on the topic: "Marginality in modern society"
Introduction ..................................................................................3
1. Theory of marginalness ...................................................... ... ... .6
1.1. Acceptance of marginalness ................................. ...................................... ... 8
1.2.Dve waves of marginalization in Russia .........................................1.1
1.3 Society reaction for the presence of marginals .................................. 15
2. Crime and marginality in modern society ............... 16
Conclusion .......................................................................................... 19
List of references .................................................................. ..21
Introduction
Relevancethemes are due to the fact that at the present stage of the development of the Russian society, the marginal concept becomes one of the recognized theoretical research models, which can be used in such directions of the development of domestic sociology, which are most promising for the study of social dynamics, social structure, social processes. Analysis of modern society in terms of the theory of marginalness leads to interesting observations and results.
At all times in all countries, people, for any reason, those who fell out of social structures were distinguished by increased mobility and stood out of the outskirts. Therefore, mainly the phenomenon of marginalness is sharply expressed on the outskirts of the countries, despite the fact that it seized society as a whole.
In addition, since the problem of marginalness is little student, discussion, then its further study is relevant for the development of the science itself.
So, it can be argued that the marginal concept at the present stage is a demanded theoretical model for analyzing the state of Russian society and can play an important role in the study of its social structure.
The degree of study.
The study of the problem of marginalness has a fairly long-standing tradition, history and characterized by the variety of approaches. An American sociologists of the Marginal Concept are considered by American sociologists of the Marginal Concept, the marginalization processes themselves were also considered before in the works of Zimmel, K. Marks, E. Dürkheim, V.Terner. So, K. Marks showed a mechanism for the formation of excessive labor in the capitalist society and the formation of the declared layers. Zimmel concerned in his studies of the consequences of the interaction of two cultures and described the social type of a stranger. E. Dürkheim studied the instability and inconsistency of the value-regulatory installations of the individual in the context of the social system of norms and values. These authors did not allocate marginality as a separate sociological category, but at the same time they described in detail social processes, the consequence of the state of marginalness.
In modern foreign sociology, there are two main approaches to the understanding of the phenomenon of marginalness.
In American sociology, the problem of marginalness is considered from the position of the cultural approach in which it is defined as the state of personalities or groups of people put on the face of two crops involved in the interaction of these cultures, but not be completely adjacent to any of them. Representatives: R.Park, E.Toucknistist, A.ANTONOVSKI, M.Goldberg, D.Golovnyski, N.Diki-Clark, A.Krkhoff, I. Krauss, J. Marthenin, R. Merton, E.Khuz, T. Shibutani, T.uctermans.
In European sociology, the problem of marginalness is investigated from the position of a structural approach, which considers it in the context of changes occurring in the social structure of society due to various socio-political and economic processes. Representatives: A.Farge, A.Turien, Zhelevsky-Stores, Ya.Stumski, A.Prost, V.Bantini.
In the domestic science, at present, the phenomenon of marginalness is investigated from the point of view of different approaches. In sociology, the problem of marginalness by most authors is analyzed from the point of view of transformation of the socio-economic system and the social structure of society, within the framework of the stratification model of the social system. In this direction, the problem is examined by Z.Golhenkov, A. Zavorin, S. Kagermazov, Z. Galimullina, I.Popova, N. Frolova, S. Krasodemskaya.
Purpose of work:
To identify the importance of the problem of marginalness in the social structure of modern society.
To achieve the goal, the following were delivered tasks:
1. Examine the theory of marginalness.
2. To identify and systematize the main modern theoretical approaches to the problem of marginalness.
3. Determine the relationship between crime and marginalness in modern society.
Object research:
Marginality as a social phenomenon in modern society.
Subject of study:
Sociological characteristics of marginalness, its features in the social structure of modern society.
Work structure:
The work contains an introduction, the main part where the foundations of the theory of marginalness are considered, the work of the well-known sociologists, the concept of marginalness is presented, as well as the conclusion where the conclusion is concluded on this topic.
1.Theoreia marginalness
Marginality is a special sociological term for the designation of the border, transient, structurally uncertain social condition
subject. For various reasons, people falling out of the usual social environment and unable to join new communities (often for the reasons for cultural inconsistencies), they experience great psychological tension and experience a kind of self-consciousness crisis.
The theory of marginal and marginal community was put forward in the first quarter of the XX century. One of the founders of the Chicago Sociological School (USA) R. E. Parkov, and its socio-psychological aspects are developed in the 30-40s. E. Stubwist. But K. Marx also considered the problems of social declaration and its consequences, and M. Weber directly concluded that the movement of society begins when marginal layers are organized into some social force (community) and give impetus to social changes - revolutions or reforms.
With the name of Weber, a deeper interpretation of marginalness is connected, which made it possible to explain the formation of new professional, status, religious and related communities, which, of course, not in all cases could arise from "social garbage" - individuals, forcibly erased from their community or asocial By the selected style of life.
On the one hand, sociologists have always recognized the unconditional connection between the emergence of the mass of people excluded from the system of familiar (normal, that Somehow ordered. "
On the other hand, the emergence of new classes, layers and groups in practice is almost never associated with the organized activity of beggars and homeless, rather, it can be considered as the construction of "parallel social structures" by people whose public life until the last time "transition" (which often looks As "jump" to a new, pre-prepared structural position) was quite ordered.
Two main approaches are allocated in the consideration of marginalness. Marginality as a contradiction, an indefinite state in the process of mobility of a group or individual (status change); Marginality as a characteristic of a special marginal (outskirt, intermediate, isolated) position of groups and individuals in the social structure.
Among the marginals can be etioariginalformed by migrations in someone else's environment or grew by mixed marriages; biomariginalwhose health ceases to be the subject of concern of society; socyomariginal, such as groups that are in the process of unfinished social movement; age marginalaforming when the bonds breaking between generations; political Marginals: They are not satisfied with legal opportunities and legitimate rules of the socio-political struggle; economic marginals traditional (unemployed) and new type - the so-called "new poor"; religious marginal - standing out of denominations or not decisive to make a choice between them; And finally criminal marginas; And perhaps, also simply those whose status in the social structure is not defined.
The emergence of new marginal groups is associated with structural changes in post-industrial societies and mass downward societies. Mobility of heterogeneous groups of specialists, losing their jobs, professional positions, status, living conditions.
1.1. Concept marginalness
The basis of the classical concept of marginalness laid the study of the singularities of the person on the border of various cultures. Studies were conducted by the Chicago Sociological School. In 1928, her head R. Park for the first time used the concept of "marginal man." R. Park tied the concept of a marginal man not with a personal type, but with a social process. Marginality acts as the result of intensive social mobility processes. At the same time, the transition from one social position to another is an individual as a crisis. Hence the Association of Marginalness The state of "intermediateness", "outcrops", "border judges". R. Park noted that periods of transition and crisis in the life of most people are comparable to those who experience the immigrant when he leaves his homeland to look for happiness in someone else's country. True, in contrast to migration experiences, the marginal crisis is chronic and continuous, as a result, it tends to turn into a type of personality.
In general, marginality is understood as:
1) states in the process of moving a group or individual (status shift),
Marginals are people who for various reasons fell out of the usual and unable to join the new social layers, as a rule, due to the cultural inconsistency. In such a situation, they experience strong psychological tension and experience the crisis of self-consciousness.
The theory about who such marginal was put forward in the first half of the 20th century Park R. E. But before him, the issues of social decline were raised by Karl Marx.
Weber Theory
Weber was concluded that the social movement begins when marginal layers are based on community, and this leads to various reforms and revolutions. Weber gave a deeper interpretation that made it possible to explain the formation of new communities, which, of course, did not always unite the social garbage of society: refugees, unemployed, and so on. But on the other hand, sociologists have never denied the undoubted relationship between human masses, excluded from the system of familiar social relations, and the process of organizing new communities.
In the communities of people, the main principle is valid: "Chaos must be somehow orderly." At the same time, new classes, groups and layers almost never arise in connection with organized by the active activity of beggars and homeless. Rather, it can be viewed as the construction of parallel people whose life before the transition to a new position was quite ordered.
Despite the prevalence of the fashionable word "marginal", the concept itself is quite vague. Therefore, it is impossible to specifically designate the role of this phenomenon in the culture of society. You can answer the question about who are such marginals, the characteristic of "non-system". It will be the most accurate definition. Because marginals are outside the social structure. That is, they do not belong to any group determining the nature of society as a whole.
There are marginals and culture. Here they are outside the main types of thinking and language and do not belong to any artistic direction. The marginal can not be classified as a dominant or main group, nor to the opposition, or to various subcultures.
The company has long defined who are such marginals. The view has established that these are representatives of the lower layers of society. At best, these are people beyond the rules and traditions. As a rule, calling a man with a marginal, show a negative, contemptuous attitude towards him.
But marginality is not an autonomous state, this is the result of the norms of norms and rules, the expression of special relations with the existing one can develop in two directions: the break of all the usual relationships and the creation of its own world or phased outstanding with society and the subsequent emission beyond the framework of the law. In any case, the marginal is not the starnant of the world, but only the shadowing parties. The public is used to putting out people's appearance outside the system to approve their own, considered normal world.
Marginality is a special sociological term for the designation of the border, transient, structurally uncertain social condition of the subject. For various reasons, people falling out of the usual social environment and unable to join new communities (often for the reasons for cultural inconsistencies), they experience great psychological tension and experience a kind of self-consciousness crisis.
The theory of marginal and marginal community was put forward in the first quarter of the XX century. One of the founders of the Chicago Sociological School (USA) R. E. Parkov, and its socio-psychological aspects are developed in the 30--40-kh. E. Stubwist. But K. Marx considered the problems of social declaration and its consequences, and M. Weber directly concluded that the movement of society begins when marginal layers are organized in some social force (community) and give impetus to social changes - revolutions or reforms .
With the name of Weber, a deeper interpretation of marginalness is connected, which made it possible to explain the formation of new professional, status, religious and similar communities, which, of course, not in all cases could arise from "social garbage" - individuals, forcibly knocked out of their communities or Asocial for the selected style of life.
On the one hand, sociologists have always recognized the unconditional connection between the emergence of the mass of people excluded from the system of familiar (normal, that Somehow ordered. "
On the other hand, the emergence of new classes, layers and groups in practice is almost never associated with the organized activity of beggars and homeless, rather, it can be considered as the construction of "parallel social structures" by people whose public life until the last time "transition" (which often looks As "jump" to a new, pre-prepared structural position) was quite ordered.
Two main approaches are allocated in the consideration of marginalness. Marginality as a contradiction, an indefinite state in the process of mobility of a group or individual (status change); Marginality as a characteristic of a special marginal (outskirt, intermediate, isolated) position of groups and individuals in the social structure.
Among the marginalians may be eduariginals formed by migrations in someone else's environment or grew as a result of mixed marriages; Biomariginal, whose health ceases to be the subject of concern of society; sociomariginal, as, for example, groups that are in the process of unfinished social movement; age marginals that are formed by the breakdown of links between generations; Political marginals: they are not satisfied with the legal opportunities and legitimate rules of the socio-political struggle; Economic marginals of traditional (unemployed) and new type are the so-called "new poor"; religious marginalies - standing out of denominations or not decisive to make a choice between them; And finally, criminal marginals; And perhaps, also simply those whose status in the social structure is not defined.
The emergence of new marginal groups is associated with structural changes in post-industrial societies and mass downward societies. Mobility of heterogeneous groups of specialists, losing their jobs, professional positions, status, living conditions.
on the topic: "Marginality in modern society"
Introduction ..................................................................................3
1. Theory of marginalness ...................................................... ... ... .6
1.1. Acceptance of marginalness ................................. ...................................... ... 8
1.2.Dve waves of marginalization in Russia .........................................1.1
1.3 Society reaction for the presence of marginals .................................. 15
2. Crime and marginality in modern society ............... 16
Conclusion .......................................................................................... 19
List of references .................................................................. ..21
Introduction
Relevance Themes are due to the fact that at the present stage of the development of the Russian society, the marginal concept becomes one of the recognized theoretical research models, which can be used in such directions of the development of domestic sociology, which are most promising for the study of social dynamics, social structure, social processes. Analysis of modern society in terms of the theory of marginalness leads to interesting observations and results.
At all times in all countries, people, for any reason, those who fell out of social structures were distinguished by increased mobility and stood out of the outskirts. Therefore, mainly the phenomenon of marginalness is sharply expressed on the outskirts of the countries, despite the fact that it seized society as a whole.
In addition, since the problem of marginalness is little student, discussion, then its further study is relevant for the development of the science itself.
So, it can be argued that the marginal concept at the present stage is a demanded theoretical model for analyzing the state of Russian society and can play an important role in the study of its social structure.
The degree of study.
The study of the problem of marginalness has a fairly long-standing tradition, history and characterized by the variety of approaches. An American sociologists of the Marginal Concept are considered by American sociologists of the Marginal Concept, the marginalization processes themselves were also considered before in the works of Zimmel, K. Marks, E. Dürkheim, V.Terner. So, K. Marks showed a mechanism for the formation of excessive labor in the capitalist society and the formation of the declared layers. Zimmel concerned in his studies of the consequences of the interaction of two cultures and described the social type of a stranger. E. Dürkheim studied the instability and inconsistency of the value-regulatory installations of the individual in the context of the social system of norms and values. These authors did not allocate marginality as a separate sociological category, but at the same time they described in detail social processes, the consequence of the state of marginalness.
In modern foreign sociology, there are two main approaches to the understanding of the phenomenon of marginalness.
In American sociology, the problem of marginalness is considered from the position of the cultural approach in which it is defined as the state of personalities or groups of people put on the face of two crops involved in the interaction of these cultures, but not be completely adjacent to any of them. Representatives: R.Park, E.Toucknistist, A.ANTONOVSKI, M.Goldberg, D.Golovnyski, N.Diki-Clark, A.Krkhoff, I. Krauss, J. Marthenin, R. Merton, E.Khuz, T. Shibutani, T.uctermans.
In European sociology, the problem of marginalness is investigated from the position of a structural approach, which considers it in the context of changes occurring in the social structure of society due to various socio-political and economic processes. Representatives: A.Farge, A.Turien, Zhelevsky-Stores, Ya.Stumski, A.Prost, V.Bantini.
In the domestic science, at present, the phenomenon of marginalness is investigated from the point of view of different approaches. In sociology, the problem of marginalness by most authors is analyzed from the point of view of transformation of the socio-economic system and the social structure of society, within the framework of the stratification model of the social system. In this direction, the problem is examined by Z.Golhenkov, A. Zavorin, S. Kagermazov, Z. Galimullina, I.Popova, N. Frolova, S. Krasodemskaya.
Purpose of work:
To identify the importance of the problem of marginalness in the social structure of modern society.
To achieve the goal, the following were delivered tasks:
1. Examine the theory of marginalness.
2. To identify and systematize the main modern theoretical approaches to the problem of marginalness.
3. Determine the relationship between crime and marginalness in modern society.
Object research:
Marginality as a social phenomenon in modern society.
Subject of study:
Sociological characteristics of marginalness, its features in the social structure of modern society.
Work structure:
The work contains an introduction, the main part where the foundations of the theory of marginalness are considered, the work of the well-known sociologists, the concept of marginalness is presented, as well as the conclusion where the conclusion is concluded on this topic.
1.Theoreia marginalness
Marginality is a special sociological term for the designation of the border, transient, structurally uncertain social condition
subject. For various reasons, people falling out of the usual social environment and unable to join new communities (often for the reasons for cultural inconsistencies), they experience great psychological tension and experience a kind of self-consciousness crisis.
The theory of marginal and marginal community was put forward in the first quarter of the XX century. One of the founders of the Chicago Sociological School (USA) R. E. Parkov, and its socio-psychological aspects are developed in the 30-40s. E. Stubwist. But K. Marx also considered the problems of social declaration and its consequences, and M. Weber directly concluded that the movement of society begins when marginal layers are organized into some social force (community) and give impetus to social changes - revolutions or reforms.
With the name of Weber, a deeper interpretation of marginalness is connected, which made it possible to explain the formation of new professional, status, religious and related communities, which, of course, not in all cases could arise from "social garbage" - individuals, forcibly erased from their community or asocial By the selected style of life.
On the one hand, sociologists have always recognized the unconditional connection between the emergence of the mass of people excluded from the system of familiar (normal, that Somehow ordered. "
On the other hand, the emergence of new classes, layers and groups in practice is almost never associated with the organized activity of beggars and homeless, rather, it can be considered as the construction of "parallel social structures" by people whose public life until the last time "transition" (which often looks As "jump" to a new, pre-prepared structural position) was quite ordered.
Two main approaches are allocated in the consideration of marginalness. Marginality as a contradiction, an indefinite state in the process of mobility of a group or individual (status change); Marginality as a characteristic of a special marginal (outskirt, intermediate, isolated) position of groups and individuals in the social structure.
Among the marginals can be etioariginal formed by migrations in someone else's environment or grew by mixed marriages; biomariginal whose health ceases to be the subject of concern of society; socyomariginal , such as groups that are in the process of unfinished social movement; age marginala forming when the bonds breaking between generations; political Marginals : They are not satisfied with legal opportunities and legitimate rules of the socio-political struggle; economic marginals traditional (unemployed) and new type - the so-called "new poor"; religious marginal - standing out of denominations or not decisive to make a choice between them; And finally criminal marginas ; And perhaps, also simply those whose status in the social structure is not defined.
The emergence of new marginal groups is associated with structural changes in post-industrial societies and mass downward societies. Mobility of heterogeneous groups of specialists, losing their jobs, professional positions, status, living conditions.
1.1. Concept marginalness
The basis of the classical concept of marginalness laid the study of the singularities of the person on the border of various cultures. Studies were conducted by the Chicago Sociological School. In 1928, her head R. Park for the first time used the concept of "marginal man." R. Park tied the concept of a marginal man not with a personal type, but with a social process. Marginality acts as the result of intensive social mobility processes. At the same time, the transition from one social position to another is an individual as a crisis. Hence the Association of Marginalness The state of "intermediateness", "outcrops", "border judges". R. Park noted that periods of transition and crisis in the life of most people are comparable to those who experience the immigrant when he leaves his homeland to look for happiness in someone else's country. True, in contrast to migration experiences, the marginal crisis is chronic and continuous, as a result, it tends to turn into a type of personality.
In general, marginality is understood as:
1) states in the process of moving a group or individual (status shift),
2) characteristics of social groups located in a special marginal (outskirt, intermediate, isolated) position in the social structure.
One of the first major works of domestic authors dedicated to marginalness was published in 1987 and considered this problem on the example of Western European countries. In the future, marginality is recognized as a social phenomenon characteristic of our reality. E. Starikov considers Russian marginality as a phenomenon of the blurred, an indefinite state of the social structure of society. The author comes to the conclusion that "now the concept of" marginalization "covers practically our society, including his" elite groups ". Marginality in modern Russia is caused by mass downward social mobility and leads to the growing social entropy in society. The process of marginalization at the present stage, it considers as a declaration process.
The causes of the emergence of marginal groups, according to Russian sociologists, are: the transition of society from one socio-economic system to another, unmanaged movements of large masses of people in connection with the destruction of a sustainable social structure, deterioration in the material standard of living of the population, the devaluation of traditional norms and values.
Cardinal changes occurring in the social structure as a result of crisis and economic reforms caused the appearance of so-called new marginal groups (layers). Unlike traditional, so-called Lumen-proletarians, new marginals - victims of the structural restructuring of the production and crisis of employment.
The criteria of marginalness in this case may be: deep changes in the social status of social and professional groups, which occur mainly forced, under the influence of external circumstances: full or partial loss of work, the change of profession, positions, conditions and remuneration as a result of the liquidation of the enterprise, reduction of production , general fall in the standard of living, etc.
The source of replenishment of the series of new marginals, for whom high education, developed needs, large social expectations and political activity are characterized by a downward social movement of groups that have not yet been rejected by society, but gradually losing the former social positions, status, prestige and living conditions. Among them are social groups who have lost their former social status and failed to acquire adequate new.
Studying new Marginals, I. P. Popova identified their social topology, i.e. allocated the zones of marginalness - those spheres of society, the industry of the national economy, the segments of the labor market, as well as social groups, where the highest level of social and professional marginalness is observed:
Easy and food industry, mechanical engineering;
Budget organizations of science, culture, education; enterprises of the military-industrial complex; army;
Small business;
Employment and depressive regions;
Middle and elderly people; graduates of schools, universities; Incomplete and large families.
The composition of new marginal groups is very divergent. It includes at least three categories. The first and most numerous constitute the so-called "post-specialists" - persons with a high level of education, most often engineers who have prepared in Soviet universities, and then past practice at Soviet enterprises. Their knowledge in new market conditions turned out to be unclaimed, in many ways outdated. These include employees of non-prospective industries. Their appearance is caused by general reasons: structural changes in the economy and crisis of individual industries; regional disproportions of economic development; Changes in the professional qualification structure of economically active and occupied population. Social consequences of these processes - exacerbation of employment problems and the complication of unemployment structure; development of the informal busy sector; Depophesionation and decalification. "
The second group of new marginals is named "New Agents". These include representatives of small businesses and self-employed population. Entrepreneurs as agents of emerging market relations are in the border situation between legal and illegal business.
The third group includes "Migrants" - refugees and forced displaceders from other regions of Russia and from the countries of "near abroad".
The marginal status of a forced migrant is complicated by a number of factors. Among the external factors: the double loss of the Motherland (the inability to live on the former homeland and the complexity of adaptation in the homeland of historical), difficulties with obtaining status; - loans, housing, attitudes of the local population, etc. Internal factors are related to the experience of the fact that you are " Another Russian.
With a comparative measurement of the degree of marginalness in social and professional displacements, sociologists allocate two groups of indicators: objective - forced to external circumstances, duration, the immutability of the situation, its "fatality" (no opportunity to change it or its components in the positive direction); Subjective - capabilities and measure of adapitation, self-assessment of coordination or voluntaryness, social distance in changing social status, raising or lowering their socio-professional status, predominance of pessimism or optimism in assessing prospects.
For Russia, the problem of marginalness is that the marginal population, i.e., by the advantage of the part of the Society, which migrated from the rural environment to the city, acts as a carrier of group ideals and, hitting the city industrial-urbanized medium in a completely alien to her, being not Forces adapt, constantly in the situation of shock, which is associated with multidirectional human socialization processes in the city and countryside.
1.2.Dve waves of marginalization in Russia
Russia has survived a minimum of two major waves of marginalization. The first came after the revolution of 1917. From the social structure of forcibly two classes were knocked out - nobility and bourgeoisie, which included in the elite of society. The new proletarian elite has become formed from the lower classes. Red directors and ministers have become workers and peasants overnight. By passing the usual social climbing trajectory for a stable society through the middle class, they jumped one step and got there, where they could not get to go earlier and would not fall in the future (Fig. 1).
Essentially, they turned out to be those who can be called ascending marginal. They broke away from one class, but did not become full, as required in a civilized society, representatives of the new, top class. Proletarians preserved former behaviors, values, language, cultural customs peculiar to the nose of society, although they sincerely tried to join the artistic values \u200b\u200bof high culture, led literacy, went to cultures, visited theaters and agitation studios.
The path "from the dirt in Prince" was maintained until the beginning of the 70s, when Soviet sociologists first established that all classes and layers of our society are now reproduced on their own basis, that is, only at the expense of representatives of its class. So only two decades continued, which can be considered a period of stabilization of the Soviet society and the absence of mass marginalization.
The second wave has come in the early 1990s and also as a result of qualitative changes in the social structure of Russian society.
The return movement of society from socialism to capitalism led to radical changes in the social structure (Fig. 2). The elite of society was formed from three replenishments: criminality, nomenclature and "differences". A certain part of the elite was replenished from the low-class representatives: britheads of Russian mafios, numerous racketeers and OrgPrentes were often former Pathasshnikov and feasible. The era of the initial accumulation, the early phase of capitalism, caused fermentation in all layers of society. The path to enrichment during this period, as a rule, lies outside the legal space. Among the first, they began to enriched and those who did not have high education, high morality, but quite personified "wild capitalism".
The elite includes, except for representatives of the grounds, "differences", i.e., immigrants from different groups of the Middle Soviet Class and the Intelligentsia, as well as the Nomenclature, which at the right time was in the right place, namely, the levers of power, when community property had to share . On the contrary, the prevailing part of the middle class committed downward mobility and replenished the ranks of the poor. Unlike old poor (declassed elements: chronic alcoholics, beggars, homeless, drug addicts, prostitutes), existing in any society, this part is called "new poor." They are a specific feature of Russia. There is no such category of the poor in Brazil or in the USA, in no other country in the world. The first distinctive feature is a high level of education. Teachers, teachers, engineers, doctors and other categories of state employees were among the poor only on economic criteria of income. But they are not so on other, more important criteria related to the formation, culture and standard of living. Unlike old, chronic poor "new poor" - temporary category. With any change in the economic situation in the country for the better, they are ready to instantly return to the middle class. And they try to give children to children, to instill the values \u200b\u200bof the elite of society, and not the "social bottom".
Thus, the radical changes in the social structure of Russian society in the 90s are associated with the polarization of the middle class, the separation of it into two poles that replenished the tops and the bottom of society. As a result, the number of this class has declined significantly.
Once in a layer of "new poor", the Russian intelligentsia was in the marginal situation: from old cultural values \u200b\u200band habits, she did not want to refuse and could not, and I did not want to take. Thus, according to its economic situation, these layers belong to the lowest class, and for eurosis and culture - to the average. Similarly, in the marginal situation, there were representatives of the lowest class, which replenished the ranks of "new Russians". They are characterized by an old model "From the dirt in the prince": the inability to behave and speak decently, to communicate as it demanded that a new economic status. On the contrary, a downward model characterizing the movement of state employees could be called "from the princes in the mud."
1.3.Pascence of society for the presence of marginals
Marginal status (imposed or acquired) in itself does not mean situations of social exclusion or isolation. It legitimates these procedures, being the basis for the use of "Concept Maintenance Maintenance of the Universum" - therapy and exceptions. Therapy includes the use of conceptual mechanisms so that current and potential devians are in the framework of the institutionalized definition of reality. They are quite diverse - from pastoral care to personal consultation programs. Therapy is included when the marginal definition of reality has a psychologically subversive nature for other members of society; So, the purpose of counterpropagaganda is to prevent the "fermentation of the minds" under the influence of "other people's" media or charismatic personalities in their society. The exclusion of strangers - carriers of other definitions is conducted in two directions:
1) restriction of contacts with "outsiders"; 2) Negative legitimation.
The second is the most closely correlated with the marginal status of individuals and groups. Negative legitimation means bringing the status and the possibility of the influence of marginals for community. It is carried out by "annihilation" - conceptual liquidation of everything that is outside the union. "Annihilation denies the reality of any phenomenon and its interpretations that do not suit this union." It is carried out either by attributing the lowest ontological status to all definitions existing outside the symbolic universum, or an attempt to explain all the deviationing definitions based on the concepts of its own university. Once again we will pay attention to the various reaction of society to devianity and marginality.
2.Prigence and marginality in modern society
Currently, the scale of crime accepted the size threatening public security in general. There is no doubt the great influence of the marginal environment. The confirmation of the said is that the deterioration of the qualitative characteristics of the criminological situation is manifested in the intensive expansion of the criminal social base by increasing the marginal layer of the lubricated groups of the population (the unemployed, homeless and other categories of people in the life level behind the poverty line), especially among young people as well Among juvenile. In 1998, from the total number of investigated crimes, 10.3% were committed by minors and with their complicity, 32.9% of those who had previously committed crimes were committed, 20.4% in the group. The proportion of crimes committed in a state of narcotic and toxic intoxication, which is characteristic of the youth person, is 1.0%.
Marginality acts as a favorable environment of crime. No matter how sad, the forecast of crime in the world, in its individual regions and countries by the beginning of the Third Millennium causes only fair concerns. The overall resulting crime in the world will continue to go up in the near future. The average increase of it can be in the range of 2-5% per year. An extrapolation of existing trends, and expert assessments of a possible criminological situation and the world, and the modeling of the causal crime base of the future, and a systematic analysis of the entire population of the prolonologically significant information of the past, present and possible future, and the simulation of the causal crime base of the future. If we talk about Russia, the forecast crime estimates are characterized in the present and future as very unfavorable.
From the point of view of the criminological analysis of the degree of criminalization of marginalness, it is important to consider the circumstance that the marginal environment is far from uniform. Multi-level marginalness is primarily as follows:
1. Merginality as a phenomenon is characteristic of the Russian conditions of the "transition period". This level is determined by the borderline state of society at the turn of two social systems in the context of the crisis in the economy and socio-political entities, resulting in the destruction of various structures of society and the formation of new ones with certain instability. The marginality of this level, due to the complex of factors of external, common for the whole country, determines the marginalness of a lower level, which characterizes the state of social actors that have found themselves in an intermediate state and the factors that are not only objective, but also a subjective factors. Socially generated by the specified contradictions of the social device, this kind of marginals have not yet been criminal danger.
2.Magginal status of the following group is a source of neurotic symptoms, severe depressions and ill-conceived actions. Such groups advocate in principle the object of social control of social support institutions.
3. For some layers of marginals, it is characteristic that they are gradually produced by a special system of values, which is often inherent in deep hostility to existing public institutions, the extreme forms of social insecurity and the rejection of the entire existing one. They, as a rule, are prone to simplified maximalist solutions, exhibit extreme individualism and egoism, deny any types of organizedness and close to anarchism in their orientations and actions. Such groups of marginals can still be attributed to criminal, although some prerequisites are already born.
4. Representative groups of marginals are characterized by instability of behavior and actions, as well as a nihilistic attitude to the law and law and order, they usually make small immoral acts and differ in prudity of behavior. Essentially, they form that "material" from which the faces and groups with criminal orientation can be formed.
5. Persons with a sustainable criminal orientation. This kind of marginal has already fully formed stereotypes of illegal behavior and they are often committed by an offense, the extreme form of which are various kinds of crimes. In their speech, a noticeable place is a criminal jargon. Their actions are accompanied by special cynicism.
6. At the bottom stage of the given classification of the Marginals, there are persons who have served criminal punishment, lost socially useful connections among relatives, acquaintances, colleagues, etc. They meet difficulties in the device to work and in a benevolent attitude to them families and loved ones. They can be taken to the category of "Rogue" with a complete basis. Real social protection in this case is difficult, although under certain conditions it is very possible.
The approach to solving the problem of marginalness in society should be based on the fact that marginality is considered primarily as an object of control and management at the national level. Its complete solution is associated with the country's outlet of the crisis and stabilization of public life, the formation of sustainable, normally functioning structures, which really makes this perspective remote. Nevertheless, public interests are dictated by the need for socially acceptable permission to the problem of marginalness using a targeted management impact on various groups of factors determining this phenomenon on specific, local levels.
Conclusion
An overview of the history and development of the term "marginality" in Western sociology allows the following conclusions. Arriving in the 30s in the USA as a theoretical tool for the study of the peculiarities of the cultural conflict of two or more interaction of ethnic groups, the concept of marginalness was established in sociological literature and in the following decades there were different approaches in it. Marginality began to be understood not only as a result of intercultural ethnic contacts, but also as a consequence of socio-political processes. As a result, quite different angles of understanding of marginalness and related processes related to these complexes were quite clearly separated. They can be denoted by keywords: "Intermediate", "Painting", "Borderness", in different ways defining the basic emphasis in the study of marginalness.
In general, two main approaches can be distinguished in the study of marginalness:
Study of marginalness as the process of moving a group or an individual from one state to another;
Studying marginalness as a state of social groups in a special marginal (outskirt, intermediate, isolated) position in the social structure as a consequence of this process.
The originality of approaches to the study of marginalness and understanding of its essence is largely determined by the specifics of the specific social reality and those forms that this phenomenon in it acquires.
defencing and social and spatial distance, insufficient organizational and conflict abilities as defining the features of the outskirts. Particularly emphasizes the fact that the outskirts are legitimized as official control facilities and certain institutions. And although the existence of various types of marginalness and various causal relations is recognized, nevertheless there are unanimity in the fact that only in a small part they are converted to individual factors. Most of the types of marginalness are formed from the structural conditions associated with participation in the production process, the distribution of income, spatial placement. Many people on the edge are limited to live in accordance with the general ideas and general standards (for example, homeless). There is also a definition of marginalization as a conservative method of social policy.
Marginality in modern Russia is caused by mass downward social mobility and leads to the growing social entropy in society. Marginalization becomes the main characteristic of the state of the modern social structure of the Russian society, which defines all other features of classogenesis in Russia. Within the framework of the sociological approach, the problem of marginalness was addressed and studied most often fragmentary. The sociological approach allocates in it first of all those parties that are associated with changes in the socio-economic structure, with the transformation of subjects of public life in new ones.
The underwater of the diversity of modern views on the problem, you can draw the following conclusions. In the early 1990s, it clearly grows close interest in this problem. At the same time, the attitude towards it as a theory inherent in Western sociology, and a journalistic tradition.
For the second half of the 90s, the main features of the domestic model of the concept of marginalness are made. Interesting and multidirectional efforts of different authors who are enthusiastically working in this direction led to some consolidated characteristics in views on this problem. The central point in the semantic definition of the concept becomes an image of an inquiry, the intermediate, which corresponds to the specifics of the Russian situation
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American sociologist, one of the founders of the Chicago School Robert Ezra The park (1864-1944) for the first time used His in his essay "Human migration and marginal human ", dedicated to the study of processes in immigrant media.
Sociology: 2 Tom: Social Stratification and Mobility. Dobnekov V.I., Kravchenko A.I.
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Luneev V.V. Crime in the XIX century // Sociol.Istly.1996.№7. 93,95
General theory of marginalness: problems of the legal approach
Stepanenko R.F.
Candidate of Legal Sciences
associate Professor of the Department of theoretical history of the state and the right of the Academy of Management "Tisby" (Kazan)
Chulukin ld
Candidate of Law Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of the State and Law of the Kazan (Volga) Federal University
The article discusses the stages of the formation and development of foreign and Russian overall theory of marginalness. In the manifold of directions and concepts of consideration of the social phenomenon of marginalness, the authors allocate the legal approach to its study and denotes the issues of theoretical and criminological study of this phenomenon.
Keywords: marginality, alienation, migration, marginal lifestyle, law of law.
The newest Russian history, demonstrating the cardinal reconstruction of the post-Soviet space, could not not affect the qualitative change in the structure of Russian society. The "Asian" model of the public system of the Russian state, firmly strengthened over the long decades of the Soviet period in the form of a finistributive system-forming basis, established a binary, non-equivalent, "vertical" product method in the form of a "volitional seizure by the central authority of the surplus product for the purpose of its subsequent natural redistribution "Personal Dependense" - i.e. Redistribution. "
The subsequent attempt to struggle between Russian society in terms of market relations using privatization mechanisms, consisting of the transfer of state or municipal property to the property of individuals or groups of persons, led to the transformation processes of all social institutions - economic, political, cultural, educational, etc. "A deep public coup has occurred in the country, which was due to changes in rating-96
the property and power ", which caused significant, incl. Destructive conversions of the social bases. Under these conditions, the criteria for the stratification of the market "Russian society, which influenced the formation of fairly sustainable social groups, such as" new rich "," new poor "and the unemployed, the last two of which, in a broad sense, united in the general sociological concept of" Anchlass " Representatives of this class, socially poor, economically dependent on the state, excluded (voluntarily or forced) from the labor market and from the dominant culture, have replenished with a certain community of "subculture of poverty", which generally influenced a significant increase in marginal layers of the Russian population (social Syarots, street, faces without a certain place of residence, persons engaged in begging, prostitution, illegal migrants, persons suffering from alcoholism, addicts, etc.). Certainly, the concept of "read-class" should not be identified with the concept of "marginal groups", however, the socio-class, and cultural and normative stratification approaches in sociology significant
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their part is considered as marginal in accordance with the signs of their "social danger", "low position in the social hierarchy", "flawlessness of the conditions of existence", "dominant and" asocial ways of behavior "[see: 3, p. 65-67].
The processes of marginalization, covering an increasingly significant number of citizens, and negatively significant part of the processes of social stratification of Russian society, determining the deep differentiation of its structure, indicate the parallelism of these phenomena in the public device, including in relation to general trends and the state of such a socio-negative Phenomena as crime. Our empirical studies show that, starting from the 90s. The twentieth century, the number of crimes committed by persons from marginal populations during subsequent dealers has consistently held within 60% of the number of all committed criminal acts.
Consideration of marginalness as a social phenomenon and as the properties that causes such a specific form of deviating, including criminal, marginal behavior, should begin with a comprehensive study of a direct generic basis (properties), which, in our case, acts this phenomenon. Analysis of semantic and etymological values, knowledge of the historiography of the question will allow, in our opinion, to identify the essential and theoretical and cognitive aspects of this phenomenon, to establish a causal interaction complex and, possibly, the mutual influence of marginalness to the wrong influence of marginalness to the offense, incl. Unlawful, behavior and vice versa, as well as theoretically substantial methodological aspects of the study of this phenomenon.
In our opinion, the general theory of marginalness (marginalistics) *, in a broad sense - a set of ideas, views, approaches and concepts aimed at understanding, studying and explaining the social phenomenon denoting the "border" spatial-temporary position of individuals, strata (groups) in The sociocultural structure of society is a rather promising industry of scientific knowledge, which can contribute to both the scientific and theoretical understanding of the phenomenon under consideration, and to influence the development of mechanisms to overcome the processes of marginalization, including through the improvement of legislative and law enforcement activities.
Considering the genesis of the theory of marginalness, I would like to note that the basis of its formation
* Note: The terms "margology, marginalistics" are used in work 5-7.
"Marginal personality (from Lat. Margo - the region, which is on the edge) - the concept, initially and traditionally used in Western sociology to allocate and analyze specific, opposed socio-normal, relations between social constituents." "Marginal (FR. Marginal, from Lat. Margo - Edge) - a person who has lost its former social ties and has not adopted to new living conditions (Lumen, Tramp, etc.)."
The term "marginality", first introduced into the scientific circulation, the founder of the Chicago Sociological School of R. Ezra Park in the work "Human Migration and Marginal Man" (1928), began to be used in connection with the study of migration processes in the United States at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. caused by the high rates of urbanization, the development of trade and significant changes in the social infrastructure of cities-megapolis [See: 8, p. 175].
In general, the influence of migration on the development of civilization in the context of the "historical movement" of nations and races in their works was also considered other American sociologists, philosophers, ethnologists: Taylor, M. Styrtl, K. Buchcher, T. Wait, F. Teggart, Mirray, A. Giyoto and others, conclusions and generalizations of which, depending on the vector of their studies, were diverse, and sometimes directly opposite.
R. Park, analyzing and summarizing these and other numerous theoretical studies, notes on the one hand, the positiveness of migration processes for world civilization, the meaning of which is the coexistence of the diversity of national features for the more successful functioning and evolution of any public formation. On the other hand, R. Park points out the negative impact of nonorganized migration, which significantly changes public culture. The nature of such changes of the sociocultural space, according to the author, develops as a result of the destruction of the usual models of actions and the thoughts of the migrants themselves, when they, in the new conditions, are experiencing "liberation" from restrictions and deterrents that they have previously been subordinated. Evidence of such a "liberation" becomes including aggressive settling of its rights (aggressive self-confidence), their way of thinking changes, for which moral dichotomy, splitness and conflict become characteristic, which last long time and entail the corresponding modifications of character and psyche. R. Park calls
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this period in the inner disorder of intense self-confined, as a result of which a "cultural hybrid" is created with an unstable character and special forms of behavior - "marginal personality", "in the soul of which is a moral confusion, and in consciousness - confusion of cultures."
The conclusion of the author is based on the situation that the "marginal" is a man of mixed blood (like Mulati in the United States, Eurasians in Asia, etc.). And it is clear, "says R. Park," because the "mixed blood" person lives in two worlds and in both of them feels in some way "strangers" due to the "mentality difference" of a migrant and indigenous population.
In addition to specific personal characteristics, determining marginalness, R. Park indicates and globalization processes affecting its intensification, in particular, on the growth of cities - megacities, in the "huge melting boilers" of which the phenomenon of marginalness is reproduced to a greater extent.
The first stage of the study of the concept of Margi-Nality, which took place in the work of R. Park "Human Migration and Marginal Man", was associated with the current situation on the American continent at the beginning of the twentieth century., Which were inherent in the intensity of European migration flows, internal migration within the United States , problems of collision of racial interests: black, white and yellow races. All this objectively could not affect the specifics of sociological studies of that time. Once at the spotlight of scientists, the problems of cultural conflict between different groups, as well as migrant and indigenous communities, really required an adequate conceptual research. In connection with these circumstances, R. Park, as one of the leading sociologists of that period, became a theoretical researcher of marginalness, applying to designate the specific characteristics of migrants, in our opinion, the most acceptable, characteristic of reflection of the entity of the phenomenon under study, generalizing the term - "marginality". In the future, the theoretical concept of R. Park received the name of "cultural marginalness", and studies of psychological (but not only - R.S.) The peculiarities of the marginal man were continued by many other researchers (E. Burjess, J. Clanfer, B. Mancini, E. Stank-Vista, E. Hughes and many others).
The second half of the twentieth century. For overseas theory of marginalness is characterized, along with traditional ethnocultural and psychosocial approaches, the development of new concepts in the study of this phenomenon.
So, E. Hughes turns his attention to the difficulties of social adaptation, especially women, in
the process of mastering the profession. The author notes that marginality should be considered from the point of view of social mobility, and not only racial and cultural mixing. Marginality may arise where significant socio-status changes occur, the author believes. In turn, it necessitates the behavior of people who are in the position of the uncertainty of social identification, which is accompanied by the crash of hopes, disappointments, conflicts (frustration) of personal and group aspirations associated with the status dilemma. Considering the concept of marginalness from the standpoint of social mobility, E. Hughes determines this phenomenon as a transitional state from one lifestyle - to another, from one culture or subculture to another.
The concepts of cultural marginalness adhere to and develop it in the future: A. Antonovski, M. Gouldberg, T. Uithermanman, Y. Krauss, etc., which form new approaches and points of view on the problem of marginalness, in connection with which there are several of its new directions, Significantly expanding the concept of the object of study and complementing its attribute characteristics. These areas are considered as the causes of marginalness social changes that are emerging in the process of professional, age-related, demographic and other factors resulting in the border guard or the intermediateness of the provisions of individuals or groups.
An important stage in the development of the theory of marginal-observed by foreign scientists is to conclusion that the concept of this phenomenon, having ceased to be unitary, identified three important areas in its development: cultural, structural and status marginality.
At the same time, a subjectivist-psychological aspect remains the predominant in American sociology, which is based on the doctrinal position of the personality "on the border of two crops" and the borderline state of the "complex of socio-psychological consequences of migration processes" (disharmony, loss of self-identification and status, the inability or complexity of processes socialization, etc.).
Western European theoretical concepts of this phenomenon are different from the traditional American philosophical and sociological directions. Their distinctive feature is the search for fundamental social reasons for marginalness.
J.B. Mancini, J. Clanfer, L. Altüssser, V. Turner, K. Raban and others in their studies focus on not so much on the specific properties of a historically concrete marginal person, how much to study them
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there are features and characteristics, as well as the provisions of marginal strata (groups) in the social structure of society.
For the German theoretical concept of Margi-Nality, a structural approach is characterized, which determines marginal groups as deeply distant from the dominant culture of the "main society", located at the lowest stage of the hierarchical structure; These include various heterogeneous groups (Gypsies, foreign workers, prostitutes, alcoholics, drug addicts, tramps, youth subcultures, beggars, criminals and liberated criminals). This concept was based on the study of the peculiarities of the processes of marginalization, which increased due to the reunification of Eastern and West Germany, where the "surplus" of the labor active population was formed in the labor market, incl. Of the marginal layers of the population of East Germany.
In addition, the general theory of the marginalness of Western European researchers was provided by the theory of "social differentiation" of the city of Zimmel, the "theory of division of social labor" by E. Durkheim, the theory of the class structure of the Company K. Marx, "Social stratification" P. Sorokina, theory "Inclusion / Exceptions »French sociologist and philosopher R. Lenoara and many other teachings of famous foreign theoretics in the field of philosophy, sociology, psychology and law.
Thus, noting the growing gap between the growing welfare of some and "no one who needs not necessary" by others, R. Lenoar notes that the "exceptions" phenomenon is characterized by an individual failure, and its origins lie in the principles of the functioning of modern society. Under the conditions of modern, the processes of inclusion / exceptions are already global.
The next stage, which is marked with the latest foreign studies of the theory of Marginalinos-Ti, is distinguished from previous ones that the term "Margi-Mintality" is widely used, on the one hand, in scientific philosophical and sociological activities as a comprehensive concept in the field of inter-sectoral empirical surveys, on the other hand - This problem is already acquired by the introduction of permanent in connection with the emergence of numerous concepts of marginalness within its study - including the international organization of the United area of \u200b\u200bthe Detailed Research Object (JACS), as well as within the National Center for Research Knowledge.
New - spatial - type of marginalness, which is considered in connection with the study of territories, geographically distant from the main economic and cultural centers, which are difficult to adapt them
in the union for the reasons for the absence of the effective functioning infrastructure of these "zones of marginalness" and, in this way, isolated (or close to isolation) from the outside world (Broadphin, 2001; Muller-Bökker, 2004; Jussila, 1999; Metes, 1995, etc.) .
It seems that the individual stages of the genesis of the foreign theory of mar-hynality considered by us, which was the R. Park, and underlying the concept of "alienation" of the city of Zimmel, indicate some characteristic features of her periodization, namely:
The first stage, which began with the 20s. Xx century, it is distinguished by the introduction of the terms "Marginality", "marginal person"; the introduction and predominance of the nominal socio-psychological approach in the study of this type of personality and its features; excretion, to a greater extent, its negative characteristics, which served as the connotation of this concept in the negative meaning; the expansion of the ideas of "about marginalized" in connection with the change in its professional, educational, religious and demographic status provisions, which was generally the basis for the methodological substantiations of the sociological and theoretical concept of marginalness;
The second stage belonging to the middle of the twentieth century, expands the boundaries of the examination of marginalness not only as an ethnocultural, but also social phenomenon. European studies are distinguished by orientation, to a greater extent, to study mar-hynality at the group level; A broader spectrum of factors and the reasons that determine are: economic, socio-legal, ideological, political, etc.; Philosophical schools and directions help to form a structural approach in reviewing Marginalini and denote new vectors of its integrated and interdisciplinary research, thereby significantly updating the need for its systemic study;
The distinctive features of the third stage characteristic of the end of the twentieth - early XXI centuries are: repeatedly increased interest in the study of the phenomenon of marginalness; the formation of the general theory of its study; systemic nature and expansion of interdisciplinary and deployed approaches; typology of marginalness in the context of micro, macro and megurove; Creation of international organizations and the intensification of their activities to study marginality as an object of a detailed study of global scope.
Considering the periodization of Russian studies, E.Yu. Matveyeva allocated three stages of the development of the general theory of marginalistic: 1) from the mid-80s to the beginning of the 90s. Xx in. (on "take-off" restructuring
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ki); 2) after the "revolutionary situation" in 1991 to the mid-90s; 3) from the mid-90s. (After some stabilization of transformation processes) and to the present time [see: 7, p. 12].
The collapse of the Soviet Union, the global changes and uncertainty of the social structure of the Russian society, which began in the 90s of the XX century, was significantly influenced by the increase in scientific and theoretical and practical interest in the study of the problems of marginalness and the reasons for its conditioning, among Russian scientists. So, according to N.I. Lapina, the transformation of Russian society served as a reason for massive desocialization, the loss of value orientations and the uncertainty of the social status of a significant number of Russian citizens.
On the other hand, exploring the reaction of the state to the origin of the processes of marginalization, so Kerimov notes that marginality is a concept that serves to "justify repression regarding a special part of people who are not relevant to the norms and values \u200b\u200badopted in society".
A significant part of the research of marginalist xx in. Below in most of the sociological directions, where marginalness is analyzed and is considered as an element of the social structure of Russian society (S.F. Krasnoda-Skye, V.M. Prol, Z.H. Galimulin). Continues to investigate philosophical, and incl. Cultural, aspect of marginalness (I.I. Dmitrov, I.V. Mitina, etc.).
The newest stage of consideration of the phenomenon of Margi-Nality in Russia is celebrated by the increased array of its integrated research. The range of its study remains both traditionally philosophical and sociological, and expands due to directions, directly or indirectly exploring marginality as one of the forms of deviant behavior in the field of natural humanitarian knowledge: psychology (E.V. Zmanovskaya, V.D. Mendelevich, and others .); Deviantology deviating behavior (Ya.I. Gilinsky, E.I. Manapova, N.I. Protasova et al.); Addictology (G.V. Starshenbaum); Medicine (G.V. Nesterenko); social medicine (E.V. Cher-Rosvitov, A.R. Reshetnikov, A.A. Goldenberg, etc.); Social psychology (Yu.A. Kleberg, O.I. Efimov, Yu.A. Kokoreva, etc.).
The economic direction of the study of marginalness in the theoretical sphere of sociology of the economy (N.G. Leonova, Z.T. Golenkova, N.E. Tikhonova et al.); Historic (Yu.M. Polyanskaya); philological (A.I. Vyatkina, N.Yu. Plaksina, I.A. Romanov); Pedagogical (T.V. Voronechi-on, E.N. Pachekolina).
Of the traditional sociological and philosophical approaches, research is allocated in
areas of sociology and philosophy of law (V.A. Ba-Chinin, V.Yu. Belsky, G.K. Vardanyants, Yu.G. Volkov, A.I. Kravchenko, S.I. Kurganov, V.V. Lapaeva,
O.V. Stepanov et al.)
Theoretical studies are expanding in the field of state and law theory (A.A. Nikitin;
A. V. Nechaeva); Criminology (A.I. Dolgova, S.Y. Lebedev, M.A. Kochubey, A.Yu. Golodnyak, E.V. Sadkov, etc.) and other branches of humanitarian knowledge.
The humanitarian approach to marginalism depending on the objects of the study, as well as the tasks and goals set by the authors and goals in the dissertation work allocates such types of marginalness as: cultural marginality (I.D. Lapov, Novosibirsk, 2009; S.M. Logacheva, Voronezh, 2002) ; religious (S.P. Gurin, Saratov, 2003); Ethnocultural (T.V. Verigun, Stavropol, 2001; R.V. Bumaeva, Irkutsk, 2003; I.N. Kostina, Chita, 2007); ethnic (E.V. Dovova, Novosibirsk, 2005); sociocultural (E.I. Efremova, Irkutsk, 2006); Structural and professional status (A.V. Ermilova, N. Novgorod, 2003; E.Yu. Matveeva, Arkhangelsk, 2006); Age (N.V. Zabelina, Kursk, 2006); Political (I.V. Ivanova, Saratov, 2005; TA Makhmutov, Ufa, 2006).
In connection with the diversity of directions and extensive geography of Russian research in this area, I would like to note a certain importance for the formation and understanding of the domestic theory of marginalness and work of scientists of the Kazan Higher School, including the Kazan State University. In particular, the philosophical studies of the theoretical concept of alienation as a fundamental teaching underlying the understanding and formation of the "Theory of Margi-Nality" are held at the Faculty of Philosophy (O.G. Ivanova, G. Gizatova, A. B. Lebedev, M. B. Sa-Sochkov, E.A. Taysina, M.D. Nutcarov et al.).
The sociological direction exploring and examining marginal in the educational process as a social phenomenon and its structural characteristics is developed in KSU L.R. Niza-Move, A.A. Salakov, Z.Kh. Sergeeva et al.
A significant role in studies of the phenomenon of marginalness belongs to the Professor of Kazan State Medical University
B. D. Mendelevich, who carries out comprehensive research in the field of psychology of deviant (marginal) behavior, stopping his attention and coverage of the legal aspects of this type of non-conformal behavior.
According to our analytical studies [see: 4], significantly expands its cognitive resources and foreign marginalis-teak. Along with the traditional philosophical sociological spheres of consideration of the phenomenon of marginalness, there is many times
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interest in its study in social medicine, psychology and, in particular, in terms of theoretical and legal, as well as criminological surveys.
Indeed, both foreign, and domestic marginalistics managed to designate and substantiate the problem of marginalness as one of the serious theoretical tasks of modern science, which, in our opinion, an indisputable value for practice. At the same time, the prevailing majority (if not the entire totality) of knowledge in the general theory of marginalini-ti directly or indirectly bind, correlate, correlate, identified, etc. Both margie-dirtiality and marginal behavior, the situation (position) with socio-normative, and to be more accurate, with legal institutions.
Summarizing and analyzing the combination of knowledge gained on marginalness, we assume it possible to characterize this phenomenon in a broad sense as a historical relatively sustainable social phenomenon, due to both internal (personal) and external (socio-economic, political, demographic, spiritual and moral, in T .. Religious, etc.) with reasons and patterns, which in their relationship or aggregate produce the formation of specific, non-adapted (or in the process of adaptation) to the socio-physical system of persons, groups (strata).
In addition, in marginalism, a general scientific understanding of the term Marginality is formed, which, in our opinion, means an interdisciplinary concept that synthesizing the complex of humanitarian and natural scientific knowledge gained to designate the specific characteristics of persons or groups in the "border" position in relation to the dominant Social structures and the compliant system.
Depending on the subject area of \u200b\u200bconsideration of the concept of "marginality" by some science, this term finds its use and is specified by those or other specific characteristics that complement the content of this general scientific definition.
For example, in the currently established legal approach in Russian marginalism, this phenomenon is understood (although not always, but mainly - R.S.) as a socio-negative, in terms of its possibility or ability to significantly influence and determine destructive (marginal ) Models of deviant behavior. This approach studies marginalness and its shapes, causes and patterns determining both this phenomenon and the specific features of the marginal person, forming in general the individual forms of deviant, the offenses
and, including criminal behavior. It forms two directions: theoretical and criminological.
The first of them includes the theoretical study and substantiation of the causes and conditions of the occurrence of this social phenomenon; historicism of this problem; interaction of marginalness and rights; Features and patterns of marginal behavior, as well as the mechanisms of its formation; the status position of the marginal personality and the corresponding groups in the system of such categories as "the right subject", "subject of legal relations"; study of legal nihilism and its individual forms - as a specific property of a marginal person; consideration of the degree of influence of various marginal groups on the state of legality and legal order, etc.
Analyzing the totality of work in the field of state and law theory, we get the opportunity to formulate the following generalized concept of a marginal personality: this is the type of personality that is emerging under conditions of internal (psychological, physiological, moral, etc.) and external (socio-economic, political, demographic and other socio-economic, political, demographic and other ) Lifestyle changes related to the loss of self-identification, socio-legal and property status **, or possessable, depending on its institutionalization ***.
The subject area of \u200b\u200bthe criminological approach is: marginal lifestyle, criminal marginality, as well as marginal crime - as an element of this set of specific forms and types of vital activity; Theoretical analysis of the study of both the most phenomenon and theoretical issues of the concept of the concept of marginalness; socio-psychological characteristics of marginal persons who commit criminal acts; The concept of "marginal crime" - as an independent type of crime system; causal complex that causes this type of crime; The activities of subjects and measures to prevent marginal crime.
** We refer to this category: persons without a certain place of residence, street, illegal migrants who are not engaged in employment, patients with alcoholism, drug addiction, toxicomicia, AIDS, HIV-infected and suffering from other social diseases, various types of addicts, previously convicted, mentally patients with asocial behavior.
*** To this category, we refer: officially registered unemployed; pensioners with income below the subsistence minimum; social orphans; legal migrants; persons deprived of parental rights; in isolation from society, etc.
Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology, 2010, № 2
Under marginal lifestyle (in the criminological sense), we understand the set of typical (marginal) groups of species and methods of life, for which: lack of a permanent source of income, alienation from socially useful activities, delinquent (as asocial) behavior associated With rejection or denial of legal norms (legal nygilism), and, by virtue of these circumstances, a tendency to commit offenses, incl. crimes.
Thus, the value of the legal approach for both marginalism and for jurisprudence, in our opinion, is difficult to overestimate. In this sense, the problem of marginalness should be solved "within the framework of law, through the right and by means of law." On the one hand, the implementation of this task is seen in the improvement of lawmaking recognizing the natural human rights and a citizen and aware of the humanistic role of the right to find new ways to resolve the problem of deepening marginalization processes. On the other hand, in the implementation of legal norms regarding marginalities (groups), relevant to the objectives and objectives of legal policy.
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Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology, 2010, № 2
General Theory of Marginality: Legal-Theoretical Approach
ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT "TISBI"
The Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
The ARTICLE DEALS WITH STAGES OF ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC GENERAL THEORY OF MARGINALITY. Among Various Trends and Concepts of Treating The Social Phenomenon of Marginality The Authors Distinguish Legal Approach and Outline The Problems of Legal-Theoretic and Criminological Research of Marginality.
Key Words: Marginality, Assignment, Migration, Marginal Way Of Life, Subject of Law.