Autumn is the time to harvest and prepare for the new season. The amount of spring chores will depend on how the garden goes into the winter. It is for this reason that experienced gardeners never miss the opportunity to carry out as much work as possible from the fall. Prepare the beds, fertilize. And also - to plant some of the crops. What can be planted before winter? And onions, and greens, and root crops. There are many advantages to this approach: seedlings appear earlier, grow stronger, some crops have time to give a harvest before the activation of their main pests, the yield is obtained two weeks earlier, there is the possibility of re-planting. In this material, we will consider the features of winter sowing, as well as recommendations for a number of major crops.
General rules for winter crops
For winter crops, it is not necessary to allocate a large plot of land. If the products are not for sale, but for your table, a garden bed with a total area of 5-6 square meters. m. will fully provide a family of 4-5 people with both vitamin greens and early root crops.
It is better to choose a place for winter crops that is accessible, sunny, without a slope. Since the time to sow will come later (with the establishment of small frosts in the last decade of October, and in the south - November), it is better to prepare the land in advance. Back in August, fertilizers should be applied, the soil should be dug up, leveled, and before frosts (while the top layer has not yet frozen), grooves should be made.
There is a rule for seeding rates. Since the risk of falling out (loss) of a part of the seeds is inevitable, the rate should be increased by 25-50%. It is necessary to sow the seed material dry: after sowing, in no case water it.
Some gardeners practice not winter, but winter sowing. This is also possible in January, February. This method justifies itself where unstable autumn temperatures can provoke early seed germination. However, in this case, it is necessary to have a supply of land in order to sprinkle the frozen grooves. In the southern regions, this method is replaced by sowing in the January or February "windows", when the soil thaws, but does not have time to warm up enough to give the seeds growth.
After sowing, in order to better adhere the surface of the seeds to the soil, it is recommended to compact the soil above the furrows. And for warming - mulch. In winter, you need to try to throw snow on the ridges. Early in the spring, cover them with a film stretched over arcs - this will allow the earth to warm up earlier, somewhat accelerate the germination and growth of sown crops, and protect seedlings in case of return frosts.
1. Dill
Dill seeds sprout already at +3 ° C, so they can be sown only when the weather is cold. During the day it can be 0…+2 °С, at night -2…-3 °С.
The seeding depth is 2.5-3 cm. The distance between rows is 20 cm. The seeding rate per square meter is 3-5 g. Varieties: Fireworks, Hercules, Daredevil, Earlier Miracle, Tenderness, Preobrazhensky, Redoubt, Gribovsky, Grenadier, Aurora. "Drummer", "Esta", etc. Dill sown before winter will be ready for the table in mid-May.
2. Parsley
Leaf parsley sprouts already at +2 ° C heat. Its seedlings freely tolerate temperatures down to -9 ° C. But the seeds germinate unfriendly, so winter sowing is more beneficial for her, especially in the southern regions. It allows the parsley to buy time and start a more friendly growing season.
The seed sowing depth is 1-1.5 cm. The distance between the rows is 20-25 cm. The seeding rate per square meter is 0.6-1.5 g. Bordovicskaya", "Italian Giant", "Breeze", "Curly", "Ordinary Leaf", "Green Crystal", "Universal", "Astra", "Alba", "Esmeralda", "Pagoda" and many others. Podzimnie crops of leaf parsley allow you to collect the first leaves at the end of May. You can also pay attention to the root varieties: "Sugar", "Russian Size", "Eagle".
Leaf parsley sprouts already at +2 ° C heat. © Lovefood 3. Cilantro (coriander)
Good for crops in late autumn and cilantro. Its seedlings are not afraid of return spring frosts and freely survive cold snaps down to -8 ... -10 ° С.
Sowing depth of seeds 1-1.5 cm. Distance between rows 25-30 cm. Seeding rate per square meter - 5 g. Varieties: Shiko, Yantar, Debut, Alekseevsky 247, Taiga, "Stimulus", "Borodinsky", etc.
4. Salad
It is advantageous to sow lettuce before winter - an early harvest is obtained regardless of whether the spring was rainy or dry. The seeds of this crop tolerate low temperatures well, therefore, sowing is carried out at a steady cooling, when the thermometer readings drop to -2 ... + 2 ° С.
The seeding depth is 2 cm. The distance between rows is 30-40 cm. The seeding rate per square meter is 0.6-0.7 g. "Gourmet", "Berlin Yellow", "Rhapsody", "Dubachok", "Festival" and many others. The salad sown since autumn is ready for the table already for the May holidays.
5. Watercress
Watercress sprouts in just a couple of days and immediately begins to grow rapidly. Therefore, it is impossible to rush with the winter sowing of this crop - you need to wait for frost.
The seeding depth is 1-1.5 cm. The distance between rows is 10-15 cm, with row sowing, the distance is practiced - 20 cm between lines, 50 cm between ribbons. Seeding rate per square meter - 3 g. Varieties: "Broad-leaved", "Narrow-leaved", "Curly cress".
6. Mustard salad (leaf)
Leaf or salad mustard is not afraid of frost, it easily tolerates cold snaps down to -5 ° C, it must be sown with the onset of the first stable frost.
The seeding depth is 1.5 cm. The distance between the rows is 25-30 cm. The seeding rate per square meter is 2-2.5 g. Varieties: Red-leaved, Green-leaved.
7. Spinach
Winter sowing of spinach has two terms. The first is in the last days of September. Plants have time to form a rosette of small leaves, which will overwinter under snow cover. With the arrival of spring warmth, they will immediately begin to grow and after a week and a half it will be possible to pluck the first vitamin leaves from the garden.
The second term is in November-December (depending on the climatic zone), with the onset of stable frosts. In this case, the seeds will hatch already in the spring, which is also not bad, since the crop will give an early harvest.
Sowing depth of seeds 3-4 cm. Distance between plants - 7-10 cm. Between rows - 15-20 cm. Seeding rate per square meter - 4 g. Varieties: Juliana, Victoria, Matador, Universal ”, “Progress”, “Broad-leaved”, “Garant” and many others.
The winter sowing of spinach has two terms: in the last days of September and in November-December. © Charlie Nardozzi 8. Carrot
To sow carrots, the earth needs to settle, therefore, the garden bed must be prepared in advance. Sowing dates come at thermometer readings in the region of + 2 ... + 4 ° С.
Seeding depth 3-4 cm. Distance between rows - 15-20 cm. Seeding rate per square meter - 1 g. Varieties: "Supernant", "Alenka", "Karotel", "Incomparable", "Moscow Winter A 515" , "Zabava", "Early TSHA", "Artek", "Cannery", "Amstardam", "Vitamin 6", "Nantes -4", "Shantane 14" and many others.
Selective harvesting of root crops will begin from the beginning of June, but you need to remember: carrots sown in autumn are stored worse than during spring planting, so it is better to think over the required volume of production in advance.
9. Beets
It is impossible to hurry with the sowing of beets, its seeds are able to germinate already at +5 ° C, therefore, the timing of winter sowing must be shifted to a period of stable cooling, - 2 ... - 4 ° C.
The sowing depth of seeds is 3-4 cm. The distance between plants is 5-10 cm. Between rows is 20-30 cm. The seeding rate per square meter is approximately 4 g. Varieties for sowing before winter must be taken exclusively cold-resistant or marked "resistant to bolting »: Egyptian Flat, Podzimnyaya Flat, Darynya, Podzimnyaya A 474, Thekla, Cold-Resistant 19, Bordeaux 237, Podzimnyaya Incomparable, Detroit, Red Ball and others
The first harvest of root crops from winter beet crops can be carried out as early as late May or early June. But such beets are stored worse than during spring planting, so it is better, as in the case of carrots, to think over the required volume of production in advance.
10. Turnip
Turnips are sown before the start of stable frosts, about two weeks. In the spring, winter sowing allows it to form before the cruciferous flea begins its attack.
Sowing depth 3 cm. Distance in a row - 10-15 cm, three seeds per nest. Row spacing - 25-30 cm. Seeding rate per square meter - 2 g. Varieties: "Geisha", "Petrovskaya 1", "White Night". Turnips sown before winter will allow harvesting to begin in late May or early June.
Turnips sown before winter will allow harvesting to begin in late May or early June. © southernexposure 11. Celery
More often, winter sowing of celery is applied to leafy varieties, and any of them is suitable. But among the root there is a variety ("Root Gribovsky"), suitable for sowing in the fall.
The depth of seed placement is 1.5-2 cm. Seeding is thickened. The sowing rate of seeds per square meter is 0.1-0.2 g. Varieties: Root Gribovsky, Apple and others.
12. Horseradish
Growing horseradish from seeds is rare. Basically, this culture reproduces vegetatively. But, if by seeds, then winter sowing is an excellent choice!
Seeding depth is 2-3 cm. Distance between plants is 30-35 cm. Between rows is 50-70 cm. Varieties: "Valkovsky", "Rostovsky", "Atlant", "Suzdolsky", "Latvian".
13. Leek
They are not in a hurry with the crops of leeks. Its seedlings are afraid of frost, so the seeds are sown no earlier than when the thermometer starts to show below 0 ° C. The method is used mainly in the south.
Seeding depth 1.5 cm. Distance between plants - 8-12 cm. Between rows - 30-35 cm. Seeding rate - 2 g. Varieties: "Karantansky", "Columbus", "Vesta", "Pobedel" and others .
14. Onion sets and nigella
Onions are one of the crops recommended for winter planting, especially in cold climates. This method gives an earlier harvest and makes it higher, since, having early germination, the crop is less affected by diseases and pests. Planting dates for onion sets are two weeks before stable frosts, black onion - on frozen ground.
Oatmeal and the first fraction (onion size 1.5 cm in diameter) - the best choice for winter sowing, planted according to the scheme of 3 by 15 cm. Sets (1.5-3 cm in diameter) 3 onions per nest, or compacted . Bulbs over 3 cm in diameter are seated according to the scheme 8-10 by 15-20 cm.
The planting depth of onion sets is 3.5-4 cm, black onion - 2.5 cm. It is better to take winter onion varieties: Danilovsky 301, Odintsovets, Radar, Carmen MS, Stuttgarten Risen , Shakespeare, Myagkovsky 300, Ellan, Buran, Mouzon and many others. Onions for feathers can be harvested at the end of May, turnips - by the middle of the summer season.
15. Bow-batun
Batun onions can be sown three times a season, but sowing before winter is considered the easiest.
Seeding depth 2-2.5 cm. Distance between plants - 20-25 cm. Between rows - 40-50 cm. Seeding rate - 6-8 g. Varieties: April 12, Gribovsky 21, Salad 35 ”, “Maysky”, etc.
Sowing onion-batun before winter is considered the easiest. © bejo 16. Tiered bow
A multi-tiered bow is not afraid of frosts down to -40 ° C, it is so tolerant of cold. But for this, by the time he leaves for the winter, he should already have a root system. Therefore, multi-tiered onions are planted two weeks before frost.
The thickness of the onions is 1.5-2 cm. The depth of their embedding is 3-4 cm. Planting in 2-3 lines. The distance in the row is 15-20 cm. Between the rows is 30 cm. The seeding rate per square meter is 0.3-0.5 kg. Varieties: Odessa Winter 12, Likova, Memory, Gribovsky 38, Chelyabinsk Super Early, etc.
17. Garlic
Winter garlic is planted in two ways. The deep planting method is used mainly in cold climates. It is carried out in mid-August and implies the deepening of the cloves by 10-15 cm. The usual method (traditional) is planted two weeks before a steady cold snap, which implies the embedding of cloves by 3-5 cm. Its timing is the last week of September, if this is the middle band, beginning of November - in the south.
The distance between the teeth is 10-15 cm. The distance between the rows is 20-25 cm. German" and many others.
18. Radish
Radish seeds germinate well even at sufficiently low temperatures, for this reason it is impossible to rush with their sowing, delaying the moment of planting at the end of November.
Seeding depth 2-3 cm. Distance between plants - 4-6 cm. Between rows - 10-15 cm. Seeding rate per square meter - from 5-6 to 10 g. Varieties: "Mayak", "Resistant", " Carmen, Spartak, Anniversary, Rose-red with a white tip, Heat, Zarya, Gusar, Hothouse, Early Crunch, etc. Radishes sown by winter sowing are ready for the table already at the beginning of May.
19. Pasternak
Parsnip is a crop preferred for winter sowing due to the short shelf life of seeds and rather poor germination. Podzimnie crops allow you to stratify its seed material and increase germination.
Seeding depth 2 cm. Distance in a row - 5 cm. Between rows - 30-35 cm. Seeding rate per square meter - 1.5-2 g. Varieties: "Round early", "Best of all", "Student" .
Podzimnie crops of parsnip increase its germination. © The Spruce
20. Fennel
Fennel, sown before winter, gives friendly spring shoots. However, this culture is thermophilic, therefore, since autumn, it is more often sown in the south.
Depth of placement of seeds of 2 cm. Sowing thickened. Between rows - 60-70 cm. With two-line sowing, 20-25 cm are left between the lines. Seeding rate per square meter - 0.8-1 g. Varieties: "Darelet", "Leader", "Aroma", "autumn handsome" and etc.
21. Sorrel
Embedding depth 1-1.5 cm. Distance between rows - 15-20 cm. Seeding rate per square meter - 1.5 g. Varieties: "Victoria", "Belleville", "Spinach", "Krupnochereshkovy" and many others.
22. Potato
Winter planting of potatoes is not traditional, but it does take place, since at a depth of 10-15 cm, the tubers perfectly tolerate temperature drops even to -10 ° C. With this method, tubers are selected weighing 100-150 g. They are planted without vernalization. Planting time is the first night frosts, when the ground still thaws during the daytime.
Planting method - double beds, in order to install arcs above the rows in the spring. The width of the beds is 70 cm, the distance between the beds is 80 cm, between the rows in the bed is 45 cm, between the tubers is 25-30 cm. The depth of the tubers is 15-20 cm. Planting in a checkerboard pattern. Varieties: "Zdabytok", "Nevsky", "Luck", "Lorch", "Asterix".
23. Cabbage
Winter crops of cabbage are not often practiced, mainly in regions with a relatively warm climate. But for the south, there is a risk in this method - quickly emerging shoots can freeze out at unstable spring temperatures. However, recommended varieties for winter planting exist.
White cabbage
Varieties: "Dumas", "Nadezhda", "Vyuga", "Dawn", "Gribovsky", "Sibiryachka", "Polar K-206".
Krasnokochannaya
Varieties: "Early hard stone", "Stone head 447", "Gako 741", "Red early".
Broccoli
Varieties: "Monterey", "Laser", "Calabrese", "Caesar", "Gnome", "Lucky".
color
Varieties: "Domestic", "Movir 74", "Guarantee".
Beijing
Varieties: "Khivinskaya 5".
The planting depth of cabbage seeds is 1.5-3 cm. The seeding rate per square meter is 0.1-0.2 g.
In addition to these crops, before winter, you can sow asparagus, arugula, swede, borage, chard, rhubarb.
The main crop that gardeners plant before winter is winter garlic, and the discovery for many will be that many vegetables can also be sown in the fall.
In this way, you can get an earlier harvest of vegetables and herbs and free up time in the spring for other planting activities.
Experienced gardeners, in order to get an earlier harvest, part of the crops are planted in autumn before winter.
The benefits of planting for the winter include:
- earlier harvest (about 2 weeks);
- saving money on buying early vegetables from the market;
- seed hardening;
- larger fruits;
- early germination will not allow pests to spoil the sprouts.
Of the minuses can be noted:
- the likelihood of spring return frosts that will destroy seedlings;
- the possibility of shooting, where only seeds are obtained, not fruits;
- greater consumption of seeds;
- lower yield;
- impossibility of winter storage.
Inexperienced gardeners cannot get a decent harvest the first time when planting green seeds before winter, due to a lack of knowledge and subtleties of autumn planting in open ground.
General rules for sowing in late autumn
To plant seeds in the fall, you need to follow a number of rules. This is:
- landing time;
- choice of location;
- garden preparation;
- choice of seeds;
- shelter from the cold.
Attention!
Before winter, only the seeds of those vegetables that are cold-resistant and not prone to shooting are planted in the garden.
Location selection
For planting vegetables before winter, they choose a high bed or make it their own to avoid spring wetting and rotting of seeds. The soil should be loose and light, heavy clay soil during the winter is even more compacted and makes it difficult to germinate. After harvesting vegetables, 1-1.5 months before winter sowing:
- The bed is dug deep.
- Remove weeds.
- Make the necessary organic (compost and humus) and mineral fertilizers (without nitrogen).
- Apply 100-300 g of lime to reduce the acidity of the soil.
- They loosen with rakes.
If the sowing of vegetables before winter will be carried out after the first frosts, grooves are made in advance and cover the ground with a film to prevent their erosion.
Landing dates
The main link in the chain for obtaining a good harvest is the choice of the time when stable cold weather has established in the area of residence. Warm and humid days will give impetus to the seeds to germinate, which will lead to the death of the future crop. The failures of young gardeners associated with non-compliance with planting dates lead to a reluctance to plant seeds of garden crops before winter. So, in the Leningrad region, before winter, plantings are carried out much earlier (by 1.2 weeks) than spicy herbs and greens are planted before winter in the Moscow region with its more southern location and much less harsh climate. The optimum temperature for landing will be from +3 to -2.
Seed preparation
Seeds of some vegetable crops can be planted before winter, but before that it is necessary to check their quality.
Attention!
Seeds during autumn planting are not soaked. They must be dry.
Seeds suitable for planting before winter:
- resistant to tsvetushnosti and arrowing;
- coated, which will reduce their consumption during planting;
- winter-hardy.
When planting in autumn, planting density should be increased by 30%.
Table with autumn sowing dates for vegetables and herbs:
| Name of culture | Variety | Landing dates | planting depth | Distance between beds |
| onion sets | Stuttgarten, Sturon, Carmen | Mid October - early November | 4-5 cm | 20 cm |
| Black onion | Danilovsky, Strigunovsky, Odintsovsky | — | 1.5 cm | 20 cm |
| Garlic | Winter varieties | 1.5 months before the onset of cold weather | 4-6 cm | 15-20 cm |
| Carrot | Nantes, Losinoostrovskaya, Touchon, Samson, Shantane | At a stable temperature of +2-3 degrees | 2-3 cm | 20 cm |
| Radish | Red giant, Soffit, Mokhovsky, Option | The beginning of November | 2-3 cm | 10-15 cm |
| Dill | Gribovsky, Umbrella | — | 2-3 cm | 15-20 cm |
| Salads | Berlin yellow, Emerald, Coarse | — | 1-2 cm | 20 cm |
Greens and roots
It is difficult to imagine a garden without greenery growing in it. Every amateur gardener wants to grow vitamins for the table as early as possible. To get spring vitamins immediately after the snow melts, you can plant greens in the fall. In this case, the seeds
- undergo hardening;
- the plant is not sick.
In the middle lane they plant in the fall in the garden:
- dill;
- cilantro;
- parsley;
- sorrel;
- salad.
When planting lettuce before winter, you need to choose leafy varieties, half-headed ones may not give the expected harvest.
Vegetable crops that can be planted in the fall include:
- cabbage;
- carrot;
- beet;
- radish.
To sow cabbage before winter, medium-ripe or late varieties are chosen, early ones are not suitable for such a planting. Among the advantages of autumn planting it is worth noting:
- harvesting 2.3 weeks earlier than when planting in the spring;
- obtaining moisture by seeds from spring snowmelt and sprout quickly;
- release of spring time for growing seedlings of other crops;
- improved taste and juiciness;
- resistance to diseases and less losses from pests.
Of the minuses can be noted:
- greater consumption of seeds;
- preparation of beds for planting at the end of summer;
- the need to cover seedlings from frost in early spring;
- the need to accurately determine the timing of landing.
In order to plant beets in the fall, varieties are selected that are intended for autumn sowing and are resistant to bolting. Only a sunny place is suitable for beets, in the shade it forms small hard root crops with less sugar. The bed is prepared for sowing in advance, grooves are made at a distance of 30 cm from each other and a depth of about 5 cm. They are waiting for the temperature to set from -2 to +5 degrees. more often than during spring planting. The furrows are covered with pre-prepared soil, mulch is added on top in the form of peat, humus, compost and covered with branches of coniferous trees.
You can also have carrots before winter. Suitable for planting early and cold-resistant varieties. The preparation of the seat is done similarly to the beds for beets.
Planting garden strawberries
Also planted in the winter in the garden and garden strawberries. These works should not be delayed, as young bushes should take root and leave before winter strong and healthy. Transplantation is done in late August - early September. A bed for strawberries is prepared 2 weeks before planting, so that the soil has time to settle. When digging, compost or humus, ash, mineral potassium-phosphorus fertilizers are added. The distance between rows during planting is about 50-70 cm, depending on the variety, between bushes in a row should be at least 30-40 cm.
Autumn planting flowers
You can sow before winter not only vegetables, but also flowers. Land preparation takes place according to the same principle as for vegetables. The difference is in the depth of sowing, which depends on the size of the seeds.
These (annual):
- lavaters;
- cornflower;
- calendula;
- poppy;
- matthiols;
- mignonette and many other colors.
Of the perennials, the seeds of gaillardia, bluebell, bathing suit, primrose, and other flowers are suitable for autumn planting.
Trees and shrubs
In the autumn garden they sometimes plant:
- apple trees;
- pears;
- plums;
- cherries and other fruit trees.
Benefits of autumn planting:
- the tree wakes up in the spring already in a new place;
- undisturbed roots grow rapidly;
- a seedling planted 2-3 weeks before the onset of stable cold weather has time to take root and quickly grows in spring.
Therefore, in the middle lane and in the Moscow region, trees are planted in October, and in the northern regions in mid-September.
The disadvantages include the possible freezing of a young tree. This happens for several reasons:
- landing too early;
- the variety was incorrectly selected (a seedling of a fruit tree, bred for planting in the southern regions, was planted in the northern regions);
- manure or mineral fertilizer with a nitrogen content was added to the hole during planting, which will give impetus to the growth of the seedling and lead to its death in the winter;
- deepening of the root neck;
- a young tree has dried roots if it was transported with an open root system.
The chances of survival are higher in a seedling with a closed root system.
Attention!
Planting should be done at a time when the plant is at rest.
Shrubs that can be planted before winter:
- red and black currants;
- gooseberry;
- honeysuckle.
The correct approach to the autumn planting of shrubs will lead to a high survival rate of planting material and productivity. The benefits of landing at this time include:
- the opportunity to buy goods from nurseries at lower prices than in spring;
- the ability to inspect the whole plant, including the roots, if the root system is open;
- release of spring time for other work;
- the likelihood of successful survival before the cold weather and put down new roots;
- (or other trees) will result in little or no return in the first year.
Among the minuses are:
- damage to young bushes by rodents;
- damage to young branches by winds and adhering snow;
- a sharp cold snap after heat can destroy a plant that has not had time to take root.
Before planting, a seedling purchased with an open root system is placed in a bucket of water with the addition of Kornevin to allow it to absorb moisture. To plant a bush in the ground, first dig a hole about 30-40 cm deep and 50-60 cm wide. Ash, a handful of superphosphate, humus or compost are added there, everything is mixed. They put a seedling, carefully straighten the roots, cover it with earth, tamp it down a little so that there are no voids around the roots. Then shed the plant, pouring at least 15 liters of water under it. Top mulch with peat, sawdust dust, compost. Straw or hay should not be taken as mulch, they will attract rodents.
Winter plantings are widespread in the Moscow region. Their popularity is due to a number of advantages. Crops sown in autumn develop strong roots and accumulate more biomass than those planted in spring. They grow faster, are less affected by diseases and pests, overtake weeds in growth. For successful underground crops, you need to respect the timing and use cold-resistant crops.
Features of autumn crops
The climate of the Moscow region fully satisfies the requirements for winter crops. The height of the snow layer in the region reaches 35-40 cm. Snow falls at the end of October, and at the end of November a solid cover is already established. In winter, the soil freezes to a depth of 65-150 cm, which excludes premature germination of seeds and their subsequent death from early spring frosts.
For autumn incorporation, seeds obtained in the current season are preferable. As an exception, you can use seed left over from spring. Seeds with normal germination are sown in the usual amount. The seeding rate is increased by 10-20% only if germination is low. By sowing good seeds more abundantly than usual, you can get too thick seedlings. Plants will oppress each other, lag behind in growth and development, which will negate the advantages of winter sowing.
Podzimnie crops are placed on high, south-facing areas with moisture-proof, well-cultivated light soil. The beds are prepared in advance while the weather is good. In the first decade of October, the soil is dug up, fertilized, leveled and ridges are formed in which grooves of the required depth are cut. So that the grooves do not fall asleep with snow, the beds are covered with roofing material, boards or plywood. It is better not to cut grooves just before sowing. By this time, the soil freezes heavily and it will be impossible to carry out work qualitatively. A little soil mixture is stored in advance in a warm room so that there is something to cover the seeds lowered into the ground.
Seeds are sown when the temperature is set in the range of 0 ... -5 degrees.
What crops are planted before winter?
Seeds in cold soil do not germinate, but hibernate. With the advent of spring, when the soil warms up to the right temperature, they come to life and start growing.
Not all seeds can survive the cold winter. Southern sissies - cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelons, asparagus beans - are not sown in the fall, as their seeds will rot at a low positive temperature, which is set in early spring.
Vegetables
Most cold-resistant vegetables grow and develop well after winter sowing. It is important to know that crops intended for winter storage in vegetable stores and cellars cannot be sown before winter. Plants are sown in autumn for processing and fresh consumption.
Winter garlic is a prime candidate for planting in the fall. In the spring, it is not planted at all, since until this time it has not been preserved. Spring garlic, on the contrary, is not suitable for autumn planting. When purchasing planting material, you need to be able to distinguish spring garlic from winter garlic. The spring cloves are small, arranged in several rows. Winter garlic heads consist of one row of large cloves surrounding a false stem. For planting choose the largest teeth. Winter garlic takes root at a low positive temperature. In the Moscow region, it is established by the end of September. After 3 weeks, the rooted cloves will safely hide under the snow, where they will wait for spring and the opportunity to throw out the leaves.
Tulips are planted simultaneously with winter garlic - the development cycle of these plants is similar
Everyone knows that garlic can be planted before winter, but few practice onion planting in the fall. Now interest in winter onions has appeared both among farmers and summer residents. Onions, rooted in autumn, start growing very early, delighting with the harvest of bulbs already at the beginning of summer. When planting onions in winter, it is important to choose the right variety. Ordinary varieties shoot during winter sowing. After overwintering in the ground, they will drive out the flower arrow, instead of building up the bulb.
Table: Shooting-resistant onion varieties suitable for winter planting
Small onion sets up to one centimeter in diameter dry out when stored in an apartment. In the spring it has to be thrown away. It is more expedient to plant small bulbs before winter. Onion plants grown from small sets planted in autumn do not shoot, but on the contrary, give well-formed, large bulbs. Winter onions are planted as late as possible. He just needs to take root before the onset of frost. In the Moscow region, onion planting begins in late October - early November. If the warm weather lasts longer than usual, the bulbs will sprout and die in the winter. Winter onions are planted later than winter garlic, by the time hard frosts set in. The bed is prepared in advance. They dig up the earth, break up the lumps, add compost (but not manure). Planting depth 3-4 cm. The beds are mulched with leaves or mowed grass. The mulch is removed early in the spring so that it does not interfere with the development of onion feathers. Landing distance:
- 4-5 cm in a row;
- 12-15 cm row spacing.
Sevok is sown in well-frozen ground
Podzimnyaya beet ripens two to three weeks earlier than sown in the spring. The main thing is to choose the right landing time. The earth should cool down to +2 ... +4 degrees. According to popular beliefs, beets are sown before winter after the cherry leaf has fallen. You can focus on the soil - by the time of sowing, it should freeze and only slightly thaw in the sun for several hours. For winter sowing of beets, early-ripening varieties that are resistant to bolting are suitable:
- single-growth;
- Detroit;
- Ataman;
- Incomparable A 463;
- Cold resistant 19;
- Polar flat;
- Pablo F1;
- Red ball.
Seeds are sown to a depth of 3-4 cm. The distance between seeds is 3-5 cm, between grooves 30-40 cm. Seeds and soil must be dry. Crops are mulched with industrially manufactured soil based on peat or spruce branches.
Cabbage, turnips and radishes belong to the same family, all of which are highly cold-resistant, therefore suitable for autumn planting. Podzimny sowing allows you to avoid the hassle associated with growing or buying cabbage seedlings. Radishes and turnips are prone to flowering, so shoot-resistant varieties are selected. Suitable:
- Carmen;
- Petrovskaya;
- Pharaoh;
- Glowworm;
- Lydia.
Winter potatoes are a rarity in the Moscow region, but enthusiasts plant this crop before winter and get good results. The tubers are buried to a depth of 20 cm in cold, but not yet frozen ground. The bed is well insulated with mulch. In the spring, the tubers will sprout and the plant will develop as usual. Podzimny potatoes overtake in productivity planted in the usual way, do not suffer from phytophthora. For autumn planting, the Nevsky variety is recommended - high-yielding, cold-resistant, disease-resistant.
Carrots and parsnips sown before winter ripen two weeks earlier than usual. Already at the beginning of summer, you can eat juicy beam products, and sow radishes, lettuce, beets or green beans on the vacant bed. For winter sowing, early varieties are chosen that acquire a sweet taste already at an early stage of growth. These include: Bureau, Napoli F1, Orange Muscat, Puchkovaya, Victoria, Royal Chanson. Celery belongs to the same family as carrots and therefore has excellent cold tolerance. Before winter, both varieties of this crop are sown - leaf and root. Podzimny root celery in the Moscow region grows root crops weighing up to 150 g. Carrot and celery seeds quickly lose their germination capacity, so only material obtained in the current year is suitable for underground crops.
Bunch carrots of winter sowing
siderates
Siderates are plants grown for the purpose of embedding in the ground. Green fertilizer enriches the soil with nitrogen and improves the structure. The following crops are sown before winter:
- rye;
- oats;
- wheat
- alfalfa;
- white mustard;
- rape;
- vetch.
It is very important to choose the right sowing time. At +2 degrees, the plants will begin to grow and die with the onset of winter. Seeds are scattered over the surface of dug up and loosened soil when the temperature drops to 0 degrees. In the spring, 2 weeks before planting on the bed of the main crop, the ascended green manure is planted in the soil with a Fokine flat cutter or a cultivator. Winter cereals and legumes can be sown even earlier - in early September. The plants will have time to sprout and develop well before the onset of cold weather, and in winter they will go under the snow, having stems 5-10 cm high. In the spring, green manure is planted in the soil, making room for garden crops.
Medicinal herbs
Grass seeds are very small. They are scattered on the surface of the soil and sprinkled with a thin layer of peat. Sown before winter:
- chamomile;
- motherwort;
- elecampane;
- thyme;
- ulcer;
- scorzonera;
- Maryin root and eleutherococcus (after stratification);
- succession;
- milk thistle;
- monarch;
- sage;
- nigella;
- valerian;
- fenugreek;
- marshmallow;
- chicory.
Before winter, you can also plant the rhizomes of perennial plants: peppermint, lemon balm, rosea rhodiola, St. John's wort, yarrow, succession.
Any herbs that reproduce in nature by self-sowing are suitable for winter sowing.
Horticultural crops
Before winter, deciduous trees and shrubs, perennial flowers are planted. In the Moscow region, the time for planting seedlings occurs approximately one month before the soil freezes. In autumn, winter-hardy varieties of pears and apple trees, frost-resistant berries are planted: raspberries, currants, gooseberries, honeysuckle, viburnum, barberry, mountain ash.
Trees planted in the garden in a permanent place are watered until frost. Before snowfalls, seedlings must be protected from mice and hares by tying trunks with nylon tights or prickly spruce branches.
Flowers are annuals and perennials
Winter sowing of flowers often gives better results than the seedling method, as it imitates the natural reproduction of annual and perennial flowers. Many flowers in nature reproduce by self-sowing. Seeds hibernate under the snow, and in the spring they begin to germinate, having undergone a natural stratification. Plants acquire immunity to diseases and pests, harden, develop better. The root system is more branched and powerful, which allows flowers to extract more nutrients and water, better resist weeds. Flowering begins earlier - perennials can bloom in the first year. Podzimnie crops of flowers free from the hassle in the spring, allow you to grow more vegetable seedlings on the windowsills.
Greenery
Green crops are resistant to frost, so they are great for winter plantings. In autumn, you can sow in the garden:
- parsley;
- basil;
- dill;
- sorrel;
- cilantro;
- leaf salad;
- spinach;
- lettuce mustard;
- rhubarb;
- arugula;
- cucumber grass;
- bow-batun.
Greens in the country are sown when a steady cold snap sets in. In the suburbs, this is the beginning of October - the middle of November. The air temperature should drop to 0 degrees, the soil - to +2 ... +4. Podzimnie crops of greens in any case should not be watered. Seeds are planted in dry soil and mulched with compost.
Autumn crops make it possible to rationally allocate the farmer's time. By shifting part of the work to autumn, you can get more free time in the hottest time for a gardener - spring, when you have to sow large areas and pay a lot of attention to seedlings. Winter crops are carried out at different times. In the Moscow region, seeds are sown in late October - November. Winter garlic and bulbous flower crops are planted 2-3 weeks earlier, the plants should have time to take root at low positive temperatures.
Autumn is a long-awaited time for all gardeners. This is harvest time and some relaxation in anticipation of the next planting season. But while you can not leave the gardens - it's time for winter crops.
Plants for late planting
I would like to know which groups of seeds to plant before winter? But in fact, the list is quite extensive:
- vegetables: carrots, beets;
- garlic, onion;
- greens: parsley, sorrel, dill;
- flowers: mallow, delphinium.
After choosing which seeds to plant this time in the winter, you need to think about their proper planting. So that they do not die in winter, you should choose the most fertile soil that dries quickly. Also, the sowing area should be flat so that snow does not accumulate in the pits and they are not flooded. The beds will be about 15 cm tall if the sowing site is located in a lowland.
You need to remember when to plant seeds before winter. Cold-tolerant crops are usually planted in early November, provided that the soil temperature has dropped to 3°C and warming is not expected.
Preparing seeds and beds
Although the seeds are planted in November, you need to prepare the soil in early autumn. Here are a few rules for soil preparation:
- As soon as the crop is harvested, you need to dig the ground well, breaking up the clods with a shovel. Then water the beds.
- Weeds and their remains must be removed. After that, fertilize the soil with peat, compost or humus. You can also add sawdust, if possible.
- The next step is neat furrows for future sowing.
- Experienced gardeners know what seeds can be planted before winter. The answer is - necessarily dried - so they will not germinate ahead of time. It is even better to buy seeds in a special clay shell - it protects the seeds from adverse external conditions and pests.
- It is advisable to plant more seeds than is normally required, because it is likely that many of them will not germinate.
Winter planting of onions and garlic
It has long been known that onions are unpretentious, frost-resistant and do not require much light culture, so they are planted in the fall. For its planting, you should choose a place from which the snow melts early, since excessive moisture in the spring destroys the bulbs.
The bulbs are carefully selected before sowing and treated with a weak solution of potassium permanganate as a disinfectant. However, if the temperature in the region is unstable, which can bring unexpected heat, it is better to pinch dry bulbs, as they tolerate temperature fluctuations more easily.
The depth of the holes for the onion should be from 5 cm, and the distance between the holes should be about 7 cm.
It must be remembered that insufficiently deep planting is dangerous - plants can die in winter. To minimize the chance of death, you can cover the beds with spruce branches or straw with the onset of cold weather. But in the spring, during the snowmelt, you need to remove these coatings in time.
Garlic will not cause any problems either. It can be planted in beds where vegetables such as peppers, cucumbers, tomatoes or zucchini have previously grown. Here are a few rules for planting garlic:
1. The earth must be loose without manure impurities, otherwise the garlic is unpretentious. The cloves should be dry, and they should be placed at a depth of 5-7 cm. For air bulbs, the depth is less - about 3 cm.
2. After that, the earth is fertilized with ash and covered with coniferous twigs or straw.
3. Garlic takes root gradually, but the appearance of green shoots is a bad sign. Also, you can not plant garlic late - it can even freeze into the ground.
4. Manure is unfavorable for garlic due to its negative effect on the root system.
Sowing greens
It's nice when in the spring you can please yourself with fresh and healthy greens. Dill, parsley and sorrel successfully survive the winter, but you need to know the following rules:
- For sowing, you need loose and leveled land with a rake. Large quantities of dried seeds are poured into prepared grooves about 2.5 cm deep.
- The landing site should be bright enough, where moisture and snow should not accumulate in spring.
Planting perennials
It is surprising that flowers can be planted before winter, because flowers do not tolerate cold. However, delphinium and mallow are hardened plants and will delight the eye immediately after the snow melts.
Mallow is an amazingly beautiful plant with bright flowers. To see it in the spring on your site, you need to follow the instructions:
- The earth, again - loose, should be ready in September. The depth of the bed is 1 cm, after planting it is covered with earth and dry grass.
- In the spring, greenhouses should be installed to protect seedlings from hail and sudden gusts of wind.
- Soon enough, the flowers will get stronger and will delight the world with their beauty for a long time!
Another wonderful flower is the delphinium. Its range of colors is not very wide: blue, white, purple, blue, but the arrangement of flowers is quite dense. You need to plant it like this:
An interesting fact: delphinium seeds require cold to germinate, so it can be clamped before winter.
- Seeds should be planted in loose soil up to 2 cm down. Then the holes need to be covered with earth, trim and put coniferous branches. With the advent of heat, seedlings need to be protected from rain by building shelters.
- It happens that the seeds hibernate at home in the refrigerator, and in the spring gardeners plant them in the soil. This is also allowed.
Advantages of planting before winter
Such a planting is very risky, as the seeds may not survive the cold and die. However, if all measures are taken, in the spring the gardener will have a wonderful harvest full of vitamins. Moreover, plants develop immunity and resistance to cold and disease, thus they pass natural selection and give a good harvest in the future. Also, strong roots during the winter extracted minerals deep under the soil, which makes the ground suitable for planting in the spring.
20 photos of seeds planted before winter
One of the most valuable qualities of a successful gardener is the competent distribution of labor and time. There is always a lot of work on the ground, and therefore, by performing certain operations in the fall, you can unload yourself a little in the spring. But what can make spring work easier? The answer is winter crops!
Planting winter garlic. © Gwenfar's Garden
What are winter crops?
The definition of what winter crops are lies in the very name of the agricultural method - crops before winter. It is the sowing of seeds in beds at a stable air temperature in the region of 0 ° C and a soil temperature of +2 ... + 4 ° C that is called winter crops. In different climatic zones, this moment comes at different times, if somewhere around the end of October, then in other places in November.
What are the benefits of winter crops?
The benefits of planting vegetables before winter are quite extensive and worth not neglecting.
- First is the harvest 2 - 3, and with film shelter and 4 weeks earlier than with spring sowing.
- Second, getting more resistant to return frosts, diseases and pests of seedlings.
- Thirdly, significant time saving during spring work.
- And finally higher output from the same area, through the possibility of using repeated crops.
What can be sown before winter?
The choice of crops sown in autumn is quite wide. This is: spinach, leaf salad, radish, parsley, dill, beet, carrot, salad mustard, bow-batun, leek, sorrel, borage, arugula, parsnip, coriander, rhubarb, colored, redhead and chinese cabbage.
In addition, planting is beneficial before winter. garlic and onion sets, and for those who are fond of growing medicinal herbs - sowing sage, chamomile and valerian officinalis.
How to sow seeds in late autumn?
In order for winter crops not to bring difficulties, it is necessary to prepare for them already from the end of September - the beginning of October. Preparation consists in digging, fertilizing and forming beds, choosing seeds, buying planting material.
Place for autumn crops, it is necessary to choose sunny, not windy, sublime - not suffering from stagnation of spring moisture.
seeds choose wisely: buy varieties resistant to low temperatures and flowering, needing a short daylight hours, characterized by early ripening.
It is possible to apply for winter crops both organic matter and complex mineral fertilizer, but always with a focus on the sown crop.
It is necessary to start sowing when temperatures stabilize in the region of the zero mark of the thermometer., usually this is the period of the first morning frosts. However, it is not worth rushing with sowing - if the soil freezes and then thaws, this can provoke the germination of seeds, and then their death.
If time is lost, you can sow the seeds even in light frosts, just sprinkle them not with earth from the garden, but with pre-prepared dry loose soil. It is usually made up of equal proportions of river sand, rotted compost and simple garden soil.
The seeding rate for winter crops is increased by 25 - 50% in relation to the usual recommendations.
The depth of seed placement depends on the type of soil: on light sowing is carried out 0.5 cm deeper than usual.
And by no means winter crops are not watered! But be sure to mulch.
Sowing radish. © spadeandtrowel Crops for winter sowing
Planting winter garlic
To date, there are two ways to plant winter garlic. Their difference lies in the depth of embedding teeth, and hence in the timing of work.
traditional method implies the deepening of planting material to a depth of 3 to 5 cm and is carried out 2 to 3 weeks before the onset of stable cold weather. For the middle lane, this is the end of September, for the south and west - the beginning of November.
Second way - deep landing method. It is performed with a depth of 10-15 cm, which allows you to start work from mid-August until mid-October. However, it is more rational in a cold climate, because it is there that it shows the best results.
But choosing a landing method is not 100% success. For garlic, it is necessary to properly prepare the beds. And here the important rule is the inadmissibility of introducing manure under the culture, since it reacts to this fertilizer with a violent growth of foliage, the formation of loose heads and instability to diseases.
It is necessary to fertilize the soil on garlic beds by applying ash, well-rotted garden compost (3-4 kg per sq. M.), As well as mineral fertilizers, for example, nitrophoska (20-30 g per sq. M.). If the soil is acidic, lime is added under the predecessor, clayey - sand for digging. Dry, as well as damp clay soils are not suitable for growing garlic.
For planting, it is better to select the largest and perfectly healthy teeth of zoned varieties. Before planting, planting material should be etched with a 0.1% manganese solution.
For the successful cultivation of this crop, it is important and crop rotation. You should not plant garlic after onions and potatoes, since they, like this culture, love potassium and are damaged by the same diseases, but after cucumbers, pumpkins, peppers, tomatoes, eggplants. If, nevertheless, garlic is planted on garlic, then after harvesting the previous crop, it is necessary to sow vetch in the beds, followed by planting the green mass in the soil.
A common layout for placing garlic in the garden is 10 × 15 cm.
Winter onion planting. © Kathryn-HKIE Winter planting of onion sets
Winter planting of onion sets gives good performance, especially in cold regions, where not only an earlier harvest is obtained, but also a higher yield. Bulbs planted in the fall are less affected by the onion fly, downy mildew, they are easier to weed. Yes, and in order to save the planting material until spring, you need to try very hard, so the purchased sets are immediately sorted and prepared for planting.
The timing of planting sevka coincides with the winter planting of garlic, but if you need to choose which crop to devote time to first, then onions can wait a little. The choice of a site for planting onions is no different. However, the land on the onion beds should settle well by the time work begins, and therefore it is prepared 2 to 3 weeks in advance. Do not differ and recommendations for predecessors.
In order for the onion harvest to be successful, it is better to choose special zoned winter varieties for autumn planting and be sure to select healthy planting material. In addition, if there is a choice, it is necessary to plant sharp varieties - they winter well, do not shoot and by the time of harvest they have the same size as during spring planting.
Going through the sets, 4 fractions are isolated: with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 cm, from 1.5 to 3 cm, over 3 cm and up to 1 cm (oatmeal). Each of them has its own characteristics and therefore landed separately.
First faction(up to 1.5 cm in diameter) and oatmeal- are the best choice for winter sowing, as they do not give an arrow, which means they give the gardener less trouble. It is necessary to plant them according to the scheme 3 × 15 cm and grow until the formation of heads corresponding to the variety.
Sevok ranging in size from 1.5 to 3 cm often grown for early feathering. In this case, it is grown either compactly or with nests placed - 3 bulbs per nest.
Bulbs over 3 cm planted in diameter according to the scheme 8 - 10 x 15 - 20 cm.
Seeding depth determined on the basis of 3 sizes of the bulb plus about 1.5 cm, or the height of the bulb multiplied by 3, plus 2 - 3 cm of mulch.
Seedlings of carrots sown in autumn. © Mary Gold Winter sowing of carrots
It tolerates winter crops and carrots well.
When preparing a bed for it, it must be remembered that this culture loves loose soil and does not tolerate undecayed organic matter at all (a manured bed can be used for carrots only for 2-3 years).
Therefore, they dig up the ground under it well, apply ash, mineral fertilizers (for example, superphosphate - 20-25 g per square meter and potassium chloride - 10-15 g) or mature manure (3-5 kg per square meter) and, if the soil is heavy, sand is added, if acidic - lime or dolomite flour. They let the earth settle, and with the onset of stable low temperatures (+2 ... + 4 ° С), they begin to sow.
Predecessors under carrots cannot be celery, but cucumbers, potatoes, onions, cabbage are suitable. In order for the harvest to be successful, early-ripening and mid-ripening varieties are chosen for sowing, or varieties provided for winter crops. It is even better if the seed material is granular, and very important - dry!
During the winter planting of carrots, the seeding rate is increased by about 20 - 25% (this is about 1 g per square meter), and they also provide for a large hole depth - 4-5 cm and a distance between grooves of 20-25 cm.
If the seeds are planted after slight frosts, the grooves are covered with pre-prepared dry earthen substrate or simple, pre-sifted garden soil, after sowing the bed is mulched.
When sowing carrots in autumn, it must be remembered that winter plantings of crops have low storage rates, so it is not worth occupying large areas with them.
Podzimny beet sowing
Beets are recommended for autumn planting because of the rather long growing season, reaching up to 130 days for some varieties. Its sowing is carried out when stable cold weather sets in with a temperature of - 2 ... - 4 ° C, which in some climatic zones are already observed in late October - early November. Here the main rule is the need to guess the time of sowing in such a way that the seeds do not sprout, but only swell, otherwise they will die.
For winter sowing, special varieties are selected that are resistant to cold, or varieties of early ripening that are resistant to bolting. The seeds are sown dry, at a depth of about 3-5 cm, at a distance of 5-10 cm from each other, with row spacing of 30-40 cm.
Before sowing, the beds are fertilized with organic matter (5 kg per square meter) and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (15 g per square meter), if the soils are acidic, dolomite flour is applied (5 liters per square meter).
Mandatory for beets and crop rotation. It cannot be planted after carrots, cabbage, but is recommended after tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, potatoes and peppers.
In order to get a crop from the beds sown before winter a week earlier, the beets can be covered with a film and removed with the appearance of the first sprouts.
It is not worth planting a lot of beets since autumn, as it does not have high keeping quality.
Spring parsley. © Patsy Bell Hobson Winter sowing of parsley, dill and other herbs
When sowing parsley and dill in the fall, it is necessary to adhere to the same rules as when sowing other crops in the winter: dig up and fertilize the beds in advance, sow after the onset of frost, slightly increase the depth and sowing rate, at the end of the work, mulch the area with a dry substrate.
sowing parsley, form row spacings of 20-25 cm, while the depth of planting its seeds can vary from 1 to 1.5 cm. Dill in autumn they close up to a depth of 2.5 cm, leaving a distance between rows of 20 cm. Plants of their own family - cilantro, carrots, cumin, fennel, but cucumbers, cabbage, potatoes, zucchini can not be predecessors for umbrella plants.
In addition to parsley and dill, before winter, you can sow: celery, spinach, rhubarb, borage, parsnip, salad mustard. Like all other winter crops, they will sprout much earlier than spring plantings and will delight, reminding you that everything is done right.