Gender of nouns in Russian table. Masculine feminine

The gender of a noun is fairly easy to determine. You can just substitute a pronoun for it: my mother (feminine), my dad (masculine), my sun (neuter). But there are indeclinable nouns - nouns that occur in different sentences in the same form. And here you begin to think about how to determine the gender of indeclinable nouns.

Determine the type of abbreviations

To begin with, it would be good to remember what an abbreviation is. An abbreviation is an abbreviation for a group of words. It is usually a word consisting of the initial letters of each word in the group. To determine the gender of an abbreviation, it is necessary to determine the gender of the main word from the group.

For instance:

USATU - Ufa State Aviation Technical University. This abbreviation is definitely masculine, since the word "university" refers to the masculine gender.

Ministry of Internal Affairs - Ministry of Internal Affairs. This is a neuter abbreviation, since the word "ministry" is neuter.

How to determine the gender of a noun in a sentence

To do this, you need to look at which adjective is attached to the noun. If the adjective answers the question: “What?”, then the noun is feminine. If the adjective answers the question: “What?”, then the noun is masculine. If the adjective answers the question: “What?”, then the noun is neuter. If there is no adjective, but there is a verb, you can use it to determine the gender. For example, a lady walked down the street. "Lady" is feminine.

Rules and exceptions

If an indeclinable noun names a profession (professor, driver, attache, porter), then it is definitely masculine, even if addressed to a woman.

Indeclinable nouns that came to us from other countries, for the most part, belong to the middle gender: bra, cinema, metro, taxi, etc. Here, the exceptions are: coffee (masculine), kohlrabi (feminine), avenue (feminine) , penalty (masculine).

If an indeclinable noun names an animal - a kangaroo, a chimpanzee, then it also refers to the masculine gender. In context, they can be feminine.

The feminine gender includes indeclinable nouns that call women: Mrs., Miss, Madam, Frau, etc. Also, the female gender includes indeclinable female surnames - Curie, Mary, Carmen.

If it is necessary to determine the genus of a geographical name, you can do this by the generic word. Distant (island) Haiti. Haiti is masculine.

For those who do not want to learn the rules, there is a good tip - look up the gender of the desired word in the dictionary.

gender of nouns

1. What is the gender system of nouns in Russian?

All nouns of the Russian language in the form singular can be assigned to one of the following genera: male, female, average, general.

2. How to determine the gender of a noun?

The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with it a pronoun my:

my son, my governor, my curtain, my house- masculine; my wife, my wall, my night- feminine, my window, my sky, my animal- neuter gender.

For most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender: my apprentice, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine).

The gender of nouns is determined by the singular form. Nouns used only in the plural have no kind: manger, pasta, trousers, pitchfork.

3. Which nouns are in common gender?

Common nouns are nouns that characterize person, give him evaluation characteristic; they have endings -and I and belong to the 1st declension: slob, starter, sing, hard worker, dirty, dude, drunkard, sissy, sleepyhead, crybaby.

Common nouns can refer to both male and female people: What a slob you are! What a slob you are!

4. How to determine genderimmutable nouns?

gender of immutable nouns, calling people, determined by sex: brave hidalgo, refined lady.

Nouns denoting professions and occupation, are masculine: military attache, night porter. Nouns of the 2nd declension with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), even if used in relation to females, are still nouns male.

Invariable nouns that call animals, are masculine, although when referring to a female they can be used as feminine nouns: Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee; chimpanzees feeding their babies.Exceptions:tsetse(fly), iwashi(fish) - feminine.

immutable inanimate nouns are neuter: night taxi, tasty stew, new blinds, fragrant cocoa, aged Bordeaux, heady chardonnay, hot cappuccino, locomotive depot, new coat, wicker planter. Exceptions: coffee, penalty, sirocco(masculine); avenue, salami(feminine).

Genus foreign geographical names determined by the generic word: distant Monaco(this is a principality, i.e. a neuter noun, which means the word Monaco also neuter) wide Limpopo(river - f.r.), densely populated Tokyo(city - m.r.). If two different generic words can be used, then agreement options are possible: independent Haiti(state - s.r.), independent Haiti(country - female) and distant Haiti(island - m.r.); lovely Brescia(city - m.r.) and beautiful Brescia(province - female). In some cases, the gender of a noun is established by tradition, so a dictionary check is required.

5. How to determine the gender of compound words (abbreviations)?

Initial - by the names of letters, sound - by sounds, like ordinary words.

The genus of abbreviations is usually defined by reference word in deciphering the abbreviation or by generic word: NATO(alliance - m.r.) decided, MSGU(university - m.r.) accepted new students, CIS(commonwealth - s.r.) took the initiative, UNESCO(organization - female) declared 2011 the year of forests.

In some cases, the gender of a noun is established by tradition, so a dictionary check is required: university(the reference word is an institution, but the gender is masculine), MFA(the reference word is the ministry, but the gender is masculine), TASS(the reference word is agency, but the gender is masculine).

6. How to determine the gender of nouns ending in -Л in the form im. P.(words like tulle, callus, polish, roofing felt, valve)?

The gender of such words must be memorized, in case of difficulty, check in dictionaries. For example, you can use the dictionaries in the "Word Check" section on the website gramota.ru.

The words are masculine aerosol, polish, lampoon, vaudeville, quantile, quartile, endgame, tulle, tar paper, flat and etc.

The feminine gender includes words like mezzanine, corn, rosin, vacuole, triol and etc.

7. How to determine the gender of nouns denoting the names of shoes and paired items?

The gender of such words must be memorized, in case of difficulty, check in dictionaries.

Words denoting names shoes:

In addition, there is a two-gender noun high fur boots. If in plural the stress falls on the end of the word (unt s, -ov), then the singular form is one unt. If in plural the accent falls on the stem at nty), then the form im.p. unit - unta.

Other words denoting the names of paired objects: gaiters - one gaiter, leggings - one gaiter, sideburns - one sideburn, leggings - one leggings. But: golfs - one golf, rails - one rail, adjustments - one adjustment.

8. How to determine the gender of compound nouns(words like cafe-dining room,sofa bed)?

If only one part of the noun changes in cases, the gender is determined by variable part: personal web page(female). If the noun changes both parts of the word, then the gender is determined on a more significant within the meaning of the: delicious ice cream cake(m.r.), comfortable chair-bed (s.r.).

See additionally: How to say correctly: "The cafe-dining room is closed (oh, a) for repairs."

9. Do nouns change by gender?

Nouns by gender do not change, the gender of each noun is a constant category: Mother- only zh.r., Apple- only s.r. etc.

Almost all bird names ending in -ь are masculine nouns, BUT bittern, owl. Swan - usually m.p., but poetic - may be feminine.

All names of insects, except louse, moth - m.r.

Real nouns in the definition of the gender of which one can experience fluctuations, aerosol, tulle, shampoo - m.p., and some substances - vanilla, rosin - f.r.

Nouns that can name kinds of objects are used in pairs. (boots, sneakers, clips, slippers, shoes ...). When you need to name an object from a pair, part of the words has one generic form - butsa, clip, sandal, slipper, shoe - f.r., and part of the noun. It can have two forms that are the norm of the language (ked-keda, cl. R.p. kedov - ked; unt - unta, R.p. untov - unt)

If we are talking about the gender of nouns with size-evaluative suffixes, then in the vast majority of cases, nouns formed by means of suffixes indicating size, emotional. assessment, retain the gender of the original word (son-son, woe-gorushko), but there are exceptions. - words like talker, liar, liar, coward, braggart, rascal. - suff. - ishk -, - the words little animal, shed, which belong to the zh.r. - noun Ugly - Society. Gender - affectionate names in - ik, - unchik, - chik ... Derived from the names of the female, but related to masculine words.

Indeclinable nouns that designate an inanimate object belong overwhelmingly to cf. A small number of words denoting inanimate objects are exceptions. So to noun. m.r. belong - the names of the winds (take the gender of the word "wind") - the names of languages (Pashto, Swahili, Hindi), the name of artificial languages (Esperanto) are more often used as m.p. words, but acceptable and neuter gender - the names of some products (suluguni, coffee ). Their use as words m.r. most often preserved in the texts of the official business style, and outside of it, the modern language norm allows the use of the middle gender. - font names (aldene), some individual words like ecu, pinalti, status quo, although m.r. is also the norm. and cf.r. like the words auto, sirtaki. to the words of j.r.: - kohlrabi, salami, avenue, street

Indeclinable nouns that refer to persons. In this case, the genus noun. Depends on the gender of the person. All names of women, titles, addresses to a woman belong to zh.r. (pani, frau, lady ...). In addition to Zh.R. include nouns whose LZ reveals any features and characteristics of a woman (ingenue (stage role of a girl), peri (mythological being in the form of a girl)). The names of men, titles, addresses to men belong to m.r. (monsieur, chevalier). In the words of m.r. are also nouns that name persons by their position, performance of duties, etc. (i.e. occupations, positions and characteristics of men for whom the tradition of the country has assigned this idea), (attaché, croupier, referee, entertainer, dandy). BUT the names of people by nationality are words of a common gender. Plus vis-a-vis and protégés. Indeclinable names related to the animal world, most of them belong to m.r. (kangaroo, cockatoo, hummingbird). A small number of words that refer to the names of the animal world have the gender of that inflected class name, in relation to which the given indeclinable noun acts as a species variety (tsetse, ivasi - f.r.

Noun declension

Declension of nouns is the change of words in cases and numbers. Another meaning of this term is a class of words united by the common inflection and a pattern according to which the words of this class change. in RJ, inflected and indeclinable nouns are contrasted. The vast majority of nouns are inflected. Indeclinable nouns unite:

Foreign nouns (eskimo)

Male foreign-language surnames for a vowel (Goethe)

Women's names and surnames on a hard consonant (Elizabeth)

Russian surnames (Zhivago, Polish)

Ukrainian surnames (Prisivko)

Most of the abbreviations

There are 3 types of declension in RJ:

substantive

The largest composition. Learns all other nouns. Within its framework, 1,2, and 3 declensions of nouns stand out.

The 1st declension includes nouns m.r. with zero ending in I.p. and nouns cf. with inflection -o, -e. In scientific grammar, this declension is recognized as the first, and in school grammar, as the second. It is recognized as such, as it is the most productive.

The 2nd declension includes nouns m.r. and f.r. with inflections -а, -я, plus nouns of the general gender such as "glutton".

The 3rd declension includes nouns f.r. with zero ending in singular

adjective

Declension of substantiated adjectives and participles. (Bakery, waiting room, patient, etc.)

Mixed (passive)

This is the declension of proper names into -ov, -in, plus toponyms like Tushino. It is called mixed because it has atypical inflections in some cases. (table-table, Kuznetsov - Kuznetsov. -ov - th

"Academic Grammar 80" suggests highlighting the zero declension as well. It is proposed to refer to it all indeclinable nouns. But it can hardly be called declination at all.

Scheme of morphological analysis of nouns:

initial form

LGR (lexical and grammatical categories)

A) own - common noun

B) animate - inanimate

C) concrete, abstract - collective, material. Arguments.

A) motivated - unmotivated

B) a way of expressing gender

C) for personal names, the characteristic of the opposition

Consent class

Number form

A) a way of expressing a numerical value

B) the value of the number form

Case form

A) means of expressing case values

B) case meaning

Type and variety of declension

Syntactic function of a noun

For derived nouns, the way of word formation

Adjective

General characteristics of the adjective as a part of speech.

An adjective is a class of words that is characterized by a general categorical meaning of the signs of objectivity (a white coat, fresh bread, a wild beast, etc.).

Unlike the verb, the adjective expresses a static non-procedural sign of objectivity.

A lonely sail turns white

Away white sail

As Ovsyannikov-Kulikovsky wrote: “The adjective is such a movement of our thought, by virtue of which we attribute signs to objects and imagine that they are in the object, passively dwell in it."

Genetically, the adjective is related to the noun. In historical terms, the adjective is secondary. Over time, they stood out from the undivided name. It is no coincidence that many modern adjectives historically go back to nouns. Morphologically, adjectives have common grammatical categories of gender, number, and case. They are non-binary, inflectional, formal, syntactic. In addition, the adjective also has its own morphological category of degrees of comparison, which expresses the measure of the attribute. However, it is inherent only in qualitative adjectives. In syntactical terms, the adjective is characterized by such a syntactic connection with the noun as agreement. The primary syntactic function of the adjective is the function of the agreed definition. Along with it, adjectives are able to perform the function of a nominal predicate (the night is quiet). For short forms of adjectives, this function is leading. In word-building terms, adjectives are characterized by a set of special formants - -sk-, -n-, -ov-, -in-, -an- etc. The formation of adjectives is characterized by such methods as suffix, prefix, prefix-suffix. In addition, the composition of adjectives is replenished due to the adjectivization of participles (screaming colors, hackneyed truths). Thus, the adjective is a significant part of speech that expresses the meaning of a static non-procedural feature of objectivity and implements it in the inflectional categories of gender, number and case.

Until recently, adjectives were considered as inflected words. Most of them bow down. But in the 20th century, a new subclass of indeclinable (analytical) adjectives began to actively form. These are borrowed words of foreign origin (bordeaux, beige, khaki, mini, maxi, etc.). It is now intensively developing, which indicates the growth of the features of analyticism in the SRY. Thus, modern adjectives, as well as nouns, are characterized by the opposition of inflected and non-inflected words. The boundaries of adjectives are understood in science broadly and narrowly. In a broad sense, in addition to adjectives proper, pronouns-adjectives and ordinal numbers can be included in the class of adjectives. In a narrow sense, adjectives cover a traditionally distinguished class of words.

In the Russian language, adjectives are represented by 3 main FGRs:

quality

relative

Possessive

Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives.

The main opposition among the categories of adjectives is qualitative and relative adjectives.

Quality adjectives represent the direct name of the features (green, large); denote signs that have a quantitative characteristic, i.e. may be manifested to a greater or lesser extent (difficult - very difficult).

By the nature of the indicated feature, qualitative adjectives are divided into 2 groups:

Adjectives denoting a variable attribute. In relation to the subject, it can act as an assessment given by the speaker (difficult exam, beautiful dress). Such adjectives are called qualitative-evaluative. They are characterized by the presence of degrees of comparison and the possibility of forming antonyms.

Adjectives that denote an absolute sign, independent of the speaker's assessment (checkered, striped, mute, single). They do not have degrees of comparison. They are called self-quality.

By meaning, quality adjectives are divided into:

Empirical

These are adjectives denoting qualities and properties directly perceived by the senses.

Rational

Designate signs established as a result of mental activity.

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by a number of derivational and morphological features that distinguish them from other lexico-grammatical categories.

May have degrees of comparison

It is typical to contrast full and short forms (stupid - stupid)

Can be combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very smart, unusually warm, too dirty, completely incomprehensible, etc.)

Forms of subjective evaluation are formed from qualitative adjectives (adjectives with diminutive-petitive or augmentative suffixes). They also include prefix formations with the value of the intensity of the feature (kind, super-important).

Correlative adverbs with suffixes -о-, -е- (fast-fast, sincere-sincerely) are formed from qualitative adjectives.

Abstract nouns (boldness, simplicity, blueness) are formed from qualitative adjectives.

From qualitative adjectives, verbs can be formed with the meaning of the manifestation of a sign (red - to blush)

Qualitative adjectives enter into antonymic and synonymous pairs (high - low).

It is necessary to distinguish truncated adjectives from short forms of adjectives. They are special forms of adjectives, which, being used in the poetic speech of the 18th - early 19th centuries for verification purposes: "a gloomy shadow fell on the field." Their use is characterized by truncation of inflection, for example, "gloomy" from "gloomy" - a special poetic device. Truncated adjectives differ from short forms:

The nature of the stress - they are stressed on the basis

Syntactic function - in a sentence they are a definition

Short and full adjectives in SRN are correlative, however, this correlativity is incomplete:

Not all full qualitative adjectives have short forms.

Short forms do not form adjectives naming the colors of horses
Most color adjectives
Adjectives of subjective evaluation (feisty, cute)
Qualitative adjectives, ascending by definition to relative ones with suffixes -o-, -sk-, -n- (business, efficient)
Adjectives with –l- (burnt, seasoned). They do not form short forms to avoid homonymy.
Many compound adjectives (clear-crystal ball)
Separate quality adjectives that are not combined into groups (native, old).

In turn, there are a number of adjectives that have only a short form (glad, love, much - words of the state category)

Short forms correspond to full ones in the entire scope of their meaning - the short form realizes only one of the meanings of a multi-valued full adjective. (living girl - girl alive (undead)

For some short forms, a conditional meaning is assigned, different from the full ones (he is a bad person - he has negative qualities, he is bad - he is seriously ill).

In a number of dimensional (parametric) adjectives, short forms acquire an additional meaning - the meaning of the excessiveness of a feature (large, small, cramped).

There is no complete correlation between short and full adjectives in SNP, both in structural and semantic terms.

Semantics of short forms.

The question of the semantics of short forms is still open in linguistics. Vinogradov proposed the following interpretation of the semantics of short forms, in contrast to full ones. Short forms express a temporary sign, full - permanent.

“Short forms denote qualitative states that occur or arise in time. Full - a sign conceivable outside of time. This opposition of meaning does exist in language. He is sick (generally) - he is sick (at this time). However, it does not cover all short and long forms (we rarely talk to him - he is not talkative at all). The Polish linguist Boguslavsky proposed a different interpretation of the semantics of short forms. From his tz. short adjectives are used in the language to emphasize this or that degree of a sign (he is quite smart, he is too strong). There is an opinion that short forms, unlike full ones, denote a relative sign, i.e. a sign that is limited to something (these streets are narrow for travel). However, these meanings are not typical for all short adjectives. In modern Russian studies, the most common is the following interpretation of the semantics of short adjectives. In short forms, the semantics of the property is combined with the semantics of the state, while the manifestation of the property with the so-called. perceiving person. Short adjectives express one of the properties in a complex of other properties, i.e. express an active excretory trait. This is connected with the dynamics of the designated property, the possibility of its termination, replacement by another ...

Short forms in PR denote an actually manifested property, an actively distinguishing dynamic feature. Particular manifestations of this value are the values:

Temporal localization (he is sick)

Situational, correlative, limited

Degrees, assessment of the speaker (he is extremely smart)

In PR there is competition between short and long forms. Short forms are required or preferred in the following cases:

In statements of a general, timeless nature, which are found in scientific positions, definitions, aphorisms, maxims.

When the subject is an infinitive.

When the verbal noun is the subject.

When the subject is expressed by pronouns cf. with general meaning

In combination with identifying pronouns and adverbs, also with "so".

In slogans, stereotypical wishes, formulas of politeness.

In the presence of additions or circumstances, clarifying or limiting features.

When combined with the infinitive.

In the presence of an accessory part.

The use of short forms of adjectives is influenced by factors such as:

The nature of the subject

Subject-object relations

The nature of temporary relations in the sentence

The presence of minor members or subordinate part

Short forms differ from full ones in stylistic terms. This question was first raised by Peshkovsky. In his book “Russian Syntax in Scientific Lighting,” he turned to the analysis of Chekhov’s play “3 Sisters” and raised the following question: “if the short form denotes a temporary sign, why do the sisters, quarreling and criticizing each other, use only the full form?”. Peshkovsky wrote: “You are evil, you are stupid - there is already an insult. In short form, we see great categoricalness, isolation from the real conditions of speech, abstraction. It is connected with the exceptional bookishness of this form. Stylistically, short forms are book forms. In colloquial and colloquial speech, they are often superseded by full forms. Due to the fact that the short form actively expresses the distinguishing feature, it has greater expression, expresses the assessment more clearly, and has a tinge of categoricalness (this boy is cowardly).

Thus, short and long forms differ in SRL by a whole complex of morphological, syntactic, semantic and stylistic features. When analyzing the short form, you must:

Give its morphological characteristics

Show correlation with full form

Determine meaning in given context

Give a stylistic description

syntax function

She was taciturn, not cold, unhurried (zh.r., sing., kr. Form, correlates. Unhurried, expresses an active-excretory sign, situational, relative meaning, expressive, evaluative function, nominal part of the predicate).

Degrees of comparison of adjectives.

The history of the study of degrees of comparison in Russian grammar

Typology of degrees of comparison in Russian

Education and the meaning of the forms of the comparative degree

Education and the meaning of superlatives

Until the 19th century, the grammars of the Russian language did not distinguish between the degree of comparison and the degree of quality. Adjectives were allocated irrelative or relative degrees of quality. Irrelevant indicated that the trait manifests itself to a greater or lesser extent, without comparison with others. The relative degree implied comparison. There were 6 levels of quality - 3 by 3.

Irrelevant:

Initial degree of quality (-ovod-, -evod)

Long (-enk-, -onk-)

Perfect (-ohonek-, -ehonek-)

Relative:

Positive (red) Forms of a positive degree express the simple presence of a qualitative feature, regardless of other objects. It is a kind of reference point on the graduation scale, while in the OC it does not have special morphological forms.

Comparative (redder) Comparative degree or comparative indicates that a feature in one subject appears more than in another or in the same subject, but at a different time (girl's face is brighter than roses; your face is paler than it was). In this regard, the language distinguishes between correlative (this is a comparison in which the object of comparison and the standard of comparison is the same object or person) and non-corinative (this is a comparison in which different objects are compared) comparisons. In contrast to the positive degree, the comparative in the Russian language has special morphological forms - suffixes.

Excellent (reddest) Indicates the maximum degree of manifestation of the trait. A sign in one object is presented to a greater extent than in other objects of the same kind (Kazbek is the highest peak of the Caucasus). The superlative, like the comparative, has special morphological forms - suffixes.

In the middle of the 19th century, Buslaev distinguished between morphological and word-forming elements proper. He showed that the relative degree of comparison is actually morphological. As for the irrelevant degree of quality, it cannot be considered as a grammatical category. These meanings are expressed in the language irregularly, inconsistently. In addition, adjectives with suffixes –ohonek-, -ehonek- are archaic. They serve for general expressive coverage of speech, express the speaker's assessment. In the future, these adjectives began to be called "adjectives of subjective evaluation." As Vinogradov wrote, Buslaev was the first to introduce the doctrine of degrees of comparison into the traditional mainstream. Since the 60s of the 20th century, 3 degrees of comparison have been distinguished in Russian grammar - positive, comparative and superlative. The category of the degree of comparison of qualitative adjectives indicates that the feature can be manifested to a greater or extremely high degree. The main grammatical meaning of these forms is the meaning of a different measure of a feature in one object compared to others or in the same object taken at different time periods (grass in May is greener than in April, Vika is more serious than Olya). This grammatical meaning is manifested in 3 degrees of comparison.

1. Exist. m.r., denoting female persons by profession, occupation (doctor, professor, accountant, cashier, director, deputy, foreman, etc.) are noun m.r.

Larisa Markovna - our supervisor (m.r.) - asked me to do the work by the deadline.

Doctor (m.r.) Egorova - a leading specialist in genetics - has released a new monograph.

2. The nouns formed with the help of the suffixes -ish- and -ishk- belong to the same gender as the nouns from which they are formed: house (m.r.) - house (m.r.), fire (m.r.) - conflagration (m.r.), cat (m.r.) - cat (m.r.).

3. Kind of abbreviations(abbreviated words) is most often determined by the reference word:

UGNTU - key word "university" (m.r.) - UGNTU (m.r.)

HPP - key word "station" (zh.r.) - HPP (female)

4. In Russian there is a small group of nouns that have options m.r. and f.r.: shutter (m.r.) and shutter (f.r.), hall (m.r.) and hall (f.r.), banknotes (m.r.) and banknote (f.r.).

5. Genus of borrowed indeclinable nouns. determined by the meaning of the word. Most indeclinable inanimate noun of foreign origin are to cf.r.: bureau, depot, jelly, mango, subway, coat, puree, fillet, jury, foyer, interview, etc.

EXCL.: noun, the gender of which is determined by the gender of similar Russian words:

Avenue (street) - female;

Kohlrabi (cabbage) - female;

Penalty (free kick) - m.r.;

Salami (sausage) - female;

Iwashi (fish) - female;

REMEMBER! COFFEE - masculine

Coffee - m.r.

6. Animated borrowed indeclinable nouns. belong to m.r. or to zh.r. by gender designated person:

M.R.: attache, bourgeois, dandy, entertainer, croupier, impresario, maestro, rentier, porter.

J.R.: frau, lady, madam, miss, pani.

7. Animated borrowed indeclinable nouns denoting animals, insects, birds, relate to m.r., except when it is specifically stated that the female is meant:

white cockatoo (m.s.), little pony (m.s.), pink flamingo (m.s.)

BUT! Hummingbird (female) laid a small egg.

8. Borrowed indeclinable nouns denoting geographical names, have the same gender as noun. - generic concept (lake, city, mountain):

Mississippi(river) - female; lively Montevideo(city) - m.r.

9. NO KIND for nouns that do not have a singular form: gates, trousers, sleigh, yeast, scissors, name day, holidays, canopy, glasses, wallpaper, cream, day and etc.

REMEMBER! CORN, AEROSOL, ROSIN, PEMOXOL - feminine TULE, SHAMPOO - masculine

Tasks and exercises for self-control:

Make phrases according to the model "app. + n. Determine the gender of nouns.

Avenue, aerosol, parcel, meringue, borjomi, sconce, bourgeois, veil, riding breeches, house, jury, ivasi, ingenue, cockatoo, kohlrabi, contralto, coffee, lady, salmon, menu, corn, mocha, mole, pemoxol, penalty, pony, purse, salami, travesty, tulle, flamingo, foyer, tsetse, shampoo.

Koshevaya O. N., primary school teacher, School No. 97 in Donetsk

Russian language

Topic gender of nouns: husbandSkye, female, average.

Target: introduce the grammatical feature of nouns - gender; create conditions for mastering the method of determining the gender of a noun through the algorithmization of students' activities.

Tasks:

Developing:

. develop the ability to see spelling in words, form spelling literacy, justify the condition of choice;

. to form analytical and synthetic thinking, the ability to carry out grouping, the ability to generalize, draw conclusions;

. develop the ability to work in pairs, develop control and self-control skills;

. develop children's speech, vocabulary, thinking.

Educational:

. learn to determine the gender of nouns;

. to continue work on the formation of the skill of literate writing, spelling vigilance.

Educational:

. to cultivate love for the Russian language, the need to use linguistic wealth.

Personal UUD: the establishment by students of the connection between the purpose of educational activity and its motive, self-determination.

Cognitive UUD: independent selection and formulation of a cognitive goal, conscious and arbitrary construction of a verbal statement in oral form, choosing the most effective ways to solve problems, structuring knowledge.

Regulatory UUD: goal-setting, planning, evaluating the results of work, making the necessary additions and adjustments to the plan and method of action in the event of a discrepancy between the standard, the actual action and its result.

Communicative UUD: planning educational cooperation with the teacher and peers, observing the rules of speech behavior, the ability to express and justify one's point of view.

Planned results

Knowledge of the permanent features of the noun;

Ability to apply knowledge in real life situations;

The ability to determine the gender of nouns.

Equipment: Power Point presentation, signal cards (m.p., f.p., p. p.); textbook: Kanakina V.P., Goretsky V.G. Russian language. Grade 3 Proc. for general education organizations. At 2 o'clock - M.: Enlightenment, 2016.

During the classes

I . Organizing time

I hope for you, friends,

You are a good friendly class.

Everything will work out for us.

2. Training - ear massage.

Let's wake up your brain and get to work:

pull yourself by the earlobes from top to bottom (2-3 times);

pull the auricle up (2-3 times);

circular movements of the auricle clockwise and counterclockwise (2-3 times).

II . Actualization of students' knowledge (Slide 1)

1. Exercise for the development of memory.

Year - winter, water - river, snowstorm - snow, frost - cold.

Sort the words according to their composition.

2. Frontal survey(Slide 2)

What part of speech are the words that refer to the objects depicted?

(nouns)

Prove...

What is called a noun?

What does it mean?

What questions does it answer?

To which nouns the question is asked who, and to which what?

What two groups can nouns be divided into?

3. Calligraphic minute(Slide 3)

Uncle Fyodor, the dog Sharik and the cat Matroskin lived in the village.

Name spellings (proper names)

Make a syntactic analysis of the sentence.

III . Statement of the educational problem. Work in pairs (Slide 4)

In order to determine the topic of our lesson, we need to distribute these nouns into groups according to a certain attribute. words will help you"HE SHE IT".

Icicle, snow, frost, cloud, hoarfrost, winter, coat, blizzard, lake.

Try to determine the topic of the lesson from these 3 columns of words.

IV . Discovery of new knowledge

1. Work according to the textbook.

WITH.25 ex. 39 (oral)

2. The teacher's story.

The gender of nouns.

You understand that the rooster is he, the chicken is she, the wolf is he, and the she-wolf is she, the cat is he, and the cat is she. And what to do with a rhinoceros, a squirrel, a cuckoo, a mouse, a hawk? Do they not have members of the opposite sex?

Do not confuse different things: gender and gender. Yes, these words are presented in this way: there is a hippopotamus - and all individuals are so named. There is a cuckoo - and that's it, there is a hawk - and there is no hawk in the language. In language!

And if it is not clear, if the word is foreign? Chimpanzees, flamingos? These are usually masculine words, unless the text suggests otherwise. The little kangaroo jumped into the forest.

And so - a bright flamingo, a clever chimpanzee, a cute kangaroo.

memo (Slide 5)

3. Relaxation exercise

Nose wings massage.

Tapping with the knuckles on the bridge of the nose.

Breathing exercise.

V . Primary fastening

1. Independent work.

Ex. 40 p.26

Task: write down the feminine nouns first, and then the masculine and neuter nouns.

Choose 2 masculine, feminine and neuter nouns.

Mutual verification.

2. Acquaintance with the mismatch of the gender of nouns.(Slide 6)

The old ladies had lunch. Suddenly, a spoon fell off the table with a clang.

Aha! - said the Russian woman, remembering a funny old omen. Some lady came to visit us. The spoon has fallen!

Why lady? the German was surprised. - The spoon is masculine. So the man must come.

The Russian was outraged:

Well, here's more! This is if the knife fell, then it would mean - a man. The knife is masculine...

Ha ha ha! the German woman laughed.

Knife - male? No, if the knife falls, it doesn't mean anything. He is middle class.

The Armenian woman sat in silence and looked in bewilderment first at one, then at the other of the disputants. Finally, she leaned over to me: - I'm sorry, she whispered, - but I don't understand anything ... I see, there is some kind of funny sign here. What is it based on? Why can a knife look like a man or a spoon look like a woman? This is not clear to me.

And in fact, it was impossible to explain to her what this superstition was based on: in the Armenian language (as well as in English) there are no genders at all: neither feminine nor neuter! Neither in Armenia, nor in England, nor in Turkey such a sign could even be formed.

3. Game task "The sixth extra".(Slide 7)

Rain, island, horse, shadow, bush, day.

Rye, oven, carrots, fire, laziness, night.

Earth, taiga, time, family, relatives, station.

Window, village, sea, field, towel, apple, table.

VI . Application of knowledge and methods of action

1. Creative work. Compilation of text based on key words.(Slide 8)

Compose and write down the text, determine the gender of nouns.

Winter, frost, snow, powder, snowdrift, bullfinch, field, glass, blanket, fur coat, snow maiden, snowman, gift, tree, icicle, ice, ice rink, hockey, cracker, hat, scarf, feeder, grain, cold, hunger .

On the desk:

It's cold _______. Snow-white ________ covered the ground.

Illuminates everything around. _________ ________ glitters and shimmers. How ________ _________!

The cold winter has come. A snow-white blanket covered the ground. The winter sun illuminates everything around. Silvery hoarfrost (White snow) glitters and shimmers. How beautiful in winter!

2. Work on riddles.(Slide 9)

Guess riddles, determine the gender of nouns (using signal cards).

She just knocks

To us in the window with snow,

We take sleds

And run up the hill!

(Winter)

He goes first in the count

It will start the new year.

Open the calendar soon

Read! Written -...

(January)

fluffy horse,

Or maybe a hippopotamus

Or maybe just fluff

Floats above us.

(Cloud)

Blanket white

Not made by hand.

Not woven and not cut -

It fell from heaven to earth.

(Snow)

Her house is on a white cloud,

But she is afraid of the sun's rays.

silver fluff,

Hexagonal...

(Snowflake)

After working all day

A blizzard swept up the mountain.

What kind of hill? What's the name?

You will have to answer me.

(Snowdrift)

Every bird here can

Treat yourself in the winter cold.

A hut hangs on a knot,

It's called...

(feeder)

The sieve is large, the sieve is blue.

Sows-breathes white fluff

to forests, houses, meadows.

(Sky)

Wandering lonely

Fire eye.

Everywhere that happens

Look warms

(The sun)

VII . Inclusion in the knowledge system and repetition

1. Work according to the textbook.

Ex. 40, p. 26.

(Independent implementation. Mutual verification.)

— Read what endings have nouns of various kinds.

2. Creative work. Group work.(Slide 10)

From the letters of each given word, form a new one in which all the letters of the original word would be preserved. Determine the gender of the nouns. Underline the pairs that have the same gender.

pine - ... (pump)

fist - ... (doll)

whim - ... (order)

reeds - ... (mouse)

kite - ... (lace)

VIII . Homework

Ex. 44, p. 27

IX . Summarizing. Reflection

How to determine the gender of a noun?

Continue suggestions:

In the lesson, I learned ... .. I found it difficult ... ..

It was interesting to me…. I want to…

Thank you for your cooperation.

Instruction

When determining the feminine gender of inanimate nouns, keep in mind that they have singular case endings -а, -я (wall, will) and zero if the noun ends in a soft sign (rye). For animate nouns, the defining feature is that they belong to female creatures (girl, cat). In order not to confuse feminine and masculine nouns at the end, substitute the pronoun “she, mine” for verification. For example, a song (she, mine).

Determine the masculine gender of nouns at the end of the form: zero for words ending in a consonant (house, table), -a, -ya - for animated nouns, male creatures (uncle, Seryozha). In order not to confuse the gender of nouns ending in a soft sign, also substitute the pronoun “he, mine” (stump, day) to check.

Determine nouns of the middle gender by the endings of the initial form -o, -e and by substituting the pronouns "it, mine" (field, window). Please note that the group of inflected nouns ending in -my also belongs to the neuter gender (tribe, seed, etc.). There are almost no animate nouns among neuter gender nouns, their number is very small (child, creature, animal).

Among nouns, several special groups stand out, the gender in which is difficult. These include nouns of the general gender, indeclinable and compound words.
Match the meanings of common nouns with their belonging to female or male objects. For example, a girl is (feminine), a boy is a know-it-all (masculine). General nouns include those that denote the qualities of people (glutton, ignorant, crybaby) or the name of persons by profession, position, occupation (Ivanov - architect Ivanov).

Keep in mind that the gender of indeclinable nouns is related to their animate / inanimate, specific / generic concept. For animate indeclinable nouns, determine gender by gender (monsieur, miss). Nouns that give names to animals, birds, are masculine (pony, kangaroo, cockatoo). Inanimate are usually neuter (, muffler). Exceptions are words whose gender is determined by association with generic names: kohlrabi - cabbage (feminine), Hindi - language (masculine), etc.

To determine the gender of indeclinable proper nouns denoting geographical names, select a generic concept (, city, river, etc.). For example, the city of Rio de Janeiro (masculine), the Gobi Desert (feminine).

The gender of complex abbreviated words (abbreviations) is determined by the gender of the leading word of the “deciphered” phrase: UN - United Nations, the leading word is “organization” (feminine).

note

Some nouns have variant forms of the gender. At the same time, some of them are equal (aviary - aviary, banknotes - banknotes), while the rest have stylistic marks: hall - hall (obsolete form), giraffe - giraffe (obsolete form).

Useful advice

For nouns that are used only in the plural form, the category of gender is not defined (whitewash, vice, weekdays).

Sources:

types of the Russian language

To determine the gender of nouns, you must first determine the word that answers the question who, what. This is a noun. In Russian, it can be masculine, feminine or neuter.

Instruction

Determine the gender of a noun by ending or final consonant. The masculine gender includes words with a consonant and -y. For example, a house, a loaf. Nouns ending in -а, -я, -я belong to the feminine gender. For example, cousin, . The neuter gender includes nouns ending in -o, -e, -e. For example, a window, a dress.

See if the given noun is an exception. These include nouns ending in -ь. Such nouns can be either feminine or masculine. So, the dictionary is masculine, and the word notebook is feminine.

Pay attention to the gender of animate nouns. These are nouns that mean living beings. These words are either feminine or masculine. The exceptions are the child, which belongs to the middle gender. For animate nouns, determine the gender either by the natural sex or animal, or by the ending of the noun. The elephant is a masculine noun and the monkey is a feminine noun.

Correctly determine the gender of nouns denoting professions. They are masculine and feminine. At the same time, most of the nouns denoting professions are masculine: doctor, engineer,.

Pay special attention to the gender of borrowed nouns. Nouns of a foreign language often have -i, -u, -yu, which are atypical for the Russian language. Such nouns do not change either in numbers or in cases. The masculine gender includes the names and names of cities and islands. Women's names and surnames, names of rivers and names of newspapers are classified as feminine. The neuter gender refers to the names of inanimate objects.

note

Nouns that start with a consonant and -y are always masculine.

Most foreign feminine nouns end in –iya.
Nouns ending in the suffixes -onok, -enok are always masculine.

Sources:

"Grammar of the Russian language in illustrations", Pekhlivanova K.I., Lebedeva M.N., 1985.
how to determine the gender in Russian

Definition kind in Russian language is one of the most common tasks for people learning this language. In Russian language there are three kind- male, female and average. In addition, there is a common genus, the definition of which causes the greatest difficulty.

You will need

Ability to distinguish endings from different parts of speech

Instruction

Highlight the endings of adjectives and verbs that agree with the desired word. Most often, this is enough to determine. Put the verb in the past tense, and take the noun with the adjective in the nominative case. The best friend has come, the best friend has come, the new one has risen. These are examples of adjective and verb endings in masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Determine if the word you are looking for denotes a profession or occupation. Most of these words are formally masculine. For example, the new doctor said (o), the new doctor said (o); He is an excellent specialist, she is an excellent specialist. Please note that the names of some professions do not have a male form kind. For example, the word "ballerina" has only a feminine form. kind.

Remember that words like "klutzy, fidget, bully, ignorant, greedy, clever" and the like belong to the common gender. These words give emotional coloring to both the words of the male and the female. kind, and name the occupation of these persons.

remember, that kind abbreviations have a case of particular complexity. For abbreviations formed by adding parts of a word, determine the gender by the main word: new savings bank, high-quality organizational work. In the case when a word by adding sounds or letters (PTU, RAS), clear rules for determining kind no.

Form the gender of indeclinable nouns borrowed from other languages according to the following rule. If a noun denotes an object, then it belongs to the neuter gender (coat, scarf). If it stands for , then it refers to the masculine gender (chimpanzee). If it names a geographical object, then it refers to the gender of most words of this type in language(Mississippi Women's kind because it's a river). Do not forget that in each such case there are exceptions. Consult reputable dictionaries if you are in any doubt.