Generals who died in captivity during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, but did not repeat the "feat" of General Vlasov
Major General Alaverdov Khristofor Nikolaevich.
Born on May 25, 1895 in the village of Ogbin in Armenia into a peasant family. Batrachil. Didn't finish school, self-taught. In 1914 he was mobilized into the tsarist army, until 1917 he participated in the 1st World War as a private, non-commissioned officer, second lieutenant.
Since February 1918 - voluntarily in the Red Army. Member of the Civil War: in 1918 as a private in the Kuban against the troops of Kaledin; in 1919 in Ukraine he was the commander of a platoon of the Armenian regiment against the Germans and the troops of Skoropadsky. He was wounded in the head. In 1920-1921, on the Eastern Front, as a squadron commander and commander of the 2nd Petrograd regiment against Kolchak's troops; in 1921-1924 in Ukraine, the commander of a cavalry regiment of the 9th cavalry division against Makhno and other bands. For two years he studied at the Kiev United Military School, and then for another year he fought in Tajikistan as chief of staff of a cavalry regiment against the Basmachi. In this position, he served for another four years in the Moscow Military District and for two years as a regiment commander of the 2nd Armenian Cavalry Division in the Transcaucasian Military District. In 1935, Alaverdov graduated from the Frunze Military Academy, commanded a Cossack cavalry regiment in the Kuban for a year, and then for two years was a student at the General Staff Military Academy and taught at the Frunze Military Academy for another three years. In February 1940 he became the commander of the 113th Infantry Division of the Belarusian Special Military District. On June 5, 1940, Alaverdov was awarded the rank of Major General. From March 21, 1940, he was a brigade commander, from February 22, 1938 - a colonel. From the end of 1939 to March 1940, the division took part in the war with Finland, then returned to its district.
From June 22, 1941, Alaverdov, at the head of his division, participated in the border battle on the South-Western Front, then in the Kiev defensive operation. Together with other front troops, the division was surrounded by superior enemy tank forces. While trying to get out of the encirclement of the Alaverds with a group of commanders and fighters, they stumbled upon an ambush of significant forces of the Nazis. A fire fight ensued. Alaverdov fired back from a machine gun, then from a pistol, but was still taken prisoner. He was taken to Germany, to the Hammelburg camp. He immediately began to conduct anti-fascist agitation among the prisoners of war, urging them to oppose the brutal regime of the camp. For this he was transferred to the Nuremberg prison. But even here Alaverdov continued his agitation, repeatedly said that he was convinced of the victory of the Red Army. At the end of 1942, the Nazis took him out of the cell and shot him. General Alaverdov was awarded the orders: 2 Red Banners (1938 and 1940), Red Banner of Labor (1938).
Major General of the Technical Troops Baranov Sergei Vasilievich.
Born on April 2, 1897 in the village of Sistovo, Leningrad Region, into a working class family. He graduated from the 6th grade vocational school in St. Petersburg and in -1917 - the school of warrant officers.
From July 23, 1918 - in the Red Army, worked in the military registration and enlistment office. In 1919-1921 - on the fronts of the Civil War, as a platoon commander and head of communications in a battery. In 1923 he graduated from the infantry command school. Until 1930, he commanded transport units, then completed advanced training courses for commanding personnel. For two years he commanded a rifle battalion. In 1933 he graduated from the tank technician school and commanded a battalion of cadets for six years. Since 1939 - the commander of the 48th motor transport brigade. In 1940 - Assistant Inspector General of the Red Army Armored Directorate. On June 4, 1940, Baranov was awarded the rank of Major General. He was a brigade commander from September 11, 1939, a colonel - from April 4, 1938.From March 11, 1941, he commanded the 212th motorized rifle division in the Belarusian Special Military District, with which he entered into battle on the very first day of the Great Patriotic War in the Western front. The division, under the onslaught of large tank forces, retreated to the old border. Here she was surrounded east of Minsk and suffered heavy losses. While trying to get out of the encirclement, General Baranov was wounded in mid-July and captured.
He was in a German hospital in Grodno, and after his recovery - in a prisoner of war camp in Zamoć in Poland. In February 1942 he fell ill with typhus here and died of exhaustion. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1919).
Major General Danilov Sergey Evlampievich.
Born on September 5, 1895 in the village of Nechaevka, Yaroslavl Region, into a peasant family. In 1915 he graduated from the Moscow real school, and in 1916 - from the Alekseevsk military school of the tsarist army. He participated in the battles of the 1st World War as a company commander, a lieutenant.
In July 1918 he voluntarily joined the Red Army. Member of the Civil War: in 1919 - on the Northern Front as a company commander against Yudenich's troops; in 1920 on the Western Front as battalion commander and assistant regiment commander against the White Poles. Was injured. Until 1930 he commanded a rifle battalion. Then he worked in the combat training department of the Belarusian Military District. In 1933 he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy and in 1934 became the head of the tactics department at the Military Academy of Communications. In 1938-1939 he was assistant division commander, and then commander of the 280th rifle division of the 50th army. On June 4, 1940, Danilov was awarded the rank of Major General. He was a colonel since August 27, 1938.
Since August 1941, he took part in the battles in Bryansk, then on the Western Front, in the battle near Moscow. In March 1942, during the Rzhev-Vyazemskaya operation, Danilov's division was surrounded by the enemy east of Rzhev. When leaving the encirclement in one of the battles, Danilov was wounded and, together with a group of commanders of his headquarters, was captured. He lay in a German hospital, then was taken to Germany in the Flessenburg camp. For refusing to cooperate with the Nazis, he was transferred to the Nuremberg prison.
From chronic malnutrition, illness and frequent beatings on March 1, 1944, he died and was burned in the crematorium. General Danilov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1938).
Lieutenant General Ershakov Philip Afanasevich.
Born in October 1893 in the Taganka village of the Smolensk region in a peasant family. He graduated from a rural school, worked in his father's household. In 1912 he was drafted into the tsarist army, took part in the 1st World War. In 1916 - graduated from the regimental training team, became a senior non-commissioned officer.
In 1918 he joined the Red Army. Member of the Civil War in 1918-1920 on the South-Western and Southern Fronts as a platoon, company, battalion commander. Until 1924, he was assistant regiment commander. He graduated from the higher command courses "Shot" and from 1924 to 1930 commanded a rifle regiment. For two years he was an assistant, and since 1932 - the commander of a rifle division. In 1934, in a special group of senior commanders, he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy, then again commanded a division for two years, and then for two years - a corps, In 1938, Ershakov became deputy commander of the Ural Military District, and at the end of the year, commander this county. On June 4, 1940, he was promoted to lieutenant general.
Since September 1941, General Ershakov commanded the 20th Army on the Western Front, took part in the Battle of Smolensk and in the Vyazemsk defensive operation. In early October, during this operation, his army, along with other armies of the front, was surrounded by the enemy. On October 10, 1941, when leaving the encirclement, Ershakov was taken prisoner after a fire battle. He was taken to Germany, to the Hammelburg camp.
Ershakov refused all the proposals of the Nazis to cooperate with them. He was subjected to systematic beatings, from which he died in July 1942.
General Ershakov was awarded two Orders of the Red Banner (1919, 1920).
Major General Zusmanovich Grigory Moiseevich.
Born June 29, 1889 in the village of Khortitsa, Dnepropetrovsk region, in the family of a craftsman. He graduated from the 4th grade of a rural school. He was a steam mill worker for five years. He served in the tsarist army from 1910 to 1917. Since 1914, he took part in the 1st World War as a senior non-commissioned officer.
In December 1917 he joined the Red Guard, in February 1918 - in the Red Army. He took part in the Civil War: in 1918 he was the head of a detachment in the Ukraine against the Germans and white bands, then on the Eastern Front he was the head of the food supply of the army against the formations of the Czechs, Kolchak's troops. In 1919, on the Southern Front, he was the chief of the 47th rifle division of the 12th army, and later the chief of the 2nd Tula rifle division, he fought against Denikin's troops. In 1920 he was military commissar of the Oryol military district. In 1921-1922 - the Dagestan Republic, and until 1925 - the Stavropol Territory and the Don District.
In 1926, Zusmanovich graduated from advanced training courses for higher command personnel at the Frunze Military Academy and worked for two years as the military commissar of the Karachay Republic. From 1928 to 1935, he was the commander and commissar of the 2nd Ukrainian Convoy Division of the Ukrainian Military District. Then for two years he commanded the 45th rifle division in the Kiev military district, being at the same time the commandant of the Novograd-Volynsky fortified region. In 1937-1940 he served in the Transcaucasian Military District as the chief of the rear and the chief of the supply of the district. On June 4, 1940, Zusmanovich was awarded the rank of Major General. Prior to that, from June 1937, he was a division commander.
For a year he worked as a senior lecturer and assistant to the head of the quartermaster academy, and in September 1941 he became deputy commander for logistics of the commander of the 6th Army of the Southwestern Front. During the Kiev defensive operation, the army was surrounded. The troops were ordered to leave the encirclement in separate groups. Zusmanovich brought one out for them. Army control was restored, it received divisions from the Southern Front and the headquarters reserves. Zusmanovich remained the chief of the rear of the army, participated in the Donbass and Barvenkovo-Lozovskaya offensive operations of the Southwestern Front. In the battle of Kharkov in May 1942, the army, along with the rest of the front's troops, was surrounded east of Krasnograd. This time, Zusmanovich did not manage to get out of the encirclement. In a fire fight from the group he was leading, he was wounded in the leg and could not move. Lying down, he fired back from a pistol, but several German soldiers pounced on him and took him prisoner.
He lay in a hospital in the Polish city of Holm, then there he was in a prisoner of war camp. In July 1942 he was taken to Germany, to the Hammelburg camp.
For refusing to cooperate with the Nazis, he was transferred to the Nuremberg prison, and then to the Weissenburg fortress. He died from exhaustion and continuous beatings in July 1944. General Zusmanovich was awarded the Orders of the Red Banner (1924) and the Red Banner of Labor of Ukraine (1932).
Lieutenant General Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev.
Born October 27, 1880 in Omsk in the family of a military official. He graduated from the Siberian Cadet Corps and in 1900 a military engineering school in St. Petersburg. He served in the army. In 1911 he graduated from the Military Engineering Academy. Participated in the 1st World War as a lieutenant colonel.
In February 1918 he voluntarily joined the Red Army. Member of the Civil War: in 1918-1920 on the Eastern Front, the head of defense construction and the head of army engineers; in 1921, on the Southern Front, he was deputy chief of the front's engineering service. Until 1924, he served in the military development department of the Red Army, then as a teacher at the Frunze Military Academy, and from 1936 at the General Staff Military Academy. Author of over 100 scientific papers, professor (1938), doctor of military sciences (1941). On June 4, 1940, Karbyshev was awarded the rank of Lieutenant General. Prior to that, from February 22, 1938, he was a division commander.
In June 1941, Karbyshev inspected fortifications in the Belarusian Special Military District. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, it retreated to the east along with the troops and in July in Western Belarus was surrounded. Coming out of it, on August 8 in battle he was seriously wounded and captured. He was treated in a German hospital. Then he was sent to the Zamoć camp in Poland. Repeatedly refused to go into the service of the Nazis and cooperate with them. Conducted anti-fascist underground work among prisoners of war.
He passed through the camps Hammelburg, Nuremberg, Lublin, where he was systematically beaten. On February 18, 1945, in the Mauthausen camp on the parade ground, he was tied to a pole and watered with water was frozen to death.
General Karbyshev was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (1946), he was awarded the orders: Lenin (1946), Red Banner (1940), Red Star (1938). Monuments were erected to him in Mauthausen and in Karbyshev's homeland in Omsk.
Major General Andrey Danilovich Kuleshov.
Born on August 11, 1893 in the village of Semenkovo, Moscow Region, into a peasant family. He graduated from a 4-grade zemstvo school, worked in his father's household. In 1914 he was mobilized into the tsarist army, until 1917 he participated in the 1st World War as a private and non-commissioned officer.
From February 1918 - in the Red Army. In 1918-1922 he fought on the fronts of the Civil War as a commissar of a regiment, brigade and division. Then he served as the commander of a rifle regiment for two years, then he studied at the highest command courses of the Red Army for a year. From 1925 to 1933 he was the commander of a rifle division, then for three years he was a listener of the Frunze Military Academy. After graduating from the academy, he commanded a division for another year, and from 1937 he commanded a special rifle corps. In 1938 he was arrested and spent a year in prison under investigation, after which he was dismissed from the ranks of the Red Army. In 1940 he was rehabilitated, reinstated in the army and appointed senior lecturer at the Military Academy of the General Staff. On June 4, 1940, he was awarded the rank of Major General.
At the beginning of 1941, Kuleshov was appointed commander of the 64th Rifle Corps of the North Caucasian Military District, and with the outbreak of World War II, deputy commander of the 38th Army of the Southwestern Front for the rear. He took part in the defense on the Dnieper and in the Kiev defensive operation. In December 1941, Kuleshov was appointed commander of the 175th Infantry Division of the 28th Army.
After the Kharkov battle of 1942, with the withdrawal of troops to the east, enemy tanks near the village of Ilyushevka near Olkhovatka on the Chernaya Kalitva River on July 13, 1942, broke through the division's battle formations and attacked its command post. In a fire battle, Kuleshov was taken prisoner.
From continuous beatings and hunger in the spring of 1944 he died in the Flessenburg concentration camp. General Kuleshov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1922).
Major General Konstantin Efimovich Kulikov.
Born May 18, 1896 in the village of Vitomovo, Tver Region, into a peasant family. He graduated from a 4-grade rural school, worked in his father's household. From 1914 to 1917 he participated in the 1st World War as a soldier and non-commissioned officer.
In 1917 he joined the Red Guard detachment of the Moscow Railway. From April 1918 - in the Red Army. Until 1920 - on the fronts of the Civil War as a platoon, company, battalion commander. The next two years - assistant regiment commander. Then he graduated from an infantry school and until 1927 was an assistant to the regiment commander for the economic part. In 1928 he graduated from the higher command courses "Shot", after which he was an assistant division commander for two years. In 1931-1937 he commanded a rifle regiment. In 1938, the commander of the 39th Infantry Division participated in battles with the Japanese on Lake Khasan. He was arrested, but after a year of investigation he was released for lack of corpus delicti. In 1939, he was appointed head of the Dnepropetrovsk advanced training courses for command personnel. On June 5, 1940, Kulikov was awarded the rank of Major General. He was a brigade commander from 17 February 1938, a colonel from 17 February 1936.
In March 1941, Kulikov was appointed commander of the 196th rifle division of the Odessa military district. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, as part of the 9th Army of the Southern Front, he participated in the border battle, in defensive battles on the Dniester, Southern Bug and Dnieper. On September 15, when the enemy broke through into the depths of our defenses, the division was surrounded, and Kulikov was captured.
Initially, he was in a prisoner of war camp in Vladimir-Volynsky, from there he was taken to Germany to the Hammelburg camp, and at the end of 1942 to the Flessenburg camp, where he died of hunger and beatings.
General Kulikov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1938).
Major General Petr Grigorievich Makarov.
Born June 29, 1898 in the village of Kudiyarovka, Tula Region, into a peasant family. He graduated from a parish school, worked as a farm laborer and laborer. From February 1917 he served as a private in the tsarist army.
In October 1918 he joined the Red Army on conscription. From 1919 to 1922 - on the fronts of the Civil War: in 1919 he was a platoon commander of the 11th Cavalry Division of the 1st Cavalry Army in battles against Denikin's troops. In 1920, the squadron commander of the same division against Wrangel's troops. In 1921-1922 - in Ukraine, the commander of the 13th cavalry regiment of the 1st cavalry brigade of the 1st Cavalry Army against Makhno and other bands. Until 1931, he commanded various cavalry units, then until 1937 he was chief of staff of a cavalry regiment, then a year - a regiment commander and another year - assistant commander of the 6th cavalry division of the Belarusian Special Military District. In 1939, Makarov became the commander of this division. On June 9, 1940, he was awarded the rank of Major General. From October 31, 1938, he was a brigade commander, and from January 5, 1937 - a colonel.
In March 1941, Makarov became deputy commander of the 11th Mechanized Corps. On the second day of the Great Patriotic War on the Western Front, the corps, along with two more corps, took part in a counterattack against the enemy in the Grodno direction. Despite stubborn battles, the front's troops failed to stop the enemy, and with the permission of the Stavka, they began to withdraw to Minsk. But the tank troops of the Nazis moved faster - and the 11th Mechanized Corps, along with other formations of the 3rd and 10th armies, were surrounded east of Minsk. On July 8, while trying to break out of the encirclement with a fight, General Makarov was captured.
He was in the Zamoć camp in Poland, then in Germany in the Hammelburg camps and from December 1942 in Flessenburg. From overwork, beatings and hunger he fell ill with tuberculosis. In the fall of 1943, he was stoned to death by the Nazis.
General Makarov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1930).
Major General Ivan Semyonovich Nikitin.
Born in 1897 in the village of Dubrovka, Oryol Region, into the family of an employee. He graduated from elementary school, worked as an employee. From 1916 to 1917 he served in the tsarist army. Participated in the 1st World War.
In the Red Army since June 1918. He graduated from the cavalry courses and until 1922 as the commander of a platoon, squadron, cavalry regiment on various fronts participated in the Civil War. Until 1924 he commanded a regiment and a brigade. In 1927 he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy, then for six years he was chief of staff and for three years commander of a cavalry division. In 1937-1938 he was under investigation, but the case was dropped due to lack of corpus delicti. Since 1938, Nikitin was a senior teacher at the Frunze Military Academy, and in 1940 he was appointed commander of the 6th Cavalry Corps of the Belarusian Special Military District. On June 4, 1940, he was awarded the rank of Major General.
With the outbreak of World War II, the corps took part in the border battle on the Western Front, in July 1941 it was surrounded by the enemy. While trying to break out of it to the east, after a stubborn battle, Nikitin was captured. He was taken to Germany in the Hammelburg camp.
Repeatedly rejected the proposals of the Nazis to cooperate with them, convinced the prisoners of the victory of the Red Army. In April 1942 he was taken out of the camp and shot.
General Nikitin was awarded two Orders of the Red Star (1937 and 1941).
Major General Novikov Petr Georgievich.
Born December 18, 1907 in the village of Luch in Tatarstan in a peasant family. He graduated from a rural school and primary school.
In 1923 he voluntarily joined the Red Army, becoming a cadet of the Kazan Higher Infantry School. At the end of it, until 1937, he commanded various rifle divisions. In 1937-1938 he fought as a battalion commander in Spain on the side of the Republican Army. Upon his return, he commanded a rifle regiment, including in 1939-1940 in the war with Finland. In May 1940 he was appointed commander of the 2nd Cavalry Division. On June 4, 1940, he was awarded the rank of Major General.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he fought on the Southern Front. In October 1941, he became commander of the 109th Infantry Division of the Primorsky Army, which defended Sevastopol. The stubborn defense lasted until July 4, 1942. On this day, General Novikov, among the last defenders of the city, was captured at Cape Chersonesos.
He was sent to Germany and spent the rest of the year in the Hammelburg camp. Then he was transferred to the Flessenburg camp. Due to the brutal regime, hunger, beatings, he was very emaciated. Without any reason, in August 1944, he was killed by the camp guards.
General Novikov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1940).
Major General Novikov Timofey Yakovlevich.
Born on September 7, 1900 in the village of Zagorye, Tver Region, into a peasant family. He graduated from a rural school and a 4-grade teacher's seminary. In 1917-1918 he served as a private in the tsarist army.
From July 1918 in the Red Army. Member of the Civil War: in 1919-1920 on the Western Front as a detachment commander, against the troops of Denikin and the White Poles; in March 1921 he took part in the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion as an infantry school cadet. Until 1932 he commanded rifle divisions. Then for five years he was an assistant and chief of the operational department of the division headquarters. For another two years he worked as the chief of the intelligence department of the corps headquarters. For three years he commanded the 406th Infantry Regiment of the 124th Infantry Division.
June 22, 1941 entered into battles with the Nazis. Participated in a border battle. The division was surrounded, but Novikov managed to bypass maneuver, first behind enemy lines, and then to the front line to withdraw 2 thousand people from the encirclement on July 25, 1941 to the location of the 5th Army. At the same time, on July 5, he was wounded in the leg. From October 1941, he commanded the 1st Guards Motorized Rifle Division on the Western Front. On January 10, 1942, Novikov was awarded the rank of Major General. He has been a colonel since November 28, 1940.
In January 1942, he became the commander of the 222nd Infantry Division. During the Rzhev-Sychevsk operation, the division, having pulled ahead, was surrounded by the enemy. Novikov organized a breakthrough, but he himself was blocked by the Nazis at the observation post and after a short fire battle on August 15, 1942, was captured.
He was in the Nuremberg camp, from February 1945 in the Weissenburg fortress. In April 1945 he was transferred to the Flessenburg camp, where he died of exhaustion.
General Novikov was awarded the Order of Lenin (1942).
Major General Ivan Presnyakov.
Born in 1893 in the village of Gridino, Nizhny Novgorod Region. He graduated from a teacher's seminary, worked for hire. In 1914 he was drafted into the tsarist army, took part in the 1st World War. In 1915 he graduated from the school of warrant officers, in 1917 - from the military school.
In the Red Army since 1918 he was an employee of the military registration and enlistment office. In 1919-1921 he commanded a company, battalion and regiment on the fronts of the Civil War. For two years he was the chief of the brigade's reconnaissance, then for six years he commanded a rifle regiment. In 1929 he graduated from the higher command courses "Shot". Then for five years Presnyakov taught at the Omsk infantry school. In 1934-1938 he headed the military department of the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, and for the next two years he served as a senior assistant to the inspector of the infantry of the Red Army. In 1940 he was the head of the combat training department of the Moscow military district. On June 4, 1940, Presnyakov was awarded the rank of Major General.
In May 1941, he was appointed commander of the 5th Infantry Division of the Kiev Special Military District. With this division he met the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. During the border battle, the division was surrounded by large enemy forces and suffered heavy losses. When leaving the encirclement, Presnyakov at the end of July was ambushed by the Nazis and after a short fire resistance was captured.
Was in the Zamoć camp in Poland. Then at the Nuremberg prison in Germany. Here on January 5, 1943, he was shot by the Nazis for pro-Soviet agitation.
During the Great Patriotic War, not only ordinary soldiers and commanders died on the fields of fierce battles, but also their senior commanders, generals and admirals.
Thus, in the early 1990s, a list containing 416 names of Soviet generals and admirals who died during the war was published in the Voenno-Istoricheskiy Zhurnal.
Brief information on the victims.
Losses of generals in terms of military ranks, positions held and circumstances of death are characterized by the following data:
Marshal of the Soviet Union 1
Army Generals 4
Colonel General 4
Lieutenant General 56
Major Generals 343
Vice Admirals 2
Rear admirals. 6
Total: 416 people 
Among the dead and deceased generals and admirals (416 people) are taken into account:
Marshal of the Soviet Union Boris Mikhailovich Shaposhnikov, the former chief of the General Staff of the Red Army, died of illness on March 26, 1945, being the chief of the General Staff Academy. Buried in Moscow.
Generals of the army:
Apanasenko Iosif Rodionovich, Deputy Commander of the Voronezh Front. He died of wounds on August 5, 1943. He was buried in Belgorod.
Nikolai Vatutin, Commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front. He died of wounds on April 15, 1944. He was buried in Kiev.
Dmitry Pavlov, Commander of the Western Front. He was shot by a military tribunal in 1941. Rehabilitated on July 31, 1957.
Chernyakhovsky Ivan Danilovich, commander of the troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front. Died on February 18, 1945. He was buried in Vilnius, reburied in Voronezh. 
Colonel Generals:
Zakharkin Ivan Grigorievich, commander of the troops of the Odessa military district. He died on October 15, 1944 in a car accident. Buried in Odessa.
Kirponos Mikhail Petrovich, commander of the troops of the South-Western Front. Killed in action on September 20, 1941. Reburied in Kiev.
Leselidze Konstantin Nikolaevich, commander of the 18th Army on the North Caucasian Front. He died of illness on February 21, 1944. He was buried in Tbilisi.
Pestov Vladimir Ivanovich, commander of the artillery of the Transcaucasian front. He died of illness in April 1944. He was buried in Tbilisi.
This number did not include Colonel-General A. D. Loktionov, who did not take part in the war. G. M. Stern, lieutenant generals P. A. Alekseev, F. K. Arzhenukhin, I. I. Proskurov, E. S. Ptukhin. P. I. Pumpur, K. P. Pyadyshev, P. V. Rychagov, Ya. V. Smushkevich, Major Generals P. S. Volodin, M. M. Kayukov, A. A. Levin, repressed before the war and executed during the war years.
Generals (admirals) by positions held:
Front commanders 4
Deputy and Assistant Front Commanders 3
Chiefs of staff of the fronts 5
Commanders of troops of military districts 1
Deputy commanders of military districts 1
Chiefs of Staff of Military Districts 2
Members of the military councils of the fronts 2
Members of Military Councils of Armies 4
Army commanders 22
Deputy commanders of armies 12
Chiefs of Staff of Armies 12
Corps commanders 54
Deputy corps commanders 19
Chiefs of Staff of Corps 4
Division commanders 117
Deputy commanders of divisions 2
Brigade commanders 9
Squadron commanders. Air Force commanders of armies, fronts, fleets 9
Chiefs of communications, engineering troops, rear and VOSO fronts 2
Chiefs of the rear of armies 9
Commanders of artillery, armored and mechanized troops of fronts, armies, corps 41
Chiefs of Engineering Troops, Army Signals 3
Deputy chiefs of staff of fronts, fleets, armies 6
Generals of the central and main directorates of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR, military academies, schools, research institutes 45
Other officials 28
Total 416
Among them:
The commanders of the fronts, Generals of the Army N.F. Vatutin, D.G. Pavlov, I. D. Chernyakhovsky, Colonel General M.P. Kirponos.
Deputy commanders and assistants of the front commanders, General of the Army I.R. Apanasenko, Lieutenant General F.Ya. Kostenko, Major General L.V. Bobkin.
The chiefs of staff of the fronts, Lieutenant-General P.I. Bodin, P.S. Klenov, Major General V.E. Klimovskikh, G. D. Stelmakh, V.I. Dead ends.
Commander of the Odessa Military District Colonel-General I.G. Zakharkin. Chiefs of staff of military districts Major General A.D. Korneev, N.V. Pastushikhin. Members of the military councils of the fronts, Lieutenant General K.A. Gurov and K.N. Zimin. Members of the military councils of the armies, Major General A.F. Bobrov, I. V. Vasiliev, I.A. Gavrilov, B.O. Galstyan.
Army commanders Colonel-General K.N. Leselidze, Lieutenant Generals S.D. Akimov, A.M. Gorodnyansky, F.A. Ershakov, M.G. Efremov, A.I. Zygin, V. Ya. Kachalov, P.P. Korzun, V.N. Lvov, I.F. Nikolaev, K.P. Podlas, P.S. Pshennikov, A.K. Smirnov, P.M. Filatov, F.M. Kharitonov, V.A. Khomenko, major generals K.M. Kachanov, A.A. A. V. Korobkov Lapshov, A.I. Lizyukov, M.P. Petrov, K.I. Rakutin.
By the circumstances of death (death)
Killed in action 185
Died of received wounds 61
Missing 14
Killed or died in captivity 23
Blown up by mines 9
Killed in plane crash 12
Killed in a car accident 6
Killed in an accident 2
Died of disease 79
Shot and posthumously rehabilitated 18
To avoid captivity, committed suicide 4
Committed suicide 3
Total 416
In addition, during the war, 2 corps and 5 divisional commissars died, died or disappeared without a trace, who served in the positions of political composition:
members of the military councils of the fronts 2
members of military councils of armies 3
Chief of the Political Department of the Army 1
deputy division commander for political affairs 1
However, not all researchers and historians agree with the number 416, for example, the military historian Shabaev is convinced that there were 438 of them, Kuznetsov - 442.
Military-historical literature and documents of the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA) and the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (TsAMO) give grounds for including in the list - in addition to 416 - the names of 42 more generals and admirals who died from 1941 to 1945. Taking into account the new data, a list of 458 people is obtained.
In 1993 and 2001, a team led by Colonel-General Krivosheev published in two editions a statistical study on the losses of the Soviet Armed Forces (AF) in the twentieth century. If in the first edition the figure was called 421 (general), then in the second it dropped to 416.
The authors, naming the figure of 416 people, said that this number did not include Colonel Generals Alexander Loktionov, Grigory Stern, who did not take part in the war, Lieutenant Generals Alekseev, Arzhenukhin, Proskurov, Ptukhin, Pumpur, Pyadyshev, Rychagov, Smushkevich, General - Majors Volodin, Kayukov, Levin, repressed before the war and shot during the war.
This statement is not entirely true. Firstly, generals Volodin, Proskurov, Ptukhin and Pyadyshev were arrested not before the war, but at the beginning of the war, which means they took part in it. Major General of Aviation Volodin at the end of June 1941 was chief of staff of the Red Army Air Force, Lieutenant General Pyadyshev fought as deputy commander of the Northern Front and commanded the Luga task force, and Heroes of the Soviet Union, Lieutenant Generals of Aviation Proskurov and Ptukhin in the war took part in the positions of commanders Air Force of the 7th Army and Air Force of the Southwestern Front. Secondly, among the 416 listed in the official list, there are several dozen generals and admirals who were not in the active army for a single day and died from illness and accidents in the deep rear.
The greatest combat losses took place in 1941. This is when in six months (June 22 - December 31, 1941) the Red Army lost 74 generals - that is, it lost 12-13 people every month. representatives of their senior officers.
According to other data, losses in 1941 were even higher (for six months - 107 people) - 18 people per month. True, already in 1942-1944, the losses were halved (from 8 to 9 people per month). http://sary-shagan.narod.ru/esse/esse011.htm
In the first year of the war, four generals, being surrounded, did not want to surrender and shot themselves, it is known that during the whole war 11 Soviet generals did not want to surrender to the enemy alive and shot themselves.
In terms of categories, the greatest losses in the war were incurred by the command staff (almost 89%), while the political - less than 2%, technical - 2.8%, administrative - 4.6%, medical - about 1%, legal - 0.65%. Generals of the Air Force (Air Force) accounted for 8.73% of the dead, and admirals and generals of the Navy - 3.71% of the total number of losses of senior officers. The Land Forces had large losses - 87.56% of the dead generals belonged to them. one%.
It is believed that of the 83 generals of the Red Army who were captured by the Nazis, the fate of only one remains unknown - divisional commissar Serafim Nikolaev. In fact, it turns out that there is no reliable information about at least 10 more captive senior commanders. German historians write one thing about them, ours - another, and the data differ dramatically. Why are there data, they still haven't counted exactly how many of them were captured generals - either 83 people, or 72?
Official data says that 26 Soviet generals were killed in German captivity - someone died of illness, someone was swiftly killed by the guards, someone was shot. The seven who had betrayed their oath were hanged in the so-called Vlasov case. Another 17 people were shot on the basis of the order of the Headquarters number 270 "On cases of cowardice and surrender and measures to suppress such actions." With them, at least, everything is more or less clear. And with the rest? What happened to the others?
Who collaborated with the Germans - General Mishutin or his double?
Perhaps the most controversial among historians is the fate of Major General Pavel Semyonovich Mishutin - the hero of the battles for Khalkhin Gol. The Great Patriotic War found him in Belarus - Mishutin commanded a rifle division. Once the general disappeared without a trace - along with several officers. It was believed that they were killed, but in 1954 the Americans provided information that Mishutin holds a high position in one of the intelligence services of the West and allegedly works in Frankfurt.
German historians have a version that Mishutin collaborated with Vlasov, and after the war he was recruited by the commander of the American 7th Army, General Patch. But Soviet historians put forward a different version of the fate of General Mishutin: he really was captured and died. A.
The idea with a double came to the head of General Ernst-August Köstring, who was responsible for the formation of the "native" military units. He was struck by the outward resemblance between the Soviet general and his subordinate, Colonel Paul Malgren. At first, Koestring tried to persuade Mishutin to go over to the side of the Germans, but, having made sure that our general did not intend to trade in his homeland, he tried to resort to blackmail. Having ordered to make up Malgren, he showed him to Mishutin in the uniform of a Soviet general without insignia and shoulder straps (this episode is given in the Soviet collection of memoirs "The Chekists Tell", published in 1976). By the way, Malgren spoke Russian well, so it was quite easy to make a forgery.
There is no clarity about the fate of the commander of the Ural Military District, Lieutenant General Philip Ershakov. At the beginning of the war, the district was transformed into the 22nd Army and sent it to the very hell, to the Western Front.
In August 1941, Ershakov's army was actually defeated near Smolensk, but the general survived. And, strange to say, he was not sent to court, but entrusted with the command of the 20th Army. A month later, the Germans smashed this army to smithereens near Vyazma - and again Ershakov survived. But the further fate of the general raises many questions. Soviet historians defend the version that Ershakov died in the Hammelburg concentration camp less than a year after his capture, referring to the camp book of memory. But there is no confirmation that it was General Ershakov who was being held in Hammelburg.
Two generals: such similar fates and such different endings
If there is no clarity at all about the fate of Mishutin and Ershakov, then the biographies of the army commanders Ponedelin and Potapov are more or less known. And nevertheless, there are still a lot of secrets and unsolved mysteries in these biographies. During the war, five of our army commanders were captured - among them were Ponedelin and Potapov. Pavel Ponedelin, by order of the Headquarters number 270 of August 16, 1941, was declared a malicious deserter and sentenced to death in absentia.
It is known that until the end of April 1945, the general was held in a German concentration camp. And then the oddities begin. The camp in which the general was kept was liberated by American troops. Ponedelin was offered to serve in the US Army, but he refused, and on May 3 he was handed over to the Soviet side. It would seem that the sentence has not been canceled, Ponedelin should be shot. Instead, the general is released and goes to Moscow. For six months the general cheerfully "washes" the victory and his unexpected release in the capital's restaurants. Nobody even thinks of detaining him and carrying out the current sentence.
Ponedelin is arrested on New Year's Eve, December 30, 1945. He spends four and a half years at Lefortovo, to put it mildly, in sparing conditions (there is evidence that food was carried to the general from the restaurant). And on August 25, 1950, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced the general to capital punishment, and he was shot on the same day. Strange, isn't it?
The fate of Major General of Tank Forces Mikhail Potapov looks no less strange. The commander of the 5th Army of the Southwestern Front was captured in the fall of 1941 under circumstances similar to the capture of Ponedelin. Just like Ponedelin, Potapov stayed in German camps until April 1945. And then - a completely different fate. If Ponedelin was released on all four sides, then Potapov was taken under arrest to Moscow, to Stalin.
And - lo and behold! - Stalin gives the order to reinstate the general in service. Moreover, Potapov was awarded the next rank, and in 1947 he graduated from higher courses at the Military Academy of the General Staff. Potapov rose to the rank of colonel-general - even his personal meeting with Hitler and rumors that the red commander, while in captivity, allegedly "consulted" the German command, did not prevent his career growth.
The traitor to the Motherland turned out to be a scout performing a combat mission
The fates of some captive generals are so exciting that they could be scripted for action adventure movies. The commander of the 36th Rifle Corps, Major General Pavel Sysoev, was captured near Zhitomir in the summer of 1941 while trying to break out of the encirclement. The general escaped from captivity, acquired the uniform and documents of a private, but he was again caught, however, without recognizing him as a military leader. Having pushed around the concentration camps, in August 1943, the general escaped again, gathered a partisan detachment and beat the Nazis. Less than a year later, the partisan-hero was summoned to Moscow, where he was arrested, and Sysoev spent six months behind bars. After the war, the general recovered in the service and, after graduating from higher academic courses at the AGSH, retired and took up teaching.
The chief of staff of the 6th Rifle Corps of the Kiev Special Military District, Boris Richter, was a career officer in the tsarist army, a nobleman who voluntarily sided with the Red Army. Richter not only successfully survived all kinds of personnel purges, but also received the rank of major general in 1940. And then - war and captivity.
In Soviet times, the official version of the future life of General Richter read: in 1942, under the name of Rudaev, he headed the Abwehr reconnaissance and sabotage school in Warsaw, and on this basis, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced him to death in absentia.
In August 1945 he was allegedly detained and shot, but ... it turned out that Richter was by no means shot, but disappeared without a trace in the last days of the war. Archival data declassified several years ago indicate that Major General Boris Richter was carrying out a Soviet intelligence mission in the German rear, and after the war he continued to fulfill his duty to the Motherland, being in the inner circle of German General Gehlen, the founding father of the West German special services.
When they talk about the Soviet commanders of the Great Patriotic War, they recall Zhukov, Rokossovsky, Konev more often than others. In honoring them, we almost forgot the Soviet generals who made a huge contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany.
1.Commander Remezov is an ordinary Great Russian.
In 1941, the Red Army left town after town. The rare counter-offensives of our troops did not change the oppressive feeling of impending catastrophe. However, on the 161st day of the war - November 29, 1941, the elite German troops of the Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler tank brigade were driven out of the largest southern Russian city of Rostov-on-Don. Stalin telegraphed congratulations to the senior officers taking part in this battle, including the commander of the 56th division, Fyodor Remezov. It is known about this man that he was an ordinary Soviet general and called himself not a Russian, but a Great Russian. He was also appointed commander of the 56th by the personal order of Stalin, who appreciated the ability of Fyodor Nikitich, without losing his composure, to conduct a stubborn defense against the advancing Germans significantly superior in strength. For example, at first glance, his decision, strange at first glance, by the forces of the 188th cavalry regiment to attack the armored vehicles of the Germans in the area of the Koshkin station (near Taganrog) with the forces of the 188th cavalry regiment, which made it possible to withdraw the cadets of the Rostov Infantry School and parts of the 31st division from under the crushing blow. While the Germans were chasing light cavalry, running into fiery ambushes, the 56th Army received the necessary respite and was rescued from the Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler tanks that broke through the defenses. Subsequently, the bloodless Remezov's fighters, together with the soldiers of the 9th Army, liberated Rostov, despite Hitler's categorical order not to surrender the city. This was the first major victory of the Red Army over the Nazis.
2. Vasily Arkhipov - tamer of "royal tigers"<к сожалению не нашел фото>.
By the beginning of the war with the Germans, Vasily Arkhipov had successful combat experience with the Finns, as well as the Order of the Red Banner for the breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the personal destruction of four enemy tanks. In general, in the opinion of many military men who knew Vasily Sergeevich well, at first glance he accurately assessed the capabilities of German armored vehicles, even if they belonged to the novelties of the fascist military-industrial complex. So, in the battle for the Sandomierz bridgehead in the summer of 1944, his 53rd tank brigade first met the "royal tigers". The brigade commander decided to attack the steel monster on his command tank in order to inspire his subordinates by personal example. Using the high maneuverability of his car, he several times went to the side of the "clumsy and slow beast" and opened fire. Only after the third hit did the "German" flare up. Soon, his tankers captured three more "royal tigers". Twice Hero of the Soviet Union Vasily Arkhipov, about whom his colleagues said "does not sink in water, does not burn in fire", became a general on April 20, 1945.
3. Rodimtsev: “But it’s pasaran.”
Alexander Rodimtsev in Spain was known as Camarados Pavlito, who fought in 1936-1937 with Franco's Phalangists. For the defense of the university city near Madrid, he received the first gold star of the hero of the Soviet Union. During the war with the Nazis, he was known as the general who turned the tide of the Battle of Stalingrad. According to Zhukov, Rodimtsev's guards literally at the last moment dealt a blow to the Germans who came to the banks of the Volga. Later, recalling these days, Rodimtsev wrote: “On the day when our division approached the left bank of the Volga, the Nazis took Mamayev Kurgan. They took it because ten fascists attacked each of our fighters, ten enemy tanks attacked each of our tanks, for each Yak or Il that took off there were ten Messerschmitts or Junkers ... the Germans knew how to fight, especially when such numerical and technical superiority. " Rodimtsev did not have such forces, but his well-trained fighters of the 13th Guards Rifle Division, also known as the Airborne Forces, fighting in the minority, turned Nazi Goth tanks into scrap metal and killed a significant number of German soldiers of Paulus' 6th Army in hand-to-hand urban combat ... As in Spain, in Stalingrad Rodimtsev repeatedly said: "but passaran, the fascists will not get through."
4.Alexander Gorbatov - Beria's enemy<к сожалению не смог загрузить фото>.
Former non-commissioned officer of the tsarist army, Alexander Gorbatov, who was awarded the rank of major general in December 1941, was from the category of those who were not afraid to conflict with their superiors. For example, in December 1941, he told his immediate commander Kirill Moskalenko that it was stupid to throw our regiments into a frontal attack on the Germans if there was no objective need for this. He responded harshly to the abuse, saying that he would not allow himself to be insulted. And this is after three years of imprisonment in Kolyma, where he was convoyed as an "enemy of the people" according to the notorious 58th article. When Stalin was informed about this incident, he grinned and said: "Only the grave will fix the hunchback." Gorbatov also entered into a dispute with Georgy Zhukov over the offensive on Oryol in the summer of 1943, demanding not to attack from the existing bridgehead, but to force the Zushi River in another place. At first, Zhukov was categorically against it, but on reflection, he realized that Gorbatov was right. It is known that Lavrenty Beria had a negative attitude towards the general and even considered the stubborn one his personal enemy. Many people didn’t like Gorbatov’s independent judgments. For example, having carried out a number of brilliant operations, including the East Prussian one, Alexander Gorbatov suddenly spoke out against the storming of Berlin, proposing to start a siege. He motivated his decision by the fact that the Fritzes would surrender anyway, but this would save the lives of many of our soldiers who went through the entire war.
5.Mikhail Naumov: a lieutenant who became a general.
Once in the occupied territory in the summer of 1941, the wounded senior lieutenant Mikhail Naumov began his war against the invaders. At first he was a private in the partisan detachment of the Chervony district of the Sumy region (in January 1942), but after fifteen months he was awarded the rank of major general. Thus, he became one of the youngest senior officers, moreover, having an incredible and one-of-a-kind military career. However, such a high rank corresponded to the number of partisan units led by Naumov. This happened after the famous 65-day raid with a length of almost 2,400 kilometers across Ukraine to the Belarusian Polesye, as a result of which the German rear was pretty bled.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War, 78 Soviet generals were captured in German captivity. 26 of them died in captivity, six escaped from captivity, the rest after the end of the war were repatriated to the Soviet Union. 32 people were repressed.
Not all of them were traitors. On the basis of the order of the Headquarters of August 16, 1941 "On cases of cowardice and surrender and measures to suppress such actions", 13 people were shot, eight more were sentenced to imprisonment for "improper behavior in captivity."
But among the senior officers there were also those who, to one degree or another, voluntarily chose to cooperate with the Germans. Five major generals and 25 colonels were hanged in the Vlasov case. In the Vlasov army there were even Heroes of the Soviet Union - Senior Lieutenant Bronislav Antilevsky and Captain Semyon Bychkov.
General Vlasov case
They still argue about who General Andrei Vlasov was, an ideological traitor or an ideological fighter against the Bolsheviks. He served in the Red Army since the Civil War, studied at the Higher Army Command Courses, and moved up the career ladder. In the late 30s he served as a military adviser in China. Vlasov survived the era of great terror without shocks - he was not subjected to repression, even, according to some information, was a member of the military tribunal of the district.
Before the war, he received the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Lenin. He was honored with these high awards for the creation of an exemplary division. Vlasov received under his command a rifle division, which did not differ in special discipline and merit. Focusing on German achievements, Vlasov demanded strict observance of the charter. His caring attitude towards subordinates even became the subject of articles in the press. The division received the Challenge Red Banner.
In January 1941, he received command of the mechanized corps, one of the best equipped at the time. The corps included new KV and T-34 tanks. They were created for offensive operations, but in defense after the start of the war, they turned out to be not very effective. Soon Vlasov was appointed commander of the 37th Army, which was defending Kiev. The connections were broken, and Vlasov himself was hospitalized.
He managed to distinguish himself in the battle for Moscow and became one of the most famous commanders. It was his popularity that later played against him - in the summer of 1942, Vlasov, being the commander of the 2nd Army on the Volkhov Front, was surrounded. When he went to the village, he was handed over to the German police by the headman, and the arriving patrol identified him from a photo in the newspaper.
In the Vinnitsa military camp, Vlasov accepted the Germans' offer of cooperation. Initially, he was an agitator and propagandist. He soon became the head of the Russian Liberation Army. He acted with agitation, recruited captured soldiers. Groups of propagandists and a training center in Dobendorf were created, there were also separate Russian battalions that were part of different parts of the German armed forces. The history of the Vlasov army as a structure began only in October 1944 with the creation of the Central Headquarters. The army was named "The Armed Forces of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia." The committee itself was also headed by Vlasov.
Fedor Trukhin - the creator of the army
According to some historians, for example, Kirill Aleksandrov, Vlasov was more of a propagandist and ideologist, while Major General Fyodor Trukhin was the organizer and real creator of the Vlasov army. He was the former head of the Operations Directorate of the North-Western Front, a professional general staff officer. Surrendered together with all the documents of the headquarters. In 1943 Trukhin was the head of the training center in Dobendorf, from October 1944 he was appointed chief of staff of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia. Under his leadership, two divisions were formed, the formation of the third began. In the last months of the war, Trukhin commanded the Southern group of the Committee's armed forces located in Austria.
Trukhin and Vlasov hoped that the Germans would transfer all Russian units under their command, but this did not happen. With almost half a million Russians who passed through the Vlasov organizations in April 1945, his de jure army amounted to about 124 thousand people.
Vasily Malyshkin - propagandist
Major General Malyshkin was also one of Vlasov's associates. Once captured from the Vyazemsky cauldron, he began to cooperate with the Germans. In 1942 he taught at Wulguide on propaganda courses, soon became assistant chief for the educational department. In 1943 he met Vlasov while working in the propaganda department of the Wehrmacht High Command.
He also worked for Vlasov as a propagandist, was a member of the committee's presidium. In 1945 he was authorized to negotiate with the Americans. After the war, he tried to establish cooperation with American intelligence, even wrote a note on the training of the command staff of the Red Army. But in 1946 it was still transferred to the Soviet side.
Major General Alexander Budykho: service in the ROA and escape
In many ways, Budykho's biography resembled Vlasov's: several decades of service in the Red Army, command courses, division command, encirclement, detention by a German patrol. In the camp, he accepted the offer of the brigade commander Bessonov and joined the Political Center for the Fight against Bolshevism. Budykho began to identify pro-Soviet prisoners and hand them over to the Germans.
In 1943, Bessonov was arrested, the organization was disbanded, and Budykho expressed a desire to join the ROA and came under the command of General Helmich. In September, he was appointed headquarters officer for the training and education of the eastern troops. But immediately after he arrived at his duty station in the Leningrad region, two Russian battalions fled to the partisans, killing the Germans. Upon learning of this, Budykho himself fled.
General Richter - sentenced in absentia
This traitor-general in the Vlasov case did not pass, but he helped the Germans no less. Once captured in the early days of the war, he ended up in a prisoner of war camp in Poland. Nineteen German intelligence agents caught in the USSR testified against him. According to them, since 1942, Richter headed the Abwehr reconnaissance and sabotage school in Warsaw, and later in Weigelsdorf. During his service with the Germans, he bore the pseudonyms Rudaev and Musin.
The Soviet side was sentenced to capital punishment back in 1943, but many researchers believe that the sentence was never carried out, since Richter went missing in the last days of the war.
The Vlasov generals were executed by the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court. Most - in 1946, Budykho - in 1950.