The laying of the very first crown of a house from a bar must be done very thoroughly and with a mathematical approach, so that the walls of the house stand exactly at 90 degrees. Correctly lay the first crown of a bar on the foundation not such a difficult task if you do everything thoroughly and prepare well for this event. And if you want one that will serve you for many years, take this stage of construction in the most serious way.
Checking the foundation horizon
Even before laying the 1st crown, we lay two layers of waterproofing, a lining board, and then an additional layer of waterproofing. But before proceeding with the installation of waterproofing on the foundation, it is required to check that it is horizontal. A simple level can give a large error and for this it is better to use its hydraulic version, which you can buy or use a transparent hose for this.
The level difference should not exceed 1 cm across the entire foundation. The plane can be leveled with mortar, using a lining board of different thicknesses or a different number of waterproofing layers. If the level difference is significant and there is no time for leveling with mortar, you can use bars of different thicknesses under the backing board or adjust the thickness of the backing board with an electric plane.
Selection and preparation of material for the installation of the first crown
The next step in the process of laying the first crown from a bar is himself selection and processing the right stuff. In no case should you just take the first timber that comes across and start installing it. Indeed, in the future, your choice will determine the time of production of work on replacing the lower crown. A poorly processed timber, or a timber mounted without taking into account the selection requirements, will lead to an earlier start of work on replacing the lower crown.
The choice of the best timber for the first crown is the guarantee of a long "life" at home
Choosing the right material for the first crown
We begin to prepare the timber for the first crown in advance. As soon as you deliver the lumber to the site, you need to choose the best beams, without a lot of knots, without blueness, straight without flaws. Along the cut of the annual rings, you need to choose a timber in which the density of the rings is as high as possible, and the timber itself is the middle part of the tree. At the end, you should see circles radiating out from the center.
Processing of a bar for the installation of the first crown
The wood must be completely smeared several times with liquid bitumen mastic, mixed with used machine oil, so that this composition penetrates deeply into the structure of the wood. You can also use special impregnating agents for deep processing of wood.
The ends do not require processing, they must remain clean. Excess moisture will be removed through the ends.
The service life of the lowest crown and the time that it will stand before replacing will directly depend on the degree of processing of the wood structure. Therefore, take your time and thoroughly prepare all the material for the lower crown. And although it is still quite far away, the first step has already been taken!
Fastening the lower rim and checking the geometry
Fastening the lower rim in corner joints The first crown does not need to be fixed to the foundation. The fact is that a house made of timber is itself a heavy structure and will stand perfectly without anchoring. Corner joints are made without locks, butting the timber with the ends. This is done in order to be able to replace any beam, without the need for disassembly in the corners. The timber in the corners and at the abutment of the partitions is rallied with metal fasteners: fastening perforated plates or brackets.
Before the final fixing of the timber in the corners, you need to check the aspect ratio of the house and the correct, one might say "ideal" geometry of the house, so that the corners are exactly 90 degrees. If the length of the opposite sides is equal to each other, and the diagonal distance of the house between the opposite corners coincides, we can conclude that the corners of the house are right. To check the corners, you can use a factory sheet of plywood or OSB, if you attach it from the inside of the bar to the inner corner and set the bar along it.
To build a solid house from a bar, all operations must be carried out as thoroughly as possible. Particular attention should be paid to laying the first crown, since the quality of this work will depend on whether the walls of the house stand perfectly even and form an angle of 90 °. That is why one should not rush when laying the first crown. Moreover, it is necessary to carefully prepare for this work.
Before proceeding with the laying of the first crown of a house from a bar, it is necessary to carry out measures to waterproof the foundation. Before laying the waterproofing, it is necessary to carefully check the horizontalness of the upper surface of the foundation. To do this, use the hydraulic level. If the difference is more than 1 cm along the plane of the foundation, then additional leveling work must be carried out. The plane is leveled with concrete mortar.
Experts strongly recommend first laying 2 layers of waterproofing material, then a laying board and another layer of waterproofing. The materials used for waterproofing must be laid in such a way that, after all layers have been laid, they extend 25 cm beyond the edges of the foundation on each side along the entire perimeter.
The choice of timber for laying the first crown - you need high-quality material
- there should not be many knots,
- the bars must be even,
- it is better to refuse material with blue color - it is not suitable for laying the first crown,
- the density of the rings of the timber should be as high as possible - such material is made from the middle part of the tree.
The selected timber is carefully coated with bitumen mastic mixed with mining. Such a composition is used so that the impregnation is deeply absorbed into the wood. It is not recommended to process the ends of the timber - it is necessary so that moisture can "leave" the timber. How long the lower crown of the house from the bar will ensure the reliability of the walls, and therefore the entire log house, depends on the thoroughness of the processing of the timber.
Laying the first crown - forming a reliable foundation for the construction of walls
- On top of the waterproofing layer, it is necessary to lay out the slats treated with an antiseptic agent every 30 cm. The thickness of the slats is about 15 mm.
- Bars are laid on the slats, forming the first layer. The use of slats allows you to protect the beams and prevent them from coming into contact with the foundation. If you carry out this work in this way, then the durability of the house from a bar will be increased.
- The gap between the timber and the foundation is filled with polyurethane foam.
- To determine the evenness of the surface, the hydraulic level is again used. If the horizontal surface after laying the first crown is broken, then the walls will be uneven. So, if necessary, you need to level the surface.
There is a point of view that it is necessary to carry out a very strong fastening of the first crown to the foundation. But not all builders believe that this is necessary. Since a house from a bar is quite heavy, then if all the mandatory rules are followed, you can be sure that it will stand firmly on the foundation, even if you do not use anchors. In this case, the corner joints are performed without a lock connection - a bar with butt ends. This method of joining is used so that in the future it is possible to replace any timber without disassembling the corners of the house. When joining partitions in the corners, it is necessary to use metal brackets or plates for connection.
The angles when laying the lower crown of a log house should be equal to 90 degrees. This is a very strict rule that should not be violated, as it is very important to ensure the ideal geometry of the house. The opposite sides of the house should be equal in length, and the diagonals should also be the same in length. If these conditions are met, then you can be sure that the geometry of the house will meet all the requirements. One of the most important conditions is to carry out work in a calm rhythm, since haste can turn into serious problems.
Sub-floor construction - ensuring the durability of the flooring and a comfortable environment in the home
After laying the lower crown and thoroughly treating it with an antiseptic, it is necessary to proceed with the installation of the subfloor. This work is carried out in several stages:
- First, the beams are installed. In this case, a timber is used as a lag, the section of which is 100x150 mm. Planks are laid on the narrow end of a log from a bar. The logs must be sawed into the lower crown. In this case, a step of 70 cm is used. When laying long logs (more than 3 m), fitters are used, for which a bar with a section of 150x200 mm is used.
- The lateral part of the lag from below is fixed using cranial bars (section 50x50 mm).
- The base of the floor is laid out on the cranial bars and laid in such a way that there are no gaps between the boards, that is, close to each other. At the same time, boards are not attached to beams and bars.
- Next, it is necessary to insulate the floor of the house - to carry out the installation of waterproofing, an insulating layer and a vapor barrier layer.
- To create a ventilation gap, a counter-rail is laid longitudinally to the beams.
- The flooring is carried out from the boards, forming a rough floor in this way.
According to experts, a durable warm floor in a log house can be formed if you use a multilayer structure, the components of which will be a subfloor, insulation, a waterproofing layer, a final floor covering and a finishing floor covering.
A system can be installed between the rough and final flooring, which will provide floor heating. It should be noted that the materials for the floor must be carefully selected, since the floor must be without obvious gaps and with reliable joints.
The creation of a sub-floor in a house from a bar is of great importance, providing comfort and coziness in the interior through the use of natural, environmentally friendly materials.
Video - Installation of the first crowns of a house from a bar
Every home craftsman who is engaged in the construction of his own house, at a certain stage, has a question about how to put a beam on the foundation.
For the construction of a house from a bar, a strip foundation with a height of 0.5 m above the ground is often used.
Tools and materials
For work, you must prepare the following materials and tools:
- waterproofing material;
- building level;
- fasteners, anchors, pins, nuts with wide washers;
- wooden mallet;
- antiseptics;
- electric planer.
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Beam laying technology
The highlight of the construction of a wooden house is the choice of timber.
The best of them are considered to be smooth, with the least amount of knots and without a shade of blue. When choosing a bar, you should pay attention to the annual rings. Preference is given to the bars, the density of the rings of which is the highest.
The laying of timber cannot be carried out at a high level without a well-made foundation. The ideal option is a concrete monolithic slab, but the high cost of the material in most cases makes it impossible to use it. An exception is mobile soil, where a foundation of a different type cannot be erected.
Quite often, for the construction of a wooden house from a bar, a strip foundation is used, the height of which above ground level should be at least 0.5 m. The elevated part is made of brick.
- Before laying the beams of the first crown, first determine that side of it, which will be inside the room. The side of the timber on which there is a visible defect will be directed upwards. The side of the bar that has bulges will be lateral. In the process of laying the timber, it is necessary to take into account its shrinkage, according to which the final facing of the house is carried out after 1-2 years.
- The bar of the lower crown is coated with working off, the rest of it is treated with special antiseptic compounds.
- To put the first crown of a wooden house, everyone is carried out quite thoroughly, doing all the necessary mathematical calculations. This is necessary so that the walls of the new house are strictly at an angle of 90 °. The most important thing is not to rush at this stage and do everything with maximum precision.
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Features of the insulation process
Before proceeding with the installation of the first crown, insulation must be carried out, for which two layers of waterproofing material should be laid, between which a lining board is placed.
Insulation includes two layers of rolled roofing material and glass insulation. All materials are laid in such a way that their edges protrude 25 cm beyond the foundation. At the corners, the insulation is overlapped.
Before the insulation is laid between the crown and the base, it is necessary to check the surface of the foundation, which should be perfectly flat, without drops. For this, a hydraulic level is used, which is more accurate than usual. Differences of no more than 1 cm relative to the entire plane of the foundation are allowed. Strong drops are removed by laying roofing material or leveling with cement mortar.
An equally important point is filling the gap between the foundation and the lower crown of the timber.
The most common way is to add cement mortar under the waterproofing layer. Carrying out work can be complicated due to the difficulty of accessing the desired location. In some cases, the gap is simply sealed with wood trims of a certain thickness. Wooden wedges or boards are attached between the roofing material and the lower beam, which are driven tightly until the gap is completely eliminated. There can be an unlimited number of such inserts both in length and in width.
The most common method of sealing cracks in recent years is to foam them with construction foam, which is sold in spray cans. It will be better to carry out such work in damp weather, when the material sets very well.
One day after foaming, the excess material is cut off with a sharp knife. In the future, the area between the lower crown and the plinth is closed with metal ebbs or a decorative strip. This is necessary in order to protect the foam from exposure to direct sunlight, under the influence of which it will collapse in literally one season. In addition, a reliable barrier is created for the accumulation of moisture, which will lead to rotting of the wood.
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Installation of beams on the foundation
After it is carried out, proceed to the installation of the lower strapping.
The beams installed on the foundation should fit quite tightly to each other without the formation of a minimum space between them. This is especially true for the lower part of the log house, where the floor will be created and where significant loads will be exerted.
Between themselves, the bars are fastened with metal pins, which are achieved with a wooden mallet. In some cases, if necessary, the bars are additionally fastened with staples or nails.
The docking of the beams of the lower crown with each other occurs by sampling at the corners in any of the existing ways:
- "In half a tree" - a variant of laying beams, in which the upper half of the array is removed in corner joints on one beam, and the lower half is removed on the other;
- “In the paw” is the most common way of joining the beams, which is the opposite and does not include the end part of the log, which protrudes beyond the wall level.
By means of nuts and wide washers, the timber is fastened to the surface of the foundation. A wide washer will allow you to expand the area where the nut touches the surface of the tree. You only need to use a hex nut, and square or round nuts will not work for this purpose. If you use narrow nuts to fasten the bars or not use them at all, then during the installation work it will be quite clear that the nut will completely sink into the surface of the bar and the connection of the frame elements of the house will be unreliable and short-lived.
The condition of a wooden house is assessed by the three lower rims of a log house: if the wood is different in color, it is safe to say that the house was not built correctly. Closer examination reveals black mold on the surface of the timber. The reason for these problems must be sought in mistakes made during the construction phase of a wooden house. Professionals believe: only a correctly laid cap will ensure a long and trouble-free "life" of the building, and the owners - comfortable living conditions.
Among the troubles that can arise as a result of improper laying of a log house from a bar on a foundation, they note:
- The lower corners of the log house freeze, in winter the floors in the house are cold;
- In the underground space, high humidity, condensation forms;
- Locking of the lower rims of the log house, the appearance of fungus and mold;
- The skew of the structure.
All these troubles can be avoided or minimized by observing the rules for laying the flap, this operation is called the foundation strapping, and the flare - strapping. The strapping is a supporting base for the walls of the building; logs for the floor and for internal partitions are sawn into this structure. For buildings erected on columnar or pile supports, the cap can be used as a grillage. In this case, a double strapping is needed.
On the basement - the upper surface of the strip foundation, a layer of rolled waterproofing on a bitumen basis is applied. The material is laid in 2-3 layers and poured with bituminous mastic. A heat-insulating layer is laid on the frozen waterproofing. Jute tape or construction felt is used as a heat insulator. It is best to lay the waterproofing material on a dry surface and carry out the work in dry weather. It is recommended to dry the surface of the plinth with a gas burner before laying.
When installing a pile foundation, waterproofing places for laying the grillage on the racks are subject. The secrets and tricks of experienced craftsmen include the use of a lining board to minimize the consequences of seasonal movements of the structure. A hardwood board 40-50 mm thick is placed on the waterproofing layer. The bottom and side parts of the board are treated with bitumen mastic, the heat-insulating lining is placed on top of the board.
Tools and materials used for waterproofing:
- Roofing material or rolled bitumen-polymer membrane;
- Hot and cold bitumen-latex mastics with antiseptic and herbicidal additives;
- Gas-burner;
- Brush with metal bristles, metal corrugated spatula, construction knife.
The choice of material for strapping
For strapping, it is best to use hardwood timber, additional costs for its purchase are minimal, such a batch will be less than 5% of the total volume of sawn timber. In the absence of such an opportunity, timber blanks without visible defects with an even surface are selected from the entire batch, if necessary, the lower and upper sides are additionally rounded.
When building a log house from a profiled beam, the flap is made from a solid bar. At the first beam, laid on the flashing, the lower part is planed before the profile is removed.
How to lay a crown bar on a foundation
The harness is cut in half a tree, the connection in the corners is carried out "in the paw". This method of laying the corner joint is the most reliable, withstands multidirectional loads. The masonry of the corners and the connection of the beams in the subsequent crowns can be done in any way.
When laying the strapping ring on a strip foundation, you may encounter irregularities on the plinth, reaching 10-15 mm. Such irregularities are eliminated by increasing the thickness of the mastic waterproofing layer. The best solution for laying the first crown from a bar on the foundation is a flat and level grillage.
Fastening a crown from a bar to the base is done in various ways:
- In strip foundations and concrete grillages, anchors with a diameter of 12-16 mm are poured every 1.5-2.0 m, the crown is attached to the anchor bolt with a nut on the strip base;
- Square plates are welded onto the metal piles, the grillage and the frame row of the timber are fastened to the plate with a through bolt connection, the nut is located in the lower part of the fastening.
Holes are drilled for the fasteners with a margin of 3-4 mm, linseed tow is stuffed into the gap.
The next crowns of the log house are attached to the dowels, the dowels are installed vertically with an interference fit into specially drilled holes, the edges of the dowels are recessed and do not protrude above the surface.
Professionals recommend paying attention to the leveling of the flap, when setting the horizon, the height is adjusted with wooden wedges between the base and the first timber, the resulting voids are sealed. The operation is performed using a building level. After leveling is complete, the nuts on the anchorage are tightened and secured.
Plinth ebb installation
The gap formed at the place where the flashing was laid on the waterproofing layer poses a serious danger to the entire structure, atmospheric moisture stagnates in this part. This drawback is eliminated by installing metal drips around the perimeter of the log house. On a strip of iron with a width of 20-25 mm, a bend is made at an angle of 120 degrees, the structure is fastened with self-tapping screws, the place of contact with the bar is treated with a sealant. For the manufacture and installation of the ebb, all the tools are in the household.
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The lower crown works in the most difficult conditions - proximity to the ground, more wetting than other crowns during rain and snowfall. Therefore, traditionally, special attention was paid to its manufacture.
Before laying the first (lower) crown of a log house, do not forget about waterproofing, which is 2 - 3 layers of rolled bituminous waterproofing material, laid between the foundation and the logs to prevent the walls from getting wet from the foundation.
The first (flap) crown is made from the thickest logs.
If you have such an opportunity, then the first crown is best made from the wood species most resistant to decay. Larch or oak is best suited for this purpose.
Obviously, sides 1, 3 and 2, 4 are at different horizontal levels, which differ in height by half the diameter of the log. Therefore, the first crown, from which the whole frame begins, can be realized in two ways.
Despite some inconveniences, such a cap will be more durable due to the fact that the logs are subjected to minimal processing and remain almost intact.
To prevent rotting of the logs of the first crown, special attention must be paid to thorough antiseptic treatment of surfaces in contact with the waterproofing (chipped surfaces). Before laying, coat the hewn surface with an antiseptic using a brush 3 - 5 times. By the way, this is the only place in the bathhouse where I used an antiseptic.
Underlay boards must not be coated with molten resin (bitumen) or wrapped in roofing felt. A tree clogged with resin or wrapped in roofing material will rot very quickly.
Between the waterproofing of the foundation and the backing board, between the backing board and the first crown, an inter-row seal is laid.
The process of making the cap is shown in a series of videos flap (first) crown of a log house.
The (first) crown of a log house - video technology.
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Oval crown. Part 2. Chipping logs |