WEBSITE OF THE MOSCOW RESCUE COMMITTEE
YOUTH FROM DESTRUCTIVE CULTS

I will briefly tell you about the past and present activities of the group, which is engaged in pseudo-medical and pseudo-pedagogical activities under the leadership of Viktor Davydovich Stolbun and his closest assistant and wife, who is in a civil marriage with him, Valentina Pavlovna Streltsova.

You must be aware of the great public danger posed by the activities of this person and the group associated with him. We are talking about medical and pedagogical experiments, primarily on children, with unpredictable consequences from the result of this activity.

In the mid-1970s, he created a “commune”-sect of a closed totalitarian type, in which, using liquid chloroethyl, he influenced the anal area and perineum, controlled consciousness and behavior, unconditionally subordinating the members of the sect.

The sect practiced group beatings, torture of adults and children, backbreaking labor, and inducing girls he liked into cohabitation.

In 1988, a criminal case was opened against Stolbun on the facts of beatings, but following a call from above, it was illegally closed, although 30 witnesses came forward against him, incriminating him (all are available in the materials of the criminal case).

A sharply negative conclusion (back in the mid-80s, when Stolbun, without a medical education, tried to treat schizophrenia and alcoholism) was given by major scientists who studied all of Stolbun’s methods (Serbsky Institute, Research Institute of Psychiatry, Brain Institute under the direction of academician. Bekhtereva).

At that time, many incriminating publications were published in the press: “Behind the scenes of one sensation” - “Izvestia” 07/23/86; “Don’t make yourself an idol” - “Medical Newspaper” 02/03/88; responses there to this article - 05.18.88; “The miracle healer on the scales of Themis” - in the same place, I don’t remember the date.

The geography of his movements is vast: the Moscow region - the city of Dmitrov, Naberezhnye Chelny, Dushanbe, Leningrad - and scandalous expulsion from everywhere.

In Stupinsky district, Moscow region. They arrived in 1991 and settled on the territory of the Oka settlement, where in 1992 they settled. The Phoenix boarding school and a rehabilitation center were organized at the Savior charitable foundation. where the informal leader in both places was Stolbun Viktor Davydovich.

It should also be noted that his wife Valentin Streltsova and relative Yulia Stolbun always worked with him.

At the same time, 1992-1993. Massive fraudulent advertising of this school began on TV and in newspapers, with the assistance of influential officials who were or are his regular patients, as well as Eduard Uspensky, R. Bykov, Y. Golovanov, O. Kuchkina.

These same aforementioned individuals wrote and organized positive publications themselves, in which not a word was mentioned about what exactly was actually happening at the school.

This school used the so-called. the “layering” procedure, which is as follows.

There, in complete isolation from the outside world and information about this world, all students were exposed daily to electrical impulses in the areas around the anus and perineum and in other parts of the body. At the same time, work on indoctrination and “re-education” was going on.

As a result, the children there slept only a few hours a day. The results of suggestion led to the fact that in the overwhelming majority they did not return to the family. The school was dominated by an atmosphere of total surveillance and denunciation of everyone against everyone.

In fact, in this school, control of the consciousness, behavior, and psyche of the child took place, complete submission to the will of the “dictator-leader,” i.e. coding (or as they say now - zombification), and in complete isolation from the outside world.

In the Stolbun hospital the method of “treatment” was completely similar.

Stimulation of the above zones causes biochemical changes in the same brain structures that are involved in the formation of drug addiction.

Having learned about all this in 1993, I contacted all possible authorities, but none of them took action.

After my appeal regarding the above criminal actions of Stolbun and his associates to the Human Rights Commission under the President of the Russian Federation (December 8, 1993), an expert council was created consisting of independent and highly qualified psychiatrists, psychologists, lawyers from the Research Institute of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation and teachers to inspect this school and its children.

The conclusion of the experts is negative, namely: “The “layering” procedure is a medical experiment carried out on children who are completely dependent on their teachers, a complete unification of personality, a violation of the rights of the child under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (under 9 articles) , violation of the Laws of the Russian Federation on education and the provision of mental health care (Expert opinions are available to the Human Rights Commission, independent experts and me). It is also indicated that this method causes addiction in the patient, like a drug, and completely enslaves him.

The following publications were published on this matter:

Newspaper “Golos” (April 8, 1994) - “White Brotherhood” named after Stolbun”; “General Newspaper” (April 8-14, 1994) - “Zombies and Sons”; newspaper “Moskovsky Komsomolets” (December 30, 1993) - “Paradise without memory”; newspaper "Trud" (June 3, 1994) - "Electrode at the fifth point"; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” (June 7, 1994) - “Who is crying for Stolbun?”; newspaper "Segodnya" (June 4, 1994) - "Flight from freedom"; magazine “Doctor” (No. 2, 1994) - “The syndrome of the Middle Ages from the point of view of the law”; newspaper “Vek” - “Children go to sects” (No. 30, August 12-18, 1994); newspaper “Voice” - “Phoenix” of Stolbun is being reborn” (autumn 1995); “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” - “Everyone can treat and teach here” (July 29, 1995); magazine “Itogi” - “Our Russian Octopus” (July 29, 1997); newspaper “Nedelya” - “I’m getting you out of binge drinking. Where?" (No. 11, 1997); newspaper “Moscow Region” - “Not far from Moscow” (No. 6, February 14, 1998); newspaper "Moskovsky Komsomolets" - "Diagnosis - Stolbun" (March 24, 1998). And also several articles in the Chimes newspaper: “Flying over a bunch of parsley” (May 21, 1994), “Poor Liza could have been happy if she had dropped her panties and trusted Doctor Stolbun” (May 28, 1994), “Kovalev to Portugal, and Pillar- as refugees" (June 18, 1994), "Stolbun changed address" (October 25, 1994).

The missionary department of the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church published a directory in which Stolbun's group is marked as a destructive totalitarian sect.

Radio Liberty went on air four times in April 1994, and on June 20, 1994, at the international conference “Totalitarian sects in Russia,” Radio Liberty correspondent Marina Katys made a report, in which she devoted sufficient space to Stolbun’s criminal activities .

In the summer of 1995, a film was made for German television about the criminal activities of Stolbun and his group, which was shown in Germany.

On July 12, 1995, MTC broadcast a program about Stolbun’s criminal activities, followed by a commentary by RAS Academician Sarkisov.

At the Human Rights Commission on April 28. 1994 open hearings were held on this issue, where experts spoke and media representatives were present. S. A. Kovalev promised to publish the results of the examination, but did not do so and unexpectedly took Stolbun’s side, despite the fact that the majority of the Commission Members, incl. E. Bonner and S. Averintsev sharply opposed Stolbun’s activities, as was reported in the press.

Under public pressure, the Stupino Administration withdrew from the founders of the school and hospital, and it lost budget funding. The school and hospital closed. But because the relevant authorities did not assess his activities; Stolbun himself, remaining unpunished, found the opportunity, with the help of patronage from above, to continue his experiments on children and adults again and in a new place.

He again uses the methods he has tried many times to influence his future patients and conducts his fraudulent advertising, which boils down to the following: an outstanding psychologist-professor has arrived (but he has no medical education), he treats absolutely all diseases, including alcoholism, schizophrenia, corrects the behavior of “neglected and difficult” children, etc., and children complete the entire school program in two years and enter the country’s leading universities.

But it's all a lie.

Upon arrival at a new place, in order to enlist the support of local authorities, he makes “terrible” diagnoses to the relatives of high-ranking local leaders, and to the leaders themselves, saying that only he alone can save them and no one else.

At the same time, it is important to note that if one family member is treated and “slapped,” then all other family members must also be subject to “sloughing” so that the whole family is simultaneously under Stolbun’s “cap.” This is such an “integrated” approach.

This is how he gains a foothold in a new place, and this has happened many times before the next revelations.

Having been expelled from the Moscow region, Stolbun and his group moved to the city of Torzhok, Tver region. and settles on the territory of the Mitino sanatorium. Aug 23 1994 JSC "Novotorzhskaya boarding school "Pelion" is registered, as well as on 06/08/1994. JSC "Medical adaptation center "Correction" and other organizations are registered.

I sent letters to Tver: the prosecutor’s office, health care, education authorities, as well as to the same authorities in Torzhok and sent there all the materials about Stolbun’s previous activities.

But Stolbun and the group, using their dishonest habitual methods, registered their medical organizations with great violations.

Tver region the prosecutor's office issued protest after protest (copies of letters from the administration of Torzhok and the Tver regional prosecutor's office are available).

But despite this, they, closing old organizations, again organized new ones (I have correspondence with the Tver Regional Prosecutor's Office about this).

The TV journalist who prepared the TV show about Stolbun saw the documents of his employees in these medical facilities at the Tver Licensing Commission. institutions. This means that these employees received their so-called psychologist diplomas by attending short paid courses. Although it is known that only after graduating from college (5 years of study) can one be considered a certified specialist.

I would like to draw your special attention to the fact that psychologists work with healthy people, and sick people should be dealt with by psychotherapists who have a higher medical education (at least six years) and a license for psychotherapeutic activities.

01/12/95 The Prosecutor General's Office opened a criminal case under Art. 221 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on illegal medical practice at the Phoenix boarding school, but almost a year later, on December 6, 1995. the case was closed, although there were appeals from victims: Goryaeva and Klochkova. In my opinion, it was closed unreasonably.

I sent a letter of appeal to the prosecutor's office of the Moscow region, because... I think this decision is wrong. But the prosecutor's office referred this case to Stupino, which again closed the case.

The preliminary investigation was carried out formally and not in full.

During the investigation, the rights of the victims were grossly violated. They were not even informed about the closure of the criminal case, they were not familiarized with the results of the examination and the reasons for terminating the case. Also, the examination of the “method” that I asked for was not carried out.

Also 08/20/96. Order No. 321 of the Minister of Health was issued, prohibiting the use of Stolbun’s methods and means to influence the mental and physical health of children.

And earlier on June 13, 1996. Order No. 245 was issued on streamlining the use of methods of psychological and psychotherapeutic influence, prohibiting methods of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of methods and techniques of psychological and psychotherapeutic influence not authorized by the Ministry of Health.

That. According to order N 245, Stolbun is not allowed to practice, not only on children, but also on adults.

They successfully practiced their medical and teaching activities, and no one was going to stop them.

I would like to note that Stolbun himself is never listed in the constituent documents, and Yulia Stolbun, his relative, Valentina Streltsova and other members of the sect may appear in the documents, which does not change the essence of the matter, because The same “layering” method is used.

And they did not and do not have any other pedagogical and medical techniques, no matter what organizations they created.

Now a few words about the victims of their Stupin activities, who filed a statement with the prosecutor’s office.

Goryaeva. Ivanovo. The mother promised to cure her daughter with schizophrenia. As a result of the “treatment”, the patient was hospitalized in critical condition at her place of residence. (There is an expert opinion).

Klochkova A. Moscow region, Podolsk district. The girl was seen by a psychiatrist since childhood, had rare attacks, studied well, and was sociable. The pillar promised to cure. After 3 months of stay, the parents took their daughter home in critical condition, she tried to commit suicide, ran away from home, and did not speak for a year. The parents filed a complaint with the prosecutor's office. There is a video recording of a conversation with the mother.
There is a video recording of the main experts who examined children at the Stupin school.

In fact, there have been many, many victims of Stolbun’s activities over the years, and I was able to meet many people. There are many victims in Stupino, but people are hesitant to contact law enforcement agencies, injuring their children and loved ones again, and also as a result of a lack of faith in our law enforcement agencies.

As a result of the joint efforts of the “Committee for the Rescue of Youth”, the chief psychotherapist of the Tver region V.S. Tugov and a number of his colleagues, the Tver diocese represented by the priest Father Alexander Shabanov, the Orthodox Tver newspaper “Karavan”, a license for medical and pedagogical activities for this group was refused, and on one of the August nights of 1997, the entire group of about 70 people fled from Torzhok and, according to the information we have, they settled in Yegoryevsk, Troitsk and a number of other settlements in the Moscow region, which are still unknown to us not known, perhaps also in Moscow.

Currently, they operate under the auspices of the regional public charitable foundation for disabled people in military service and assistance to orphans “Zabota”. It is possible to re-register them under other names, as has happened many times already.

In Troitsk, they are engaged in illegal medical activities on the territory of a hospital subordinate to the medical association of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

At the same time, an attempt is made by the leadership of the medical association to protect them by explaining that this group operates using approved methods, although the Stolbun-Streltsova group does not have a license for medical and teaching activities.

In the city of Yegoryevsk, their school is located on the basis of SPTU-96 of regional subordination and is called “Brigantine” (in the spring of 1998 they left this premises).

And they are engaged in medical activities in the city of Yegoryevsk on the basis of mental hospital No. 3 of regional subordination.

It also became known that they are engaged in medical activities at clinic No. 3 of the RAS medical association in Moscow and in the Pushkin district of Moscow. region on the basis of the Druzhba sanatorium (currently under investigation).

Wherever the Stolbun-Streltsova sect-commune is revived, under what names, it can only be revived on its previous foundations: electrical influence, mental violence, violation of human and child rights.

Stolbun and Streltsova essentially created a powerful psychotechnics, including hypnosis, suggestion, electrical influence, complete isolation from the outside world, which completely suppresses the will and breaks a person’s personality.

On March 10, 1998, the Podolsk (Moscow region) tax police opened criminal case No. 7429 under Art. 171 part 1 (illegal entrepreneurship) regarding the illegal activities of Valentina Streltsova, Dolgopolova and Okhtyamova on the territory of the hospital of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Yegoryevsk.

“Streltsova Valentina Pavlovna CONCEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONAL RELATIONS V.N. MYASISCHEV AND ITS METHODOLOGICAL, SCIENTIFIC-THORETICAL AND PRACTICAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Specialty 19.00.05..."

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As a manuscript

Streltsova Valentina Pavlovna

CONCEPT OF RELATIONSHIP PSYCHOLOGY

PERSONALITY" V.N. MYASISCHEV AND HER

METHODOLOGICAL, SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL

AND PRACTICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Specialty 19.00.05 – social psychology

Dissertation for an academic degree

candidate of psychological sciences

Scientific supervisors:

Doctor of Psychology, Professor NOVIKOV Viktor Vasilievich Doctor of Psychology, Professor GLOTOCHKIN Alexey Danilovich Yaroslavl 2002

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………... Chapter 1. Social and psychological views of V.N. Myasishcheva

Chapter 2. Personological views of V.N. Myasishcheva; personology is a branch of social psychology

Chapter 3. Social and psychological aspects of labor activity according to V.N. Myasishchev

Chapter 4. Views of V.N. Myasishchev on delinquency and re-education of offenders in the light of relationship psychology

Chapter 5. Concept by V.N. Myasishcheva – theoretical and methodological basis of psychological correction and reflexology

Conclusion and conclusions

Bibliography

Application

INTRODUCTION

Fundamental changes in the economic, socio-political and spiritual spheres of the Russian state and society have caused a change in the main priorities in domestic social psychology. Approaches to the study of personality and socio-psychological processes and phenomena in different social groups are deepened and refined. In connection with the change in guidelines in the methodological foundations of psychology, today, more relevant than ever, is a thoughtful appeal to the domestic socio-psychological heritage, which has its own traditions primarily in the historical and evolutionary understanding of personality, its phylo- and ontogenetic development, in the priority of research into the psychological foundations of education, training, development of children and adolescents. In this regard, it seems relevant to deeply study and systematize the socio-psychological personological views of the outstanding Russian psychologist and psychiatrist V.N. Myasishchev, taking into account the close relationship he himself noted between psychology and medicine, pedagogy, and management.

An appeal to the socio-psychological heritage of outstanding Russian psychologists, including V.N. Myasishchev (1893-1973), due to the acute demand in modern conditions for psychological influence on the younger generation for the purpose of their spiritual and moral education, prevention of maladjustment, mental illness and deviant behavior. Moreover, the scientific socio-psychological heritage of the greatest scientist has turned out to be almost forgotten and unclaimed today. Suffice it to say that even in modern medical practice at the Psychoneurological Institute. V.M. Bekhterev's theoretically impeccable and practically fruitful concept of V.N. Myasishchev is not fully used. It is also puzzling that in domestic textbooks of social psychology, as well as in the teaching of this course in higher educational institutions, both the relevant topic and the name of the scientist are missing.

Purpose of the study: to reveal the place of the concept of “psychology of personal relationships” in social psychology and its role in versatile theoretical and practical human studies.

Object of study: socio-psychological and personological issues in the works of V.N. Myasishcheva.

Subject: concept of “psychology of personal relationships” by V.N. Myasishchev, its significance for pedagogical and medical practice.

Research hypothesis. The concept of “psychology of personal relationships”

V.N. Myasishchev, based on a historical-evolutionary approach to the formation of personality with the leading role of its activities, communication and relationships, is one of the methodological foundations for the theoretical and practical solution of a number of socio-psychological problems.

Based on the purpose and hypothesis of the study, the dissertation addressed the following: tasks:

– based on an analysis of the works of V.N. Myasishchev to systematize his socio-psychological and personological views;

– reveal those formulated by V.N. Myasishchev socio-psychological foundations of the scientific organization of labor and labor education;

– reveal the scientific views of V.N. Myasishchev on delinquency, its causes, as well as conditions and ways of re-educating offenders;

– justify the concept of V.N. Myasishchev as a theoretical and methodological basis for psychological correction and reflexology.

The methodological basis of the study is the historical-evolutionary approach to the study of ontogenetic development and personality formation of L.S. Vygotsky, concretized by A.R. Luria, S.L. Rubinstein, B.G. Ananyev, K.K. Platonov and others in the provisions:

– about the unity of the social and biological in a person as an individual under the determining influence of the environment (society);

– in the concept of nervism, developed in Russian science by N.I. Pirogov, S.P. Botkin, I.M. Sechenov, V.M. Bekhterev and others;

and also in concepts:

- NOT. Vvedensky about the phases of parabiosis, the law of relative lability and rhythm of excitation in the central nervous system;

– A.A. Ukhtomsky about the dominant as a constellation of centers;

– K.M. Bykov about cortico-visceral and viscero-cortical connections;

– P.K. Anokhin about the internal architectonics of functional cerebral systems and the activating role of the reticular formation;

– A.R. Luria on the localization of higher mental functions;

– A.S. Makarenko about the education and re-education of the individual in a team and in joint work;

– K.K. Platonov and A.D. Glotochkina about the structure of personality as a program for its psychodiagnosis, formation or correction;

– V.V. Novikov about the importance of taking into account the characteristics of the socio-psychological climate of specific groups in which “a person assimilates social influences (through which of the systems of his activity) ... and how, in which specific groups he realizes his social essence (through which specific types of joint activities).”

Research methods: systematic analysis of the socio-psychological views of V.N. Myasishchev, as well as a number of well-known psychodiagnostic techniques (TAT, C.D. Spielberger-Yu.L. Khanin self-esteem scale, Luscher test, A.R. Luria’s complex of neuropsychological techniques).

Scientific novelty The research is to reveal the specifics of socio-psychological and personological issues in the works of V.N. Myasishchev, in showing the importance of the concept of relationships (personal and interpersonal) of people in a broad social and professional context.

Submitted for defense the following provisions:

1. The concept of “psychology of personality relationships” by V.N. Myasishchev is a universal system of generalizations in terms of the historical and ontogenetic dynamics of personality, the role of educational, labor and other activities and communication, as well as in terms of its formation and determination of psychogenic disorders.

2. This concept is a theoretical and methodological basis for solving current problems of social, medical, and pedagogical practice, which requires further development and practical use of the creative heritage of the largest domestic scientist.

3. The use of socio-psychological, personological determinants of labor processes, disclosed by V.N. Myasishchev, contributes to the formation of a positive, interested attitude of the individual towards himself, towards self-acceptance, self-realization; to their work (educational, sports, etc.) activities, to increase the efficiency of work, study and leisure.

Theoretical significance The research consists in a detailed understanding of the concept of “psychology of personal relationships” as a theoretical and methodological basis for optimizing modern practice of education, healing and management, and socio-psychological research.

Practical significance research. Systematic disclosure and popularization of socio-psychological personological views of V.N. Myasishchev about the biosociopsychological nature of the mental world of a person - personality, as well as about his psychogenic mental and somatic disorders, give the opportunity to the subjects of influence (managers, teachers, parents, doctors):

– significantly expand the knowledge and arsenal of methods for forming an adapted, healthy personality;

– systematize and specify ways to prevent and overcome deviant human behavior.

Introduction of theoretical views and practical recommendations of V.N. Myasishchev into the work of modern doctors, psychologists and teachers will optimize the prevention of negative mental states of the individual, psychogenic disorders, as well as the prevention and overcoming of deviance and delinquency.

Approbation of work. Main content of the work

reflected in 62 author's publications, in speeches at scientific conferences in Tver, Torzhok, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Kazan; in lectures at the psychological faculty of Tver State University, in the author’s medical practice.

Dissertation structure. Its text consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion and conclusions, a bibliography including 141 titles, and appendices. The text contains 3 tables.

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL

VIEWS OF V.N. MYASISCHEV

Among the works of V.N. Myasishchev, including those that have not yet seen the light of day, are in the archives, there are many in which socio-psychological problems are revealed and which rightfully allow us to classify the author as a talented social psychologist who, in the first half of the 20th century, was able to pose and solve a number of pressing problems. socio-psychological problems in the interests of the individual and society.

Referring to the history of social psychology in one of his famous works, the author recalls: “Ideas of a socio-psychological nature were expressed by scientists and philosophers in ancient times, but social psychology could arise only after the emergence of the science of society” and that in the works of O. Comte, the founder of sociology There was not even a mention of social psychology yet. The concept of social psychology was introduced into scientific circulation by Western sociologists only at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Since then, it has been developing continuously in Western countries.

In Russia, the author notes, the concept of social psychology first appears in the works of V.M. Bekhterev and V.A. Wagner, who tried to analyze social behavior and the concept of “collective” from the perspective of reflexology. Until the end of the 50s of the XX century. “Psychology in our country was considered by many as a dubious science,” wrote V.N. Myasishchev in his article “Social Psychology and Social Pedagogy,” which never saw the light of day, and “social psychology was rejected in our country on the basis of psychologism in the works of bourgeois authors and their confusion of ideology and psychology.” With great pain, the author said that psychology, sociology and social psychology in our country lagged significantly behind other sciences and that by the beginning of the 60s, the unknown in them many times exceeded the known. This is largely due to the fact that sociology seriously began to develop in Russia much later than other countries, since it was “cancelled” for ideological reasons as a bourgeois pseudoscience. “Now,” the scientist wrote in connection with the Khrushchev Thaw, “the fact is sufficiently realized that... the system of social concrete facts is legally united by sociology”;

– features of the psychology of social communities (clans, nationalities, etc.);

– specifics of interpersonal and intergroup destructive conflicts;

– socio-psychological factors that shape or deform personality, strengthen or destroy a person’s mental health;

– features of mindsets and other mental states of a social group, collective, society, people as phenomena of group psychology;

– specifics of socio-psychological processes and phenomena in small social groups, their influence on the formation of moral character;

– psychological mutual influence of people.

On the problems of social psychology, according to V.N. Myasishchev, also include the specifics of socio-psychological processes and phenomena in small social groups, their impact on the formation of moral character: “The most important socio-psychological problem of moral character education is the formation of stable, dominant, action-determining moral relations,” as well as the peculiarities of the mentality of small and large social groups, society, people as a whole. The scientist advocated for revealing the characteristics of group sentiments, noting “the great degree of their social determination and irreducibility to the sum of individual sentiments.”

As we see, the main and main problems of social psychology V.N. Myasishchev considered the problems of interaction, communication, relationships and mutual influence of people and social groups.

Along with the problems of V.N. Myasishchev also revealed the tasks of social psychology:

– study of people’s behavior in their interactions;

– identifying changes in behavior and activities under the influence of the group (team);

– disclosure of various types of these interactions (for example, the influence of an individual on a team and his place in the team);

– clarification of the history of the emergence of various types of communication and relationships, their socio-historical conditionality;

– conditions for optimal interactions;

– identifying the peculiarities of life and morals of people in connection with the characteristics of the era in which a person lives;

– identification of typical features of groups of people united by common conditions;

– disclosure of the psychological aspect of joint activity, interaction and communication in various social groups (large and small), including at the level of ethnic groups, nationalities and peoples;

– disclosure of the characteristics of the individual in connection with his social position – identification of the characteristics of the personality as a whole in the process of its historical development.

The closest attention and his research talent V.N. Myasishchev devoted himself to studying the problem of relationships.

Sterzhnev's concept of social psychology V.N. Myasishchev considered “attitude”, considering it in a dialectical relationship with the interaction and communication of people.

The scientist called relationships a category of human properties that manifest themselves consciously, selectively and differently, and sometimes even oppositely, but always in a stable manner. V.N. Myasishchev believed that when studying relationships, “one must take into account: a) a person’s attitude towards people, b) his attitude towards himself and c) his attitude towards objects of the external world. The category of attitude towards people is decisive and has the nature of a relationship.” A person's relationships remain potential until he begins to act, and in this action, subjected to numerous social influences, the personality changes. The scientist also views relationships as a connecting link in communication between an individual and a group (team). The highest level of attitude, the scientist specified, is a conscious attitude.

He revealed the interconnection of various types of relationships, emphasizing that “the attitude towards work is inextricably linked with the attitude towards a person, a group of persons, a team...”; relationships are manifested in joint activities, interactions and communication.

Communication, combined with productive (educational, etc.) work, is even a source of social development. It is in communication that a person’s activity and selectivity, his positive or negative character, are most clearly expressed. At the same time, activity should be understood as an integral manifestation of personality, associated primarily with a person’s relationships and depending on the characteristics of his higher nervous activity, the uniqueness of his personality, level of abilities, volume and depth of knowledge, and the presence of appropriate habits and skills. Being socially production-conditioned (“determined”), “a person in each of his actions acts as independent (“free”), since each impact of a given moment does not determine the action, but, awakening the experience of the past, inevitably entails a certain action of the person.”

Along with the concepts of “communication”, “relationships” V.N. Myasishchev introduced the concept of “conversion” to concretize communication as verbal communication. Address plays a significant role in organizing communication and relationships and can take the form of positive or negative verbal communication. The repetition of a certain style of treatment (soft or hard, encouraging or rough and dry, etc.) forms, according to the scientist, a corresponding psychological type of personality with its inherent complex of characterological characteristics. The concepts of communication, circulation and relationships for a person, the scientist believed, are practically inseparable and relate to general and social psychology. The scientist believed that there is a certain interdependence between interaction, communication and relationships, but the connection between them is not always constant, since interaction is regulated by regulated social requirements: discipline, etiquette, etc., which often blocks or masks the true relationship.

He gave important socio-psychologically important examples of selflessness, devotion, friendliness and their opposite qualities, considering them as features of relationships; spoke about sociability, isolation, frankness, openness or secrecy, considering them to be primarily functional communicative qualities that reflect a positive or negative attitude towards people, trust or distrust in them. “If the development of the problem of communication without taking into account relationships cannot be sufficient, then the study of communication and relationships without taking into account appeals is impossible,” wrote V.N. Myasishchev. Any genetic treatment, be it soft or hard, suppressive or encouraging, rude or affectionate, shapes the attitude and the need for it or the fear of relationships. Connivance, the indulgent attitude of parents or teachers towards the younger generation, and the lack of integrity of the team also disorganize people’s relationships and reduce a person’s responsibility for their actions and actions.

A big role in the formation of an individual, in preserving her mental health, in the success of her work is played by the relationship: student to teacher, subordinate to boss, performer to manager, to the one who evaluates successes and failures in work, personal qualities, and state of health.

It is in joint activity, interaction, communication and relationships that personality manifests itself most clearly.

Personality is formed from early childhood in social micro- and macro-relations, and is manifested in them at all periods of life. Personal relationships, according to V.N. Myasishchev, are always included in the relationships of people in which it is formed in a team. Therefore, according to the scientist, the problems of interaction, communication and relationships in a microsociety - a group, a team - deserve special attention. It is here that the peculiarities of the psychology of workers, students, etc. are formed. The level of organization of work, the attitude towards the household and property, and the demands on oneself and others largely depend on them. The dynamics of personal relationships in the stages of achieving social maturity is manifested in interaction with both children and adults, since “a person’s relationships are included in the relationships that exist in the team” (emphasis added by us - V.S.).

Therefore, both in the family and at school, it is important to form morally mature relationships between parents and children, teachers and students and students among themselves, to take care of the adequacy of the sociometric status of each child and adolescent, about equality in friendly relations, about changing positions of leadership and subordination in a group of peers . “On the contrary,” said V.N. Myasishchev, - isolation, loneliness, cruelty and rudeness, as well as excessive condescension and admiration of others, entail hypertrophy of individuality and underdevelopment of socially positive personality traits. Excessive demands can lead to impersonality, hypocrisy or neurotic development."

V.N. Myasishchev often cited episodes from the pedagogical experience of A.S. Makarenko, which, as we know, received a worldwide resonance, as an example of a deep connection between attitudes and relationships between people, which can be destructive or creative, mutual or one-sided, encountering opposition or support. Emphasizing the fairness and significance of Makarenkov’s principle of considering the educational three-dimensional process (teacher - team - individual student), V.N. Myasishchev shows possible interactions between these three components. Thus, a student may have a conflict with both the team and the teacher, which may be accompanied by a split-dual relationship of sympathy and hostility, respect and disrespect, affection and indifference, etc.

The teacher and the team in their attitude towards the student can reveal two contradictory components: a positive attitude towards the student as a subject-object of re-education, and a negative one as a delinquent or disruptor. It is extremely important for a teacher (educator, leader, parent) to try to create interest in any production process (educational, creative, working), increase discipline and responsibility, that is, cultivate such socio-psychological properties as cohesion, organization, responsibility, the desire for unity, close and friendly relationships, trust in each other, willingness to help.

The boss, foreman, foreman and each worker in social and labor groups represent the collective only when each member becomes a unique part of a single whole, when each worker reflects the face of the collective and is himself reflected in this collective. This mental interaction and mutual influence of people, according to the scientist, is one of the main problems of social psychology and is of great importance for pedagogical, administrative leadership and medical practice. This is important to take into account when studying management processes, labor and social behavior, as well as in the genesis of accentuations and character pathology.

It was on the basis of the unity of society (the totality of social conditions) and personality that the scientist developed issues of general and social psychology, their interaction, the system of relations of the subject-actor to objective reality, considering the individual as a part of human society, the collective. Here it is necessary to recall that V.N. Myasishchev considered a collective to be an association of people “whose dominant regulator of behavior is the regulators and motives of social behavior, in which a person is able, to the detriment of his interests, if necessary, to devote his strength and labor to a cause of a social nature.” It is in the team that a person’s attitude to society, to its requirements, and communication skills are formed.

V.N. Myasishchev emphasized the connection between relationships and relationships, the essence of which, however, is not the same. The scientist cited as an example the attitude of parents to a child, a man to a woman: “Love can be mutual, it can be one-sided, and finally, a positive attitude on the one hand can be met with a hostile attitude on the other.”

A person can, with a negative attitude towards another person, situation or phenomenon, demonstrate goodwill, humility and even respect, establish good relationships, trying to solve any of his problems by external means. This may be attributed to hypocrisy, an adaptation of the subject, or may manifest itself unconsciously as a style of behavior learned through life experience. V.N. Myasishchev believed that of paramount importance for society and for the individual are such moral and mental traits of a person as a benevolent attitude towards society and people, an attitude of solidarity and friendship, devotion to everything that is high, honest, and the best in people, consciousness of duty, collectivism, humanism - all this “social, ideological, moral and psychological principles at the same time.”

The scientist believed that there is a certain dependence between attitude and interaction, but the connection between them is not always constant, since interaction is externally regulated by regulated social requirements: discipline, social norms of behavior (etiquette, etc.), which often blocks or hides the true attitude .

People's interactions are determined by their relationships. This is extremely important in the process of industrial interaction, and the study of this dependence is one of the tasks of social psychology. The problems of interactions in a work team and the placement of workers taking into account their psychological characteristics deserve special attention. In joint activities, wrote V.N. Myasishchev, the correct balance of power is important, in which a person, as a subject of activity, receives a place corresponding to his abilities, and can most productively express himself with the greatest benefit for society, reveal individual essential forces and be “with the greatest completeness an activist, a creative participant in society.” production process". In matters of production, the internal, mental plays a big role. But a person is in the history of social relations, and in production he is a subject who carries out the orders of the manager. Ideas about the psychological foundations of leading people, expressed by V.N. Myasishchev, are of lasting importance. Managing people is a problem that he attributed to both social psychology and ergology, a branch of work psychology.

Management of labor and social processes depends on awareness and consideration of the requirements of reality, on understanding the social necessity of these requirements and correlating them with one’s needs and capabilities, on the relationship of these conditions with each other. It is important for a leader to know the level and content of the personality of the person being led, the nature of his motives, motivations and principles. Therefore, in the field of managing the processes of labor and special behavior, social psychology should study the role of errors in the ways of influencing a person. Modern issues of management theory, according to V.N. Myasishchev, have at their highest level the problems of managing an individual and human groups.

In the management process, it is important to take into account the two-way reciprocal nature of relationships of the “subject-subject” type; in the system of relationships of an individual, his attitude towards people always dominates. This is precisely one of the main concepts of social psychology, with the help of which it studies the production process and its results from the psychological side.

It is important how a person uses his individual experience, what is significant for him, how he relates to the task, how important or interesting an existing fact is for him, how attractive the relationship with the participants in the current interaction is.

The scientist paid close attention to this type of communication, such as interpersonal conflicts that arise on the basis of both objective and subjective reasons. “A person may encounter contradictory tendencies of duty and desire, desire and the inability to satisfy it. A person may experience a number of work and family conflicts, etc.” .

A person may have a conflict between the desire to rest and the awareness of the need to continue working (conflict between personal and social); a conflict between a disrespectful or contemptuous attitude towards a leader and the need to obey his orders, which a person considers meaningless, etc. These irritants change the general state of the nervous system, negatively affect activity, and are sources of increased sensitivity to various life circumstances. Often the motive of self-interest and personal bias underlies a number of decisions, creating a pathogenic atmosphere, overirritating others and disrupting the state of nervous health. “Unhealthy relationships sometimes result in intrigue and squabbles, most often aimed at eliminating or displacing this or that person in order to take his place.”

The source of internal (and sometimes interpersonal conflict) is the individualistic attitudes of the individual, the contradiction between moral requirements and the egoistic needs of the individual. This is also related to the frequency of so-called conflicts on personal grounds: vanity, pretentiousness, inability to reckon with others, reluctance to submit to common interests, to make concessions (even realizing that you are wrong) - all this will create fertile ground for the development of conflictual relationships with loved ones, acquaintances and production employees.

This may be the case, as V.N. believes. Myasishchev, “a conflict of ideological motives, social principles, which turn out to be more powerful drivers of human behavior than specifically personal relationships of attachment to parents” or friends.

As a result of a conflict or dispute, gradually increasing, enmity often arises, which leads to a decrease or break in communication: “Enmity, hostility, aggressiveness are a violation of social and personal relationships... But personal enmity and conflicts in the field of personal relationships represent the psychological and pedagogical sphere ". At the same time, it is extremely difficult for a person to separate the personal side of a problem from the public one, and what for the time being seems purely personal can lead to devastating consequences or a forensic disaster. Enmity is always accompanied by antipathy, hostility and hatred. It is always important to try to understand what caused the hostility, to whom it arose and under what circumstances.

V.N. Myasishchev believed that “the ideal of human relations is friendship, but one must always keep in mind one more psychological feature: between the poles of friendship and enmity lies a belt of indifference.” A person’s actions and decisions are usually determined not only by his personal attitude, but also by taking into account how people close to him treat the person with whom he interacts. For example, a mother is against her child’s contacts with one of his friends, and the father does not agree with the mother; one friend shows hostility, another shows envy or jealousy, etc.

V.N. Myasishchev argued that friendship grows gradually, strengthening in the process of interaction. The scientist considered friendship to be a socially conditioned relationship, the primary result of communication aimed at a common goal of activity. “In order to fully understand its features and structure,” the scientist said, “it is necessary to see the origin of friendship, the process of its formation, development and consolidation.” He called serious joint social production activities and common efforts for its success the strongest basis of friendship.

The scientist advocated the formation of camaraderie and friendship, considering it the “greatest social value” that must be nurtured and protected. The variety of manifestations of friendship is determined by the variety of characters: from demandingness in friendship to compliance, from dedication to jealousy. V.N. Myasishchev was convinced that great selfless friendship was possible not only between individuals, but also between entire nations. Along with deep true friendship, superficial relationships often arise with false friendship, which disappears with minor difficulties in interaction or upon separation. False friendship also includes relationships between “friends” in criminal groups, which V.N. Myasishchev and his colleagues studied in the socio-psychological aspect.

Psychologically justified, morally mature relationships in a team (including in a family), experienced in a certain way by an individual, form the experience of his relationships, the system of circulation and the external form of communication and behavior. Otherwise (when morally immature relationships take over in a team - groupism, group pressure, etc.) behavior towards the immediate environment, towards individuals, towards the group as a whole may be inadequate, conflictual and will be accompanied by somatic viscero-vegetative reactions or reactive changes in the brain and psyche.

Identified by V.N. Myasishchev, the patterns of interactions, mutual influence, communication and relationships are, in his opinion, one of the main problems of social psychology and, as the scientist said, is of enormous importance for pedagogical work, administrative leadership and medical practice.

PERSONAL VIEWS OF V.N. MYASISCHEV;

PERSONOLOGY – BRANCH OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

In line with the socio-psychological paradigm of V.N. Myasishchev also developed his concept of “psychology of personality relationships,” organically linking it with the disclosure of the nature and structure of personality. At the same time, he relied on the theoretical postulates of his outstanding predecessors L.S. Vygotsky, S.L. Rubinstein and others, integrating and developing them. With special care V.N. Myasishchev belonged to the scientific heritage of L.S. Vygotsky, who substantiated the socio-historical determinacy of the formation of a person as a personality, revealing the mediation of the emergence and development of mental phenomena by a sign, in a word, and formulated the fundamental law of the development of higher mental functions in onto- and phylogenesis: interiorization, which serves as a method of sociogenesis of personality, when any function in cultural development “appears on stage twice, in two planes, first – social, then – psychological, first between people, as an interpsychic category, then... as an intrapsychic category.”

V.N. Myasishchev, in his studies of personality psychology, was also guided by one of the leading principles of Russian psychological science - the principle of the unity of consciousness, activity and communication, developed by S.L. Rubinstein, B.G. Ananyev, K.K. Platonov, B.F. Lomov and others. He also actively used in his scientific activities the concepts of a number of domestic thinkers - I.M. Sechenova, S.P. Botkina, P.F. Lesgafta, A.F. Lazursky, A.I. Yarotsky, A.A. Ukhtomsky, N.E. Vvedensky, V.M. Bekhterev. The scientist also relied on the original ideas of the world-famous neuropsychologist A.R. Luria, the founder of the concept of systemic dynamic localization of higher mental functions, who explained the connection between neuropsychological syndromes and their disorders, revealed the natural scientific (brain) foundations of the psyche and consciousness and argued that the sources of human behavior should be sought “first of all in the external conditions of public life, in the social historical forms of human existence."

Based on the inextricable relationship and mutual influence of the individual and society, the scientist placed the psychology of personal relationships at the center of his personological views. He convincingly argued that mental relationships are the internal side of “... a person’s connection with reality, which meaningfully characterizes the personality as an active subject with his selective nature of internal experiences and external actions aimed at various aspects of objective reality...”.

From the perspective of relationship psychology V.N. Myasishchev covered all the problems of mental and objective-practical activity, personal problems, as well as the concept of personality, arguing that relationships are included in every mental act. Relationships permeate mental processes (attention, memory, thinking to the greatest extent depend on interest as a type of relationship), and mental states, and mental formations. Even the biologically determined substructure of personality depends on relationships - temperament, which is revealed in the area of ​​the most significant relationships for a person, namely those that become character traits. The scientist connected human individuality with the uniqueness of selective, conscious relationships to the environment.

V.N. Myasishchev identified various types of personal relationships and developed their classification. Among them, he distinguished between needs, interests, emotional relationships, evaluative attitudes and beliefs.

The scientist considered the needs of the individual to be one of the main types of relationships, considering them not only as selective connections between subject and object, but also as the main source of life activity aimed at transforming reality. At the same time, he paid special attention to the need for communication. The scientist emphasized that, based on vital needs, already in the early stages of childhood, under the influence of cultural and historical experience, socialization, and upbringing, needs arise for joint activity, communication, cognition, etc., which are now called sociogenic.

The scientist considered specific types of relationships to be interests, evaluative ethical relationships (at one pole there is deep respect for a person, at the other - contempt) and beliefs, as well as attitudes as mental manifestations of a dynamic stereotype.

Emotional relationships, wrote V.N. Myasishchev, are manifested in emotions of attachment, sympathy or antipathy, friendship or enmity, hostility, which is accompanied by “profound changes in the entire intrasomatic dynamics in connection with the significance of the object that evokes intense emotion in a person.” Along with emotional relationships, he also emphasized cognitive relationships, among which is cognitive interest.

Evaluative attitudes are formed under the influence of social-moral, ethical, aesthetic and other criteria of actions. The formation of moral and ethical assessments determines criticism of oneself and others, a person’s exactingness towards himself and others, respect in the positive case and neglect or contempt in the opposite case. Based on evaluative relations, “even more complex relations of duty, obligation, responsibility” and beliefs arise. As relationships, they are formed by a combination of a system of requirements with knowledge of reality (primarily social). They are correlated with both emotional reactions and active (volitional) readiness to fight for their implementation in life.

All types of personality relationships, their combinations and variants are realized in communication, in a person’s reactions and actions, as well as in his reactive and psychogenic disorders. A complex combination of types of relationships V.N. Myasishchev defined it as the structure of relationships; in it, he especially emphasized a person’s conscious relationship to the environment, to himself and to activity, considering them the result of social influences, a person’s upbringing and a sign of the highest degree of personal development.

The scientist argued that relationships are effective; they manifest themselves both in individual actions and in a system of actions under different circumstances and over a long period of time. In this regard, V.N. Myasishchev gave them a moral characterization: a positive attitude is selfless, serious, deep, responsible, principled, demanding, healthy, conscious, etc.; negative is irresponsible, intolerant, self-serving, hypocritical, negligent, selfish, etc. The scientist considered the attitude towards people to be the top of the hierarchical system of relations.

The introduction into scientific circulation of the concept of “attitude” as a synthetic category allowed V.N. Myasishchev considered personality as a “highest integral concept”, which is “characterized, first of all, as a system of relationships between a person and the surrounding reality.” The scientist believed that it is in the psychology of relationships that the true content and dynamics of personality are expressed. Thanks to stable relationships and under the influence of a changing situation, a person does not always change his positions, but often maintains them despite the requirements of this situation due to dynamic restructuring and mobilization of internal resources. He considered the formation of stable noble social and moral relations to be the leading task of the subjects of education.

As is known, in the 30s the problem of human relations became a priority, but it was in the works of V.N. Myasishchev, it “received the widest and most comprehensive coverage.” According to V.N. himself Myasishchev, the urgent need of that time was the search for a holistic and generalizing approach to the study of man and his interactions with the social environment. The author paid great attention to the study of the relationships between mental processes, mental states, mental formations (including character traits) and personal relationships.

The qualitative characteristics of all these phenomena, he believed, are largely determined by relationships. “We have long been engaged in covering the problems of mental activity from the standpoint of the psychology of relationships.” This fundamental generalization was based on experimental data obtained in the studies of A.A. Smirnova and A.S. Egorova. The first established a relationship between attitude and memory, the strength and diversity of which depend on the degree of active-positive (or, conversely, indifferent) attitude towards the content of what is being studied. The second, based on the experience of physical education classes in high school, showed that the formation of volitional qualities is associated with the attitude of students to these classes. A.G. Kovalev together with V.N. Myasishchev, studying the problems of will and motivation, revealed that they are also associated with the attitude towards the object of action and act subjectively as desire, aspiration, need, consciousness of duty, necessity.

Believing that personality is formed in activity, communication and relationships, V.N. Myasishchev was the first major Russian psychologist who clearly distinguished between the concepts of “activity”, “interaction”, “communication”, “treatment” and “attitude”. Attitude is an essential core characteristic of the content of a person: “Attitude is a strength, a potential that determines the degree of interest, the degree of expression of emotion, the degree of tension of desire or need.”

Characterizing the state of contemporary psychology, V.N. Myasishchev noted that mental processes have been studied in sufficient detail, but their carrier - the individual - is not studied enough; that activity is studied in isolation from the actor, and the processes of activity are studied without the subject - the individual. Being a man of extraordinary decency, with his whole being turned to people, he revealed the socio-historical nature and objective-subjective conditioning of personality.

V.N. Myasishchev believed that it was necessary to create a personological theory and practice based on the concept of personality and its properties, from the laws of its development, from its dynamics, structure and implementation of its relationships and all its possibilities in objective activity.

Having come to the conclusion that personality is a single, extremely complex whole, and understanding the inevitability of its study both in parts and as a whole, he considered this approach to be productive only if one does not lose sight of the fact that the elements of personality simultaneously express the whole, which corresponds to the concept “personal relationships” or “psychic relationships”. Understanding the psyche, consciousness, personality as “the unity of reflection and relationship,” the scientist believed that in conscious mental activity the subject acts as a relater, and the object as a reflector, and “...every step of our daily life, its joys and sorrows, its achievements and failures , even its disasters are inextricably linked with people’s relationships.”

Considering personality to be an extremely complex higher integral mental formation, V.N. Myasishchev argued that it is characterized, first of all, by a person’s system of relations to the surrounding reality and to himself; that a person is not only an abstractly thinking subject who creates tools for influencing the world, but also consciously related to reality.

Thus, from the many definitions of personality relationships formulated by V.N. Myasishchev, the central one in his concept clearly emerges: relationships “in a special psychological sense represent a conscious, active, selective, holistic system of temporary connections of a person as a personality-subject with all of reality or with its individual aspects, based on individual socially conditioned experience.”

Conscious attitude towards the environment and towards oneself V.N. Myasishchev considered it a sign of the highest level of personal development. Speaking about a conscious attitude, the scientist meant the existence of such an attitude in which a person is clearly aware of the objective grounds and subjective motives of his actions, of his duties and responsibilities, of all behavior in general. The scientist saw consciousness growing out of the past and oriented towards the future, the result of social influences and human upbringing.

Conscious attitude, as defined by V.N. Myasishchev, represents the highest level of attitude to reality, and in the very awareness of this attitude there are a number of steps that a person goes through in the process of development:

1. “The initial period of increasing, manifesting in different areas and integrating selectivity can be called pre-relationship, that is, a conscious attitude that has not yet been formed in the presence of obvious selectivity.”

2. Up to a certain point, the child is not a conscious, that is, a consciously related being. As the baby masters speech, the selective relations of the baby become more pronounced and distinct, and among them the clearest, as emphasized by V.N. Myasishchev, the relationship to parents, to other children, to teachers and games. Some properties of relationships - independence, initiative, conscientiousness, sociability - in preschool age already appear as character traits. Features of relationships at this stage “are characterized by situational mobility and easily change in contrast under the influence of a passing emotional state. Relationships are closely fused with action and reaction. They are expressed in action. The nature and level of development of relationships are determined at this age primarily by adults (parents, educators).”

3. Analyzing relationships at school age, V.N. Myasishchev connected the consciousness of students with educational activities and believed that the structure of relationships is determined by the requirements of objective necessity, and the management of one’s actions rises to a new level, since a new element appears in the variety of interactions - extra-family responsibilities and compulsory educational work.

4. At high school age, fundamental attitudes, beliefs, and ideals are formed, which are manifested in behavior.

Selectivity of relations, from the point of view of V.N. Myasishchev, depends on the content of the object and on its significance for the person concerned, since a person reacts to something important or significant, but does not react to something unimportant or indifferent. The scientist also said that “being realized in individual reactions, relationships are not exhausted by them, but presuppose their system and repetition in connection with the object with which they are connected”; that human relationships are connected not only with the present or the past, but are of a promising nature, based on knowledge of objective laws and foreseeing the future. The ability to wisely use such a forecast naturally provides certain opportunities for psychocorrection.

The scientist also associated individuality in a person’s actions, deeds, and experiences with the uniqueness of selective conscious relationships to the environment.

V.N. Myasishchev developed a classification of relationships. He revealed various types of relationships, which are determined by “the many-sided possible reactions of a person and the versatility of objects.” The difference in attitudes is manifested in the positivity or negativity of a person’s active reactions. The main types of relationship, according to V.N. Myasishchev, have roots in the phylogenetic and historical past of man and are:

– needs, as a conative tendency of mastery, that is, a peculiar connection between subject and object, which has a “certain neurodynamic structure”;

– relationships with an undifferentiated character in the early stages of development;

– emotional attitude, that is, unconscious relationships of highly organized animals; affection, love, sympathy or antipathy, enmity, hostility, etc. – in humans;

- special types of relationships - interests, assessments and beliefs, sometimes determining deep relationships, experiences and behavior of a person;

– an ethical attitude that, in extreme cases, has deep respect for a person at one pole and contempt at the other;

– an indirect relationship, when a certain result of activity is expected in the system of personal goals;

– direct attitude, that is, attitude to the process, goal and environment of the activity;

– attitude as a dynamic stereotype (or attitude), completely determined by past experience, but not identified with a conscious attitude.

All these types of relationships, their combinations and numerous options are realized in communication, in human reactions and actions, as well as in accentuations of character, in reactive psychogenic disorders, in psychosomatic diseases, in neuroses; in his success or failure. V.N. Myasishchev defined a complex combination of types of relationships as a structure of relationships, in which he especially emphasized needs, emotional attitudes, interests, evaluative attitudes and beliefs.

The scientist considered needs as a conative tendency of mastery to be one of the main types of relationships. In addition, in them “... the impulses of a person in transformative activity are most actively manifested.”

Needs are the main source of a person’s vital activity. The constitutive components of the concept of need are: a) the subject experiencing the need, b) the object of the need, c) a peculiar connection between the subject and the object, which has a certain functional neurodynamic structure, manifested in the experience of attraction to the object and in the active striving to master it.

At the same time, needs represent a person’s selective connection with various aspects of reality. They are potential, that is, they are revealed during the action of the object and in the known state of the subject.

In addition, they act as a sign of differentiation of personalities. “The huge variety of tendencies that can dominate, from food and sexual desire to the need for work, represents significant grounds for the differentiation of personalities and characters... The ratio of acquired and innate needs is therefore an important indicator of personality and character.” The author emphasized that needs can be innate and acquired.

Speaking about the need for knowledge, V.N. Myasishchev called its primary source an orienting reflex, noting that as cognitive experience is formed, interest and the need for knowledge usually do not fade away, but grow, essentially turning into a propensity for cognitive activity, a thirst for knowledge in a person. In turn, the development of the need for activity goes from attraction and pleasure, from elementary sensorimotor acts to the most complex ideological and meaningful activity, that synthesis of the active need for activity with the awareness of one’s social duty, which already characterizes vocation. In this generalization of the scientist, the fusion of the biological, social and socio-psychological in the personality is specified.

In the need for communication V.N. Myasishchev revealed the presence of transitions from a specific personal and emotional attitude - the attraction to being together with certain people to principled relationships - the need to act in the interests of the team and to the merging of one’s interests with its requirements. This need can have varying degrees of awareness and different levels:

– the lower is characterized by an unclear gravitation, when the object and motive are not realized;

– the highest level corresponds to a report on the object of the need, its motives and sources, as well as the highest self-regulation – mastery of the need and the entire system of actions arising from it; the highest level of needs is a developed need; according to V.N. Myasishchev, this is a fully realized need, reflecting a gravitation towards the object of need and an internal urge that directs a person’s capabilities to possess an object or master an action.

One of the types of relationships V.N. Myasishchev considers an emotional attitude, which manifests itself in the emotions of attachment, sympathy, love or in antipathy, hostility, enmity; emotional reactions, emotional states and emotional relationships. “Integrity in emotion is expressed by the unity of multiple ways of manifesting the body’s relationship to an external object and by profound changes in all intrasomatic dynamics in connection with the significance of the object that causes intense emotion in a person.” Without emotion, he argued, there will be no relationship, there will be what is called indifference and indifference, indifference.

Following the division of I.P. Pavlov of feelings and emotions on a physiological basis (cerebral cortex and subcortical region, respectively), V.N. Myasishchev believed that higher feelings - intellectual, aesthetic, moral - cannot be called emotions. Along with emotional relationships, the scientist also distinguished more complex ones - ideological, ethical (moral) and aesthetic.

V.N. Myasishchev characterized the relationship either positively or negatively. A positive attitude is selfless, creative, serious, deep, demanding, responsible, principled, healthy, conscious, integral, etc.; negative is unacceptable, irresponsible, intolerant, selfish, selfish, external, ostentatious, hypocritical, negligent, etc. . Relationships are effective; they manifest themselves both in individual actions and reactions, and in a system of actions under different circumstances and sometimes over a long period of time.

A positive attitude can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent - from affection to passion and admiration, it can be justified and objective, subjective, biased or blind, it can be stable or unstable, etc. V.N. Myasishchev argued: if in the early stage of human development, relationships are concretely emotional and situational, then an adult, normally developed person, despite his condition and mood, does not change his fundamental attitude, although in adults the degree of optimistic or pessimistic attitude, friendliness, hostility and so on. may often fluctuate due to mood swings.

In the formation of moral consciousness and moral feelings of the individual, conditioned by the requirements of the environment, knowledge of models, comparison of one’s actions and deeds with models and assessment of reference persons, it occurs, as V.N. Myasishchev, the formation of evaluative relationships formed under the influence of ethical, aesthetic and other criteria of human actions and experiences. At the level of conscious activity, the scientist noted, a transition of relationships to the second signaling system takes place, which is accompanied by a qualitative change in the immediate, emotional assessment, turning it into a conscious one.

According to V.N. Myasishchev, “in assessments that are genetically closely related to emotions, attitude acts as a complex mental formation in which the reflection of an objective object and social objective evaluation criteria are inextricably merged with the evaluative attitude and emotional reaction of the subject himself.” The formation of ethical assessments and the associated criticality towards oneself and others determines, in turn, the emergence of demandingness, or a demanding attitude, towards others and towards oneself, from which follows a special type of ethical attitude towards another person - respect in a positive case and neglect or contempt in the opposite.

Such mental formations as “duties”, “shoulds”, “responsibility” are associated with ethical (moral) and aesthetic criteria. They “are determined by social requirements accepted and assimilated from the outside, which turn into internal demands on oneself and the environment, with the formation of responsibility or a responsible attitude towards social requirements and one’s responsibilities.”

Based on evaluative relations, “even more complex moral “relations of duty” arise. The combination of a system of requirements with knowledge of reality (primarily social), according to the scientist, forms a person’s beliefs that express his ideas about what reality is and what it should be. Beliefs are correlated with emotional reactions and active (volitional) readiness to fight for the implementation of established beliefs in life. V.N. Myasishchev was deeply convinced that personality and its relationships are tested and manifested at the most critical moments of life. Analyzing examples of heroic behavior of people in times of war and peace, the scientist concluded that “... the characteristics of the psyche of heroes... with psychological inevitability arise from their highly personal and at the same time selfless attitude, from their conscious devotion... to their homeland... to society and your business." Heroism is possible with a responsible attitude towards one’s responsibilities, a common cause, which is shaped by the demands of parents and teachers and becomes the basis of duty and conscience. And such character traits as integrity, conscientiousness, determination, courage are, according to V.N. Myasishchev, the expression and consequence of the attitude towards the task, the subject of activity.

Along with the emotional relationships of V.N. Myasishchev also identified cognitive relationships, among which is interest, as a special type of active relationship. Interest V.N. Myasishchev defined it “as an actively positive attitude towards a cognitive object and as a need for intellectual mastery.” The concept of interest, as in any relationship, according to the scientist, “contains all the functional components of mental activity, but interest is dominated by a cognitive emotion associated with the need for intellectual mastery, and volitional effort is associated with overcoming the intellectual difficulty of the task.” Interest as a tendency of cognitive reflection at the same time coincides with the need for knowledge from primitive curiosity to scientific knowledge. The scientist saw the presence of interest, in particular, as a condition for increasing the brightness of the emotional attitude to the activity and, accordingly, its effectiveness. Also, memory, which represents a trace of past experience, in his opinion, depends to the greatest extent on interest.

Based on the unity of the individual and society, V.N. Myasishchev believed that in the system of human relations “there is a hierarchy of dominant and subordinate relations” and in it “relations between people always play a decisive role.” He advocated for the study of personality, taking into account the special significance of hierarchy in the system of its relations, where the dominant and determining ones are attitudes towards people, generally determined by the structure of society, and attitudes towards activities, which affect the entire structure of relations as a whole. He repeatedly emphasized that practical interaction with people requires the ability to take into account the personality of another person and the ability to take into account its characteristics. He believed it was necessary to “see the collective and the individual in their unity,” understanding by the unity of the collective “the connections, interactions and relationships of the members of the collective.”

Exploring some features of human relationships, manifested in communication and interaction with other people, V.N. Myasishchev emphasized their concreteness, reality and moral content. He, in particular, noted: “...Sensitivity is not just subtle sensitivity, but sensitivity in relation to a person, his difficulties and suffering. It is based on a clearly positive attitude towards a person. The same can be said about responsiveness."

Attaching great importance to the socio-historical conditioning of the individual, manifested in the predominance of social or personal interests, the scientist revealed several possible plans for characterizing the individual.

V.N. Myasishchev is one of the first Russian psychologists who came close to revealing the structure of personality, identifying four levels in it.

The first plan is the dominant relationship, which is associated with questions about why a given person lives, what is the meaning of life for him:

whether he is guided by the social ideal of the welfare of other people or the goals of personal success, or whether the person does not set himself any distant goals and objectives.

The scientist included the mental level of a person in the second group of properties - the level of his desires and achievements, by determining which, one can find out what a person’s capabilities are and what he has achieved, what mark he has left in the life of society. “This also includes such still little studied properties as complexity, subtlety, and differentiation of personality.” External and internal reactions of a person, determined by the selective focus of his relationships, V.N. Myasishchev called “the poles of external sociality and internal responsiveness of the individual to other people and the demands of the team,” and the level of development and selectivity of relationships – the content of the individual.

The scientist considered the third essential component of a personality’s characteristics to be the dynamics of its reactions (or temperament), which manifests itself in all aspects of the personality.

The scientist considered the fourth component of personality characteristics to be the interconnection of the main components, calling this interrelation the general structure of the personality and emphasizing its significance. V.N. Myasishchev saw in the fourth component the character of the individual, the qualities of which are proportionality, harmony, integrity of the personality, its width and depth, its functional profile, as well as volitional and moral qualities, such as “stability, perseverance, endurance, self-control, responsiveness, attention to the person , integrity, honesty and the negative qualities opposite them.” The scientist believed that in character, “as in a single unit, the dominant relationships of a person are connected with the level of his development as a whole, in individual aspects and the dynamics of temperament.”

The unity of the personality structure, the relationship in it between the ideal and the material, the social and the individual V.N. Myasishchev strongly recommended that it be considered in connection with its historical development, during which a person develops methods of action that are conducive to the development of conscious mental properties, when the individual gradually, in the fight against its shortcomings, becomes social. Taking into account the view of V.N. Myasishchev’s attitude towards people as the top of a hierarchical system of relations, one can reasonably explain the reason for the catastrophic decline in the level of moral consciousness and moral feelings and the primitivization of humanity as a whole, which is torn away from its evolutionary and historically conditioned social essence and is given over to the power of the cults of individualism that are rapidly instilled today, selfishness, cynicism.

V.N. considered important. Myasishchev and a person’s attitude to activity.

By consciously transforming reality, acting in accordance with his internal attitude, a person at the same time develops his abilities.

V.N. Myasishchev sought to implement his theoretical generalizations into practice, to make them accessible to teachers, doctors, etc. Thus, emphasizing the importance of self-education in individual development, the main points here, the scientist considered:

“1) separating oneself from the environment, the formation of “I” and “not-I”, the division of “I” in objective reality;

2) the formation of selective stable reactions to the environment, which gradually rise to the level of conscious relationships;

3) the emergence and development of initiative in activity, as the implementation of independent and promising “volitional” actions that overcome immediate impulses and obstacles, first in external and then in internal reality, which are the basis of the internal personal organization of experiences and behavior.”

V.N. Myasishchev believed that it is the psychology of relationships with its hierarchical and activity-based approaches that expresses the true dynamics of the individual, which changes positions under the influence of a changing situation, maintains them despite the changing requirements of this situation, or ensures external immutability due to dynamic restructuring and mobilization of internal resources. Considering relationships to be a force, a potential that determines the degree of interest, the degree of expression of emotion, the degree of tension of desire or need, V.N. Myasishchev saw in them the driving force of personality.

Moral struggle, the clash of moral and non-moral motives, the result of this clash are determined by the level of effectiveness of moral relations, their dominance. Formation of stable, dominant noble social and moral relations V.N. Myasishchev considered the leading task of teachers, psychologists, and doctors.

Thus, the concept of “psychology of personality relationships”

V.N. Myasishchev, reflecting the current trend today, is an effective “tool” both for diagnosing the analysis of personality characteristics, and for increasing the effectiveness of education, the formation of moral relations in a social group (team), as well as for diagnosing mental anomalies and pathologies for the purpose of successful psychological correction of deviant and delinquent personality, psychotherapy of psychogenic diseases.

A distinctive feature of the concept of “relationship psychology”

V.N. Myasishchev is its irreducibility to a speculative theory: it is based on a wealth of empirical material and is perfectly applicable in the leading fields of “human studies,” primarily in social psychology, medicine and pedagogy.

So, the concept of “psychology of personal relationships” by V.N. Myasishchev is a theoretical and methodological basis for socio-psychological research, as well as an effective tool for diagnosing personality in normal conditions and with mental abnormalities in order to optimize its formation, successful psychocorrection of delinquent and sick individuals. Taking into account the psychology of personality relationships, it is legitimate to draw a conclusion about personology as a branch of social psychology.

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS

LABOR ACTIVITY ACCORDING TO V.N. MYASISCHEV

Labor activity, according to V.N. Myasishchev, can and should be the subject of research by social psychology, since a person, while working, deals not only with mechanisms, but also with a certain task of joint activity, with employees - members of the team, that work must be considered as a social action, as a creative transformation of reality , as “the highest conscious and purposeful activity in which a person acts as an initiative figure, as a subject,” i.e. as a person. In his activities, a worker (employee, student) certainly interacts with the people around him, while he must take into account and adapt to the dynamic system of relations, remaining adequate to them.

Social psychology makes it possible to study personal relationships and relationships in a team, the mutual influence of the team and the individual, ways to form an optimal moral and psychological climate, the focus of workers on achieving better work results, on mutual assistance and a sense of comradeship, when a common collective cause becomes important for a person and stimulates him to creative performance of their duties.

V.N. Myasishchev argued that not only social psychology, but also “... psychology and physiology should represent sciences not about an abstract and inactive person, but about a person, first of all, in his main and characteristic activity - in work.” It is important to study a person at work in normal and pathological conditions in his reactive-dynamic changes and capabilities, that is, in an active state. It is impossible not to take into account the emotional state of the subject (i.e. the individual), especially his ethical and aesthetic emotions, the manifestation of which in physiological terms “is based on the formation of a dynamic system of close temporal connection between intense cortical excitation and excitation of the subcortical region.” It is cortical excitation that manifests itself as the highest human emotions, i.e. emotions of the individual and “involves specifically human components of nervous activity, includes and nourishes, and sometimes directs speech, thinking and actions of a person and, thanks to the power of excitation, creates close, strong dominant connections” [ibid.].

Considering a person’s attitude to work as a personal category, the scientist characterizes it depending either on the active-positive orientation of the individual to achieve high results, on positive interest, or on vanity and other utilitarian-egoistic motives. One person sees work as a source of material well-being and self-worth in the eyes of people around him; the other has a high social consciousness and a principled attitude to work. For the first, the leading motives are personal gain and selfish self-affirmation; for the second, selfish motives fade into the background, and fundamental attitudes determine maximum labor output and high productivity. Therefore, the scientist recommends to managers, it is imperative to take into account “the social situation and the social dynamics of relationships between people in the process of work and between a person and his work in the system of human goals.”

From the standpoint of social psychology, the scientist attached great importance to the mental states of the individual in work activity. In the analysis of work activity, a large role is assigned to V.N. Myasishchev distinguished the concepts of fatigue, saturation and satiety - negative mental states of the individual, developed at one time by K. Levin, who revealed the dynamics of fatigue and saturation, their features in connection with the characteristics of the individual and his general state at the current moment. At the same time, V.N. Myasishchev noted that the value of K. Levin’s works does not mean their absolute acceptability, since these studies were conducted on volunteers in gaming activities, their results cannot be fully transferred to real work activity, because only in it the consciousness of the objective social significance of work determines the attitude and to work, and to the team, to members of your team and the enterprise as a whole.

The change of states: vigor - fatigue, elation - passivity, enthusiasm - saturation reduces the significance of the goal of the activity, and the volume and quality of work. These natural fluctuations, according to V.N. Myasishchev, must be taken into account in the process of scientific organization of labor in order to reduce the level of negative influences on the labor process and preserve both the strength fund of the body and the spiritual potential of the individual. A negative emotional attitude towards a specific job at the current moment can cause a specific personal conflict between the desire to rest or quit work and the awareness of the need to continue it, despite fatigue.

At the same time, at a high level of mental development, this conflict is easily overcome by the individual himself. In this regard, V.N. Myasishchev wrote:

“The purposeful action of a person is expressed not only in the system of means of work, but also in the system of managing his dynamic resources, the expenditure of which in humans, unlike animals, is regulated not by the direct impulse of internal drive or external stimulus, but by the motives of a conscious attitude; Moreover, the higher the demands placed on a person by the task, the greater, therefore, the distance between the goal and the available level of means to achieve it, the greater the required mobilization and the greater the effort made.” Where the automatic level of tension or the automatic type of action are insufficient, effort arises, which is always associated with a higher level of activity and demands on oneself or from objective necessity. “Objective difficulty and objective results can only measure the objective expenditure of energy, but not those individual difficulties, not the personal tension that the process of activity required. Effort can only be determined through the relationship of the external objective result with individual capabilities.”

The basis for an adequate understanding of the processes of labor activity, according to V.N. Myasishchev, the concepts of personality and relationships should be based, and not just motor and other mental functions: perception, memory, attention... Only on the basis of taking into account a person’s attitude to work, on the basis of his motives and style of work, awareness of its significance, attitude towards himself , requirements for oneself and for the result of work can be understood as remembering or forgetting, attention or absent-mindedness, intense effort or its absence, a state of passion or indifference.

Significant factors that determine the content and dynamics of the labor process are awareness of the purpose and meaning of work (attitude awareness) and the specific attitude that arises in the labor process itself. For example, with the same skill of two teachers in the same subject, schoolchildren may have different success rates due to different attitudes towards these teachers, and therefore towards the subject. Lack of interest in work, as well as lack of interest in the production process, according to the scientist, sharply reduces the activity of workers and overall labor productivity. Therefore, the most important task of psychology, pedagogy, management in the labor and pedagogical process V.N. Myasishchev considered the study of the formation of attitudes towards production or educational activities, towards work and the production team.

The key and condition for the success of any work are, according to V.N. Myasishchev, the performer’s interest, passion and love for one or another of its forms. The scientist said that at every stage of life we ​​are dealing with the unity of the mechanism of neuropsychic activity, which adapts to the requirements imposed by the social environment and to the requirements of work in accordance with the task and the person’s attitude towards it. It is the sense of responsibility, the awareness of the need for any activity that encourages a person to work and complete what he started. Without such motivation, without taking into account the worker’s relationship to his work and the people around him, ergological research and innovation, according to V.N. Myasishchev may remain the wishes of the authors.

The need for work, the scientist believed, is one of the basic vital needs, which must be persistently and purposefully cultivated, emphasizing their inseparability with inclinations. At the same time, needs and inclinations are related to abilities. The tendency reveals a positive selective attitude, which becomes a passion for a certain activity if this activity brings joy and pleasure. At the same time, fatigue and saturation in activity are inversely proportional not only to the degree of severity of the inclination, but also to the positive attitude that underlies any purposeful activity.

V.N. Myasishchev said that in the psychological structure of activity there is always an emotional, sensual component. “This emotional satisfaction with an activity connects it with needs.”

According to V.N. Myasishchev, an extremely important “revolutionary” moment in the labor process is the creative joy caused by achievement; The scientist considered creative joy to be a mental enrichment and a driving moment of development. If there is an ability and inclination for a certain type of activity, combined with the persistence of labor effort, a person manifests talent as a synthesis of mutually reinforcing personality traits.

The need for a team, which forms demands on oneself, self-control and respect for other people, is of the same importance, which is why nurturing such a need is so important. The higher processes of a person’s neuropsychic activity and his creative imagination are mobilized by needs, which allows the individual to achieve the highest form of need in activity, which for a person is labor, that is, productive, socially useful activity, or creatively transformative activity. The need for creatively transformative activities can be detected in a child from an early age. According to V.N. Myasishchev, it is in activity and personality that “we have the unity of a person’s reflection of reality and his attitude towards it... High performance indicators, which are the basis of the concept of ability, are the result of the history of personality development, in particular its upbringing.”

The scientist considered industriousness as an inclination to work, believing that the true value of a person’s industriousness is revealed only when the fruits of selfless industriousness go to the service of the common cause, and are not used by anyone for selfish purposes. If we pose the question of inclination and ability in a specific sense, then, according to V.N. Myasishchev, the ability to work will be called ability to work, not inclination; assessment of work capacity and endurance is especially important in medicine, not only for certain diseases, but also for preventive measures and determining professional suitability.

In ambitious and vain people, the scientist argued, the attitude to activity is determined by praise and recognition, and not by interest in the work itself, and then the motive for recognition forms an inclination that does not correspond to the person’s real capabilities. At the same time, for example, he turned to the biographies of outstanding figures who made selfless efforts to their life’s work, and argued that labor efforts are the most important condition for creativity and the development of talent.

A person’s serious and responsible attitude to work is considered by V.N. Myasishchev as the basis of hard work and as a formed inclination to work, which allows him to overcome fatigue and exhaustion during monotonous work, use effort to continue his activities and not give up in case of failures. A strong-willed and interested person always has a high performance capacity, which gives him the opportunity to do a larger amount of work. This is important to take into account in the process of education, leadership, as well as in various studies.

The scientist associated the problem of performance not only with physical health, but also with a positive attitude towards activity and the content of work. The scientist identified a number of essential conditions for the high performance of every person: a conscious attitude, the presence of skills and stability of states.

With an initially negative attitude, in the absence of interest in work, a person works according to the type of negative (forced) subordinate attitude and may refuse to work, sometimes with a violent affective reaction (most often, for example, in hysterics).

Attitude to work, according to V.N. Myasishchev, is determined:

– awareness of personal and social significance, and, consequently, the need for work;

– direct interest in the labor process itself;

– attitude towards the leader (teacher);

– the general state of the worker (student), that is, his inclination to activity and his activity;

– the work environment (by which V.N. Myasishchev understood primarily the nature of interpersonal relationships, the socio-psychological climate of the team as a whole, etc.);

– an attitude towards work, which has a regulating effect on the personality because “in the process of work, as if in focus, the personality is expressed with all its features, including pathological ones.”

When organizing work (including academic work), it is important to take into account the mental states of the individual and manage them.

Speaking about alternating work and rest as a way to relieve fatigue, V.N. Myasishchev advises “when organizing a vacation, taking into account the paramount importance of its entertainment and cultural content,” not to “neglect the issues of neuropsychic hygiene in the sense of a rest regime.”

The scientist identified different levels of attitude towards work: 1) the level of attitude towards work can be high, developed, differentiated, can be perceived as a social necessity and evoke a principled, conscious attitude towards itself; 2) the level can be a step lower and have only a specifically personal or directly emotional character; 3) there may also be a narrow utilitarian-egoistic attitude to work - as its goal side, or the attitude to work as a process may be of an entertaining nature; 4) work attitudes can be even less developed and are subject to changes in a person’s affective state: in a good mood - he works, in a bad mood - he quits work.

The labor process may be disrupted due to: 1) lack of a work attitude and desire to work, or the presence of a negative attitude; 2) lack of ability to work, lack of skills and knowledge on work; 3) increased complexity of the task, requiring higher mental development; 4) insufficiency of a person’s neuropsychic and psychophysiological capabilities to perform the given work.

V.N. Myasishchev believed that the attitude towards the task of work is associated primarily with the level of aspiration, which represents “those qualitative and quantitative indicators that, in the opinion of the person under study, his productivity should satisfy.” The scientist here considers two points that characterize the level of conscious attitude towards work and the ego- or sociocentric orientation of the individual: the subjectively personal side of the aspiration, which is “closely connected with self-esteem, feelings of inferiority and the tendency to self-affirmation” and the objectively principled side of the aspiration, associated “with the awareness of the significance of the work, with a sense of social responsibility, with demands on oneself, based on a sense of duty.” The dynamics of the level of aspiration significantly depends on success and failure. The level of aspiration reflects both interest and consciousness of necessity, which can even overcome the weakness and exhaustion of an asthenic person. In relation to certain tasks, “even a small amount of success and recognition often turns out to be all the more subjectively significant, the less achievements in other areas.”

In works dating back to the early 70s, V.N. Myasishchev expressed thoughts about the development of the theory of scientifically based management - cybernetics, which is capable of providing a person with increased means of influence, enrichment and refinement of the means of perception and accelerated processing of materials of experience, as well as bionics, which he attached great importance to as a theory of the application of cybernetics to living things.

The scientist said that the problem of managing human behavior and experiences has been solved since ancient times, that pedagogy, administrative management and family leadership are most actively involved in this problem: “Now we are getting closer and closer to the issues of anthropocybernetics and in this system psychotherapy plays a significant theoretical and practical role as system of methods of leadership and management of a person." As we can see, psychotherapy is considered by V.N. Myasishchev more broadly than is traditionally understood: both as healing and as managing human behavior. At the same time, the definition of the characteristics that distinguish humans from animals and dead matter, in terms of cybernetics, remains to be explored. At the same time, V.N. Myasishchev was deeply convinced that without taking into account a person’s consciousness, his convictions and independence, the theory of management should not be applied to a person.

During the creative years of V.N. Myasishchev, in connection with complex mechanization and the widespread introduction of automation, the nature of labor has changed significantly, the requirements for the level of education of the worker have increased, the line between mental and physical labor has become increasingly blurred: “Labor, on the one hand, becomes easier, on the other, it becomes not only more productive , but in some cases even more intense.” Full automation, at first glance, seems to eliminate stress, but it necessarily arises due to the monotonous nature of the work, an increase in noise and other interference, which, according to V.N. Myasishchev, makes necessary certain measures for labor protection, organization of rest and preventive monitoring of the health of workers, as well as social and pedagogical work to prevent violations of human relationships, friction and conflicts. Production activities in hot shops, shops with intense noise, with conveyors and semi-automated work, naturally, require complex professional and technical knowledge and skills, as well as psycho-hygienically sound selection of workers.

V.N. Myasishchev emphasized that in order to create optimal working conditions it is necessary to take into account the entire complex of complex and sometimes confusing conditions and requirements, which makes necessary a serious comprehensive study of labor processes and the interactions of the worker with the reality around him with socio-psychological, functional psychological, psychophysiological, neuropsychological and others positions. The scientist argued that the question of the total load of physical and mental labor also requires careful functional-psychological and socio-psychological research and differentiation based on this, not only in production, but also in educational institutions from the first grades of school to universities, where the dynamics of activity and its novelty are maximized expressed.

Various violations of relationships between people in family, living, educational and industrial conditions are circumstances that play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurotic deviations, which, as a rule, reduce the productivity of any work. In this regard, V.N. Myasishchev wrote: “Hygienists paid enough attention to a number of external working and living conditions in their influence on neuropsychic health, but the most important factor - the specific relationships of people - was not given enough attention, and their role in terms of hygienic measures was not covered at all.”

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I learned a few new facts about this movement. Therefore, as you understand, I will not only re-reveal what I once told last year, but I will also surprise you a little.
Still, I shouldn’t be surprised, gentlemen.

My readers sometimes come across the opinion that there were no sects in the USSR. But this is not at all true, there was no sex in the USSR, but there were sects, although of course in limited numbers.
Among all the long-lived sects, the group of Viktor Davydovich Stolbun, which exists to this day, stands out. Her story is remarkable because it proves how easy it is to gain complete control over a person simply by using scientific and political terminology.

One day, a careless student Vitka Stolbun was expelled from his third year of medical school for poor academic performance. Viktor Stolbun was clearly not a very capable person for learning if, after long travails and institutes, he could only get himself a correspondence diploma as a teacher of Russian language and literature. But the point is not in the diploma, the point is that the teacher’s dream of being a healer of human bodies and souls did not fade away, but rather was transformed.
Not being a psychiatrist or a doctor at all (I ask you to remember this), Victor Stolbun once realized that all our troubles occur due to an incorrect personality structure. Whatever a person suffers from - schizophrenia, alcoholism, asthma, in all cases the problem lies in the incorrect personality structure, and not in anything else. That is, in order for a person with schizophrenia, mental retardation or alcoholism to become healthy, he needs to develop the correct personality structure.
- How was the forging of the “new man” carried out?
“The pillar beat my mother and the women who replaced her,” said Katerina. - When I was 17-19 years old, I saw the brutal beatings of Stolbun’s grandmother-mother. Once he hit her so hard that she lost hearing in one ear. My grandmother was sick with cancer and in recent years she was in bed almost all the time. The pillar beat her right in bed - because she did not obey the rules of “treatment”, for which it was necessary that the mother treat him not as a son, but as “one of the greatest geniuses of humanity”...
The concept of a “new man” included not only a happy deliverance from asthma, schizophrenia, and alcoholism, but also a complete restructuring of the psyche in such a way as to cultivate a “communist consciousness.” Without the desire for a beautiful or at least comfortable life, with full dedication of all strength to the community, with the unification and homogenization of the psyche, with a ban on taking initiative, with a refusal of personality and personal space, with group beatings.

But Stolbun would not have gone down in the history of medicine if he had limited himself to the above methods. Still, they cannot be called innovative, especially rape. What Stolbun invented in 1973 (the date of the enthusiastic letter) to create a superman and cure all diseases was included in the golden fund of BDSM devices and in sexopathology.
After the test, she asked me to take off my panties and lie on my side. Liquid chloroethyl was poured onto my buttocks (first on one, then on the other in turn) and on my toes at certain points. There was a burning sensation. After the procedure it was necessary to sleep. Then my buttocks and fingers were very itchy. Since then this has happened to me very often. I usually didn't feel any changes. All others, both children and adults, were also periodically treated in this way. There was no sexual connotation in the treatment. There is no dependency on this procedure. As far as I know, now they also use this method, but they treat not with chloroethyl, but with small electric shocks, which is less painful.
The “healer” himself called it with the scientific term “dosed centropetal impact (DCIR)”.- remember the name of this method, gentlemen.

I will leave the personal opinion of a child in a sect that manipulations with the anus and genitals do not have sexual connotations behind the scenes. But here I ask you to pay attention to the improved “layering” technique using weak current discharges. When writing this post, I spent many wonderful minutes on BDSM sites, and I responsibly declare that weak discharges of electric current are what the doctor in the Topic prescribed for a masochist.
In addition, I specifically asked two of my doctor friends what could be cured with a weak current discharge into the anus and genitals. If you convey the responses received in a censored and short manner, then nothing. And orgasm is practically guaranteed.
As for “foliation”, I can say that not everyone underwent this procedure... I never had a peel at all, and those who underwent it spoke about it very reluctantly, and the euphoria after such procedures was immediately visible, but I personally perceived it as after e.sleep….

Stolbun believed that everyone except Stolbun was schizophrenic, and schizophrenia should be treated exclusively in the manner described above. This led to Stolbun representing a whole parade of cured schizophrenics on commissions.
In the best case, the role of cured schizophrenics was played by trained oligophrenics, in the worst case, indoctrinated beaten orphans or children of Stolbunovites. The fact that, under the guise of cured schizophrenics, oligophrenics were shown to the public is not denied by the Stolbunovites themselves:
With the oligophrenia-like defect under consideration (usually leading to disability group II), a unique socialization of the individual occurs.
The socio-psychological readaptation of these individuals was quite successful and in a very short period of time: 4 or 6 months from the start of complex reflexology and psychocorrective treatment. The final psychodiagnostics (with regular monitoring of their behavior and condition 2-3 times a month) showed that all patients consistently adopted a respectful style of treating others, a desire for physical and intellectual work, reading, and productive communication with each other. They all participate in the work available to them (in the kitchen, in the department, on the farm, they are hired as auxiliary workers in agriculture), continue to complete assigned lessons and read according to the program, and learn poetry. Mental state without deterioration.

How Stolbun treated ordinary children can be seen from the enthusiastic memories of the brothers Kirill and Konstantin Ershov, who went through Stolbun’s school.
Stolbun had a lot of unusual ideas and methods; he believed that the best way to educate young citizens was to place them in special boarding schools, where they would be re-educated under collectivist conditions. Methods include singing in chorus, playing in the theater, music, hitchhiking and working in the fields of the homeland. The most neglected offspring in domestic bliss were given amazing tasks: here are two rubles for you, here is the route - in 6 days our entire school of 200 people should meet in Tyumen. And a handful of children voted on the highway, and got to Tyumen with a lot of extraordinary adventures...

Stolbun died in 2005, and why did I remember him? Taking into account the fact that they have already been expelled from the place of the last group of Stolbunites - from the 5th military clinical hospital - and they have almost stopped writing about this sect.

It's simple. Thanks to artais_ I learned that since 2009 (at least) the Stolbun sect has not only been operating on the basis of another boarding school or kindergarten, but has also joined the Institute of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.
I didn't make a mistake. Currently, the Stolbun sect is successfully crippling children and adolescents in

Yu.V. Stolbun is the daughter of the late Victor Stolbun, a part-time kindergarten teacher. You can look the rest of the people who have been crippling the psyches of children and teenagers for decades
And all of them, since 2009, have been carrying out experiments with children with tuberculosis by exposing the genitals and anus to weak discharges of electric current. Don't believe me?

In this article, Yulia Stolbun and her company fearlessly write that:
In order to normalize the tone of the cortical parts of the central nervous system, the DCRV method was used - dosed (in terms of duration and location of exposure), centripetal (in the direction from the periphery to the center), repercussive (in terms of the effect on segmental sensitivity receptors) effects, which were carried out using surface electropuncture on biologically active points and zones of segmental sensitivity of Zakharyin-Ged.
When performing superficial electropuncture, an Elean electrical impulse stimulation device was used (current strength no more than 2 mA, supply voltage 9–8.8 V, electric impulse of negative polarity relative to the passive electrode with a duration of 200 ± 100 μs, electric impulse frequency 10 + 2 Hz). The power and supply voltage, duration and frequency of the electrical pulse are constant values ​​(instructions for use were approved by the USSR Ministry of Health on December 24, 1987).
And, as you might guess, without normalization through anal torture with electric shock, tuberculosis patients are recognized as lacking independence and with reduced self-control. And immediately after a good charge in the ass, miracles happen.

Other chicks from Stolbun's anal nest have also successfully gone viral. For example, K.O. Chedia successfully lectures on psychological assistance at the University of Psychology and Education. Other experts in anal torture with electric shock also work as psychologists, who are always ready to come to the aid of a teenager.
So at any moment in a government hospital, a good doctor may approach your child and ask you to pull down your panties.

About the story of Victor Stolbun.

http://www.svoboda.org/programs/hr/2001/hr.022101.asp
(Radio Liberty/Radio Free Europe, Inc. All rights reserved)

Ilya Dadashidze:

The review “Western Press on Human Rights and Freedom of Speech” was prepared and read by Vladimir Vedrashko. Radio Liberty has already addressed the activities of Viktor Stolbun in one of its reports. Today, his commune-sect and methods of treating sufferers are once again attracting the attention of law enforcement agencies and specialists from the Ministry of Health. Marina Katys reports.

Marina Katys:

First, a little about the history of the issue. In 1972, Victor Stolbun, who was twenty-nine years old at the time and had already been expelled from the Second Medical Institute for poor academic performance, managed to get a job as a medical psychologist in a psychiatric hospital.

In 1974, Viktor Stolbun, using the patronage of the then deputy chief psychiatrist of Moscow and the head of the psychosomatics department of the First City Hospital, Mr. Strogin, went to work at the First City Hospital. At the same time, the first Stolbun commune appeared. In 1976, Victor Stolbun already openly claimed that he treated not only schizophrenia, but also alcoholism, oncology and skin diseases. More and more influential people became Stolbun’s patients, including members of the Politburo, as well as, and most importantly, their children. Beginning in 1978, famous filmmakers began to receive treatment for alcoholism from Stolbun. This is how Moscow’s chief narcologist Eduard Drozdov characterized Stolbun in 1997: “This is a man who decided to make the whole world dependent on him. Therefore, he chose and chooses children of influential parents as his patients, and these parents become Stolbun’s patrons because they depend on him",

This is also confirmed by Svetlana Romanyuk, a member of the Committee for Saving Youth from Destructive Cults.

Svetlana Romanyuk:

With the help of testing, Stolbun and the company select suggestible people, from whom the sect-commune is replenished. If these are rich people, they make large material injections. If these are famous people - and they have always hunted both rich and famous people - he will advertise to them. If this is a person in authority, then these people will provide them with all possible support in this territory.

Marina Katys:

The method that Victor Stolbun tried and is trying to treat everyone is the so-called lamination. I don’t really want to talk about the essence of this method, but, apparently, minimal explanations are still necessary. In the eighties, in the process of treating alcoholism, Stolbun poured chlorethyl, used in medicine for local anesthesia, into patients’ anus. When working with children, he used air passed through liquid nitrogen to cool the perineum, and also used electrical stimulation of the children's genitals.

Svetlana Romanyuk continues.

Svetlana Romanyuk:

If you trace the activities of this entire group (and it has been going on for more than twenty-five years), then they were engaged in the same method, and Stolbun simply does not know any other methods either in the field of medicine or in the field of psychology.

Marina Katys:

According to doctors, Stolbun’s method created a double dependence in patients. On the one hand, through continuous humiliation and psychological pressure (and quite often, beatings), the patients formed a psychological dependence on Stolbun himself. On the other hand, chlorethyl absorbed through the anal mucosa led to a state of specific intoxication and already formed a physiological dependence. In 1994, when the Stolbuna commune was already quite firmly established in Stupino, near Moscow, a major scandal broke out. At the request of deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, a commission of doctors and child psychologists came to the commune. The results of the examination of children were heard at the Human Rights Commission under the President of the Russian Federation. As a result, the Stolbuna commune in Stupino ceased to exist. Nothing was heard of him for some time, and then he reappeared.

Svetlana Romanyuk:

After Stolbun, with the help of the public, was expelled from the Moscow region, they safely moved to the Torzhok district of the Tver region, and the organization of the medical rehabilitation center "Correction" and the boarding school "Peleon" were registered on the territory of the Mitino sanatorium. Stolbun did not receive a license for teaching activities, and, despite the responses from the Tver Regional Prosecutor's Office that teaching activities were not being carried out, in fact they were being carried out. Exactly the same way as medical activities were carried out. Our committee sent letters to law enforcement agencies in Tver, Torzhok, education and health authorities. We received standard, generic answers. Until, finally, in 1997, the chief psychotherapist of Tver, Vladimir Serafimovich Tugov, approached us, telling us that advertising for Stolbun’s activities had begun - both pedagogical and medical. And he asked us for all the available documents, recordings of television programs, and all these documents were handed over to him. Specialists, doctors from the city of Tver spoke, the Tver diocese, and a number of newspapers spoke. People were told about what Stolbun was doing to people; it was actually very serious. After all, this method leads to addiction. According to experts, electrical stimulation of these zones causes biochemical changes in the same brain structures that are involved in the formation of drug addiction.

Marina Katys:

As a result, Viktor Stolbun was forced to leave the Tver land. But during this time, the members of his commune, and he himself, managed to graduate from several higher educational institutions in a not entirely legal way.

Svetlana Romanyuk:

They managed to obtain diplomas from Tver State University, Faculty of Psychology, and were practically awarded the qualification “psychologist”. The documents state that the person was admitted in 1994 and graduated in 1995. Either they were admitted in 1995 and graduated in 1996, which gives the person looking at the document the impression that they completed two years of training. In fact, based on documents obtained from the archives of Tver State University, the transcript, four to four and a half months passed from the moment of admission to graduation. It's not clear what it is. This is not a second higher education diploma, which requires three years of study. This is not a further education diploma, because it has a completely different look. Thus, in four months, people, Russian language specialists, geographers, aviation engineers, became “psychologists” (in quotes, of course). After receiving these diplomas, they are accepted for certification cycles at the St. Petersburg and Moscow Medical Academies of Postgraduate Education, and their training there lasts one to two months. And they receive diplomas and certificates of specialists in medical psychology, psychotherapy, diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric diseases in children and adults. People completed only four months of training at TSU and one or two months, that is, five to six months - and people allegedly became doctors and gained access to treatment for Russian army personnel injured in hostilities.

Marina Katys:

Now all these diplomas have already been declared invalid by the prosecutor's offices of Moscow, St. Petersburg and the Tver region. But even before that, Victor Stolbun and like-minded people managed to get a job.

Word to Svetlana Romanyuk.

Svetlana Romanyuk:

Having become a laboratory for medical and psychological correction at the Fifth Military Clinical Hospital of the Air Force in the city of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region, they wanted to expand the scope of their activities. The Ministry of Defense is completely illegal to come into contact with a civilian medical institution.

The chief physician of psychiatric hospital number 3 of the regional subordination, Arkady Emelyanovich Krotov, already a former one today, writes a letter to the deputy head of the main military medical department to Bykov that he proposes to start an experiment on the basis of his hospital. For this purpose, Alexander Valerianovich Tselko, director of the regional public organization of disabled military service people “Zabota”, selects children from psychoneurological boarding schools in the Moscow region, children who are oligophrenic by birth, and takes them for an experiment to psychiatric hospital number 3 of the Moscow region, which is a gross violation of the health care law of the Russian Federation and the law on the provision of psychiatric care under a number of articles.

Marina Katys:

I admit, this whole story looks fantastic. But in front of me lies a thick folder of documents confirming that all this is true. Experiments on children actually took place.

Svetlana Romanyuk:

The experiments took place at night. People from other departments were also recruited. Their condition worsened after that.

A team of doctors and nurses, seeing such lawlessness, turned to the governor of the Moscow region, Gromov, who sent this complaint to the Health Committee of the Moscow region, which invited a prosecutor, and they went to check. They hid these children and said that they went on a hike. The prosecutor made a representation to the Minister of Health of the Moscow Region, the Minister of Education of the Moscow Region, and the head of the administration of the Yegoryevsky District about the inadmissibility of such activities. The Minister of Health of the Moscow Region wrote a letter to Deputy Minister of Defense Isakov asking him to immediately stop the experiment. After this, the head physician was fired, accordingly, but this company was in the hospital even after this order was issued, in November, at least they were still there, in November 2000.

Marina Katys:

The audit established the participation in the experiment of at least ten patients aged from fifteen to twenty years, and none of the patients signed a consent to participate in the experiment. The audit also established the fact that methods and means prohibited by the Ministry of Health were used during the experiment. But Viktor Stolbun did not bear any responsibility for this.

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