.
17. Arrange any missing punctuation marks: indicate the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
Talking to you (1) my dear (2) I (3) finally (4) came to one single thought: if we are (5) gentle (6) my friend (7) we cannot breathe without each other (8) however (9) the will of the parents hinders our well-being, can we not do without it?
18. Arrange all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
In Gorokhovaya Street, in one of the large houses (1) the population (2) of which (3) would be enough for a whole district town (4), Ilya Ilyich Oblomov lay in bed in the morning in his apartment.
19. Arrange all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
Yegorushka looked around (1) and did not understand (2) where this strange song came from (3) but (4) when he listened (5) it began to seem to him (6) that it was grass singing, complaining about the heat and drought.
20. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error,excluding unnecessary word. Write this word down.
It was useless to hide the true truth, and Serpilin did not even consider himself entitled to do this.
Read the text and complete assignments 21 - 26
(1) I recently received a letter in which a schoolgirl writes about her friend. (2) The teacher of literature invited this friend to write an essay about a very prominent Soviet writer. (3) And in this essay, the schoolgirl, paying tribute to both the genius of the writer and his importance in the history of literature, wrote that he had mistakes. (4) The teacher considered all this inappropriate and scolded her very much. (5) And now a friend of that schoolgirl turns to me with a question: is it possible to write about the mistakes of great people? (6) I answered her that it is not only possible, but also necessary to write about the mistakes of great people, that a person is great not because he was not mistaken in anything. (7) No one is free from mistakes in our life, in our difficult life.
(8) What is important to a person? (9) How to live life? (10) First of all - not to commit any acts that would lower his dignity. (11) You can not do very much in life, but if you do not do anything, even small, against your conscience, then by doing so you bring tremendous benefits. (12) Even in our everyday life, everyday life. (13) But in life there can be difficult, bitter situations when a person is faced with the problem of choosing - to be dishonored in the eyes of others or in his own. (14) I am convinced that it is better to be dishonored before others than before your conscience. (15) A person should be able to sacrifice himself. (16) Of course, such a sacrifice is a heroic act. (17) But you need to go to it.
(18) When I say that a person should not go against his conscience, should not make a deal with it, I do not mean at all that a person cannot or should not make mistakes, stumble. (19) No one is free from mistakes in our difficult life. (20) However, a person who has stumbled faces a grave danger: he often comes to despair. (21) It begins to seem to him that everyone around is scoundrels, that everyone is lying and doing bad things. (22) Disappointment sets in, and disappointment, loss of faith in people, in decency is the worst thing.
(23) Yes, they say: "Take care of honor from a young age." (24) But even if it was not possible to preserve honor from a young age, it must and can be returned to oneself in adulthood, to break oneself, to find the courage and courage in oneself to admit mistakes.
(25) I know a person who is now admired by everyone, who is very much appreciated, whom I also loved in the last years of his life. (26) Meanwhile, in his youth, he committed a bad deed, a very bad one. (27) And then he told me about this act. (28) He confessed himself. (29) Later we sailed with him on a motor ship, and he said, leaning on the deck rail: "But I thought that you would not talk to me." (30) I didn't even understand what he was talking about: my attitude towards him changed much earlier than he confessed to the sins of his youth. (31) I myself already understood that he did not realize much of what he was doing ...
(32) The road to repentance can be long and difficult. (33) But how does the courage to admit one's guilt decorate - it adorns both a person and society.
(34) Anxieties of conscience ... (35) They prompt, teach; they help not to violate ethical norms, to preserve the dignity - the dignity of a morally living person.
(according to D.S.Likhachev *)
* Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev (1906-1999) - Soviet and Russian philologist, culturologist, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
21. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.
1) Likhachev writes that a schoolgirl, his student, turned to him with a question.
2) In the text, concepts such as "honor" and "conscience" are very closely related to each other.
3) Sacrificing yourself is a heroic act, and you need to think very carefully before going on it.
4) When a person is out of tune with his conscience, it seems to him that everyone around is lying and doing bad things.
5) A friend of the hero-narrator confessed to him the mistakes he had made on the ship.
22. Which of the following statements arefaithful ? Enter the answer numbers.
Indicate the numbers in ascending order.
1) Propositions 13-14 present the reasoning.
2) Sentence 21 explains, discloses the content of sentence 20.
3) Proposition 24 contains a conclusion, a consequence of what is said in proposal 23.
4) Propositions 26-28 contain reasoning.
5) Sentences 34–35 provide a description.
23. From sentences 18-22, write out a phraseological unit with the meaning "to mean someone, something."
24. Among sentences 1–7, find the one (s) that is (s) related to the previous one using the compositional conjunction, demonstrative pronoun, and word forms.
25. “Techniques of expressiveness in the works of D.S. Likhachev play a special role: they clarify the author's idea, concretize the details, and place the necessary logical accents. In the presented text, among such techniques one can single out (A) _______ (sentences 11–12) and (B) ________ (in sentences 23, 29). A feature of D.S. Likhachev is also such a technique as (B) ________ ("in our life" in sentence 7). Among the few tropes, it is worth highlighting (D) _______ ("bitter situations" in sentence 13 ".
List of terms:
1) epithets
2) antonyms
3) parceling
4) colloquial words
5) rows of homogeneous members of the sentence
6) quoting
7) lexical repetition
8) metonymy
9) assonance
26. Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.
Please comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important to understanding the problem in the original text (avoid overquoting).
Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reading experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The length of the essay is at least 150 words.
Option 4
1. Answer: 14 | 41.
2. Answer: however.
3. Answer: 2.
4. The answer is to bear fruit.
5. The answer is evasion.
6. Answer: reliable.
7. Answer: 26579
8. Answer: accept
9. Answer: frankly angry
10. Answer: unstick
11. Answer: dozing
12. Answer: not without reason
13. Answer: why in spite of
14. Answer: 124.
15. Answer: 25
16. Answer: 12578
18. Answer: 14.
19. Answer: 2356.
20. Answer: true.
21. Answer: 24
22. Answer: 12.
23. Answer: 3
25. Answer: 3671
1. In our complex life, no one is free from mistakes. Making mistakes, being aware of them is a natural process
2. The problem of the relationship between the greatness of a person and the mistakes that he made. The problem of publicizing the mistakes of great people. (Can the greatness of a person consist in the fact that he was not mistaken in anything? Is the concept of "greatness" related to the mistakes that a person makes? Can we talk about the mistakes of great people or should this be hidden?)
2. The greatness of man does not lie in the fact that he did not make any mistakes. Therefore, one can and should talk about the mistakes of great people.
3. The problem of the role of conscience in human life. (What is the role of conscience in a person's life? Does life "by conscience" protect against mistakes? Does life "by conscience" bring benefits?)
3. Living "according to conscience" does not protect against mistakes, but conscience is what prompts, teaches, helps not to violate ethical norms, to preserve the dignity of a morally living person. Even if a person did not do much in life, but lived in harmony with his conscience, he has already brought significant benefits.
4. The problem of choosing landmarks on the path of life. (How should a person live his life? What is important for him to focus on first of all?)
4. A person should not commit any actions that would lower his dignity. You don't have to go against your conscience. Therefore, the main guideline should be one's own conscience.
5. The problem of choice: to be dishonored in the eyes of others - or in your own. (Which is better: to be dishonored in the eyes of others or to lose honor and dignity in your own eyes?)
5. It is better to be dishonored before other people than before your conscience. Of course, dishonor in the eyes of others is a great sacrifice, but it must be made ..
6. The problem of honor. (Is it possible, having committed a bad, dishonorable act in youth, to regain honor in adulthood?)
6. If you failed to preserve honor from a young age, it can and should be returned to yourself in adulthood.
7. The problem of remorse. (Do you need to repent of the mistakes you have made?)
7. Despite the fact that the path to repentance can be long and difficult, since it is very difficult to admit your mistakes, it is very useful, it beautifies a person, because repentance is a manifestation of courage
8. The problem of the consequences of mistakes. (What dangers await a person who makes a mistake? What is one of the most dire consequences of a mistake?)
8. A person who has made a mistake can become desperate. Then there may be disappointment, loss of faith in people, in decency, and this is the worst thing.
* To formulate the problem, the examinees may use vocabulary that differs from the one presented in the table. The issue can also be cited from the source text or indicated by reference to sentence numbers
In its modern form, the ballpoint pen was invented by Laszlo Biro, a Hungarian journalist who lived in Argentina for many years. Biro's ballpoint pen appeared in 1931, however, he managed to register a patent for his invention only in 1938.
But it would be unfair to consider Biro the sole inventor of the ballpoint pen, since the principle itself - a rotating ball that transfers ink to paper - was not invented by him, but back in the 19th century by John Loud from Massachusetts (USA). He managed to create a sufficiently viscous ink that would not flow out, but at the same time "smeared" on the paper, leaving a mark. John Loud patented his invention in 1888, that is, almost half a century before Laszlo Biro. Why did you need to reinvent the ballpoint pen?
The problem was that Lauda's pen and all subsequent varieties had problems with ink - small fluctuations in temperature made them either fluid or thick, and then the pen stopped writing altogether. The optimum temperature for a ballpoint pen to write properly was in the range of 20-22 degrees.
Laszlo recruited his brother Györd, a chemist by training, to work on the ballpoint pen. Together they managed to develop ink of sufficient quality that did not flow or thicken. With the outbreak of World War II, he and his brother decided to leave for South America (Argentina), where in 1943 they opened a factory for the production of pens. However, this was not the end of their tests - despite the newly invented ink, the pen had to be kept upright all the time, otherwise it would refuse to write. The factory had to be closed. The brothers redefined the traditional design, which has gained acceptance since the days of Lauda, by opting for a capillary system to supply ink to the ball. The Biro brothers protected the newly-invented pen with an Argentine patent and sold it to Eversharp, which took over their production.
But even after all the improvements, the pen suffered the same shortcomings as before, albeit to a much lesser extent. The further development of the ballpoint pen was undertaken by Marcel Beach, a Parisian manufacturer of writing instruments.
In the 50s, he bought out the patent for the Biro brothers' ballpoint pen. He drastically reduced the size of the ball in the pen, thanks to which she began to write thinly, and the ink practically did not leak out and did not leave blots. By 1952, after carefully studying all the pen models available, he had created the perfect pen - both in writing quality and in price. Having received an American patent for his pen, he managed to break through with his invention to the US market. For the American consumer, he slightly changed his last name - in BiC. Perhaps you know her not only for her handles, but also for disposable, inexpensive razors.
Many people in the world still use the result of the work of those who invented the ballpoint pen - simple, inexpensive, easy to use and so commonplace, invisible in everyday life that we do not even think about what a difficult path this invention has gone through in recent years. a little over a hundred years, with surprise to discover that quite recently a ballpoint pen was not in use and people wrote with a fountain pen or even in the old fashioned way, as many centuries ago - with pens and ink.
Option No. 7141591
When completing tasks with a short answer, write in the answer field the number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, word, sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. Answers to tasks 1-26 are a digit (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).
If the variant is set by the teacher, you can enter or upload answers to the tasks with a detailed answer into the system. The teacher will see the results of the assignments with a short answer and will be able to evaluate the uploaded answers to the assignments with a detailed answer. The points given by the teacher will appear in your statistics. The length of the essay is at least 150 words.
Version for printing and copying in MS Word
Indicate the numbers of sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Ballpoint pens, invented by Laszlo Biro at the request of the British Air Force, quickly gained popularity, despite a number of shortcomings.
2) A ballpoint pen capable of writing at high altitudes with low pressure was developed by the Briton Laszlo Biro: he used a rod consisting of a channel blocked by a metal ball.
3) The first ballpoint pens, invented by order of the British Royal Air Force, were not in demand by the population: people preferred to write with ordinary fountain pens.
4) Despite the fact that the first ballpoint pens, invented by Laszlo Biro for the British Air Force, had many disadvantages, they very quickly became popular due to their fundamental advantages over fountain pens.
5) Laszlo Biro went down in history as the inventor of a ballpoint pen that could write at high altitudes with low pressure, did not scratch paper and made fewer blots.
Answer:
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
For example,
Therefore
Besides,
Answer:
Read the glossary entry for the meanings of LOW. Determine in what sense this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
SHORT, th, th; - zok, - zka, - zko, - zko.
1) Small in height, located at a low height from the ground, from some n. level. N. fence.
2) Not reaching the average level, less than the average rate, insignificant. Low prices.
3) Bad, unsatisfactory in terms of quality. N. grade.
4) Vile, dishonorable (contempt.). N. act.
5) Dense by ear. N. bass.
Answer:
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting a stressed vowel sound is WRONGLY highlighted. Write this word down.
facilitate
vision
fruit
Answer:
One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word WRONG. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
All elements must form a single HARMONIOUS whole and correspond to your ideological plan.
He took a deep INHALATION and resolutely approached Gerasim.
The water was ICE, teeth ached from it, and it was swallowed with a ringing sound.
In the provinces, DEFLECTION from jury duty in the early years was negligible.
A TECHNICAL chess player must be able to play on two flanks.
Answer:
In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
fixed more RELIABLE
old PASSPORTS
Lie on your back
seedlings APPLE
pick up from the NURSERY
Answer:
Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | SUGGESTIONS | |
A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition B) violation in the construction of a complex sentence C) incorrect construction of a sentence with an participial turnover D) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech E) violation in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members | 1) Antipov annoyed the repair service with complaints about the material shipped to him to update the rail. 2) Standing on the threshold of the house, the parents watched for a long time after the leaving children. 3) Upon arrival from Greece, I sat down to write a new book. 4) In "Ruslan and Lyudmila" A.S. Pushkin conveyed much of what he had heard from his nanny Arina Rodionovna. 5) To get to Ryabtsev, who occupied an office on the fifth floor, Nastasya had to explain the purpose of her visit to a dozen security guards. 6) I was not accepted into the school's basketball team. Because I was short. 7) When creating a project for a new building, the architect said that I want to make this building the most beautiful in the city. 8) Mistakes not only bring pain, but also make us wiser. 9) The war was a difficult test for the entire people, but everyone believed and hoped for victory. |
| A | B | IN | G | D |
Answer:
Identify the word missing the unstressed verifiable vowel of the root. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.
hug..mother
pl..wchikha
illumination
see ... bother (with the circumstances)
bl .. growing
Answer:
Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.
and ... tries, in ... head (institution)
pr..could, pr..bereg
super..gra, ob..sk
ave..grandfather, ave..peak
(I see) in..real, since..young
Answer:
Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the pass.
hours..nka
peck out
industry..voy
beggar ... nskiy
cough ...
Answer:
Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the pass.
ove..ny
you have suffered ... you are
dozing ... you
outlined ...
Answer:
Define a sentence in which NOT with a word is written LITTLE. Expand the parentheses and write this word out.
Winter is (NOT) GIVELY angry, its time has passed ...
His home life, none of those around him (NOT) INTERESTING, went on as usual.
It was a month of (NOT) BLAZED by bad events of happiness.
My new friend was a (NOT) POOR man, but his stinginess discouraged me.
(NOT) WELCOMELY and cordially met Olga Stas, but coldly and aloof.
Answer:
Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled LITTLE. Expand the brackets and write out these two words.
(FOR) WHAT in separation from her, (FOR) BREAKING with backbiting, the heart in us is ready to bleed to a drop ...
(IN) SEE, the very principle from which this truth emanates, obliges you, (IN) THE SEE of your position in society, to recognize in it only an inner light.
(ON) AMONG the room (B) FOR 20 years there was the same table, covered with the same lace tablecloth.
I, for whatever reason, wanted to meet Sonya, tell her how I missed, how I suffered (IN) LONE, not daring to confess my feelings to anyone.
The officer stood (ON) the EXTRACTOR, and the general, meanwhile, gave the order to the soldiers to line up in columns (ON) TWO.
Answer:
Answer:
Arrange punctuation marks... Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) In the distance, I heard the sound of a motor or the crunch of a falling tree.
2) Vasily Porfirych gave the children a microscopic piece of prosphora, got drunk tea and sat down in the study.
3) This was a gentleman, no longer young for years, prim and dignified with a cautious and grumpy face.
4) For centuries, these trees have been related to us and gave our ancestors creaky sandals and a smokeless torch.
5) Darwin was distinguished for almost his entire life by disordered health and this did not prevent him from showing the highest level of intensity of mental work.
Answer:
The swimmer was brave (1) who decided on such a night (2) to set off across the strait at a distance of twenty miles (3) and there must be an important reason (4) that prompted him to do this.
Answer:
Arrange any missing punctuation marks: indicate the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
Talking to you (1) my dear (2) I (3) finally (4) came to one single thought: if we are (5) gentle (6) my friend (7) we cannot breathe without each other (8) however (9) the will of the parents hinders our
well-being, can we not do without it?
Answer:
Arrange all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
In Gorokhovaya Street, in one of the large houses (1) the population (2) of which (3) would be enough for a whole district town (4), Ilya Ilyich Oblomov lay in bed in the morning in his apartment.
Answer:
Arrange all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
Yegorushka looked around (1) and did not understand (2) where this strange song came from (3) but (4) when he listened (5) it began to seem to him (6) that it was grass singing, complaining about the heat and drought.
Answer:
Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, excluding unnecessary word. Write this word down.
There is a vacancy for a manager in a large company selling office equipment.
Answer:
Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.
1) Likhachev writes that a schoolgirl, his student, turned to him with a question.
2) In the text, concepts such as "honor" and "conscience" are very closely related to each other.
3) Sacrificing yourself is a heroic act, and you need to think very carefully before going on it.
4) When a person is out of tune with his conscience, it seems to him that everyone around is lying and doing bad things.
5) A friend of the hero-narrator confessed to him the mistakes he had made on the ship.
(according to D.S.Likhachev *)
*Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev
Answer:
Which of the following statements are faithful? Enter the answer numbers.
Indicate the numbers in ascending order.
1) Propositions 13-14 present the reasoning.
2) Sentence 21 explains, discloses the content of sentence 20.
3) Proposition 24 contains a conclusion, a consequence of what is said in proposal 23.
4) Propositions 26-28 contain reasoning.
5) Sentences 34–35 provide a description.
(1) I recently received a letter in which a schoolgirl writes about her friend. (2) The teacher of literature invited this friend to write an essay about a very prominent Soviet writer. (3) And in this essay, the schoolgirl, paying tribute to both the genius of the writer and his importance in the history of literature, wrote that he had mistakes. (4) The teacher considered all this inappropriate and scolded her very much. (5) And now a friend of that schoolgirl turns to me with a question: is it possible to write about the mistakes of great people? (6) I answered her that it is not only possible, but also necessary to write about the mistakes of great people, that a person is great not because he was not mistaken in anything. (7) No one is free from mistakes in our life, in our difficult life.
(8) What is important to a person? (9) How to live life? (10) First of all - not to commit any acts that would lower his dignity. (11) You can not do very much in life, but if you do not do anything, even small, against your conscience, then by doing so you bring tremendous benefits. (12) Even in our everyday life, everyday life. (13) But in life there can be difficult, bitter situations when a person is faced with the problem of choosing - to be dishonored in the eyes of others or in his own. (14) I am convinced that it is better to be dishonored before others than before your conscience. (15) A person should be able to sacrifice himself. (16) Of course, such a sacrifice is a heroic act. (17) But you need to go to it.
(18) When I say that a person should not go against his conscience, should not make a deal with it, I do not mean at all that a person cannot or should not make mistakes, stumble. (19) No one is free from mistakes in our difficult life. (20) However, a person who has stumbled faces a grave danger: he often comes to despair. (21) It begins to seem to him that everyone around is scoundrels, that everyone is lying and doing bad things. (22) Disappointment sets in, and disappointment, loss of faith in people, in decency is the worst thing.
(23) Yes, they say: "Take care of honor from a young age." (24) But even if it was not possible to preserve honor from a young age, it must and can be returned to oneself in adulthood, to break oneself, to find the courage and courage in oneself to admit mistakes.
(25) I know a person who is now admired by everyone, who is very much appreciated, whom I also loved in the last years of his life. (26) Meanwhile, in his youth, he committed a bad deed, a very bad one. (27) And then he told me about this act. (28) He confessed himself. (29) Later we sailed with him on a motor ship, and he said, leaning on the deck rail: "But I thought that you would not talk to me." (30) I didn't even understand what he was talking about: my attitude towards him changed much earlier than he confessed to the sins of his youth. (31) I myself already understood that he did not realize much of what he was doing ...
(32) The road to repentance can be long and difficult. (33) But how does the courage to admit one's guilt decorate - it adorns both a person and society.
(34) Anxieties of conscience ... (35) They prompt, teach; they help not to violate ethical norms, to preserve the dignity - the dignity of a morally living person.
(according to D.S.Likhachev *)
*Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev(1906-1999) - Soviet and Russian philologist, culturologist, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
(34) Anxieties of conscience ... (35) They prompt, teach; they help not to violate ethical norms, to preserve the dignity - the dignity of a morally living person.
(according to D.S.Likhachev *)
*Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev(1906-1999) - Soviet and Russian philologist, culturologist, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Answer:
Write out a phraseological unit from sentences 1–5.
(1) I recently received a letter in which a schoolgirl writes about her friend. (2) The teacher of literature invited this friend to write an essay about a very prominent Soviet writer. (3) And in this essay, the schoolgirl, paying tribute to both the genius of the writer and his importance in the history of literature, wrote that he had mistakes. (4) The teacher considered all this inappropriate and scolded her very much. (5) And now a friend of that schoolgirl turns to me with a question: is it possible to write about the mistakes of great people? (6) I answered her that it is not only possible, but also necessary to write about the mistakes of great people, that a person is great not because he was not mistaken in anything. (7) No one is free from mistakes in our life, in our difficult life.
(8) What is important to a person? (9) How to live life? (10) First of all - not to commit any acts that would lower his dignity. (11) You can not do very much in life, but if you do not do anything, even small, against your conscience, then by doing so you bring tremendous benefits. (12) Even in our everyday life, everyday life. (13) But in life there can be difficult, bitter situations when a person is faced with the problem of choosing - to be dishonored in the eyes of others or in his own. (14) I am convinced that it is better to be dishonored before others than before your conscience. (15) A person should be able to sacrifice himself. (16) Of course, such a sacrifice is a heroic act. (17) But you need to go to it.
(18) When I say that a person should not go against his conscience, should not make a deal with it, I do not mean at all that a person cannot or should not make mistakes, stumble. (19) No one is free from mistakes in our difficult life. (20) However, a person who has stumbled faces a grave danger: he often comes to despair. (21) It begins to seem to him that everyone around is scoundrels, that everyone is lying and doing bad things. (22) Disappointment sets in, and disappointment, loss of faith in people, in decency is the worst thing.
(23) Yes, they say: "Take care of honor from a young age." (24) But even if it was not possible to preserve honor from a young age, it must and can be returned to oneself in adulthood, to break oneself, to find the courage and courage in oneself to admit mistakes.
(25) I know a person who is now admired by everyone, who is very much appreciated, whom I also loved in the last years of his life. (26) Meanwhile, in his youth, he committed a bad deed, a very bad one. (27) And then he told me about this act. (28) He confessed himself. (29) Later we sailed with him on a motor ship, and he said, leaning on the deck rail: "But I thought that you would not talk to me." (30) I didn't even understand what he was talking about: my attitude towards him changed much earlier than he confessed to the sins of his youth. (31) I myself already understood that he did not realize much of what he was doing ...
(32) The road to repentance can be long and difficult. (33) But how does the courage to admit one's guilt decorate - it adorns both a person and society.
(34) Anxieties of conscience ... (35) They prompt, teach; they help not to violate ethical norms, to preserve the dignity - the dignity of a morally living person.
(according to D.S.Likhachev *)
*Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev(1906-1999) - Soviet and Russian philologist, culturologist, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
(1) I recently received a letter in which a schoolgirl writes about her friend. (2) The teacher of literature invited this friend to write an essay about a very prominent Soviet writer. (3) And in this essay, the schoolgirl, paying tribute to both the genius of the writer and his importance in the history of literature, wrote that he had mistakes. (4) The teacher considered all this inappropriate and scolded her very much. (5) And now a friend of that schoolgirl turns to me with a question: is it possible to write about the mistakes of great people?
Answer:
Among sentences 1–7, find the one (s) that is (s) related to the previous one using the compositional conjunction, demonstrative pronoun, and word forms.
(1) I recently received a letter in which a schoolgirl writes about her friend. (2) The teacher of literature invited this friend to write an essay about a very prominent Soviet writer. (3) And in this essay, the schoolgirl, paying tribute to both the genius of the writer and his importance in the history of literature, wrote that he had mistakes. (4) The teacher considered all this inappropriate and scolded her very much. (5) And now a friend of that schoolgirl turns to me with a question: is it possible to write about the mistakes of great people? (6) I answered her that it is not only possible, but also necessary to write about the mistakes of great people, that a person is great not because he was not mistaken in anything. (7) No one is free from mistakes in our life, in our difficult life.
(8) What is important to a person? (9) How to live life? (10) First of all - not to commit any acts that would lower his dignity. (11) You can not do very much in life, but if you do not do anything, even small, against your conscience, then by doing so you bring tremendous benefits. (12) Even in our everyday life, everyday life. (13) But in life there can be difficult, bitter situations when a person is faced with the problem of choosing - to be dishonored in the eyes of others or in his own. (14) I am convinced that it is better to be dishonored before others than before your conscience. (15) A person should be able to sacrifice himself. (16) Of course, such a sacrifice is a heroic act. (17) But you need to go to it.
(18) When I say that a person should not go against his conscience, should not make a deal with it, I do not mean at all that a person cannot or should not make mistakes, stumble. (19) No one is free from mistakes in our difficult life. (20) However, a person who has stumbled faces a grave danger: he often comes to despair. (21) It begins to seem to him that everyone around is scoundrels, that everyone is lying and doing bad things. (22) Disappointment sets in, and disappointment, loss of faith in people, in decency is the worst thing.
(23) Yes, they say: "Take care of honor from a young age." (24) But even if it was not possible to preserve honor from a young age, it must and can be returned to oneself in adulthood, to break oneself, to find the courage and courage in oneself to admit mistakes.
(25) I know a person who is now admired by everyone, who is very much appreciated, whom I also loved in the last years of his life. (26) Meanwhile, in his youth, he committed a bad deed, a very bad one. (27) And then he told me about this act. (28) He confessed himself. (29) Later we sailed with him on a motor ship, and he said, leaning on the deck rail: "But I thought that you would not talk to me." (30) I didn't even understand what he was talking about: my attitude towards him changed much earlier than he confessed to the sins of his youth. (31) I myself already understood that he did not realize much of what he was doing ...
(32) The road to repentance can be long and difficult. (33) But how does the courage to admit one's guilt decorate - it adorns both a person and society.
(34) Anxieties of conscience ... (35) They prompt, teach; they help not to violate ethical norms, to preserve the dignity - the dignity of a morally living person.
(according to D.S.Likhachev *)
*Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev(1906-1999) - Soviet and Russian philologist, culturologist, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Answer:
Read the review fragment based on the text you analyzed in assignments 20–23.
This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the numbers of terms from the list in the places of the gaps (A, B, C, D). Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.
Write down the sequence of numbers without spaces, commas and other additional characters.
“Techniques of expressiveness in the works of D.S. Likhachev play a special role: they clarify the author's idea, concretize the details, and place the necessary logical accents. In the presented text, among such techniques one can single out (A) _______ (sentences 11–12) and (B) ________ (in sentences 23, 29). A feature of D.S. Likhachev is also such a technique as (B) ________ ("in our life" in sentence 7). Among the few tropes, it is worth highlighting (D) _______ ("bitter situations" in sentence 13 ".
List of terms:
1) epithets
2) antonyms
3) parceling
4) colloquial words
5) rows of homogeneous members of the sentence
6) quoting
7) lexical repetition
8) metonymy
9) assonance
Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G |
(1) I recently received a letter in which a schoolgirl writes about her friend. (2) The teacher of literature invited this friend to write an essay about a very prominent Soviet writer. (3) And in this essay, the schoolgirl, paying tribute to both the genius of the writer and his importance in the history of literature, wrote that he had mistakes. (4) The teacher considered all this inappropriate and scolded her very much. (5) And now a friend of that schoolgirl turns to me with a question: is it possible to write about the mistakes of great people? (6) I answered her that it is not only possible, but also necessary to write about the mistakes of great people, that a person is great not because he was not mistaken in anything. (7) No one is free from mistakes in our life, in our difficult life.
(8) What is important to a person? (9) How to live life? (10) First of all - not to commit any acts that would lower his dignity. (11) You can not do very much in life, but if you do not do anything, even small, against your conscience, then by doing so you bring tremendous benefits. (12) Even in our everyday life, everyday life. (13) But in life there can be difficult, bitter situations when a person is faced with the problem of choosing - to be dishonored in the eyes of others or in his own. (14) I am convinced that it is better to be dishonored before others than before your conscience. (15) A person should be able to sacrifice himself. (16) Of course, such a sacrifice is a heroic act. (17) But you need to go to it.
(18) When I say that a person should not go against his conscience, should not make a deal with it, I do not mean at all that a person cannot or should not make mistakes, stumble. (19) No one is free from mistakes in our difficult life. (20) However, a person who has stumbled faces a grave danger: he often comes to despair. (21) It begins to seem to him that everyone around is scoundrels, that everyone is lying and doing bad things. (22) Disappointment sets in, and disappointment, loss of faith in people, in decency is the worst thing.
(23) Yes, they say: "Take care of honor from a young age." (24) But even if it was not possible to preserve honor from a young age, it must and can be returned to oneself in adulthood, to break oneself, to find the courage and courage in oneself to admit mistakes.
(25) I know a person who is now admired by everyone, who is very much appreciated, whom I also loved in the last years of his life. (26) Meanwhile, in his youth, he committed a bad deed, a very bad one. (27) And then he told me about this act. (28) He confessed himself. (29) Later we sailed with him on a motor ship, and he said, leaning on the deck rail: "But I thought that you would not talk to me." (30) I didn't even understand what he was talking about: my attitude towards him changed much earlier than he confessed to the sins of his youth. (31) I myself already understood that he did not realize much of what he was doing ...
(32) The road to repentance can be long and difficult. (33) But how does the courage to admit one's guilt decorate - it adorns both a person and society.
Please comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important to understanding the problem in the original text (avoid overquoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them.
The length of the essay is at least 150 words.
A work written without reference to the text read (not according to this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated 0 points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
(1) I recently received a letter in which a schoolgirl writes about her friend. (2) The teacher of literature invited this friend to write an essay about a very prominent Soviet writer. (3) And in this essay, the schoolgirl, paying tribute to both the genius of the writer and his importance in the history of literature, wrote that he had mistakes. (4) The teacher considered all this inappropriate and scolded her very much. (5) And now a friend of that schoolgirl turns to me with a question: is it possible to write about the mistakes of great people? (6) I answered her that it is not only possible, but also necessary to write about the mistakes of great people, that a person is great not because he was not mistaken in anything. (7) No one is free from mistakes in our life, in our difficult life.
(8) What is important to a person? (9) How to live life? (10) First of all - not to commit any acts that would lower his dignity. (11) You can not do very much in life, but if you do not do anything, even small, against your conscience, then by doing so you bring tremendous benefits. (12) Even in our everyday life, everyday life. (13) But in life there can be difficult, bitter situations when a person is faced with the problem of choosing - to be dishonored in the eyes of others or in his own. (14) I am convinced that it is better to be dishonored before others than before your conscience. (15) A person should be able to sacrifice himself. (16) Of course, such a sacrifice is a heroic act. (17) But you need to go to it.
(18) When I say that a person should not go against his conscience, should not make a deal with it, I do not mean at all that a person cannot or should not make mistakes, stumble. (19) No one is free from mistakes in our difficult life. (20) However, a person who has stumbled faces a grave danger: he often comes to despair. (21) It begins to seem to him that everyone around is scoundrels, that everyone is lying and doing bad things. (22) Disappointment sets in, and disappointment, loss of faith in people, in decency is the worst thing.
(23) Yes, they say: "Take care of honor from a young age." (24) But even if it was not possible to preserve honor from a young age, it must and can be returned to oneself in adulthood, to break oneself, to find the courage and courage in oneself to admit mistakes.
(25) I know a person who is now admired by everyone, who is very much appreciated, whom I also loved in the last years of his life. (26) Meanwhile, in his youth, he committed a bad deed, a very bad one. (27) And then he told me about this act. (28) He confessed himself. (29) Later we sailed with him on a motor ship, and he said, leaning on the deck rail: "But I thought that you would not talk to me." (30) I didn't even understand what he was talking about: my attitude towards him changed much earlier than he confessed to the sins of his youth. (31) I myself already understood that he did not realize much of what he was doing ...
(32) The road to repentance can be long and difficult. (33) But how does the courage to admit one's guilt decorate - it adorns both a person and society.
(34) Anxieties of conscience ... (35) They prompt, teach; they help not to violate ethical norms, to preserve the dignity - the dignity of a morally living person.
(according to D.S.Likhachev *)
*Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev(1906-1999) - Soviet and Russian philologist, culturologist, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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