Hip roof is one of the varieties of hipped roof structures. In terms of the complexity of the arrangement, hip roofs are superior to classical and gable roofs - it is not very easy to place four slopes on the house, exactly coordinated with each other and docked at the same angles. But with a strong desire, even the most difficult activities become clear and simple. Check out the guide and get started.
The four-pitched roof system has a number of distinctive features. So, a hip roof includes a pair of long slopes with a pronounced trapezoidal shape, as well as a pair of short slopes made in the form of inclined triangles.
The main difficulties in arranging a traditional hip roof arise at the stage of erecting a rafter structure, which consists of both slant, ordinary and rafters.
Hip roofs are highly resistant to wind loads and generally have high performance characteristics. In order for the finished roof to serve as long and efficiently as possible, a number of important issues must be resolved at the design stage, namely:
- choose the optimal material for arranging the roofing structure;
- determine the intensity of precipitation, typical for the region of construction;
- establish average and maximum wind loads.
Taking into account the above indicators, you can calculate the optimal values of the slope angles and the height of the roof structure.
To perform calculations and draw up a project, you can contact a specialist or find a suitable project in one of the many open sources. If you have the necessary skills, you can cope with the mentioned activities with your own hands.
The roof in question, as already noted, has a very interesting design. And if large slopes can be seen on almost all roofs, then short slopes make the system in question truly unique.
The design of the roofing system is such that the slopes do not overlap the length of the house and the remaining free space is filled with two short hips.
When drawing up a diagram of a hip roof structure yourself, you will need to use a marking strip and Pythagoras tables.
It is important that the roof project is as accurate as possible - this is the only way you can independently make the correct cuts from the rafters and install all the components of the system with your own hands.
What do you need to know before getting started?
In order for the system to fully comply with all the requirements put forward, remember the following recommendations:
- the intermediate components of the rafter system of the hip roof are steeper when compared with the corner parts, therefore, the boards used for arranging the intermediate elements must have a size of at least 5x15 cm;
- fastening of short elements is carried out to the corner rafter components, and not to the ridge board. Intermediate boards must be fixed with the same slope as short beams;
- the ridge roof system and rafter elements must be made of the same material;
- the intermediate rafter legs are fixed at the edges of the skate board. They must simultaneously dock with the upper end of the harness and with the ridge board;
- rafters and ridge beams must be of equal thickness. Only if this rule is observed can one count on the reliability and strength of the roofing system. If any of the rafters are thinner, over time the roof frame will be deformed and the integrity of the system will be seriously damaged;
- the hip roof system can be of almost any height. However, when arranging a too low roof, it is necessary to use additional supports;
- to ensure the longest possible service life of the hip roof for its arrangement, it is necessary to use carefully dried and high-quality coniferous timber. Before assembling the structure, all wooden components must be treated with an antiseptic impregnation.
Hip Roof Construction Guide
Start arranging the roof. Start by creating the layout of the construction site.
Markup
Competently executed markings, correct drawing and the most reliable calculations - these are the three fundamental factors of successful construction. Carry out the markup in accordance with the drawings. Stick to the following sequence.
First step. Mark the axle along the top rail at the end of the building;
Second step. Calculate 50% of the ridge thickness and locate the first element of the rafter system.
Third step... Place one edge of the stick to the previously marked line. Place the other end along the line of the side wall. This will set the positioning point for the intermediate rafter.
Fourth step. Determine the length of the rafter overhang. To do this, place the timber with one edge at the outer corner of the wall, and with the other, install it on the roof overhang.
Fifth step. Calculate the next component of the center rafters. Move the batten to the edge of the side wall and mark where the rafter will be attached. The element will be located between the top roof rail and the side wall.
Repeat for the remaining three corners. This way you will find out where the intermediate rafter legs and ridge ends will be installed in the future.
Payment
First step. Take a marker strip and determine the value of the horizontal projection of the intermediate rafter element. Find the appropriate roof slope for your situation according to the standardized documentation and multiply the specified values.
Second step. Measure the length of the rafter. Do this from a cut at the ridge of the roof to a cut at the support fixation point. Measure along the bottom line.
Step three. Determine the overhang length in the same way. To do this, multiply the horizontal projection by the appropriate correction factor. You can use the position of the Pythagorean theorem, known since school times: c2 = a2 + b2. In the situation under consideration, a is a vertical projection, and b, respectively, is a horizontal projection.
Fourth step. Move on to calculate the corner components. On one side of the rafter legs, there are oblique cuts, due to which reliable fixation of the elements to the ridge of the roof is ensured. Directly at the ridge there is an undercut with a special double bevel, which is used for attaching corner components.
Corner rafter legs are calculated in the following order:
- the length of the rafter is measured from any corner of the house;
- a projection is set equal to the squares of the length of the projections of the used central rafter legs, multiplied by each other;
- the resulting value is multiplied by a correction factor, which allows you to determine the length of the angled rafter leg.
Installation of rafters
First step. Proceed with the installation of vertical posts, due to which the ridge beam will be supported. Attach the elements to the center beam using a canopy system.
Second step. Install diagonal rafters. All elements must be the same length. In the case of overhangs, the indicator will vary from 500 to 700 mm. Pay particular attention to the correct joining of the hip, diagonal rafters and ridge.
Step three. Install slant rafters, and then ordinary rafters with a step of about 600 mm. Attach ordinary rafters to the Mauerlat and the ridge beam using the cutting method. Use transoms and ties to enhance the fixation.
It is important that ordinary rafters do not come into contact with the pins, due to which the Mauerlat is attached to the walls of the house.
Fourth step. Attach braces to each side of the diagonal strips, due to which the slant rafters will connect with the Mauerlat.
Both ordinary rafters and rafters should be mounted strictly perpendicular to the ridge.
Strengthening the truss structure
When choosing a method of strengthening the rafters, be guided, first of all, by the size of the building. Among the most popular methods of strengthening, the following options should be highlighted:
- at the corners of the roof, trusses are fixed with a special stand that acts as a support for the diagonal rafter element. The sprengel in this situation is a bar that you need to throw between the two corner arms of the supporting Mauerlat. If the installation of the truss has to be carried out at a great distance from the mentioned corner, professionals recommend installing a reliable truss truss;
- on a reinforced concrete floor or on a tightening racks are packed. They will perform the function of the so-called. "Shelves" supporting the rafter elements in the middle;
- if the diagonal rafter elements are too long, double beams should be used instead of one bar.
Ventilation
For the device of the required level of ventilation of the under-roof space, make a hole in the windproof film for air inlet. It must be placed on top, closer to the roof ridge.
If the wind sheet is made of wood, it is sufficient to simply secure the boards with a 2-3 mm gap. In the event that plastic products are used for the manufacture of filing, the elements must first be perforated.
If the windshield is already assembled, you can install ordinary ventilation grilles into it. The standard diameter of these gratings is 50 mm. The mesh of the product can be of any color. Place the grates along the entire length of the windhouse with a step of about 800 mm.
In the end, you just have to lay the insulation, equip the waterproofing layer, fill the battens and mount the selected finish.
Now you know the main features and procedure for self-arrangement of a hip roof. The work can hardly be called too easy, but using the knowledge gained in practice, you will be able to cope with the implementation of all related activities with your own hands.
Happy work!
Video - Do-it-yourself hip roof
The hip roof is often used in the architectural solutions of European-style country houses. Its design is not only reliable, but also very aesthetic. And taking even its simplest version as a basis, you can diversify it with various elements that will become a kind of decoration for the entire structure and a sign of the sophistication of style.
A do-it-yourself hip roof, which needs to be selected or prepared in advance, can be done independently, but one master clearly cannot cope with such a volume and complexity of work.
What is a hip roof?
The most widespread a simple scheme of a hip-type roof consists of four slopes, two of which are in the shape of a triangle - they are called "hips". They are located at the ends of the building and connect the ridge to the cornice. Two frontal planes in the form of a trapezoid have a large area and a slope, which is also located from the ridge to the cornice.
Hip roof - top view It should be noted that there are half-hip roofs - they are also referred to as the Dutch type. In this case, during construction, the eaves of the end slopes are located much higher than the frontal ones. Installation of such a roof, as a rule, is carried out in cases when a living room is arranged in its space.
Basics of hip roof construction
The traditional hip system consists of certain units and elements that are always mounted in the same way and are the basis for more complex roofs of this type. This figure shows just such a structure, which includes the following details:
1 - Corner rafters or ribs are always placed at a lower angle than the same, but intermediate elements of the system. For such a roof structure, both for side and intermediate rafters, boards with a cross section of 50 × 150 mm are suitable.
2 - Short rafter legs are not fixed on the ridge, but on the corner rafter board. They should have the same slope as the intermediate rafters.
3 - The ridge in this case has the same cross-sectional size as the rafter legs.
4 - Rafters that converge and join at the corners of the ridge on three sides are called central rafters.
5 - Intermediate rafters are the legs that connect the ridge and the harness, which runs along the top of the structure, and forms a cornice.
In the following diagram, in addition to those already mentioned, you can see the device of other structural elements.
- After the rafters, you can consider a rack that supports the ridge and is installed at the junction of two beams. These elements are not always used, sometimes they are simply replaced with other retaining parts, for example, in cases where the space under the roof should be free, if it is planned to arrange a room in it.
- The brace is the element that holds the rafters together. Most often, it also acts as a floor beam.
- The filly is mounted to the installed rafter legs to increase the overhang of the roof, which will provide protection from precipitation for the gap under the roof and the upper part of the walls.
- The wind beam is attached to the rafters obliquely from the side of the roof that is considered windy. Sometimes it is installed on both trapezoidal slopes.
- The rafter or short rafter leg is used only in the hip construction and is attached to the corner rafter.
- Mauerlat is present in any rafter system and is a bar that is attached around the entire perimeter of the walls of the building.
- The sprengel is another part of the system that gives it rigidity and relieves stress from the walls. It is installed diagonally relative to the corners of the building and fixed to the Mauerlat.
- The braces are installed at different angles to the rafter legs, depending on whether the attic will be used to create an additional room.
- Rib, diagonal or side rafters can be installed on either one end side of the roof or on both sides, depending on the intended structure.
- Runs in given case, the distance between the fastening of the rafters to the ridge beam is called - it will depend on the weight of the selected roofing material and the expected snow load in the area of construction.
Stages of work on the installation of a hip roof
If a hip structure is chosen for the roof of the house, then work on it must be carried out in a strict sequence:
- Any project begins with drawing up a diagram of the rafter system.
- The next step is the calculation of all parameters, which will depend on the width of the distance between the walls of the house and the presence of capital partitions inside the structure.
- Further, according to the calculations, the necessary materials are purchased and the tools necessary for the work are prepared.
- This is followed by preparation for strapping walls for roof truss installationsystems - flooring waterproofing material.
- The walls are marked for the installation of the rafter system.
- The most important stage - installation the entire system in accordance with the project.
- The final stage - device roofs.
Roof layout preparation
The roof scheme can be different - it will depend on the imagination and capabilities of the owner of the house, as well as on the location of the walls of the building. When drawing up a diagram, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the more complex the roof structure is, the more material it will need for it, and the installation of the system will also take longer.
If the design is very complex, then the best option would be to seek the help of professionals who will help you correctly calculate the thickness and number of elements necessary for the reliability of the system. Of course, it will take some time to draw up such a project and certain financial resources will be spent, but it is better to use the development of specialists than to act at random and get an unreliable design.
Calculation of system parameters
If a decision is made to rely on one's own strength, then, when making calculations, the following factors must be taken into account:
- The reliability of the load-bearing walls and foundation of the structure, over which the roof will be erected.
- Type of rafter system (layered or hinged).
- The size of the cross-section of rafters and bars for other elements of the system.
- The angle of inclination of the slopes and the distance of the run between the rafters.
- Dimensions of elements such as protrusions and openings for chimneys, ventilation, windows.
To calculate the exact proportions of the structure, you can use specially developed formulas for this, which will make the roof reliable and durable. Designation of parameters in formulas:
S is the total area of the roof slopes;
h is the height of the system from the floor to the ceiling;
d is the length of the lateral or diagonal rafter legs;
e is the length of the intermediate rafters;
a - the distance between the rafters along the length of the building;
α is the angle of inclination of the slope;
b is the distance between the rafters from the end hip side.
The formulas for calculating the device of a simple hip roof are as follows:
- Ridge height:
- Length of intermediate front rafters:
- Length of end, hip rafters:
- Roof slope area:
Having calculated the main parameters of the system, you can, based on them, purchase materials for construction.
Materials for the construction of the roof
For the installation of the rafter system, you will need not only well-dried high-quality wood, but also metal fasteners, as well as roofing nails, self-tapping screws and anchor bolts.
- From metal elements, you will need to purchase corners and fasteners of various configurations, which will help make the structure more reliable and strong.
One of them is the sliding mount. It is installed at the bottom of the rafters, thus securing them to the Mauerlat. By installing it, you can eliminate the risk of deformation of the roof system when the load-bearing walls shrink.
Another long-standing fastener is the staple. They connect various parts of the system, for example, rafters and floor beams or a Mauerlat, if the roof is being erected, for example, on a building that has long been shrinking.
- For the manufacture of wooden elements you will need:
Particular attention is paid to the quality of wood for the installation of the system - for laying the Mauerlat you will need a bar with a cross section of 100 × 150 mm;
- the rafters and the ridge are made of a bar with a section of 50 × 150 mm. Builders engaged in the construction of truss systems recommend installing the entire system from a bar or boards with the same cross-section - this gives a guarantee of the strength and reliability of the building;
- on top of the rafter system, a crate of boards is stuffed, the cross-section of which should be 25 × 150 mm.
When choosing wood for a rafter system, you can rely on a table compiled specifically for this. It shows the permissible length of the rafters (in meters) made of coniferous wood (larch, spruce, cedar, pine), depending on its quality, the section of the timber and the average value of the snow load in a given region.
| Variety | Cross section | Distance between rafters in mm | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mm | 300 | 400 | 600 | 300 | 400 | 600 | |
| 1.0 kPa | 1.5 kPa | ||||||
| Higher | 38 × 89 | 3.22 | 2.92 | 2.55 | 2.81 | 2.55 | 2.23 |
| 38 × 140 | 5.06 | 4.60 | 4.02 | 4.42 | 4.02 | 3.54 | |
| 38 × 184 | 6.65 | 6.05 | 5.28 | 5.81 | 5.28 | 4.61 | |
| 38 × 235 | 8.50 | 7.72 | 6.74 | 7.42 | 6.74 | 5.89 | |
| 38 × 286 | 10.34 | 9.40 | 8.21 | 9.03 | 8.21 | 7.17 | |
| 1 and 2 | 38 × 89 | 3.11 | 2.83 | 2.47 | 2.72 | 2.47 | 2.16 |
| 38 × 140 | 4.90 | 4.45 | 3.89 | 4.28 | 3.89 | 3.40 | |
| 38 × 184 | 6.44 | 5.85 | 5.11 | 5.62 | 5.11 | 4.41 | |
| 38 × 235 | 8.22 | 7.47 | 6.38 | 7.18 | 6.52 | 5.39 | |
| 38 × 286 | 10.00 | 9.06 | 7.40 | 8.74 | 7.66 | 6.25 | |
| 3 | 38 × 89 | 3.06 | 2.78 | 2.31 | 2.67 | 2.39 | 1.95 |
| 38 × 140 | 4.67 | 4.04 | 3.30 | 3.95 | 3.42 | 2.79 | |
| 38 × 184 | 5.68 | 4.92 | 4.02 | 4.80 | 4.16 | 3.40 | |
| 38 × 235 | 6.95 | 6.02 | 4.91 | 5.87 | 5.08 | 4.15 | |
| 38 × 286 | 8.06 | 6.98 | 6.70 | 6.81 | 5.90 | 4.82 | |
| 2.0 kPa | 2.5 kPa | ||||||
| Higher | 38 × 89 | 4.02 | 3.65 | 3.19 | 3.73 | 3.39 | 2.96 |
| 38 × 140 | 5.28 | 4.80 | 4.19 | 4.90 | 4.45 | 3.89 | |
| 38 × 184 | 6.74 | 6.13 | 5.35 | 6.26 | 5.69 | 4.97 | |
| 38 × 235 | 8.21 | 7.46 | 6.52 | 7.62 | 6.92 | 5.90 | |
| 38 × 286 | 2.47 | 2.24 | 1.96 | 2.29 | 2.08 | 1.82 | |
| 1 and 2 | 38 × 89 | 3.89 | 3.53 | 3.08 | 3.61 | 3.28 | 2.86 |
| 38 × 140 | 5.11 | 4.64 | 3.89 | 4.74 | 4.31 | 3.52 | |
| 38 × 184 | 6.52 | 5.82 | 4.75 | 6.06 | 5.27 | 4.30 | |
| 38 × 235 | 7.80 | 6.76 | 5.52 | 7.06 | 6.11 | 4.99 | |
| 38 × 286 | 2.43 | 2.11 | 1.72 | 2.21 | 1.91 | 1.56 | |
| 3 | 38 × 89 | 3.48 | 3.01 | 2.46 | 3.15 | 2.73 | 2.23 |
| 38 × 140 | 4.23 | 3.67 | 2.99 | 3.83 | 3.32 | 2.71 | |
| 38 × 184 | 5.18 | 4.48 | 3.66 | 4.68 | 4.06 | 3.31 | |
| 38 × 235 | 6.01 | 5.20 | 4.25 | 5.43 | 4.71 | 3.84 | |
| 38 × 286 | 6.52 | 5.82 | 4.75 | 6.06 | 5.27 | 4.30 | |
- In addition, it will be necessary to buy roofing material, insulation and a vapor barrier film, which is laid on the rafters under the crate. A soft covering is traditionally chosen as a roofing material for a hip roof structure - it is easier to fix it on a complex configuration of such a rafter system. Under such a roof, it will be necessary to make a plywood flooring.
- You also need to purchase for wood processing before installation.
- You may need 4 mm steel wire to secure some of the elements in the load-bearing wall.
Prices for various types of timber
Tools for the job
It is necessary to prepare in advance not only all the necessary materials, but also the tools, since without them the work cannot be carried out. To install the rafter system you will need:
- A hammer, preferably with a nailer.
- Electric screwdriver.
- Mallet - a rubber or wooden mallet. It is sometimes required for some leveling and fitting operations for timber elements.
- Wooden lath 1.5 - 1.7 m long for bringing individual units to one level.
- Marker or pencil for marks.
- Jigsaw, hacksaw and power saw.
- Construction level, plumb line.
- Roulette and ruler.
- Chisel for gouging grooves.
- A plane - it is better to have both a conventional and an electric version, since it is more convenient to work with a conventional tool at a height, and large planes can be processed below using an electric one.
Installation work
The figure shows a simplified diagram of a hip roof, which can be guided by when installing the system.
The work is carried out in stages and without any rush, with careful thought over each step, since the structure of the hip roof is quite complex.
The first step is to prepare the preparation of the wood by treating it with an antiseptic solution and drying it well. When the material is ready, you can start installing the system.
- The installation of the system begins with the installation and fastening of the Mauerlat along the perimeter of the load-bearing walls. It must be placed on a layer of waterproofing material.
- After installing the Mauerlat, the markup is performed on it, according to the previously performed calculations. To make the markings as accurate and noticeable as possible, bright markers are used or beacons are driven in certain places.
It is very important that the distances marked on one wall are identical to the markings on the opposite wall, otherwise the floor beams and other elements will be laid unevenly.
The key to success is correct markup - Next, the floor beams are laid. They can be mounted on walls next to the Mauerlat or on a fixed beam below the wall surface.
- Then the Mauerlat is fastened with ties, which helps to relieve the load from the load-bearing walls.
- After the floor beams have been laid, experienced craftsmen advise covering them with plank flooring, without fixing them to the beams. Such a flooring is needed for comfortable and safe work.
- The next step is to install the racks. They are fixed on puffs or floor beams.
- The racks are fastened from above with a ridge beam, and the central rafter legs are attached to it from the end hip sides of the roof.
- Further, intermediate rafters from the frontal roof slopes are marked and screwed on.
- This is followed by diagonal rafters that connect the ridge and the corners of the building. If necessary, additional racks are installed under them.
- On diagonal rafters, beads or short rafters are fixed. They are installed at the same distance between themselves as intermediate ones.
- Depending on the design, other supporting or reinforcing elements can be built into it, for example, struts or trusses, as well as a wind beam.
- If the rafters are installed and end on the Mauerlat, then they are extended with additional elements - "filly", they will create a canopy over the wall.
Decking of roofing material
The structure of the roofing "pie" of the hip roof - Before proceeding to the next step on the installation of the elements necessary for the roof, you need to mark the location of the openings of the windows, the holes through which the chimney and ventilation pipes will be brought out, the entrance to the attic room or the exit to the balcony is arranged. They are framed with additional slats, stuffing them around the perimeter of the planned openings.
- Then the roofing "pie" is installed on the rafter system. The work is done in the following sequence:
- On top of the rafters, a vapor barrier film is stretched and fixed
- Further, on top of it, lathing slats are screwed onto the rafters.
- Insulation is laid between the slats, which is covered with windproof materials (for example, a dense plastic wrap).
- Then, the fixing of the counter-lattice follows.
- The next step will depend on which coating material is chosen. If, for example, a metal tile is used, then it can be screwed directly to the slats of the counter-lattice. When choosing a soft roof, it is imperative to lay plywood or OSB sheets under it.
Complex nodes of the hip roof system
I would like to sharpen attention on complex nodes of the rafter system, the installation of which always raises many questions.
- can be carried out by several types of rigid mountings:
- with the help of metal corners installed on both sides of the rafter leg;
- nails driven at an angle through the rafter into the Mauerlat;
- special brackets;
- sliding fasteners.
- The connection of the rafter legs on the ridge bar can also be carried out in different ways:
- by overlaying them on top of each other over the timber and fixing them to each other with bolts;
- device on the rafters of special grooves for rigidity when installing them on the ridge;
- fitting the rafters at the selected angle on the ridge and fastening them with wooden or metal plates on both sides.
- Another very difficult knot is the connection of the ridge bar with the rafter legs. These elements must have reliable mating and fastening, since the durability of the hip side of the roof depends on this.
- The ridge bar is placed on the racks and fastened on both sides with overlays made of boards.
- Diagonal ones are cut at the desired angle and fixed to the ridge beam and intermediate rafter. In the same way the second rafter is also mounted, going to another corner of the house.
Prices for various types of fasteners for rafters
Fasteners for rafters
Video: secrets of the construction of a hip roof
If there is no experience in erecting such a complex architectural element of a building as a ditch, then it is recommended to use the help of qualified specialists. Moreover, this moment applies not only to the hip structure of the roof, but also to all the others, since any type of this structure has its own characteristics with complex connecting nodes.
It must be remembered that the long-term service of the entire structure will depend on the reliability of the covering of the house, therefore, its construction must be treated with maximum responsibility.
We have already talked about the hip roof in one of the previous articles on the site. There was described the construction of the roof with the support of the rafters on the Mauerlat. After the publication of the article, I received many requests to show how to make a hip roof with the rafters resting on the floor beams, and also to answer the question whether it is possible to make a hip roof with different slope angles.
Thus, I wanted to "kill two birds with one stone" with one example. Now we will consider the construction of a hip roof with the support of the rafters on the floor beams and with different angles of inclination of the slopes.
So, let's say we have a box of a house made of heatblocks (polyblocks) 8.4x10.8 meters.
STEP 1: Install the Mauerlat (see Fig. 1):
Picture 1
STEP 2: We install long floor beams with a section of 100x200 cm in increments of 0.6 meters (see Figure 2). I will not dwell on the calculation of the beams anymore.
Picture 2
We are the very first to put beams that run strictly in the middle of the house. We will be guided by them, installing a ridge bar. Then we put the rest with a certain step. For example, we have a step of 0.6 meters, but we see that 0.9 meters are left to the wall, and one more beam could fit, but it is not. We leave such a span especially for the "outriggers". Its width should not be made less than 80-100 cm.
STEP 3: Install the stem. Their step is determined when calculating the rafters, about which a little later (see Fig. 3):
Figure 3
For now, we put only the stem, corresponding to the length of the ridge, which will be equal to 5 meters. The length of the ridge is greater than the difference between the length and width of the house, which is 2.4 meters. What does this lead to? This leads to the fact that the corner rafter will not be located at an angle of 45 ° in the plan (in the top view), and the angle of inclination of the slopes and hips will be different. The slopes will have a more gentle slope.
It is enough to fix the stem on the Mauerlat with nails. We attach them to a long floor beam, for example, like this (Fig. 4):
Figure 4
There is no need to make any cuts in this node. Any wash down will weaken the floor beam. Here we use two LK metal rafters on the sides and one large nail (250 mm) driven through the beam into the stem end. We hammer in the nail with the very last, when the stem is already fastened to the Mauerlat.
STEP 4: Install the ridge bar (see Fig. 5):
Figure 5
All elements of this structure, except for the struts, are made of 100x150 mm timber. Plank braces 50x150 mm. The angle between them and the overlap is at least 45 °. We see that under the extreme pillars there are beams resting on five floor beams at once. We do this to distribute the load. Also, to reduce the load on the floor beams and transfer part of it to the load-bearing partition, struts are installed.
We determine the height of the installation of the ridge bar and its length for our house ourselves, making a preliminary sketch on paper.
STEP 5: We manufacture and install rafters.
First of all, we make a rafter rafter template. To do this, take a board of the desired section that is suitable in length, apply it, as shown in Figure 6, and make markings using a small level (blue lines):
Figure 6
The height of the bar that we imposed on the stem to mark the bottom cut is equal to the depth of the top cut. We made it 5 cm.
According to the resulting template, we make all the rafters of the slopes, resting on the ridge beam, and fix them (see Fig. 7):
Figure 7
In such structures, where the rafters are based not on long floor beams, but on short overhangs, we always put small supports under the rafters above the Mauerlat, forming a kind of small triangle and unloading the stem attachment to the beam (see Fig. 8):
Figure 8
It is not necessary to carry these supports further into the roof and even more so to put them on the joint of the stem with the beam. Most of the load from the roof is transmitted through them (this can be seen in the design program) and the floor beam may simply not withstand.
Now a little about the calculations. Choosing the cross-section of the rafters for a given roof, we calculate only one rafter - this is the rafter rafter. It is the longest here and its angle of inclination is less than the angle of inclination of the rafters of the hips (explanation - we call the slope of the roof in the shape of a trapezoid, the hip - the slope of the roof in the shape of a triangle) Calculations are made in the tab "Lanyard 3". An example of the results in Figure 9:
Figure 9
Yes, I forgot to say. Who has already downloaded this calculation program from my site before December 1, 2013. There is no tab "Line 3". To download the updated version of the program, go to the article again at the link:
This article has also been slightly revised thanks to the feedback from some readers, for which special thanks to them.
STEP 6: Add a stem and attach the wind boards (see Fig. 10). We add so many stems so that there is room for attaching the corner stem. For now, we simply sew the wind boards at the corners together, controlling their straightness. Check visually for sagging corners. If so, place temporary supports underneath them directly from the ground. After installing the corner stems, we remove these props.
Figure 10
STEP 7: We mark and set the corner stem.
First, we need to pull the lace along the top of the floor beams, as shown in Fig. 11
Figure 11
Now we take a bar of a suitable length (the section is the same as for all stems) and put it on top of the corner so that the lace is in the middle of it. On the bottom of this bar, mark the lines of the cuts with a pencil. (see fig. 12):
Figure 12
We remove the lace and install the timber sawn off along the marked lines (see Fig. 13):
Figure 13
We attach the corner stem to the Mauerlat using two roof corners. We fasten it to the floor beam with a 135 ° corner and a large nail (250-300 mm). If necessary, bend the corner 135 ° with a hammer.
Thus, we put all four corner stems.
STEP 8: We manufacture and install corner rafters.
In the hip roof, which I described earlier, the angles of the slopes and hips were the same. Here, these angles are different and therefore the corner rafter will have its own characteristics. We also make it from two planks of the same section as the rafters. But we do not usually sew these boards together. One will be slightly lower than the other (about about 1 cm, depending on the difference in the angles of inclination of the slopes and hips).
So, first of all, we pull 3 laces on each side of the roof. Two along the corner rafters, one along the middle rafter of the hip (see Fig. 14):
We measure the angle between the lace and the angled stem - the bottom cut. Let's call it "α" (see Fig. 15):
Figure 15
Also mark the point "B"
We calculate the angle of the upper cut β = 90 ° - α
In our example, α = 22 ° and β = 68 °.
Now we take a small piece of a board with a rafter section and saw down one end on it at an angle β. We apply the resulting workpiece to the ridge, aligning one edge with the lace, as shown in Fig. 16:
Figure 16
A line was drawn on the workpiece parallel to the lateral plane of the adjacent rafters of the ramp. On it, we will make another wash down and get the template for the upper saw of our corner rafter.
Also, when we apply the workpiece, we need to mark point "A" on the rafter of the ramp (see fig. 17):
Figure 17
Now we make the first half of the corner rafter. To do this, take a board of a suitable length. If one board is not enough, we sew two boards together. You can sew it temporarily by cutting an inch about a meter long on self-tapping screws. We make the upper cut according to the template. We measure the distance between points "A" and "B". We transfer it to the rafter and make the bottom cut at an angle "α".
We install the resulting rafter and fix it (see Fig. 18):
Figure 18
Most likely, due to its length, the first half of the corner rafter will bend. You need to put a temporary stand under it approximately in the middle. It is not shown in my drawings.
Now we make the second half of the corner rafter. To do this, measure the size between points "C" and "D" (see Fig. 19):
Figure 19
We take a board of suitable length, make the upper cut at an angle β, measure the distance "S-D", make the lower cut at an angle α. Install the second half of the corner rafter and sew it with the first nails (100 mm). We drive the nails into a gap after about 40-50 cm. The result is shown in Fig. 20:
Figure 20
The upper end of the second half of the corner rafter must be sawed down again. We do it with a chainsaw right in place (Fig. 21):
Figure 21
In the same way, we manufacture and install the three remaining corner rafters.
STEP 9: We install racks under the corner rafters. First of all, it is imperative to put a stand abutting against the junction of the corner extension with the floor beam (see Fig. 22):
Figure 22
If the length of the span covered by the corner rafter (its horizontal projection) is more than 7.5 meters, we put more racks at a distance of ¼ of the span from the top point of the corner rafter. If the span is more than 9 meters, add uprights in the middle of the corner rafter. In our example, this span is 5.2 meters.
STEP 10: We install two central rafters of the hips. At the beginning of step 8, we have already pulled the laces to measure them.
We make the rafters in this way - measure the angle of the lower cut "γ" with a small angle, calculate the angle of the upper cut "δ":
We measure the distance between the points "K-L" and make a rafter along it. We saw the ends at the angles we defined. After that, the upper end must be cut down (sharpened) again, taking into account the angle "φ", which we also measure with the help of a bevel (see Fig. 23):
Figure 23
STEP 11: Add a stem to the corners. The most extreme offsets, which do not reach the Mauerlat, are made lightweight, from a board of 50x200 mm (see Fig. 24):
Figure 24
STEP 12: We install the wives. I described in detail in the first article about the hip roof how to make napkins. Here the principle is absolutely the same, so I will not repeat myself (see Fig. 25):
Figure 25
We fasten the beads to the corner rafter using a 135 ° metal corner, bending it if necessary.
After installing all the cribs, we just need to hem the cornices from the bottom and make the crate. We have already talked about this many times.
Construction of X-shaped (eight-pitched) roofs.
Construction of a T-shaped roof of a house.
Installation of an L-shaped roof with gables of various widths.
L-shaped roof of the house with equal gables.
Do-it-yourself hip roof of the house.
Look, you can "slow down" your electricity meter by 2 times! ... Completely LEGAL! You need to take it to the one closest to the meter ...
Suburban areas are not large. Therefore, many people build houses with a small area and increase living space by creating additional living quarters in the attic. This is possible if the device of the rafter system of the hip roof is performed correctly.
1 What is a hip roof?
Such a roof is made in the form of four slopes. Two of them are the classic side ones in the form of a trapezoid, and two more are triangular at the ends of the roof. Unlike a hipped roof, where all four slopes converge at one point, the hip roof has two peaks connected by a ridge.
Hip roof with four slopes
It is the lateral triangular pediments, which are performed with a slope, and are called hips. The gable roof also has triangular end gables, but they are located strictly vertically; at the hip roof, these slopes are inclined, which is a distinctive feature of this type of roof.
Gable hipped roof
A hip roof is called if the end slopes, starting from the ridge, reach the outer wall, that is, to the cornice. But there are options when the slope is interrupted and in one place goes into a vertical plane. Then such a roof is called half-hip or Dutch.
2 Nodes and elements of a hip roof
According to the method of installation and the use of various materials, such roofs can be classified as complex structures. In general, the structure of the hip roof consists of a Mauerlat, ridge beam, rafters - angular, short and intermediate.
Mauerlat is a wooden beam mounted around the entire perimeter of the house at the very top of the walls. It serves to correctly transfer and distribute the loads exerted by the wind, snow cover, the weight of the roof and the rafter system itself on the load-bearing walls of the building. This element is a connecting upper rail for walls made of piece materials - bricks, concrete blocks.
Mauerlat hip roof
For walls made of logs or beams, the Mauerlat is not suitable. Its role is played by the upper rims of the frame.
The ridge beam is the main element of the rafter system, which connects all the roof slopes into a single structure. It should be of the same cross-section with the rafter legs. Otherwise, in the future, there may be a skew of the entire rafter structure and the roof as a whole.
Corner rafters, also called in a different way slant or diagonal rafters, are the basic strength parts that connect the corners of the building box with the ridge beam. For their manufacture, you will need a board equal in thickness to the ridge bar. At one end it is attached to the ridge, with the other it rests on the Mauerlat. Depending on the roof project, a different number of such rafters is used, but not less than four.
Hip roof corner rafters
Short rafters can be of different lengths, but when assembling the roof structure, they are all brought out at the same angle and are located parallel to the intermediate rafters. When the necessary calculation of their number is made, first of all, the area of the entire roof is taken into account. One end of the short rafter legs is connected to the corner rafter, and the other rests on the outer wall of the building.
The central rafters are installed with the upper end on the ridge beam, with the lower end resting on the load-bearing walls of the house. As a rule, their calculation is as follows: three on one side of the roof and the same amount on the other, but when designing rafter systems for houses of a large area, an increase in their number is allowed.
Hip roof central rafters
Intermediate rafters are elements mounted on the ridge on one side, and on the Mauerlat on the other. On hip slopes, they are usually not used, since the entire area is covered with short rafters. The calculation of the cross-section and the number of intermediate elements is based on the bearing capacity of the rafter structure and the type of roofing material.
With a large building, it will be necessary to install additional reinforcing elements in the form of struts and vertical struts supporting the ridge beam, and truss structures to prevent the diagonal rafters from sagging.
3 Types of hip roofs
Rafter systems in these types of roofs are made in various versions. For example, if the hip slope does not reach the ridge, as a result of which a vertical small pediment of a triangular shape is formed at the top, then such a roof is called Dutch.
Dutch hip roof
Hip roofs also stand out. All four slopes have the same shape, and there are simply no side gables in such structures. Hips in this version are triangular surfaces, the slope of which is made at the same angle with other slopes. As a rule, such systems are used for buildings that have a square-shaped area in the projection. In the group of hip roofs there are semi-hip roofs, hipped roofs, gable roofs, multi-gable roofs and gable roofs.
Hipped roof
In addition, there are broken roofs, consisting of slopes of various sizes, the angle of inclination of which is different. Such structures are very complex in the device, it is also difficult to make their calculation. Therefore, they are not often found, but it should be noted that they have a very attractive appearance. You can evaluate the effectiveness of roofs with a broken structure of the rafter system in the video, which also tells about the features of their construction.
4 Calculation of hip structures - angle of inclination
The device of hip rafter systems begins with the development of their project. A correct and competent project will allow you to assemble the roof in a short time. The optimal choice of the angle of inclination of the slopes is determined depending on the climatic conditions:
- In an area where windy weather prevails, the angle of inclination should be less, this will reduce the load from the wind on the roof.
- In snowier winters, the slope angle of the slopes, on the contrary, is increased so that ice and snow do not accumulate on the roof.
Hip truss system project
When choosing the angle of inclination of the rafters, accordingly, the calculation of the required amount of material is carried out. And if for the lathing in almost all cases the calculation is based on the total roof area, then the number and cross-section of corner and short rafters are calculated separately, depending on the selected type of roof.
In addition to the climatic features of the region, when choosing the angle of inclination, the type of roofing material is taken into account:
- If typesetting material is used, for example, slate or metal tiles, then in order not to increase the load on the rafters, it is better to make the angle at least 22 °.
- When using roll coatings, the number of layers is taken into account. The more there are, the less you can make the slope of the slopes.
- The device of a larger angle of inclination of the slopes allows the use of roofing material - corrugated board, but the height of the profile is taken into account. In this case, the angle of inclination can vary from 20 to 45 degrees.
The choice of the angle of inclination of the roof by material
The correct calculation of the angle of inclination of the roof begins with determining the end axis of the building on the upper trim. After that, it is necessary to mark the middle of the ridge bar, at this point the central rafter leg will be located. Then it is necessary to determine the location of the next intermediate rafter, for which the distance is measured, corresponding to the calculation of the distribution of the intermediate rafter legs. In most cases, it does not exceed 70–90 cm.
The length of the rafters is determined so that their lower end protrudes 40-50 cm above the outer wall, and the upper end rested against the ridge beam.
A similar calculation is carried out on all four sides of the roof to calculate the location of the intermediate rafter legs on the ridge bar. An example of their correct location is shown in the photo.
5 Assembling the rafter system
When designing hip roofs, you can use two types of rafters - hanging and layered. Hanging ones rest only on the walls of the building, transferring all the spacer loads to the Mauerlat. If an attic is supposed to be installed, then additionally it will be necessary to install screeds made of metal or wood, which are laid on the load-bearing walls of the building and subsequently serve as the basis for the overlapping device. The photo shows how the mansard hip roofs with a hanging rafter system are arranged.
Mansard hip roof with hanging rafter system
Reinforced rafters are used if they are supported in the form of columns or internal load-bearing walls. When designing the system, alternation of two types of rafters is allowed. Where the inner walls play the role of supports, layered ones are attached, and in other places they are hanging.
Fastening of rafters is mainly carried out by means of saws (saddles). But their depth cannot exceed a quarter of the width of the rafter board. In order for the gash to be the same on all legs, it is necessary to make a template. In addition, the elements of the rafter system are attached using metal corners, self-tapping screws, and nails. Fastening can also be done with staples, bolts and studs.
Fastening the elements of the rafter system of the hip roof
When installing the Mauerlat, do not forget to lay a layer of waterproofing along the top of the walls. If the walls are lined with bricks, then embedded parts are installed in the last rows of masonry for further fastening the Mauerlat. Such fasteners can be made in the form of vertical studs or bolts, installed in increments of no more than one and a half meters.
Hip roofs are complex structures, but this does not in the least reduce their popularity. Despite the complexity of the construction, they make it possible to arrange additional living quarters in the attic space, and if you carry out high-quality insulation of the attic, then you can use it in the winter.
Almost all country houses built in the European style are decorated with hip roofs. Such structures are distinguished by their reliability and aesthetic appearance. If you look closely, they are similar in structure to the upper parts of houses that have been erected in Japan and China since ancient times.
1 Simple and complex types of hip roofs
The simplest hip roof is a four-slope system, where the front slopes are trapezoidal, and the end slopes are made in the form of triangles. The ramps-triangles are called "hips", they originate at the end cornice and extend to the edges of the ridge. During the construction of such a structure, a system of layered and slanting rafters is used - the techniques are borrowed from the schemes according to which gable and hipped roofs are erected.
The structure of a half-hip roof is formed from two elements of a conventional two-slope and two hips. The eaves of the latter, as a rule, are located much higher than the frontal ones. A distinctive feature of this type of structure is the absence of sharp protrusions. Such roofs are common in regions with strong winds. If the house is being built in an area characterized by heavy snowfalls, then the slopes of the half-hip structure are made steeper. Gentle roof slopes are ideal for less snowy regions.
The four-pitched system is an example of the simplest hip roof
A hip roof can resemble a tent or a pyramid, in which case it is called a hip roof or, respectively, a pyramidal roof. Similar roof structures are erected on houses, the load-bearing walls of which form a square or regular rectangle. All sides of the hipped roof are in the form of triangles, the tops of which are mated at one point.
The most complex hip design has a broken shape. Such a luxurious roof consists of ramps of different sizes and shapes, and each of them has a break. A simple example of a sloping roof is a two-slope roof, in which the front sides have a break in the upper part. This approach allows you to significantly increase the attic space, in which the attic is usually equipped.
2 Six main parts of the rafter system
The reliability and durability of the hip roof is provided by certain nodes and elements of the rafter structure. Installation of either simple or complex hip-type roofs is indispensable without them.
- 1. Ribs (angular, diagonal rafters) - form the joints of the hips and trapezoidal slopes. They are mounted at a lower angle than intermediate rafters. As a material for the manufacture of corner and intermediate rafters, a board of 50x150 mm is used.
- 2. Short rafters (rafters) - one side rests against the corner rafters, the other rests on the Mauerlat. The slope of the rafters is the same as that of the intermediate rafters.
- 3. The ridge (upper horizontal edge of the roof) - absent in the hip hip structure. In roofs of complex configurations, the number of skates can be increased to two or more. In cross-section, the ridge should be the same size as the rafter legs.
- 4. Central rafters (ordinary) - on both sides of the ridge beam, three ordinary rafters are joined. The lower part of each rests against the Mauerlat.
- 5. Intermediate rafter legs - the upper part of the elements rests against the ridge beam, the lower part - against the base.
- 6. Mauerlat - fixed around the perimeter of the building, serves as a support for the rafter system.
The support for the rafter system along the entire perimeter is the Mauerlat
In order for the outer part of the rafter frame described in paragraphs to acquire the necessary strength, other important elements are also used in the structure. For example, the stability of the ridge, in addition to the rafters, is provided by the racks. These retaining parts are mounted on a bed; they acquire stability due to struts, which also prevent the rafters from bending. If an attic floor is planned to be arranged in the attic, then the racks can be replaced with other retaining parts.
Eaves overhangs can extend the life of the building. Elongated roof overhangs protect the walls and basement of the house from wetting caused by slanting rain. During the summer period, the cornice ledge does not allow the sun's rays to enter the house. But in order to increase it, parts called filly are mounted to the rafter legs.
The structure of the hip roof acquires resistance to wind loads due to the presence of a wind beam in the rafter system. This element reliably connects the rafters of the roof slopes. The board is fastened at an angle, from the ridge beam to the Mauerlat, from the inside of the attic space. To relieve the load from the walls, parts such as sprengels are used in the structure, they are mounted to the base at the corners of the building.
3 The procedure for erecting a hip four-roller
The hip roof begins to be built with the arrangement of the Mauerlat, which is mounted on the load-bearing walls along the perimeter of the building, and the installation of the bed. If the house is built of wood, then the upper crown of the log house usually acts as the base. For concrete and brick buildings, the Mauerlat can be made of reinforced concrete or wooden beams, it all depends on the budget and the bearing capacity of the walls of the house.
Lezhen and Mauerlat are made from a bar with a section of 100x150, 150x150 mm.
The timber is fixed using anchor pins, they are embedded in the masonry even at the stage of wall erection. Lezhen is equipped on floor beams or on the internal load-bearing partition of the house, it is necessary for the installation of support posts. The correctness of the installation of the supports is controlled by a building level or a plumb line. The supporting elements are temporarily fixed with the help of props and self-tapping screws, and they are fixed on the bed using metal plates and a corner. The racks are mounted in one row directly under the ridge beam with a distance of no more than two meters from each other.
If a hip roof-tent is being erected, then the supports are mounted in such a way that they can form a rectangle that would repeat the shape of the perimeter of the building. To do this, they are installed at the same distance from the corners of the house. As for the height of the supporting elements, it is determined by the roof design. If in the standard four-slope system one skate is equipped, then in the hipped-roof structure several runs are mounted on top of the supports at once, which form a rectangle.
As mentioned above, a simple hip roof is erected by means of a layered rafter type, which is used in gable structures. The process takes place according to the following scheme:
- 1. We make a template from the board, attaching it alternately to the skate and the Mauerlat, mark the cuts on it from the bottom and top and cut them out. Once again we check the finished template by attaching the side rafters to the ridge at the installation site, if necessary, we adjust the element in place. If the template fits, then we make the required number of rafters using it. Then we mount it to the ridge and base (distance 0.5-1.5 m) using metal brackets or corners and self-tapping screws.
- 2. At the next stage, we make corner rafter elements according to the template, but since they will experience an increased load, in order to strengthen them we make them from two identical boards by splicing in thickness. The cuts in the corner elements are performed at an angle of 45 degrees. We mount the upper part of the rib on the skate support, and fix the lower one at the corner of the Mauerlat.
- 3. In the space between the corner rafters on the hip roof, install the rafters. We do not choose a board for them in terms of thickness, since these elements will not carry a significant load. We carry out the first half of the knives according to the pattern with a saw cut in the upper part, the second half of the products we make in a mirror image. We mark the lower part of the knobs during installation, upon completion we cut off the edges that form the overhang, align them with a stretched cord.
The base for the Mauerlat is usually the upper crown of the log house.
At the bottom, under the corner rafters, be sure to put supports (shrengels), since it is on their lower part that a large load will go. Sprengels are mounted like support posts on a reinforced base. In order to strengthen the side rafters, struts are mounted under them, the upper part of which should rest on the rafter leg, and the lower on the bed.
4 How to splice rafters in length correctly
If a hip roof of a complex configuration is being built, then in the absence of boards of a suitable size, roofers have to splicate the rafters along the length. Of course, on the basis of building materials, you can pick up the necessary timber, but experienced builders know that the thickness of the board increases simultaneously with the length, while as a result of splicing the rafters, it is possible to achieve the required length of building elements without violating the ratio of geometric dimensions.
In order for the elongated parts to be able to provide the required degree of rigidity to the rafter system, it is necessary to determine what loads act on different areas of the structure. The joints can only be located in places with a minimum bending moment. This is usually the area near the ridge. Experienced roofers are familiar with several ways to lengthen rafters, because it is impossible to use any one method in construction practice. This is due to the following factors:
- installation step of rafters;
- limited stock of materials;
- those. equipping the construction site.
The most common way to build a rafter leg is called butt lengthening. We cut the elements to be spliced at an angle of 900. The cut must be precise, which will eliminate the formation of a deflection at the joint. We fix the rafters using wood or metal pads and nails, which, in order to avoid wood cracking, we drive in in a checkerboard pattern.
"Oblique notch" - this method of pairing elements is performed by cutting off the edges of the rafters at the joint at an angle of 450. As fasteners, we use bolts with a diameter of 12 to 14 mm, which we mount in the center of the joint. If there is no time to trim the material, then we connect the rafter elements simply and quickly using the "overlap" method, while the overlap can be up to 1000 mm. We drive nails into the bars along the entire length of the overlap in a staggered manner, bolts can also be used for splicing them, we screw them into the pre-drilled holes. The latter method is called more reliable.
The four-pitched hip roof allows you to provide your home with a presentable appearance. By including dormer and dormer windows in roof projects, it is possible to revive and diversify the structures. The main thing is that the calculation of the rafter system is carried out accurately, then the house will stand for many decades.
The most important structure of the house, which affects the entire structure as a whole, is its roof. The main structural features of the roof depend on many factors, such as the maximum permissible load on the walls, the type of construction, the type of roofing material, etc. The hip roof, the rafter system of which is not quite simple, is nevertheless a fairly popular construction during construction. Its main advantage is considered to be excellent self-cleaning ability, as well as good resistance to heavy snow and wind load.
Hip roof - design features
The hip roof has found wide application in construction due to its strong design feature, durability and a rather original design that has a beautiful appearance. The roof structure allows for a spacious residential attic floor with magnificent mortise windows, and the streamlined shape reduces aerodynamic loads from strong winds.
Hip roof rafter system consists of four slopes: two of which - lateral(trapezoidal), and two more - hip(in the form of triangles). Thus, the structure has two vertices, united by a ridge run.
The main nodes of the hip roof
- Ridge run- the main axle at the top of the roof, which is the junction of all four ramps. It is made of edged boards 50x200 mm.
- Diagonal (slant rafters)- an important supporting element of the frame, connecting the corners of the house with the ridge girder. It is carried out from the same board as the ridge run.
- Side roof rafters- are made from a board of 50x200 mm. Attaches to the ridge girder and side walls of the building or Mauerlat. Their main task is to evenly distribute the lateral load on the load-bearing walls.
- Shortened rafters (rafters)- a board gash at a certain angle, which is attached to the diagonal rafters and the hip part of the wall of the house or Mauerlat. Thus, there is no connection between the wedges and the horse-drawn girder.
Hip roof scheme
It is important to follow the basic rules for linking structural units, the reliability and strength of the entire structure will depend on the quality of their fastening. To do this, use only high-quality sawn timber and polished nails.
Hip roof rafter system - connection diagram of the main structural units
Types of hip roofs
There are a lot of options for the execution of hip roofs, in addition to the standard there are still: (half-hip Dutch and Danish, hipped roofs, as well as broken roofs).
- If, for example, the length of the hip slope of the roof is less than the side ones, such a structure is called half-hip (Dutch). Such a structure withstands strong suction loads with dignity, and thanks to the sharp slopes, the snow on it almost never lingers for a long time. This type is more similar to the classic gable roof, however, in terms of its characteristics, it significantly surpasses it.
Semi-hinged roof (Dutch)
- The Danish semi-hip roof is a little more complicated in execution. The design difference lies in the fact that the hip part is no longer at the bottom, but at the top of the vertical pediment, which can be replaced with a beautiful frame with glass.
Danish half-hip roof
- Buildings with walls of the same length (square), a hipped roof is perfect. Unlike the hip one, which has a ridge run, the hip-roof does not have one. The design looks like this, four absolutely identical roof slopes converge at one top point. thus forming a pyramidal geometric figure.
An example of a house with a hipped roof
- Due to the complexity of the structure, sloping roofs are very rare. However, their appearance is so mesmerizing that for a long time you cannot take your eyes off her. It represents itself, a set of many slopes, arranged at different angles relative to the walls. It is very problematic to make such a roof with your own hands, without having sufficient experience behind your back, therefore it is better to entrust this business to professional roofers.
Do-it-yourself hip roof rafter system
Correct calculations are the key to the reliability and durability of any roof. Having drawn the design diagram correctly, you can easily assemble it yourself, while having 2-3 partners as an apprentice. It will not be necessary to resort to the help of a construction team; it is enough to do everything according to the plan and adhere to the given calculations.
Angle of inclination of the hip roof
When designing any roof, its angle of inclination is chosen based on climatic conditions, which in Russia are very different, depending on the region. If the building is being erected in a region with heavy snowfalls prevailing in winter, then it is advisable to make the angle of inclination large, so the snow will not be able to linger on the roof and will constantly slide off it under its own weight.
In the southern regions, where precipitation is quite rare, and only in the form of rain, but strong gusts of wind are frequent, roofs are erected with a slight slope. The main task of which is to resist these wind loads.
Wind load map of Russian regions
Also an important factor in calculating the slope is the type of roofing. The fact is that some of them have a recommended angle height limitation, which should not be neglected. And so, in order not to make mistakes, check out each of them:
- Slate - recommended slope angle 15º - 65 °... Failure to comply with these parameters can lead to moisture ingress between the joints of the sheets;
- Ceramic roof tiles - the best slope angle for slopes 35 ° - 65 °... Neglecting the slope recommended by the manufacturer will lead to the possibility of condensation;
- Metal roof tiles - the minimum slope for this material is 13 °, the maximum is not set by the manufacturers;
- Soft tiles - the optimal slope size is considered not less 15º... Installation of the roof can be carried out at any other angle value above the minimum;
- Ondulin - any slope angle not less 5 °, the pitch of the crate will directly depend on the size of the corner.
- Metal seam roofing - should be used when slopes are sloped over 25 ° degrees.
Correct calculation of the area of the hip roof
In order to correctly calculate the total surface area of the hip roof, first we need to calculate the area of each slope separately, then add the resulting numbers together. As we remember, the slopes of the hip roof are the geometric shapes of two trapezoids and triangles. Remembering the school curriculum, it is easy to calculate their total area.
Calculation of the area of the hip roof
If you are still afraid of making a mistake, the specialists from whom you will purchase roofing material can correctly calculate, or you can use any of the online calculators convenient for you, which are full on the Internet.
Having precisely indicated all the parameters of the future roof, they will help to calculate everything with an accuracy of up to a square meter.
Calculation of the rafter system of the hip roof
For an accurate calculation of the rafter system, you must use the table below for the relationship between length and placement.
| Roof slope ratio | Correction factor for corner rafters | Correction factor for intermediate rafters |
| 3:12 | 1.016 | 1.031 |
| 4:12 | 1.027 | 1.054 |
| 5:12 | 1.043 | 1.083 |
| 6:12 | 1.061 | 1.118 |
| 7:12 | 1.082 | 1.158 |
| 8:1 2 | 1.106 | 1.202 |
| 9:1 2 | 1.131 | 1.250 |
| 10:12 | 1.161 | 1.302 |
| 11:12 | 1.192 | 1.357 |
| 12:12 | 1.225 | 1.414 |
Based on the above table, the length of the rafter leg is equal to its product of the coefficient and projection. The use of the table will help to make all the necessary calculations as accurately as possible.
The calculation itself is carried out in the following sequence:
- Using a regular rail, find the location (horizontal projection) of the intermediate rafter leg. Find your slope factor in the table and multiply by the given factor;
- From the ridge run to the attachment point of the lower part of the stop leg, measure the length of the rafter;
- In the same way, by multiplying the correction factor by the laying (horizontal projection), we find the length of the rafter overhang. Or you can use the Pythagorean theorem (see Fig. 1).
- Now we find the length of the corner rafters. It will be easier to do this visually using the figure below.
Hip roof rafter system
Installation of rafters of the hip roof
- The process begins with the installation of vertical supports, on which the ridge girder is laid and firmly fixed. After installing them, measure the resulting horizontal, if the result is positive, proceed to the next step.
- Installation of diagonal (oblique rafters). The lower part of the rafter legs, in the place of the undercut for the support part, is connected to the strapping bar in the corner of the building. The upper ones are attached to each other and the ridge bar. Their ends must have special corner cuts, made in such a way that the most tight connection between them is obtained.
- The exposed rafters are reinforced with additional vertical supports. The upper end of the support is sawn at an angle equal to the angle of inclination of the rafters. Metal plates are used to fasten the supports and rafters.
- The next step is to install the side roof rafters, installation step 600 mm., this step is preferable, since most standard insulation has such a width. We act here in a similar way. The lower part with a recess is attached to the strapping bar; you can use metal brackets or corners to fix it. The upper ends are connected above the ridge girder using plates. To maximize the rafters fit snugly to the ridge girder, make a small cut on it at a right angle.
- The final stage is the installation of shortened rafters (rafters). The step of their installation is the same. 600 mm... One side of them rests on the strapping beam, the second is connected to the diagonal (latching rafter). Pay attention to the installation of the central knuckle, which is in the middle of the hip slope. The fact is that it will immediately adhere to both legs of the corner rafters, so the end of its upper part should have a double bevel.
Installation of shortened rafters (rafters)
Strengthening the frame
In order to give the structure more rigidity, it must be reinforced with additional corner braces and vertical uprights. The required number is calculated based on the maximum load of the rafter system. The value includes the weight of: roofing cake and coating, as well as the mass of snow and wind loads.
After the hip roof rafter system is reinforced, you can safely proceed with the installation of the sheathing. Its pitch and design depends on the type of roofing material you choose. For example, under soft tiles, it should have a solid carpet.
The hip roof type is most often used for private houses or cottages. The complex is arranged in the form of a hipped roof with two trapezoidal slopes. It is based on complex elements consisting of rafters and beams. In this article, we will tell you how to install a hip roof, and also analyze the structure of the rafter complex.
Elements of the rafter system are layered and hanging. The roof rafter system is considered the most profitable. Such a complex is used for supporting structures or structures with an average load-bearing wall. The hanging system is used on walls with external openings. The disadvantage of a vyyaschy complex is its complexity of installation.
For information! With an additional support structure, the span area can be significantly increased. Most often, such a device is used in a hipped roof with an angle of inclination of 35 degrees.
The hip roof has the following rafter system:
- racks, struts;
- trapezoidal elements of the ramp;
- wives;
- sprengels;
- crossbars;
- oblique elements fastened diagonally or in the direction of the corners of the opening.
The diagonal brace element is fixed with its edge into the lower support of the entire rafter system or into the beam. This design has large linear dimensions and is capable of withstanding high power loads. Narodniks are truss elements that are short in length. They are attached to the suspension system at one point of support, and the second is fixed at the lowest point of support. To reduce the linear size, struts and struts are used. This connection allows the installation of a hip roof without additional spacers. It should be noted that in the ridge element of the hip roof, it is possible to use struts to support the entire structure. Setting the horizontal level, which is used together with the lower support, will help to eliminate the formation of a thrust:
- by fixing onto a beam, which is cut into an additional beam and placed on the lower support;
- fixation on the lower beam with the obligatory strapping of the riding crowns.
Experts do not recommend fixing to the lower support, because such an action significantly reduces the strength and reliability of the structure. Regardless of the selected roof structure and rafter system, due attention should be paid to waterproofing. For example, when laying the bed on a brick layer, the section of the roll waterproofing should be 100x150 mm, but when laying the bed on wall openings or floors, its height may be 10 cm less.
For information! Lezhen can be absent from the rafters of the hip roof only if there are no struts on the roof.
The girders perform the function of additional reinforcement of the entire structure. They are located as a support at a distance of 4.5 m. The installation of trusses is carried out taking into account the linear size of the spans, and its manufacture is carried out from a bar or log. Slant rafters increase the load and go into the truss.
The process of installing the rafter complex
The device of the rafter system for a hip roof consists of the following steps:
- Erection of a Mauerlat around the entire perimeter of the walls. They fix it with threaded studs, which are installed in the masonry and tighten them firmly with nuts. At the docking points of the Mauerlat, a landing plane is found and half of the beam is cut;
- The next stage requires strict adherence to the house project drawings. If the width of the house is up to 7.5 meters, the hanging rafters are tied with a crossbar at the top. When the width of the house is less than 6 meters, the lower tightening is performed;
- After laying the Mauerlat, the central axis is marked on the end wall, the two extreme racks are fixed and placed on the floor beams, securing with temporary struts;
For information! If the roof structure is covered with panels, a central beam should be installed on top, with the lower ends of the end posts fixed. If the building is covered with beams, the racks are mounted on them and fastened with self-tapping screws.
- The ridge bar is placed on the racks, on the Mauerlat itself, the rafter legs are marked and installed. The fastening of the rafters to the Mauerlat is performed by the cutting method. For this, a special cutout is made on the rafter leg, due to which the supporting elements become tight and provide high strength;
- The oblique and diagonal hip rafters are fixed to the Mauerlat, and the other end to the junction of the ridge bar. The photo clearly shows an element of supported rafters on a hip roof.
Methods for attaching the man
Narodniks are made from solid material. To ensure a rigid attachment, the upper edge of this element is sawed in the same area with the rafters. The installation of rafters is additionally reinforced with metal parts. Narodniks are mounted on the power frame of the roof, due to which the rafters are supported, which significantly increases the reliability and safety of the roof. To increase the bearing capacity of the rafter system, the following method is used:
- Reinforce all sides of the lower plane of the rafter element with bars with a section of 50x50 mm. Installation of rafters should be carried out from well-dried wood, pre-treated with special antiseptics.
- If the rafters are installed on the Mauerlat, they are lengthened by additional elements - filly, which serve as a canopy over the wall.
Strengthening the rafter system
In the device of rafter elements, docking nodes should be taken seriously. It is possible to increase the bearing capacity of the hip by installing a special rack, the task of which is to connect the slings and floors. Another important point is the lathing device, which is made from boards or timber. Any step of the lathing can be used, however, when using soft tiles, experts recommend installing a continuous lathing, and in other types, the step is 20-50 cm. Comfortable living in the house will provide a competent device for vapor barrier, waterproofing, ventilation and sound insulation. All building materials are stacked in the form of a roofing pie.
For information! The device of the roofing cake will allow for normal ventilation of the room, and also preserve the elements of the rafter system.
Installation of the rafter system of the hip structure is a rather complicated and lengthy process that requires strict adherence to the rules and regulations. Each action in its device affects not only the appearance of the roof, but is also responsible for the technical and operational characteristics. Competent calculation of all indicators and the correct structure of the roof will allow you to create comfortable living conditions in the house.
Hip roof is one of the types of hipped roof; its structure includes two main trapezoidal and two end triangular slopes, forming a closed surface with a common ridge girder. If the side slopes are located over the entire area from the ridge to the eaves, then the roof is called hip, and if they do not reach the eaves - half-hip.
Types of rafter structures for a hip roof
If the rafter structure rests only on the main walls of the building, it is called hanging, and if it has additional anchor points due to the walls inside the house, then it is called layered.
If the rafter system rests only on the external load-bearing walls of the building, it is called hanging
If the building has two main walls, then a tension beam is laid in the upper part of the vertical posts, which reinforces the rafters and distributes the load over the entire area of the vertical support posts.
To create a hip roof, the layered rafter system is most suitable, since it has a greater degree of strength and makes it possible to lighten the roof structure, evenly distributing its weight over the entire building frame.
The rafter system of the hip roof can have several structures that are different in the way of installation, each of which assumes the presence of certain features during assembly.
- Traditional rafter system. In this design, the diagonal ribs rest on the support beam of the main ridge and the overhangs are at the same height. Such a system consists of two isosceles triangles and two trapezoids.
The rafter system of a classic hip roof consists of two triangles and two trapezoids
- Tent system. This design does not provide for the presence of a support ridge beam, because it is arranged over square-shaped buildings and consists of four identical triangular-shaped slopes. All diagonal edges converge at a common point, and short crochets are connected to them. Only professionals can make a reliable ridge knot of a hipped roof.
The hipped roof rafter system consists of four triangular slopes, converging with their upper parts to one point
- Half-hip design. Such a system provides for the presence of vertical parts in the gable slopes, into which standard windows can be installed.
The semi-gable roof has vertical sections of gables into which ordinary windows can be inserted
- Sloping roof (mansard). This is the most complex and time-consuming hip roof system, since all slopes have a different shape and area and diverge from each other at different angles. Such a roof allows the most efficient use of the area under the roof and the creation of additional living quarters on it.
A broken or mansard roof structure allows you to equip full-fledged living quarters in the under-roof space
How to calculate a rafter system for a hip roof
When calculating the structure of the rafters of the hip roof, the following factors must be taken into account.
- The degree of regional wind load. The larger it is, the smaller the roof slope angle should be and the stronger the system. The main support rafters should be made of thick beams.
- The amount of precipitation. The more precipitation falls annually, the steeper the roof slopes should be in order to avoid a lot of pressure on the rafter structure.
- Material for covering the roof of the house. Depending on the type and weight of the used roofing material, the sheathing system is selected. This factor is taken into account at the stage of developing a house project.
- Thermal insulation of the roof. The width of the insulation, the grade and thickness of the timber are taken into account when calculating the step of installing the rafters.
- Roof slope. The slope of the roof affects the choice of topcoat material.
Each roofing material has its own permissible range of roof slope angles
The angle of inclination of the roof slope determines the position of all rafters. The installation location of the intermediate rafters is calculated as follows:
- The centerline is drawn on the top beam of the side wall.
- The middle of the ridge beam is determined in terms of thickness and the line of the location of the first of the center intermediate rafters is repulsed.
- The end of the measuring strip is connected to the line of the location of the previously marked center support rafter.
- At the other end of the plank, the line for the location of the inner contour of the end wall is bounced off.
- The point that will be obtained in the previous step will be the installation site for the intermediate rafter.
The relationship between the size of the rafters and the length of their laying (horizontal projection) is determined using the correction factor, the value of which is directly proportional to the angle of inclination of the ramp. If you multiply the size of the laying by this factor, you can determine the exact length of the rafters.
Table: correction factors for determining the length of the rafters
| Slope roof slope | Coefficient for intermediate rafters | Coefficient for corner rafters |
| 3:12 | 1,031 | 1,016 |
| 4:12 | 1,054 | 1,027 |
| 5:12 | 1,083 | 1,043 |
| 6:12 | 1,118 | 1,061 |
| 7:12 | 1,158 | 1,082 |
| 8:12 | 1,202 | 1,106 |
| 9:12 | 1,25 | 1,131 |
| 10:12 | 1,302 | 1,161 |
| 11:12 | 1,357 | 1,192 |
| 12:12 | 1,414 | 1,225 |
Formulas for calculating the structure of rafters
In the process of developing a project for any roof, you should determine the exact angle of inclination of the slope, which is necessary for all subsequent calculations.
Calculation of the area of the hip roof
The roof area is calculated as follows:
- We determine the height of the ridge using the formula h = d / 2 · tg α (where d is the width of the building, α is the slope of the slope, h is the height of the ridge).
- We calculate the size of the side rafters according to the formula c = d / 2 · cos α.
- Find the length of the diagonal rafters l = √ (h 2 + d 2/4).
- We consider the area of the roof, for which we add up the areas of all structural elements (two trapezoids and two triangles):
- the area of the triangular slope S 1 = 1/2 · d / 2 · s;
- the area of the trapezoidal slope S 2 = 1/2 · (b + k) · e, where b is the length of the cornice, k is the length of the ridge run, e is the height of the trapezoidal slope;
- S = 2 (S 1 + S 2).
To determine the area of the hip roof, it is necessary to use the area formulas of simple geometric shapes: a triangle and a trapezoid
Calculation of the distance between the rafters
Most rafter systems are created with a pitch of 1000 mm between two rafters. The minimum allowable pitch is 600 mm.
- We choose the approximate distance between the rafters, guided by standard dimensions (for example, take this parameter equal to 0.8 m).
- We measure or take the length of the slope from the design documentation. Let's say it is 12 m.
- Divide the length of the ramp by the previously selected value of the rafter step, round the total up and add 1. We get 12 / 0.8 + 1 = 16.
- We divide the length of the slope by the number obtained in the third paragraph. The final step of the rafters will be 12/16 = 0.75 m = 75 cm. The resulting value will be equal to the distance between the central axes of the rafter logs.
Preparatory work
The drawing of the rafter system is a prerequisite for the construction of this type of roof, since there are no identical schemes that are ready for direct use without taking into account the specific type of building and the place of its construction.
The more complex the roofing system, the more accurate the calculations should be, since they will affect not only the quality of the work carried out, but also their cost.
The drawing of the main structural units must accurately indicate the dimensions of all elements of the rafter system, the location of the points of abutment of the diagonal racks to the ridge beam and the attachment points of the rafters to the Mauerlat.
Tools required to assemble the structure:
- construction level;
- hacksaw;
- large hammer;
- long tape measure;
- construction cord;
- stapler;
- electric drill;
- riveting machine;
- metal slitting shears;
- nails;
- measuring bar.
Materials for work:
When installing a hip roof on a house from a bar that shrinks, experts recommend using special floating fasteners for rafters to compensate for the movement of the crowns.
When installing a rafter system in a wooden house, it is recommended to use a sliding rafter fastening system, which compensates for the deformation of the building when it shrinks
Video: ensuring the rigidity of the hip roof
Features of the rafter system of the hip roof
All types of hip roof truss system have identical parts, which create the frame of the structure:
Video: collecting rafters
Technology for creating a hip rafter system
Since a large load is imposed on the roof truss structure, all nodes and connections must be made in strict accordance with the technology, otherwise the roof will not be able to fully perform its functions.
Installation of main units
Installation of assemblies is reduced to the following steps:
- We prepare the rafters. We determine the angle of inclination of the rafters, the length of the short supports and slanting rafters, which carry a significant load. In order to obtain all the elements of the required length, we use the method of connecting overlapping boards. To do this, we lay two boards on top of each other with an overlap of 1 m and fasten them with staggered nails. This is the simplest and most durable way to splice rafter legs.
The most durable and reliable method of splicing rafter legs is overlapping
- We fix the Mauerlat. We mount the timber along the entire perimeter of the walls of the building in the upper part. We connect the timber with an overlap using a large number of attachment points to the base of the load-bearing walls. We fasten the joints with metal staples.
The Mauerlat beam is attached to the upper end of the wall using anchor bolts
- We lay a layer of roofing material between the wall and the timber to create a hydro-barrier. In brick, aerated concrete, foam concrete and wood concrete houses, a reinforced concrete belt with pre-fixed pins for installing a bar is poured under the Mauerlat. The pin must be at least 10 mm in diameter and protrude about 30 mm beyond the belt. The pitch between the pins is from 1 to 2 m.
A layer of roofing material creates a hydro-barrier between the Mauerlat and the wall made of moisture-absorbing material
- We install the bench - the central beam between the two short sides of the Mauerlat to provide additional strength under the rafters. Such a run is necessary to create a large hip roof.
- We mount the support posts. They act as supports for the ridge run.
The support legs are mounted on the bed and serve as supports for the ridge run
- We mount the ridge beam. When installing the ridge of the hip roof, accurate measurements should be taken, since the entire roofing system will be held on it. We check the accuracy of its installation with a level in height.
Carrying out work on the device of the ridge beam requires accurate measurements, since it bears the greatest load in the hip roof system
- We nail the rafter legs. We mount the central rafters, and then diagonal ones. During installation, we rest the lower part of the beams against the Mauerlat. This can be done in two ways: with a notch or with support legs. In the first case, we cut out a groove in the Mauerlat, insert the rafters into it and fix them with metal corners. In the second case, we simply put the rafter on the Mauerlat and put a block with an oblique cut under it. We also fix them with a metal corner.
The rafter legs can be attached to the Mauerlat in two ways: with a notch and on a support bar
- We make the assembly of the node on the ridge beam using the "half-tree" method. To do this, we cut out a notch at the end of the rafter legs, which should be equal to half the thickness of the board. Then we connect these grooves to each other and fix them with nails or pins. It turns out a strong ridge knot. For greater strength, we fix all the nodes with steel corners.
To create a strong ridge knot on a hip roof, the "half-tree" cutting method is used
- There is a lot of pressure on the diagonal rafters, so we reinforce them with the help of racks, which we mount on the ceiling or install struts at a certain angle. You can use a sprengel in the form of a T-beam, turned 180 °.
Sprengel is one of the auxiliary elements to ensure the necessary rigidity of the rafter system, transferring part of its load to the Mauerlat
- We mount ordinary rafters in the same way as the central ones, which form the edges of the trapezoidal structure. We support the bottom of the beam and fasten it to the Mauerlat, and we rest the top against the ridge beam.
- We install wedges, which we make from a solid board. In the place of their attachment to a long rafter, we make special cuts or put support beams and provide the necessary strength with the help of metal fasteners. To simplify the work, the beads can be installed at random.
Narodniks are fastened with a cut into the rafter beam and installed in a staggered manner
All wooden parts of the truss system are treated with special refractory and antiseptic agents before assembly.
Video: hip roof truss system
The creation of a hip rafter structure is a long and complex process that requires attention to each specific detail. But if you carry out all the stages of work correctly and accurately, then as a result you will get a beautiful, durable and reliable roof for your home.